L5!

PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Muscles! 45

M.Frontalis
M.Auricularis superior
M.Drbicularis dculi M.Auricularis anterior
M.Quadratus labuii superioris
M.Procerus nasi
M.Zygomaticus

• Drives movement by contraction

M.Risorius santo rinii
M.Drbicularis oris
M.Triangularis
M.Quadratus labll M.Sterno-cleido mastoideus
inferioris M.Trapezius

• Three types:
M.Mentalis
Platysma
M.Deltoideus
M.Pectoralis
major
M.Triceps
lateralis

M.Biceps brachii
• Skeletal: Voluntary control
• Smooth: Involuntary control
M.Latissimus dorsi
M.Brachialis M.Serratus anterior

M.Brachio-radialis M.Dbliquus abdominis externus

(body organs)
Aponeurosis of the M. DBL. ABD. EXT.
M.Extensor M.Rectus abdominis
carpi radialis M.Iliacus
M.Gluteus medius

• Cardiac muscles: Involuntary

M.Palmaris longus M.Pyramidalis
M.Psdas
M.Flexor
M.Pectineus
carpi radialis
M.Adductor longus

rhythmic actions.
M.Flexor
M.Gracilis
digitorum
sublimis
M.Abductor M.Tensor fascire latre
pollicis brevis
Palmar
aponeurosis

M.Sartorius
M.Rectus femoris

M.Vastus lateralis

Fascia lata

M.Tibialis anterior

M.Extensor digitorum longus

M.Peroneus
longus

M.Gastro
-cnemius
M.Extensor hallucis
longus M.Soleus

FIGURE 3.1 Major muscles of the human body. Reprinted from Anatomy for artists. Milan: Vilencia. With
permission.
 Nervous and Muscular system!
PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS 45

M.Frontalis
M.Auricularis superior
M.Drbicularis dculi M.Auricularis anterior
M.Quadratus labuii superioris
M.Procerus nasi
M.Zygomaticus
M.Risorius santo rinii
M.Drbicularis oris
M.Triangularis
M.Quadratus labll M.Sterno-cleido mastoideus
inferioris M.Trapezius
M.Mentalis
Platysma
M.Deltoideus
M.Pectoralis
major
M.Triceps
lateralis

M.Biceps brachii
M.Latissimus dorsi
M.Brachialis M.Serratus anterior

M.Brachio-radialis M.Dbliquus abdominis externus

Aponeurosis of the M. DBL. ABD. EXT.

M.Extensor M.Rectus abdominis
carpi radialis M.Iliacus
M.Gluteus medius

M.Palmaris longus M.Pyramidalis

M.Psdas
M.Flexor
M.Pectineus
carpi radialis
M.Adductor longus
M.Flexor
M.Gracilis
digitorum
sublimis
M.Abductor M.Tensor fascire latre
pollicis brevis
Palmar
aponeurosis

M.Sartorius
M.Rectus femoris

M.Vastus lateralis

Fascia lata

M.Tibialis anterior

M.Extensor digitorum longus

M.Peroneus
longus

M.Gastro
-cnemius
M.Extensor hallucis
longus M.Soleus

FIGURE 3.1 Major muscles of the human body. Reprinted from Anatomy for artists. Milan: Vilencia. With
permission.
 Skeletal muscle structure!

Tendon is a fibrous, inelastic

tissue that connects muscles with
bones.

Sarcomere is a unit of skeletal muscle

 Skeletal muscle in action!

Myosin

How does information reaches to muscles to contract?

Neuromuscular junction!

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter

that helps in transmitting information
from motor neurons to muscles to
contract.
 Muscle: Length-Tension relation
48 3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

18 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09

17 Change in length (inches)
16 Human forearm flexors
15
14 Active passive
13
12
Muscle tension (lbs)

11
10
9 Active
8
7
6
5 Control
Zone
4
3 Passive
2
1
0
Min Physiological range Max Tissue
muscle length max
A
3.65 µ
0.05 µ
 Passive tension: Recoil
tension!
3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

18 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09

17 Change in length (inches)
16 Human forearm flexors
15
14 Active passive
13
12
Muscle tension (lbs)

11
https://depositphotos.com/vector-images/slingshot-cartoon.html
10
9 Active
8
7
6
5 Control
Zone
4
3 Passive
2
1
0

No Energy
Min Physiological range Max Tissue
muscle length max
A
3.65 µ
0.05 µ
1.6 µ
 Passive tension: Recoil
tension!
48 3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

18 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09

17 Change in length (inches)
16 Human forearm flexors
15
14 Active passive
13
12
Muscle tension (lbs)

11
10
9 Active
8
7
6
5 Control
Zone
4
3 Passive
2
1
0
Min Physiological range Max Tissue
muscle length max
A
3.65 µ
0.05 µ
1.6 µ
1
1.0 µ 1.0 µ
0.15 – .20 µ
2.20 – 2.25 µ
2
2.05 µ

No Energy
3
1.85 – 1.90 µ
4
1.65 µ
5
1.05 µ
B 6
FIGURE 3.3 The length-tension relation. (A) Tension developed by muscle contraction (“Active”) estimated by
subtracting tension in passively stretched muscle (“Passive”) from tension in driven muscle (“Active passive”).
From Brooks, V. B. (Ed.) (1981). Handbook of physiology, Section 1, Vol. II, Part 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
 Active tension: Contraction!
48 3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

18 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09

17 Change in length (inches)
16 Human forearm flexors
15
14 Active passive
13
12
Muscle tension (lbs)

11
10
9 Active
8
7
6
5 Control
Zone
4
3 Passive
2
1
0
Min Physiological range Max Tissue
muscle length max
A
3.65 µ
0.05 µ
1.6 µ
1
1.0 µ 1.0 µ
0.15 – .20 µ
2.20 – 2.25 µ

Energy required
2
2.05 µ
3
1.85 – 1.90 µ
4
1.65 µ
5
1.05 µ
B 6
FIGURE 3.3 The length-tension relation. (A) Tension developed by muscle contraction (“Active”) estimated by
subtracting tension in passively stretched muscle (“Passive”) from tension in driven muscle (“Active passive”).
From Brooks, V. B. (Ed.) (1981). Handbook of physiology, Section 1, Vol. II, Part 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
With permission. (B) Presumed basis for the relation: Active tension is greatest when there is maximum over-
lap between filaments (2 and 3), and it decreases if the overlap is less (worst case in 1) or if the filaments collide
 2
1
0

8
Active tension: Contraction!
3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
A
Min Physiological range
muscle length
Max Tissue
max

3.65 µ
18 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09
0.05 µ
1.6 µ Min.
overlap
17 Change in length (inches)
16 Human forearm flexors 1
1.0 µ 1.0 µ
15
0.15 – .20 µ
14 Active passive
13 2.20 – 2.25 µ
12
Muscle tension (lbs)

11 2
10
9 Active 2.05 µ
8
3
7
6 1.85 – 1.90 µ
5 Control
4
Zone 4
3 Passive
2
1.65 µ
1 5
0
Min Physiological range
muscle length
Max Tissue
max
1.05 µ Max.
A
3.65 µ
B 6 overlap
0.05 µ FIGURE
1.6 µ3.3 The length-tension relation. (A) Tension developed by muscle contraction (“Active”) estimated by
1 subtracting tension in passively stretched muscle (“Passive”) from tension in driven muscle (“Active passive”).
1.0 µ 1.0 µ
From 0.15 – .20 µ
Brooks, V. B. (Ed.) (1981). Handbook of physiology, Section 1, Vol. II, Part 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
With 2.20 – 2.25 µ
permission. (B) Presumed basis for the relation: Active tension is greatest when there is maximum over-
2
lap between filaments (2 and 3), and it decreases if the overlap is less (worst case in 1) or if the filaments collide
2.05 µ
3 (worst case in 6). 1 corresponds to the right-hand side of the graph in A; 6 corresponds to the left-hand side. From

Energy required
Rothwell, J. C.
1.85 – 1.90 µ (1987). Control of human voluntary movement. London: Croom-Helm. With permission.
4
1.65 µ
5 HUMAN MOTOR CONTROL, 2 ED
1.05 µ
B 6
Active tension: Contraction!

https://damienhowellpt.com/potential-prevention-strategy-for-exercise-associated-muscle-cramps/

• Max active force generated around resting stage of the muscle.

• Muscle had narrow range over which tension does not vary with
the length (usual contraction)
48 Total tension!
3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

18 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09

17 Change in length (inches)
16 Human forearm flexors
15
14 Active passive
13
12
Muscle tension (lbs)

11
10
9 Active
8
7
6
5 Control
Zone
4
3 Passive
2
1
0
Min Physiological range Max Tissue
muscle length max
A
3.65 µ
0.05 µ
 4
3 Passive
2
1

Total tension!
0
Min Physiological range Max Tissue
muscle length max
A
3.65 µ
0.05 µ
1.6 µ Min. overlap
1
1.0 µ
0.15 – .20 µ
1.0 µ Min Force
2.20 – 2.25 µ
2
2.05 µ
Max Force
3
1.85 – 1.90 µ
4
1.65 µ
5
1.05 µ Max. overlap
B 6
he length-tension relation. (A) Tension developed by muscle contraction (“Active”) estimatedMinby Force
n in passively stretched muscle (“Passive”) from tension in driven muscle (“Active passive”).
(Ed.) (1981). Handbook of physiology, Section 1, Vol. II, Part 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
B) Presumed basis for the relation: Active tension is greatest when there is maximum over-
ents (2 and 3), and it decreases if the overlap is less (worst case in 1) or if the filaments collide
corresponds to the right-hand side of the graph in A; 6 corresponds to the left-hand side. From
7). Control of human voluntary movement. London: Croom-Helm. With permission.

HUMAN MOTOR CONTROL, 2 ED

Motor Unit!

https://www.physio-pedia.com/File:UMN_vs_LMN.png
muscle tremor externally as the physical disturbance caused in an acoustic signal channel and further use such tremor to evaluate the
actual muscle fatigue.

Motor Unit!
2.3. Muscle contraction phases

Muscle contraction can be categorized as isometric and isotonic contractions (Muscle physiology). Though both two phases can
generate force, isometric contractions do not change the length of muscle while isotonic contractions require lengthening or shortening

Fig. 2. The basic component of human muscular system: motor unit (MU) (Neuroscience).

3
 Motor Unit!

Size Principle
 Proprioception!
Perception of information from receptors present in
the muscles, joints, tendons and skin.

Kinesthesis

• Muscle spindles
• Golgi tendon organs
• Joint receptors
• Cutaneous receptors

https://www.557.com.au/physiotherapy/proprioception-your-sixth-sense/
 Spinal Cord!

https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/concept/spinal-cord-structure-and-functions-256124/
 Spinal Cord!

https://www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy/spinal-cord-nerves-brain

https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/concept/spinal-cord-
structure-and-functions-256124/
 Spinal Cord!

• Relay center
• Recurrent connections
• Reciprocal connections
• Reflex action
 Recurrent connections
58 3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Descending influences

Alpha motor neuron Renshaw cell

Inhibitory synapse
Excitatory synapse
Muscle

FIGURE 3.11
Affects sensitivity of motor neurons
The Renshaw cell and its connections with other neuro-motor elements. From Rothwell, J. C.
(1987). Control of human voluntary movement. London: Croom-Helm. With permission.
 Reciprocal connections SPINAL CORD 59

Co-contraction

A B
Force

Stretched Inhibited
triceps biceps
FIGURE 3.12 Reciprocal inhibition. (A) Co-contraction of the biceps and triceps while holding the elbow at
90 degrees. (B) The biceps is deactivated when an upward force is applied to the forearm. (C) The underlying mech-

Reciprocal Inhibition
anism. Plus sign denotes an excitatory effect. Minus sign denotes an inhibitory effect. From McMahon, T. A. (1984).
Muscles, reflexes, and locomotion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. With permission.
Reflex Action!

Reflex Arc