REVIEWER ℂ - Ordered Pairs
ALGEBRA ℕ - Natural Numbers
REAL NUMBERS
 PEMDAS – a mnemonic and
not a rule.
 Real Number – a number that
can be represented as a point
on the number line.
 Bijection/one-to-one
correspondence – every point
on the real number line
corresponds to a real number
and vice–versa
 Set of real numbers – a set
that has two subsets: rational
and irrational.
SYMBOLS:
ℝ - Real Numbers
ℚ - Rational Numbers
ℚ’ - Irrational Numbers
ℤ - Integers
- Comes from the German
word “Zahlen” which means
number.
ℤ+ - Positive Integers
ℤ- - Negative Integers
ℤ - Non–negative Integers
* numbers and the set of
𝕎 – Whole numbers
RATIONAL NUMBERS
 It can be expressed in the form
a
, wherein both a and b are
b
both integers, but b is not equal
to zero.
DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
RATIONAL NUMBERS
1. Terminating Decimals
 Which has a last digit.
1
 Ex. 1,3, 2 , -3.388, 0
2. Non-terminating Repeating
Decimals
 Doesn’t have a last digit, but
keeps a repeating digit or
sequence.
1
 Ex. 3 , 0.8333…, 0.833
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
 NOT a rational number.
 Non-terminating and non-
repeating.
Ex. Pi, golden ratio, √ 2 , √ 3 , √ 5
 Disjoint – set of rational
irrational numbers.

 Set of integers and non-
integers.
IMPORTANT SUBSETS OF THE
RATIONAL NUMBERS
1. Integers
- Positive, negative, zero
- A set if whole numbers
- Set of non-negative integers
- Zero is possible
2. Non-integers
- Fractions and decimals
FIELD AXIOMS
Field Axioms – a set of rules that
works with real numbers.
Field – a non-empty set S,
together with two operations (+
and x), that satisfy the following
properties:
 Closure Properties
- a+b∈S
- axb∈S
Note: This property means that
any real number that will be added
or multiplied to another real
number, the number will be always
a real number.
 Commutative Properties
- a+b=b+a
- ab = ba
Note: This proper means that even
if you change the position of the
sum of product of two real
numbers, the answer will still be
the same.
 Associative Properties
- a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
- a(bc) = (ab)c
Note: A property that says that the
way in which factors are grouped
in a problem does not change the
sum or the product.
 Distributive Properties
- a(b + c) = (ab) + (ac)
- (a + b)c = (ac) + (bc)
Note: This property states that
multiplying the sum of two or more
addends by a number produces
the same result as when each
addend is multiplied individually by
the number and the products are
added together.
 Existence of Identity
Elements
a. There exists an element e1 ∈
S such that:
a + e1 = e1 + a = a for any
a∈ S
Note: e1 is equivalent to zero (0).
  Set of negative integers
b. There exists an element e2 ∈ {…,-3 , -2, -1 ,0,1, 2, 3, …}
S such that:
 Set of integers
a x e2 = e2 x a = a for any
a∈ S.
Note: e2 is equivalent to one (1) PROPERTIES OF
EQUIVALENCE RELATION
 For all x, y, z ∈ ℝ
 Existence of Inverse
Elements
a. For every element a∈ S, CARTESIAN PRODUCT
there exists an element x∈ S
such that  If two sets A = {a1, a2,…} and B
a + x = x + a = e1 = {b1, b2,…} is the set of A x B =
{(a, b) | a ∈A and b ∈B}.
Note: x is the opposite value of a

 Relation – is a subset of a
b. For every element a∈ S,
Cartesian Product.
(except a = e1), there exists
an element y∈ S such that
1. Reflexive Property
a x y = y x a = e2
 x=x
Note: y is the reciprocal value of a
2. Symmetric Property
{1, 2, 3, …}  If x = y, then y = x
- Set of counting numbers
- Set of natural numbers 3. Transitive Property
- Set of positive integers  If x = y and y = z, then x = z

{0} U ℤ+ = {0, 1, 2, 3,…} DECIMAL TO FRACTIONS

- Set of whole numbers 325
0.325 = 1000 (lowest term if
- Set of non-negative numbers
possible)

{-1, -2, -3, …}

 33 1 2. Properties Related to
0.33 = 99 ∨ 3
Equations
 Let a,b,c ∈ ℝ. If a = b, then all
of the following are true:
0.866 = 0.8 + 0.66
8 66
= 10 + 990
 a + c = b + c (APE)
13  ac = bc (MPE)
= 15
 a–c=b–c
a b
 c = c if c ≠ 0
3.33 = 3 + 0.33
33
= 3 + 99
3. Properties Related to
1 Inequalities
=3+ 3
 Trichotomy: If a,b ∈ ℝ, then
10
= 3 exactly of the following is
true.
a<b
FRACTION TO DECIMAL
a=b
1
= divide 1 by 3 a>b
3

= 0.33
4
= 0.571428  Let a,b,c, ∈ ℝ. If a<b, then a +
7 c < b + c. However
multiplication depends on the
sign of c.
OTHER PROPERTIES OF REAL
NUMBERS If c>0, then ac<bc
If =0, then ac = bc

1. Zero Property If c<0, then ac>bc

 0xa=ax0=0

4. Density
  Let a,c ∈ ℝ such that a<c.
Then Ǝ b ∈ ℝ such that
a<b<c.

SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND

FACTORING

1. Common Monomial Factor

- ax + ay = a(x + y)

2. Difference of Two Squares

- a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

3. Perfect Square Trinomial

- a2 ± 2ab + b2 = (a ± b)

4. Product of Binomial
- ac+ad+bc+bd= (a + b)(c + d)

5. Sum of Two Cubes

- a3 + b3 = (a+b)(a2 – ab + b2)

6. Difference of Two Cubes

- a3 - b3 = (a+b)(a2 + ab + b2)