WCO O`umfafg

Agmgogn Lfsusub Pbtum A`a`bunf \ujgs

Agtg Muofgn M`p`rgwgtgb A`lfmgo C`lgn F

Lds`b [`bjgapu5 Bs. Ygbtf N`rofbg, Y. M`p, A. M`p, Yp. M`p AC.

Lfsusub do`n5

7. Odog
Odog Yng
Yngcf
cfog
og Sfsa
Sfsagy
gygb
gbtf
tf (76
(767;
7;:7
:77;
7;78
78))
3. Ygrgn
Ygrgn L`wf
L`wf [`ra
[`ragt
gtgg Ygrf
Ygrf (7
(767
67;:
;:77
77;7
;7:)
:)
9. Mgby
Mgbyfg
fg Ygo
Ygosg
sgcf
cfoo
oogg (767
(767;:
;:77
77;0
;07)
7)
<. \gof
\goftn
tngg Yyfh
Yyfhgg Ogfof
Ogfof (7
(767
67;:
;:77
77;0
;0<)
<)
0. Gfo
Gfosg
sg Lxzg
Lxzgmfy
mfygn
gn Lzgn
Lzgngcf
gcfygn
ygn Nfcgtu
Nfcgtuood
oodn
n (767;
(767;:77
:77;0>
;0>))
8. Af
Afq
qlgl
lgl (767
(767;:
;:77
77;0
;06
6)
:. Guoy
Guoygg Xf
Xfrg
rg Agyo
Agyofb
fblg
lg (7
(767
67;:
;:77
77;8
;87)
7)
>. Vuof
Vuofgg [rgc
[rgcng
ngwg
wgty
ty (76
(767;
7;:7
:77;
7;89
89))
6. Cgyu
Cgyu Yrf
Yrf Sga
Sgagl
glng
ngb
b (767
(767;:
;:77
77;8
;86)
6)
7;. Sgnag
Sgnag L`wf Yuofst
Yuofstygw
ygwgtf
gtf (767;:
(767;:77;
77;:3)
:3)
77. [utrf
[utrf Zflfgbg
Zflfgbg [uspft
[uspftgsgr
gsgrff (767;:77
(767;:77;:8
;:8))
73. Hglnfg
Hglnfg Yygng
Yygngrgb
rgbff Grlfrg
Grlfrg (767;:
(767;:77;
77;::)
::)
79. Yghg
Yghg Agrwg
Agrwgn
n FS[Y
FS[Y (767
(767;:7
;:77;:
7;:6)
6)

PBFX@SYF\GY
PBFX@SYF\GY [@ACGBJPBGB BGYFDBGO ‟X@\@SGB‑ EGMGS\G

HGMPO\GY FOAP M@Y@NG\GB

[SDJSGA Y\PLF Y-7 M@[@SGZG\GB

3;3;

7
 Mgtg [`bjgbtgr

L`bjgb a`agbegtmgb puef syumur m`nglfrgt \ungb Vgbj Agng @sg gtgs s`jgog rgnagt
lgb mgrubfg-Byg
mgrubfg-Byg ygbj t`ogn lfc`rfmgb
lfc`rfmgb m`pglg mgaf s`nfbjjg lgpgt a`by`o`sgfmg
a`by`o`sgfmgb
b agmgogn
agmgogn

fbf ygbj c`reuluo WCO O`umfafg

.

L`bjgb t`rs`o`sgfmgbbyg agmgogn fbf tflgm t`ro`pgs lgrf lumubjgb c`rcgjgf pfngm.
Do`n mgr`bg ftu, mgaf a`bygapgfmgb rgsg t`rfag mgsfn m`pglg Fcu Bs. Ygbtf N`rofbg, Y.M`p,
A.M`p, Yp. M`p AC. s`ogmu lds`b M`p`rgwgtgb
M`p`rgwgtgb A`lfmgo
A`lfmgo C`lgn F ygbj t`ogn a`acfacfbj
a`acfacfbj
mgaf s`ogag p`acugtgb agmgogn fbf. Lgb eujg m`pglg t`agb-t`agb ygbj t`ogn a`ac`rfmgb
agsumgb s`rtg a`blumubj t`rs`o`sgfmgbbyg agmgogn fbf.

\`ro`pgs lgrf ftu s`aug mgaf a`byglgrf s`p`bunbyg cgnwg lf lgoga agmgogn fbf
t`rlgpgt m`murgbjgb lgb egun lgrf mgtg s`apurbg. Do`n s`cgc ftu, mgaf c`rngrgp glgbyg
mrftfm lgb sgrgb ygbj a`acgbjub. Mgaf c`rngrgp s`adjg agmgogn fbf lgpgt lfpgngaf cgjf
sfgpgpub ygbj a`acgigbbyg.

Egmgrtg, 7< L`s`ac`r 3;3;

M`odapdm 9 O`umfafg

f
 LGH\GS FYF

Mgtg [`bjgbtgr.........................................................................................................................f
LGH\GS FYF....................
..........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.......................................ff
.................ff
CGC F [@BLGNPOPGB....................
..........................................
............................................
............................................
........................................7
..................7
7.7 Ogtgr C`ogmgbj......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.................................................7
...........................7
7.3 Suausgb Agsgogn...................
..........................................
.............................................
............................................
..............................................7
........................7
7.9 \ueugb.....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
......................................
....................3
....3
3.7 [r`v`o`bsf O`umfafg......................................................................................................9
3.3 [`bj`rtfgb lgb Mogsfhfmgsf.....................
...........................................
............................................
..................................................<
............................<
3.9 @tfdodjf lgb Hgmtdr Sfsfmd.....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
............................8
......8
3.< [gtdhfsfdodjf.....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
....................................................6
..............................6
3.0 \gblg lgb j`egog..........................................................................................................7;
3.8 Mdapofmgsf....................................................................................................................7;
3.: [`a`rfmsggb [`bubegbj..............................................................................................77
3.> [`bgtgogmsgbggb A`lfs...................
..........................................
.............................................
............................................
................................79
..........79
3.6 Gsungb M`p`rgwgtgb O`umfafg.................................................................................70
3.7; \`oggn Eurbgo O`umfafg....................
..........................................
............................................
............................................
.............................76
.......76
CGC FFF [@BP\P[....................
..........................................
............................................
............................................
...............................................38
.........................38
9.7 Yfapuogb....................
..........................................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
.................................38
...........38
9.3 Ygrgb......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
......................................38
................38
LGH\GS [PY\GMG......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
...........................................
.....................3:
3:

ff
 CGC F
[@BLGNPOPGB

7.7 Ogtgr C`ogmgbj

O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg a`rupg
a`rupgmgb
mgb m`jgbg
m`jgbgsgb
sgb s`o lgrgn
lgrgn ygbj
ygbj c`rgsgo
c`rgsgo lgrf
lgrf suasua
suasua tuogbj
tuogbj,,
lftgbl
lftgblgf
gf do`n
do`n prdofh
prdofh`rgs
`rgsff s`o-s`o
s`o-s`o lgrgn
lgrgn putfn,
putfn, l`bjgb
l`bjgb agbfh`s
agbfh`stgsf
tgsf p`bgac
p`bgacgng
gngb
b s`o-s`o
s`o-s`o
gcbdrago
gcbdrago lgoga lgrgn t`pf. C`rlgsgrmgb
C`rlgsgrmgb Bgtfdbgo
Bgtfdbgo Gigl`ay
Gigl`ay dh Yif`bi`s,
Yif`bi`s, t`rlgpgt
t`rlgpgt o`cfn
lgrf 7;;.;;; cgyf lf s`ourun lubfg ygbj ognfr
og nfr l`bjgb m`glggb lgb mdblfsf ygbj c`rgt lgrf
O`um`afg (Iddo`y‖s Gb`afg Hdublgtfdb, 3;;8). Euaogn p`bl`rftg lf Fbldb`sfg pglg
tgnub 3;;> sulgn a`bigpgf 3;.;;; drgbj p`bl`rftg lgrf euaogn 3;; eutg drgbj p`blulum
Fbldb`sfg s`igrg m`s`ourungb (Sdc`rt, 3;;6).

O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg a`rupg
a`rupgmgb
mgb sugtu
sugtu p`bygm
p`bygmft
ft m`jgbg
m`jgbgsgb
sgb ygbj
ygbj c`rgsgo
c`rgsgo lgrf
lgrf s`o fblum
fblum
sfst`a n`agtdpd`tfm
n`agtdpd`tfm ygbj a`bjgmfcgtmgb
a`bjgmfcgtmgb pdofh`rgsf s`o-s`o lgrgn putfn tflgm t`rmdbtrdo
t`rmdbtrdo

lgb pglg s`o-s`o lgrgn a`rgn bgaub sgbjgt egrgbj. Fbf glgogn sugtu p`bygmft
p`bygmft lgrgn lgb
drjgb-drjgb
drjgb-drjgb lfagbg s`o-s`o lgrgn t`rs`cut lfc`btum lgb lftgblgf
lftgblgf l`bjgb
l`bjgb prdofh`rgsf
prdofh`rgsf s`o-
s`o fagtur gcbdragoygbj a`ap`bjgrunf prdlumsf lgrf s`o-s`o lgrgn bdrago ogfbbyg.
[`bygmft fbflfs`cgcmgb t`reglfbyg m`rusgmgb pglg pgcrfm p`acugt s`o lgrgn ygftu pglg
suasua tuogbj c`m`reg gmtfh a`acugt s`o-s`o lgrgn t`tgpf ygbj lfngsfomgb glgogn s`o
lgrgn ygbj tflgm bdrago lgb s`o fbf a`bl`sgm p`rtuacungb s`o lgrgn bdrago. Zgogupub
p`by`cgc lgsgr o`um`afg tflgm lfm`tgnuf p`bjgrun j`b`tfm agupub hgmtdr-hgmtdr
ofbjmubjgb m`ofngtgbbyg a`agfbmgb p`rgbgb.

7.3 Suausgb Agsgogn

7. Gpg ygbj
ygbj l`bjgb
l`bjgb [r`v`o`
[r`v`o`bsf
bsf O`um
O`umfaf
fafg4
g4
3. Gpg [`bj`
[`bj`rtf
rtfgb
gb lgb Mogsfh
Mogsfhfmg
fmgsf
sf lgrf
lgrf O`umfaf
O`umfafg4
g4
9. Gpg sgeg
sgeg @tfdod
@tfdodjf
jf lgb
lgb Hgmtdr
Hgmtdr Sfsfmd lgrf O`umfafg4
O`umfafg4
<. Cgjgfa
Cgjgfagbg
gbg [gtd
[gtdhfsf
hfsfdod
dodjf
jf O`um
O`umfaf
fafg4
g4
0. Gpg sgeg
sgeg \gbl
\gblgg lgb J`egog
J`egog lgrf
lgrf O`um
O`umfafg
fafg44
8. Mdapofmgsf
Mdapofmgsf gpg sgeg
sgeg ygbj
ygbj lgpgt t`reglf
t`reglf lgrf O`umfafg4
O`umfafg4
:. [`a`rfmsggb
[`a`rfmsggb [`bubeg
[`bubegbj
bj gpg sgeg
sgeg ygbj lfjub
lfjubgmgb
gmgb ubtum
ubtum pgsf`b
pgsf`b O`umfafg
O`umfafg44
>. Gpg sgeg [`bgtgog
[`bgtgogmsgbgg
msgbggb
b A`lfs ygbj
ygbj lfjubgmg
lfjubgmgb
b ubtum
ubtum pgsf`b O`umfafg4
O`umfafg4

6. Cgjgfa
Cgjgfagbg
gbg Gsung
Gsungbb M`p`rg
M`p`rgwgt
wgtgb
gb O`umfa
O`umfafg4
fg4
7;. \`oggn Eurbgo
Eurbgo O`umfafg4
O`umfafg4

7
7.9 \ueugb

7. Pbtum
Pbtum a`bj`
a`bj`tgn
tgnuf
uf [r`v`o
[r`v`o`bs
`bsff O`umfa
O`umfafg.
fg.
3. Pbtum a`bj`tgnuf
a`bj`tgnuf lgb
lgb a`agngaf
a`agngaf [`bj`rtfg
[`bj`rtfgb
b lgb Mogsfhfmgs
Mogsfhfmgsff lgrf O`umfafg.
O`umfafg.
9. Pbtum a`ap`ogegrf
a`ap`ogegrf lgb a`agngaf
a`agngaf @tfdodjf
@tfdodjf lgb
lgb Hgmtdr
Hgmtdr Sfsfm lgrf
lgrf O`umfafg.
O`umfafg.
<. Pbtum
Pbtum a`agn
a`agngaf
gaf [gtdhf
[gtdhfsfd
sfdodj
odjff O`umfaf
O`umfafg.
g.
0. Pbtum a`bj`tgnuf
a`bj`tgnuf \gblg lgb J`egog lgrf O`umfafg.
O`umfafg.
8. Pbtum a`bj`tg
a`bj`tgnuf
nuf lgb a`agnga
a`agngaff Mdapofmgsf
Mdapofmgsf gpg sgeg
sgeg ygbj lgpgt
lgpgt t`reglf
t`reglf pglg pgsf`b
pgsf`b
O`umfafg
:. Pbtum a`bj`t
a`bj`tgnuf
gnuf e`bfs-e`bfs
e`bfs-e`bfs [`a`rfmsgg
[`a`rfmsggb
b [`bubegbj
[`bubegbj gpg sgeg
sgeg ygbj lfjubgmg
lfjubgmgb
b ubtum
pgsf`b O`umfafg.
>. Pbtum
Pbtum a`ap`oge
a`ap`ogegrf
grf lgb a`agnga
a`agngaff [`bgtgo
[`bgtgogms
gmsgbg
gbggb
gb A`lfs
A`lfs ygbj
ygbj lfjubg
lfjubgmgb
mgb ubtum
ubtum
pgsf`b O`umfafg.
6. Pbtum
Pbtum a`b`jtg
a`b`jtgnuf
nuf,, a`ap`o
a`ap`ogegr
gegrff lgb a`agng
a`agngaf
af Gsungb
Gsungb M`p`rg
M`p`rgwgt
wgtgb
gb gpg sgeg ygbj
t`pgt cgjf pgsf`b O`umfafg.
7;. Pbtum a`bgacgn
a`bgacgn p`bj`tgnubg
p`bj`tgnubg lgb a`ac`rfmgb
a`ac`rfmgb r`h`r`bsf a`bj`bgf
a`bj`bgf \`oggn Eurbgo
Eurbgo
O`umfafg.

3
 CGC FF
[@ACGNGYGB

3.7 [r`v`o`bsf
[r`v`o`bsf O`umfafg
O`umfafg
@pfl`a
@pfl`afdo
fdodjf
djf o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg s`igrg
s`igrg jodcgo
jodcgo pr`vgo
pr`vgo`bs
`bsff 79.:
79.: p`r 7;;.;;
7;;.;;;
; pdpuog
pdpuogsf
sf l`bjgb
l`bjgb
tfbjmgt adrtgoftgs 8.> p`r 7;;.;;; pdpuogsf p`r tgnub. Lf Fbldb`sfg, Sfs`t M`s`ngtgb
Lgsgr tgnub 3;79 a`bubeummgb cgnwg o`um`afg a`rupgmgb sgogn sgtu mgbm`r ygbj
pgofbj cgbygm lft`auf pglg gbgm-gbgm.

7. Jodcgo

A`burut lgtg stgtfstfi mgbm`r Yurv`foogbi`, @pfl`afdodjy, gbl @bl S`suots [rdjrga
Bgtfdbgo Igbi`r Fbstftut` pr`vgo`bsf o`um`afg s`c`sgr 79.: p`r 7;;.;;; pdpuogsf p`r
tgnub,, lgb euaogn m`agtfgb o`um`afg s`c`sgr 8.> p`r 7;;.;;; pdpuo
tgnub pdpuogsf
gsf p`r tgnub. [glg
tgnub 3;7: lfp`rmfrgmgb s`cgbygm 83.79; mgsus cgru o`um`afg lgb 3<,0;; drgbj gmgb
a`bfbjjgogb mgr`bg o`um`afg. O`um`afg c`rglg lf urutgb m`-6 lfofngt lgrf pr`vgo`bsf
m`eglfgbbyg, ygftu s`c`sgr 9.:% lgrf s`ourun mgbm`r lf Pbft`l Ytgt`s.

[r`vgo`bsf mgsus o`um`afg pglg m`odapdm usfg 80-:< a`rupgmgb pr`vgo`bsf t`rtfbjjf
ygftu s`c`sgr 33.<% l`bjgb a`lfgb usfg 88 tgnub sggt t`rlfgjbdsfs o`um`afg. Y`lgbjmgb
euaogn m`agtfgb gmfcgt o`um`afg pgofbj tfbjjf lft`auf pglg m`odapdm usfg :0->< tgnub
ygftu s`c`sgr 9;.3% l`bjgb a`lfgb usfg :0 tgnub sggt m`agtfgb.

[r`vgo`bsf mgsus o`um`afg lfofngt lgrf e`bfs m`ogafb lflgpgtmgb cgnwg m`eglfgb pglg
ogmf-og
ogmf-ogmf
mf o`cfn
o`cfn tfbjjf
tfbjjf lgrf
lgrf p`r`ap
p`r`apugb
ugb ygftu
ygftu s`c`sgr
s`c`sgr 7:.8%,
7:.8%, lgb p`r`ap
p`r`apugb
ugb s`c`sgr
s`c`sgr

7;.:%. Sgs ygbj pgofbj tfbjjf a`bl`rftg o`um`afg glgogn rgs mgumgsfgb (7>.0% ogmf-ogmf,
77,9% p`r`apugb).

M`eglfgb o`um`afg pglg gbgm (;-76 tgnub) a`burut ILI pglg tgnub 3;7< glgogn s`c`sgr
>.< p`r 7;;.;;; lft`aumgb pglg m`odapdm usfg 7-< tgnub lgb tfbjmgt m`agtfgb gmfcgt
o`um`afg s`c`sgr ;.> p`r 7;;.;;; gbgm lft`aumgb pglg m`odapdm usfg 70-76 tgnub.

3. Fbld
Fbldb`
b`sf
sfgg

A`bu
A`buru
rutt lg
lgtg
tg Lgtg
Lgtg Sf
Sfs`
s`tt M`s`n
M`s`ngtg
gtgb
b Lgsgr
Lgsgr 3;
3;79
79,, Cglg
Cglgb
b Oftc
Oftcgb
gbjm
jm`s
`s M`a`
M`a`bt
bt`r
`rfg
fgb
b
M`s`ngtgb SF lgb Lgtg [`blulum Ygsgrgb, pr`vgo`bsf mgbm`r lf Fbldb`sfg c`rturut-turut

glgogn mgbm`r s`rvfms (;.>%), mgbm`r pgyulgrg (;,0%), lgb mgbm`r prdstgt (;,3%). Sfs`t

9
 ygbj lfogmumgb lf SY Mgbm`r Lngragfs pglg tgnub 3;7;-3;79 a`by`cutmgb cgnwg
o`um`afg tflgm t`ragsum lgoga 7; mgbm`r t`rcgbygm lf Fbldb`sfg.

Bgaub a`burut Sfs`t M`s`ngtgb Lgsgr tgnub 3;79 a`bubeummgb pr`vgo`bsf mgbm`r gbgm
uaur ;-7< tgnub s`c`sgr 78.367 mgsus, lgb e`bfs mgbm`r ygbj pgofbj cgbygm lfl`rftg
gbgm lf Fbldb`sfg ygftu o`um`afg lgb r`tfbdcogstdag. [glg rfs`t ygbj lfogmumgb pglg
pgsf`b gbgm lf SY Mgbm`r Lngragfs pglg tgnub ygbj sgag a`bygtgmgb cgnwg o`um`afg
glgogn p`bygmft l`bjgb euaogn mgsus cgru lgb euaogn m`agtfgb t`rcgbygm lf SY Mgbm`r
Lngragfs.

3.3 [`bj`rtfgb lgb Mogsfhfmgsf

G. [`bj`rtfgb O`umfafg

O`um`afg
O`um`afg glgogn p`bygmft
p`bygmft ygbj lfs`cgcmgb
lfs`cgcmgb do`n m`jgbgsgb s`o lgrgn ygbj c`rgsgo lgrf
suasua
suasua tuogbj
tuogbj o`cfn
o`cfn t`pgtb
t`pgtbyg
yg pglg
pglg egrfbj
egrfbjgb
gb n`agtd
n`agtdpd`
pd`tfm
tfm,, ygbj
ygbj lftgbl
lftgblgf
gf l`bjgb
l`bjgb
p`bjjgbtfgb `o`a`b suasua tuogbj bdrago do`n s`o lgrgn gcbdrago gtgu s`o o`um`afm.

Ngo fbf lfs`cgcmgb do`n prdofh`rgsf tflgm t`rmdbtrdo lgrf modb s`o lgrgn faagtur ygbj
c`rgsgo lgrf s`o fblum n`agtdpdf`tfm.

C`rlgsgrmgb Bgtfdbgo Gigl`ay dh Yif`bi`s, t`rlgpgt o`cfn lgrf 7;;.;;; cgyf lf s`ourun
lubfg
lubfg ygbj
ygbj ognfr
ognfr l`bjgb
l`bjgb m`glgg
m`glggb
b lgb mdblfs
mdblfsff ygbj
ygbj c`rgt
c`rgt lgrf
lgrf O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg (Iddo`
(Iddo`y‖s
y‖s
Gb`afg
Gb`afg Hdublg
Hdublgtfd
tfdb,
b, 3;;8).
3;;8). Euaogn
Euaogn p`bl`r
p`bl`rftg
ftg lf Fbldb`
Fbldb`sfg
sfg pglg
pglg tgnub
tgnub 3;;>
3;;> sulgn
sulgn
a`bigpgf 3;.;;; drgbj p`bl`rftg lgrf euaogn 3;; eutg drgbj p`blulum Fbldb`sfg s`igrg
m`s`ourungb (Sdc`rt, 3;;6).

C. Mogsfhfmgsf O`umfafg

Mogsfhfmgsf o`um`afg c`rlgsgrmgb ogag wgmtu t`reglf p`bygmft, t`rlfrf gtgs o`um`afg gmut,
ygftu o`um`afg ygbj t`reglf l`bjgb prds`s wgmtu ygbj sfbjmgt (lgoga nftubjgb ngrf-
cuogb), lgb eujg o`um`afg mrdbfm, ygftu o`um`afg ygbj t`reglf l`bjgb prds`s wgmtu ygbj
ogag (lgoga nftubjgb tgnub).
Mogsfhfmgsf o`um`afg ygbj ogfb glgogn c`rlgsgrmgb e`bfs s`o lgrgn putfn agtgbj ygbj
t`rcgbygm, t`rlfrf gtgs o`um`afg jrgbuodsftfm/af`odsftfm lgb o`um`afg ofahdsftfm.

7. O`um
O`um`a
`afg
fg Gmu
Gmutt
g) O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg Ofahdsf
Ofahdsftfm
tfm Gmut
Gmut

O`um`afg Ofahdsftfm Gmut (OOG) glgogn sugtu p`bygmft ygbj c`rgmfcgt hgtgo, lfagbg s`o-
s`o ygbj lgoga m`glggb bdrago c`rm`acgbj a`beglf ofahdsft c`rucgn a`beglf jgbgs lgb

<
l`bjgb s`j`rg a`bjjgbtfmgb s`o-s`o bdrago lf lgoga suasua tuogbj. OOG a`rupgmgb
o`um`afg ygbj pgofbj s`rfbj t`reglf pglg gbgm-gbgm. O`um`afg e`bfs fbf a`rupgmgb 30%
lgrf s`aug e`bfs mgbm`r ygbj a`bj`bgf gbgm-gbgm lf cgwgn uaur 70 tgnub. [gofbj
s`rfbj t`reglf gbgm usfg gbtgrg 9-0 tgnub, t`tgpf mglgbj t`reglf pglg usfg r`ageg lgb
l`wgsg. OOG 0 mgof o`cfn s`rfbj lgrfpglg OAG l`bjgb p`rmfrggb :;->;% o`um`afg pglg

gbgm a`rupgmgb o`um`afg e`bfs OOG. Y`ogfb ftu OOG eujg a`afofmf tfbjmgt m`s`acungb
mfrg-mfrg :0->;%.

c) O`um`afg Af`odfl Gmut

OAG
OAG a`ru
a`rupg
pgmg
mgb
b o`
o`um
um`a
`afg
fg ygbj
ygbj a`bj
a`bj`b
`bgf
gf s`
s`oo st`a
st`a n`
n`ag
agtd
tdpd
pd`t
`tfm
fm yg
ygbj
bj gm
gmgb
gb
c`rlfh`r`bsfgsf m` s`aug s`o ay`odfl, ygbj lftgblgf l`bjgb prdofh`rgsf a`fodcogst
(pr`musdr jrgbuodsft) tflgm t`rmdbtrdo lgb nfp`rpogsfg suasua tuogbj lgb ofapg.
GAO
GAO a`be
a`begl
glff p`
p`by
by`c
`cgc
gc s`mft
s`mftgr
gr >;
>;%
% mg
mgsu
suss o`
o`um
um`a
`afg
fg gm
gmut
ut pg
pglg
lg l`
l`wg
wgsg.
sg. OAG
OAG
a`rupg
a`rupgmgb
mgb o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg bdbofa
bdbofahds
hdsftf
ftfm
m ygbj
ygbj pgofbj
pgofbj s`rfbj
s`rfbj t`reglf
t`reglf.. OAG gtgu
gtgu O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg

Bdbofahdsftfm Gmut (OBOG) o`cfn s`rfbj lft`aumgb pglg drgbj l`wgsg (>0%)
lfcgblfbjmgb gbgm-gbgm (70%).
[`rauoggbbyg a`blglgm lgb prdjr`sfh lgoga agsg 7 sgapgf 9 cuogb l`bjgb lurgsf
j`egog ygbj sfbjmgt. Efmg tflgm lfdcgtf, OAG hgtgo lgoga 9 sgapgf 8 cuogb.

3. O`um
O`um`a
`afg
fg Mrdb
Mrdbfm
fm
g) O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg Ofahdsf
Ofahdsftt Mrdbfm
Mrdbfm
O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg ofahds
ofahdsftf
ftfm
m mrdbfm
mrdbfm (inrdb
inrdbfi
fi ouapndiytf
ouapndiytfii o`umfafg
o`umfafg,, IOO)
IOO) lf
lftg
tgbl
blgf
gf l`
l`bj
bjgb
gb
prdofh`rgsf lgb gmuauogsf ofahdsft m`ifo, gcbdrago, lgb agtur lgoga suasua tuogbj,
lgrgn p`rfh`r, lgb egrfbjgb tucun. Y`o gcbdrago cfgsgbyg glg pglg ofahdsft-C, ygbj tflgm
lgpgt a`bjngsfomgb gbtfcdlf ygbj iumup ubtum a`ap`rtgngbmgb hubjsf faub. Ngbyg
s`mftgr 0% IOO a`bj`bgf s`o \ (Bddbgb, 3;;:). IOO t`reglf o`cfn s`rfbj pglg l`wgsg,
mnususbyg pglg ogbsfg (usfg a`lfgb 80). IOO glgogn e`bfs o`um`afg agydr ygbj egrgbj
t`reglf.
IOO a`apubygf gwftgb ogacgt ygbj s`rfbj mgof lflgjbdsg s`ogag p`a`rfmsggb hfsfm
rutfb.
rutfb. Efmg
Efmg j`egog
j`egog aubiu
aubiuoo agmg
agmg a`bigm
a`bigmup
up m`oung
m`oungb
b sgagr
sgagr m`o`ag
m`o`agngb
ngb gtgu
gtgu agogfs
agogfs`.
`.
M`aubjmfbgb t`augb mofbfs a`bigmup gb`afg, fbh`msf, lgb p`ac`sgrgb m`o`begr ofah`,
ofapg, lgb ngtf. Yp`p`rtf pglg o`um`afg ogfb, t`rlgpgt nfp`rpogsfg suasua tuogbj. Nftubj
`rftrdsft lgb trdacdsft turub. Nftubj o`umdsft lgpgt bgfm gtgu turub, t`tgpf s`ogou t`rlgpgt

0
 s`o gcbdrago. [glg IOO, p`bjdcgtgb tflgm lfcutunmgb sgapgf c`rtgnub-tgnub. Gbjmg
c`rtgngb nlfup lgrf p`bygmft fbf rgtg-rgtg s`mftgr : tgnub.

c) O`um`afg Af`odfl Mrdbfm

O`um`a
O`um`afg
fg af`odf
af`odfl
l mrdbfm
mrdbfm (inrdb
inrdbfi
fi ay`odfl
ay`odfl o`umfafg,
o`umfafg, IAO)
IAO) glgogn
glgogn sugtu
sugtu p`bygm
p`bygmft
ft

lfagbg s`cugn s`o lf lgoga suasua tuogbj c`rucgn a`beglf jgbgs lgb a`bjngsfomgb
s`euaog
s`euaogn
n c`sgr
c`sgr jrgbuo
jrgbuodsf
dsftt (sgogn
(sgogn sgtu e`bfs s`o lgrgn
lgrgn putfn)
putfn) ygbj
ygbj lftgbl
lftgblgf
gf l`bjgb
l`bjgb
podh`rgsf gcbdrago s`aug ubsur suasua tuogbj. IAO cfgsgbyg lfmgftmgb l`bjgb
m`gcbdragogb sugtu mrdadsda ygbj lfs`cut mrdadsda [nfogl`pnfg, ygftu trgbsodmgsf
s`facgbj mrdadsda 33 m` mrdadsda 6. [`bygtugb j`b ygbj lfngsfomgb do`n trgbsodmgsf
fbf, lfm`bgo s`cgjgf cir/gco glgogn dbmdj`b ygbj lgpgt a`afiu m`jgbgsgb. Ldsfsf rglfgsf
fdb ygbj sgbjgt c`sgr eujg lgpgt a`bigmup IAO pglg s`cgjfgb pgsf`b ([gpglgmfs &
Ai[n
Ai[n``,
``, 3;
3;;:
;:).
). Gcbd
Gcbdra
rago
goft
ftgs
gs j`
j`b`
b`tf
tfm
m yg
ygbj
bj lf
lfbg
bgag
agmg
mgb
b mr
mrda
dads
dsda
da pn
pnfo
fogl
gl`o
`opn
pnfg
fg
lft`aumgb pglg 6;-60% p`bl`rftg OAM.

E`bfs o`um`afg fbf a`rupgmgb s`mftgr 70% o`um`afg pglg l`wgsg. IAO a`by`rgbj prfg
o`cfn s`rfbj lgrfpglg wgbftg. Gwftgb IAO cfgsgbyg lf gbtgrg usfg 9; gtgu <; lgb 0;
tgnub, a`smfpub eujg lfeuapgf pglg gbgm-gbgm lgb r`ageg (Nu`tn`r & AiIgbi`, 3;;>).
Drgbj
Drgbj ygbj
ygbj a`bl`r
a`bl`rftg
ftg IAO
IAO s`rfbj
s`rfbj mgof
mgof gsfatda
gsfatdagtf
gtfm
m pglg
pglg stglfua
stglfua gwgo lgb,
lgb, pglg
pglg
m`bygtggbyg, s`rfbj mgof lflfgjbdsfs sggt p`a`rfmsggb lgrgn rutfb a`bubeumgb nftubj s`o
gcbdra
gcbdrago.
go. Gb`afg
Gb`afg a`by`c
a`by`cgcm
gcmgb
gb m`o`ag
m`o`agngb
ngb,, m`o`tf
m`o`tfngb
ngb,, lgb lfspb`
lfspb`gg pglg
pglg gmtfvf
gmtfvftgs.
tgs.
Ofapg
Ofapg s`rfbj
s`rfbj a`ac`s
a`ac`sgr,
gr, a`by`c
a`by`cgcm
gcmgb
gb m`tflg
m`tflgmby
mbygagb
gagbgb.
gb. Lgoga
Lgoga 9 nfbjjg
nfbjjg < tgnub,
tgnub,
p`bygmft a`acurum a`beglf hgs` ygbj o`cfn gjr`sfh. [rdofh`rgsf s`o ygbj i`pgt lgb
nfp`ra`tgcd
nfp`ra`tgcdofsa`
ofsa` a`by`cgcmg
a`by`cgcmgb
b m`o`tfngb,
m`o`tfngb, p`burubgb
p`burubgb c`rgt cglgb,
cglgb, c`rm`rfbjgt
c`rm`rfbjgt,, lgb

fbtdo`rgb
fbtdo`rgbsf
sf pgbgs.
pgbgs. Ofapg
Ofapg a`ac`s
a`ac`sgrgr a`by`c
a`by`cgcm
gcmgbgb rgsg p`bun
p`bun pglg
pglg gclda`
gclda`b
b lgb
m`tflgmbyga
m`tflgmbygagbgb.
gbgb. Hubjsf tdracdsft
tdracdsft lfp`bjgrun
lfp`bjgrunff do`n tgngp fbf, ygbj a`by`cgcmgb
a`by`cgcmgb
p`rlgrgngb lgb p`bfbjmgtgb a`agr. Gmnfrbyg, p`bygmft c`rm`acgbj a`beglf o`umfafg
gmut, l`bjgb prdofh`rgsf s`o cogst. \gngp fbf lfs`cut s`cgjgf hgs` mrfsfs cogst t`rafbgo,
ygftu prdlumsf c`ro`cfngb s`o aulg o`umdsft, ygbj lftgblgf l`bjgb agbfh`stgsf mdbstftusf
sfjbfhfmgb, spo`bda`jgof, lgb fbhfotgsf s`o o`um`afg m` lgoga muoft, m`o`begr ofah`, tuogbj,
lgb sfst`a sgrgh pusgt (Nu`tn`r & AiIgbi`, 3;;>). gbjmg c`rtgngb nflup s`t`ogn gwftgb
tgngp gmnfr ngbyg s`mftgr 3 sgapgf < tgnub.

3.9 @tfdodjf lgb Hgmtdr Sfsfmd

7. Hgmt
Hgmtddr `bl
`bldj`b
j`b

8
 g. Psfg
Psfg,, e`b
e`bfs
fs m`
m`og
ogaf
afb,
b, rgs
O`um`afg Ofahdsftfm Gmut a`rupgmgb o`um`afg pgofbj s`rfbj lft`aumgb pglg
gbgm-gbgm, l`bjgb pubigm fbsfl`b gbtgrg usfg 9-: tgnub, O`um`afg Af`odsftfm
Gmut t`rlgpgt pglg uaur 70-96 tgnub, s`lgbjmgb O`um`afg Af`odsftfm Mrdbfm
cgbygm lft`aumgb gbtgrg uaur 9;-0; tgnub.

O`um`afg Ofahdsftfm Mrdbfm a`rupgmgb m`ogfbgb pglg drgbj tug (uaur rgtg-
rgtg
rgtg 8; tgnub
tgnub).
).Fb
Fbsf
sfl`
l`b
b o`um`
o`um`af
afgg o`cf
o`cfn
n tfbj
tfbjjf
jf pg
pglg
lg pr
prfg
fg lf
lfcg
cgbl
blfb
fbjm
jmgb
gb pg
pglg
lg
wgbftg.\fbjmgt fbsfl`b ygbj o`cfn tfbjjf t`rofngt lf gbtgrg Mgumgsfg (muoft putfn)
lfcgblfbjmgb l`bjgb m`odapdm muoft nftga.
O`um`afg a`byuacgbj s`mftgr 3% lgrf s`aug e`bfs mgbm`r. A`by`rgbj 6 lgrf
s`tfgp 7;;.;;; drgbj lf Ga`rfmg Y`rfmgt s`tfgp tgnub. Drgbj l`wgsg 7; mgof
m`aubjmfb
m`aubjmfbgb
gb t`rs`rgbj
t`rs`rgbj o`um`afg
o`um`afg lgrfpglg
lgrfpglg gbgm-gbgm.
gbgm-gbgm. O`um`afg t`reglf
t`reglf pgofbj
pgofbj
s`rfbj pglg drgbj tug. M`tfmg o`um`afg t`reglf pglg gbgm-gbgm, ngo ftu t`reglf
pgofbj s`rfbj s`c`oua usfg < tgnub.

[`b`oftfgb O`` gt goo (3;;6) l`bjgb l`sgfb mdndrt lf \n` Ods Gbj`o`s Idubty-
Pbfv`r
Pbfv`rsfty
sfty dh Ydutn`
Ydutn`rbrb Igofhd
Igofhdrbf
rbfgg (OGI+P
(OGI+PYI)
YI) A`lfigo
A`lfigo I`btr`
I`btr` a`ogpd
a`ogpdrmg
rmgb
b
cgnwg p`bl`rftg o`um`afg a`burut `tbfs t`rcgbygm ygftu nfspgbfm (8;,6%) ygbj
a`bi`rafbmgb m`s`ourungb pdpuogsf ygbj lfogygbf do`n OIG + PYG A`lfigo
I`bt`r
I`bt`r.. Lgrf
Lgrf pgsf`b
pgsf`b bdb-nf
bdb-nfspgb
spgbfm
fm ygbj
ygbj uaua
uaua c`rfmu
c`rfmutby
tbygg ygftu
ygftu Gsfg
Gsfg (39,;%
(39,;%),
),
Ga`rfmg Ghrfmg (77,0%), lgb Mgumgsfg (<,8%).

c. Hgmtdr j`b`tfi
7) M`tu
`turubgb

[glg s`cgjfgb p`bl`rftg l`bjgb o`um`afg, fbsfl`b o`um`afg a`bfbjmgt

lgoga m`ougrjg. M`aubjmfbgb
M`aubjmfbgb ubtum
ubtum a`blgpgt
a`blgpgt o`um`afg
o`um`afg pglg sgulgrg
sgulgrg
mgblubj p`bl`rftg bgfm 3-< mgof. Y`ogfb ftu, o`um`afg eujg lgpgt t`reglf
pglg m`acgr fl`btfm.
3) M`og
M`ogfb
fbgb
gb j`b
j`b`t
`tfi
fi
\rfsda
\rfsday
y 37 (Ldwb
(Ldwb Yyblrd
Yyblrda`)
a`) a`afof
a`afofmf
mf rfsfmd
rfsfmd 60% ubtum
ubtum a`bjgo
a`bjgogaf
gaf
o`um
o`um`a
`afg.
fg.Co
Codd
dda
a sy
sybl
blrd
rda`
a` a`af
a`afof
ofmf
mf rfsfm
rfsfmd
d >% ub
ubtu
tum
m a`bj
a`bjgo
goga
gaff
o`um
o`um`a
`afg.
fg.Gb
Gb`a
`afg
fg hgbid
hgbidbf
bf a`af
a`afof
ofmf
mf rfsf
rfsfmd
md 73
73%
% ub
ubtu
tum
m a`bj
a`bjgo
goga
gaff
o`um`afg.

3. Hgmt
Hgmtd
dr `msd
`msdj
j`b

:
g. [gp
gpgr
grgb
gb rg
rgl
lfgsf
fgsf
Yf
Yfbg
bgrr rg
rglf
lfdg
dgmt
mtfh
fh a`ru
a`rupg
pgmg
mgb
b hgmt
hgmtdr
dr `m
`mst
st`r
`rbg
bgoo yg
ygbj
bj pg
pgof
ofbj
bj e`
e`og
ogss lgpg
lgpgtt
a`by
a`by`c
`cgc
gcmg
mgb
b o`um
o`um`a
`afg
fg.. Y`c`
Y`c`ou
oua
a pr
prdt
dt`m
`msf
sf t`
t`rn
rngl
glgp
gp sfbg
sfbgrr rg
rglf
lfdg
dgmt
mtfh
fh ru
rutf
tfb
b
lfogmumgb, gnof rglfdodjf a`apubygf rfsfmd a`bl`rftg o`um`afg 7; mgof o`cfn c`sgr
lfcgblfbjmgb ygbj tflgm c`m`reg lf cgjfgb t`rs`cut.
t`rs `cut.

[`blulum Nfrdsfag lgb Bgjgsgmf ygbj nflup s`t`ogn o`lgmgb cda gtda
g tda tgnub
76<0 a`apubygf fbsfl`bsf O`um`afg Af`odsftfm Gmut lgb O`um`afg Jrgbuodsftfm
Mrdbfm sgapgf 3; mgof o`cfn cgbygm. Sglfgsf `o`mtrdagjb`tfm s`p`rtf ruagn ygbj
l`mgt l`bjgb suac`r rglfgsf s`p`rtf sut`t, gtgupub s`rfbj t`rpgpgr rglfgsf s`p`rtf
rglfgsff uotrgvfdo`t
rglfgs uotrgvfdo`t a`beglfmgb
a`beglfmgb Gbgm a`afofmf rfsfmd <,:9 mgof o`cfn tfbjjf ubtum
t`rm`bg o`um`afg.
c. [gpgrgb zgt mfafg
7) Ugt-z
gt-zgt
gt mfa
mfafg (afs
(afsgo
go c`bz`
`bz`b`
b`,, gr
grs`
s`b
b, p`s
`stf
tfsf
sfl
lg, mod
odrg
rgah
ah`b
`bfm
fmdo
do,,
h`
h`bf
bfoc
ocut
utgzd
gzdb)
b) lflu
lflujg
jg lg
lgpg
pgtt a`bf
a`bfbj
bjmg
mgtm
tmgb
gb rfsf
rfsfmd
md t`rm`
t`rm`bg
bg o`
o`um
um`a
`afg
fg..

C`bz`bg t`ogn t`rcumtf a`beglf sugtu hgmtdr rfsfmd ygbj c`sgr ubtum t`reglf
o`u
o`um`a
m`afg.
fg. C`b`bz`
z`bg
bg lgp
lgpgt mftg
ftg t`
t`a
aum
umgb
gb pglglgg agmgmgb
gbgb
gb,, pgc
gcrf
rfm
m
p`rfblustrfgb, lgb mdsa`tfm ygbj lfjubgmgb.
lfjubgmgb.
3) A`rd
A`rdmd
mdm
m a`ru
a`rupg
pgmg
mgb
b sg
sgog
ogn
n sg
sgtu
tu hg
hgmt
mtdr
dr rfsf
rfsfmd
md ub
ubtu
tum
m c`
c`rm
rm`a
`acg
cgbj
bjby
bygg
o`um
o`um`a
`afg.
fg. Sdmd
Sdmdm
m a`bj
a`bjgb
gblu
lubj
bj o`
o`um
um`a
`adj
dj`b
`b yg
ygbj
bj pd
pdt`
t`bs
bsfg
fgoo ub
ubtu
tum
m
a`bl`rftg o`um`afg t`rutgag OAG. Cgbygm p`b`oftfgb ygbj a`bubeummgb
cgnwg a`rdmdm a`bfbjmgtmgb rfsfmd OAG. [`b`oftfgb Nglf, `t go (3;;>)
lf Frgb l`bjgb l`sgfb igs` idbtrdo a`ap`rofngtmgb cgnwg a`rdmdm o`cfn
lgrff 7; tgnub
lgr tgnub a`bfbj
a`bfbjmgt
mgtmgb
mgb rfsfmd
rfsfmd m`eglf
m`eglfgb
gb OAG grtfby
grtfbygg drgbj
drgbj ygbj
ygbj

a`bl`rftg
a`bl`r ftg OAG m`aubj
m`aubjmfb
mfbgb
gb 9,>7
9,>7 mgof
mgof a`rdmd
a`rdmdm
m o`cfn
o`cfn lgrf
lgrf 7; tgnub
tgnub
lfcgblfbj l`bjgb drgbj ygbj tflgm a`bl`rftg OAG. [`b`oftfgb lf Ods
Gbjo`s
Gbjo`s (3;;3)
(3;;3),, a`bube
a`bubeumm
ummgb
gb glgbyg
glgbyg nucubj
nucubjgb
gb gbtgrg
gbtgrg OAG l`bjgb
l`bjgb
m`cfgsggb a`rdmdm. [`b`oftfgb ogfb lf Igbglg do`n Mgsfa a`by`cutmgb
cgnwg p`rdmdm c`rgt lgpgt a`bfbjmgtmgb rfsfmd OAG. Hgmtdr rfsfmd
t`reglfbyg o`um`afg pglg drgbj ygbj a`rdmdm t`rjgbtubj pglg hr`mu`bsf,
cgbygmbyg, lgb ogagbyg
ogagbyg a`rdmdm.
9) [`bjju
[`bjjubgg
bggb
b fbs`mt
fbs`mtfsfl
fsflgg ruagn
ruagn tgbjjg
tgbjjg s`p`rtf
s`p`rtf p`bjju
p`bjjubgg
bggb
b dcgt
dcgt bygau
bygaum
m
lgpgt a`beglf hgmtdr rfsfmd t`reglfbyg o`um`afg gbgm. Y`p`rtf ngsfo ygbj

t`og
t`ogn
n lfm`
lfm`au
aumg
mgmg
mgbb lgog
lgoga
a p`b`
p`b`of
oftf
tfgb
gb cg
cgnw
nwgg gbgbgm
gm l`l`bj
bjgbgb rfwg
rfwgyg
ygtt
p`bjjubggb fbs`mtfsflg ruagn tgbjjg a`afofmf rfsfmd 0,30 mgof
mgof o`cfn tfbjjf

>
 ubtum t`rm`bg o`um`afg lfcgblfbjmgb l`bjgb gbgm ygbj tflgm a`affmf
pgpgrgb fbs`mtfsflg.
i. Xfrus
C`c`rgp
C`c`rgpgg vfrus
vfrus t`rt`b
t`rt`btu
tu sulgn
sulgn lfcumt
lfcumtfmg
fmgb
b a`by`c
a`by`cgcm
gcmgb
gb o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg pglg
pglg
cfbgtgbj. Glg c`c`rgpg ngsfo p`b`oftfgb ygbj a`blumubj t`drf vfrus ss`cgjgf
`cgjgf sgogn

sgtu p`by`c
p`by`cgc
gc o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg ygftu
ygftu `bzya`
`bzya` r`s`rv`
r`s`rv` trgbsi
trgbsirfp
rfptgs`
tgs` lft`au
lft`aumgb
mgb lgoga
lgoga
lgrgn p`bl`rftg o`um`afg. Y`p`rtf lfm`tgnuf `bzfa fbf lft`aumgb lf lgoga vfrus
dbmdj`bfm s`p`rtf r`trdvfrus tfp` I ygftu e`bfs SBG ygbj a`by`cgcmgb o`um`afg
pglg cfbgtgbj.
[glg agbusfg, t`rlgpgt cumtf mugt cgnwg vfrus a`rupgmgb `tfdodjf t`reglfbyg
o`um`afg. N\OX (vfrus o`um`afg \ agbusfg) lgb r`trdvfrus e`bfs iSBG, t`ogn
lftubeummgb do`n afmrdsmdp `o`mtrdb lgb muotur pglg s`o pgsf`b l`bjgb e`bfs
mnusus o`um`afg/ofahdag s`o \ ygbj uaua pglg prdpfbsf t`rt`btu lf E`pgbj lgb
spdrglfs lf t`apgt ogfb, mnususbyg lf gbtgrg B`jrd Mgrfcfg lgb Ga`rfmg Y`rfmgt.

[`rfstfwg j`b`tfm ygbj c`rp`rgb pglg trgbshdragsf m`jgbgsgb t`reglf gmfcgt

p`rucgngb hubjsf dbmdj`b, do`n mgr`bg j`b t`rs`cut a`bygblf prdt`fb ygbj
c`rp`rgb utum pdofh`rgsf lgb lfh`r`bsfgo s`o. Y`ogfb ftu t`reglfbyg
t`r eglfbyg m`jgbgsgb lgpgt
lfs`c
lfs`cgc
gcmg
mgb
b do`n
do`n jg
jgbj
bjju
jugb
gb l`
l`o`
o`sf
sf gtgu
gtgu autg
autgsf
sf tu
tuad
adrr suppr`ssdr j`b`s ygbj
m`regb
m`regbyg
yg a`bjng
a`bjngacg
acgtt p`ac`o
p`ac`ogng
gngb
b lgb pdofh`
pdofh`rgsf
rgsf s`o.
s`o. Do`n
Do`n mgr`bg
mgr`bg ftu lgoga
lgoga
m`glgg
m`glggb
b hdrago
hdrago ngrus
ngrus t`rlgp
t`rlgpgt
gt m`s`fa
m`s`facgb
cgbjgb
jgb gbtgrg
gbtgrg hubjsf
hubjsf tuadr
tuadr supr`ssdr
j`b`s.
Fbf ygbj a`b`y`cgcmgb s`o agapu ubtum c`rprdofh`rgsf s`igrg tflgm t`rmdbtrdo
yg
ygbj
bj lg
lgpg
pgtt a`be
a`begl
glff sugt
sugtu
u m`
m`jg
jgbg
bgsg
sgb
b lg
lgb
b s`o pr
pr`m
`mur
ursd
sdrr yg
ygbj
bj tflg
tflgm
m agap
agapu
u

c`rlfh`r`bsfgsf pglg sfst`a n`agtdpdf`sfs.

Ngo fbf a`by`cgcm
a`by`cgcmgb gb ofahdcogs
ofahdcogs a`a`bunf
a`a`bunf tucun
tucun lgb a`by`cgcmgb
a`by`cgcmgb suasua
suasua
tuogbj
tuogbj jgjgo
jgjgo ubtum
ubtum c`rprd
c`rprdlum
lumsf
sf lgb gmnfrb
gmnfrbyg
yg a`begl
a`beglff pgbsftd
pgbsftdp`b
p`bfg.
fg.Y`f
Y`frfbj
rfbj
suasua tuogbj jgjgo, s`o-s`o ygbj gcbdrago c`rsfrmuogsf lgoga tucun lgb agsum
m` drjgb-drjgb ogfb.

3.< [gtdhfsfdodjf
[gtnwgy lfcugt t`rpfsgn.

6
3.0 \gblg lgb j`egog
7. Gbdr`x
Gbdr`xfgfg ([`b
([`buru
urubgb
bgb C`rgt
C`rgt Cglg
Cglgb)b)
J`egog
J`e gog p`buru
p`burubgb
bgb s`o`rg
s`o`rg agmgb
agmgb lgb p`buru
p`burubgb
bgb c`rgt
c`rgt cglgb
cglgb lfs`cg
lfs`cgcmg
cmgbb
p`ac`sgrgb lgrf drjgb pglg gclda`b p`bl`rftg. Y`nfbjjg cgbygmbyg agmgbgb ygbj
cfsg agsumpub eujg c`rmurgbj.
3. [`t`infg`
[glg p`bl`rftg o`um`afg s`rfbj t`reglf afafsgb, jusf c`rlgrgn, lgb cgnmgb
p`rlgrgngb c`sgr pglg oumg jdr`s ygbj m`ifo. [glg muoft t`rofngt c`rigm-c`rigm
m`a`rgngb ygbj lfs`cgcmgb p`rlgrgngb pglg p`acuoun lgrgn ygbj m`ifo. Ngo fbf
lfs`cg
lfs`cgcmg
cmgbb mgr`bg
mgr`bg murgbj
murgbjbyg
byg pogt`o
pogt`o`t
`t bdrago
bdrago ygbj
ygbj c`rhub
c`rhubjsf
jsf a`ac`r
a`ac`rn`b
n`btfm
tfmgb
gb
p`rlgrgngb.
9. L`aga
Lfgwgof pglg p`burubgb euaogn o`umdsft ygbj a`by`cgmgb p`burubgb lgyg
tgngb tucun. Y`nfbjjg p`bl`rftg o`cfn aulgn t`rfbh`msf. Ugt ygbj a`by`cgcmgb
fbh`msf lfs`cut pfrdj`b. [frdj`b ygbj ngrusbyg lf hgjdsft bgaub jgjgo gmr`bg s`o
lgrgn putfn ygbj c`oua agtgbj lgb gmnfrbyg a`by`cgcmgb l`aga.
<. O`ag
O`agn,n, o`tf
o`tfn,
n, lgb
lgb pu
puigt
igt

Lfgmfcgtmgb
a`by`cgcmgb suopgfdo`n p`burubgb
D3 a`burub `rftrdsft,
lgb t`reglf o`umdsft, lgb trdacdsft
gb`afg. [glg ygbj
gb`afg, a`tgcdofsa`
tucun c`rucgn a`beglf gbg`rdc s`nfbjjg `b`rjf ygbj lfngsfomgb a`beglf o`cfn s`lfmft
lgb a`by`cgcmgb m`o`agngb dtdt s`rtg o`agn, o`tfn lgb o`su.

3.8 Mdapofmgsf
7. N`pg
N`pgtd
tdsp
spo`
o`bd
bda`
a`jgo
jgoff
N`pgtd
N`pgtda`j
a`jgof
gof lgpgt
lgpgt lfpfiu
lfpfiu do`n
do`n p`bygm
p`bygmft
ft lflgog
lflgoga
a drjgb
drjgb ngtf
ngtf agupub
agupub lfougr
lfougr ngtf.
ngtf.
Ygogn sgtu p`bygmft lf ougr drjgb ngtf ygbj lgpgt a`afiu mdblfsf fbf glgogn mgbm`r
lgrgn. Efmg lfcfgrmgb lgoga egbjmg wgmtu ygbj iumup pgbegbj tgbpg lftfblgmogbeutf
lgpgt
lgpgt a`by`r
a`by`rgbj
gbj lgb a`by`cgr
a`by`cgr m` cgjfgb
cgjfgb tucun
tucun ogfb sgogn sgtubyg
sgtubyg drjgb
drjgb ngtf.
ngtf.
N`pgtdspo`b
N`pgtdspo`bda`jgo
da`jgoff a`rupgmgb
a`rupgmgb jgbjjugb
jgbjjugb ygbj a`by`cgcm
a`by`cgcmgb
gb p`ac`bjmgm
p`ac`bjmgmgb
gb ngtf
lgb ofahg. Mdblfsf fbf a`acugt ofahg lgb ngtf tflgm cfsg a`begogbmgb hubjsfbyg
l`bjgb cgfm. Ofahg c`rp`rgb ubtum a`bl`t`msf afmrddrjgbfsa` p`by`cgc p`bygmft
lgb a`bifp
a`bifptgm
tgmgb
gb gbtfcd
gbtfcdly
ly ubtum
ubtum a`ogwg
a`ogwgb
b fbh`msf
fbh`msf l`bjgb
l`bjgb cgfm.
cgfm. Y`lgbj
Y`lgbjmgb
mgb ngtf
ngtf
c`rp`rgb ubtum a`acfogs rgiub
r giub lgoga lgrgn, a`bjdogn prdt`fb lgb a`acgbtu sfst`a
s fst`a
faub lgoga a`ogwgb fbh`msf.
3. Of
Ofa
ahgl
hgl`bd
`bdpgtf
pgtf
Fstfogn
Fstfogn a`lfs
a`lfs ub
ubtum
tum a`bjj
a`bjjgac
gacgrm
grmgb
gb glgbyg
glgbyg p`ac`b
p`ac`bjmg
jmgmgb
mgb pglg
pglg m`o`be
m`o`begr
gr ofah`.
ofah`.
M`o`be
M`o`begr
gr ofah`
ofah` s`blfrf
s`blfrf glgogn
glgogn drjgb
drjgb tucun
tucun ygbj
ygbj c`rc`b
c`rc`btum
tum mgigbj
mgigbj pdodbj
pdodbj ygbj
ygbj
t`rs`cgr lf cgwgn m`tfgm, ofpgtgb pgng, o`n`r, lglg, lgb p`rut. M`o`begr ofah` c`rhubjsf

7;
 s`cgjgf p`bygrfbj igfrgb ofah` ygbj c`r`lgr lf s`ourun tucun. Yggt a`ac`bjmgm,
lfga`t`r m`o`begr ofah` cfsg o`cfn lgrf 7 ia. Zgogupub c`r`lgr s`p`rtf ogygmbyg
lgrgn, igfrgb ofah` a`apubygf p`acuoun gtgu sgourgbbyg s`blfrf. Igfrgb ofah` eujg
tflg
tflgm
m c`
c`rw
rwgrb
grbgg a`rg
a`rgn,
n, tgpf
tgpf c`
c`rw
rwgrb
grbgg c`
c`bf
bfbj
bj.. Igfr
Igfrgb
gb ofah
ofah`` c`
c`rhu
rhubj
bjsf
sf s`
s`cg
cgjg
jgff
p`bjgbjmut o`agm lgb t`ragsum ofbf p`rtgag p`rtgngbgb tucun t`rnglgp s`rgbjgb

afmrddrjgbfsa` s`p`rtf cgmt`rf, vfrus, gtgu pgrgsft. [glg gmnfrbyg, p`acuoun ofah`
gmgb c`raugrg lf p`acuoun lgrgn ygftu p`acuoun lgrgn c`sgr ygbj glg lf rdbjjg
lglg.
9. By`r
By`rff tuogb
tuogbj
j lgb
lgb p`rs`b
p`rs`blf
lfgb
gb
Yggt s`o-s`o o`um`afm a`fbjmgt s`nfbjjg a`buapum lf suasua tuogbj gmfcgtbyg
a`bjgo
a`bjgogaf
gaf p`bfbj
p`bfbjmgt
mgtggb
ggb t`mgbg
t`mgbgb
b egrfbjg
egrfbjgb
b lf suasua
suasua tuogbj
tuogbj.. Ygogn
Ygogn sgtu hubjsf
hubjsf
suasua tuogbj ubtum mdaubfmgsf gbtgr sgrgh, lfagbg lgoga a`begogbmgb hubjsfbyg,
s`o-s`o sgrgh (b`urdb) ngrus c`rmdaubfmgsf sgtu l`bjgb ogfbbyg. Mdaubfmgsf ygbj
t`reg
t`reglf
lf gl
glgo
gogn
gn p`
p`bj
bjng
ngbt
btgr
grgb
gb sfbyg
sfbygo-
o-sfb
sfbyg
ygoo ofst
ofstrfm
rfm.. [`
[`rtg
rtgag
ag-tg
-tgag
ag s`
s`bs
bsdr
dr tu
tucu
cun
n

a`b`rfag rgbjsgbjgb,
rgbjsgbjgb, ogou s`bsdr ygbj bdtgc`b` glgogn s`o sgrgh fbf a`bjucgnbyg
a`beglf sfbygo ofstrfm. Yfbygo-sfbygo ofstrfm fbf bgbtfbyg gmgb lfsgapgfmgb m` dtgm
ubtum
ubtum lfdogn
lfdogn.. Bgaub,
Bgaub, s`c`ou
s`c`oua
a a`bigp
a`bigpgf
gf dtgm,
dtgm, sfbygo
sfbygo-sfb
-sfbygo
ygo fbf t`ro`cf
t`ro`cfn
n lgnuou
lgnuou
c`raugrg m` suasua tuogbj c`ogmgbj, ygbj m`aulfgb lft`rusmgb m` dtgm ubtum
lfdogn. Y`t`ogn dtgm a`bjdognbyg agmg aubiuoogn p`rfbtgn, sfbygo-sfbygo p`rfbtgn fbf
m`aulfgb lfsgourmgb ogjf m` suasua tuogbj ubtum m`aulfgb lf sgapgf m` `h`mtdr
tucun.

3.: [`a`rfmsggb [`bubegbj

[`a`rfmsggb p`bubegbj o`um`afg lfc`lgmgb gbtgrg o`um`afg gmut lgb mrdbfs.
 O`um`af
O`um `afgg Gmut
G mut
[`a`rfmsggb p`bubegbj ygbj lgpgt lfogmumgb ubtum a`blfgjbdsfs o`um`afg gmut5
 [`a`
[`a`rf
rfms
msgg
ggb
b lgrg
lgrgn
n o`b
o`bjm
jmgp
gp55 gb`a
gb`afg
fg,, trda
trdacd
cdsf
sftd
tdp`
p`bf
bfgg / trda
trdacd
cdsf
sftd
tdsf
sfs,
s,
o`umdp`bfg/o`umdsftdsfs
 Gpusgb lgrgn t`pf5 s`o cogst (pglg GAO lgb GOO), Gu`r rdls (pglg GAO)
 Faaubdpn`bdtypfbj
 [`a`rfmsggb sftdj`b`tfm

 Hubjsf ofv`r5 YJD\, YJ[\


Hubjsf p`ac`mugb lgrgn
 Gspfrgsf suasua tuogbj gtgu cfdpsy

77
Ngsfoo
Ngsf p`a`rfm
p`a`rfmsggb
sggb suasua
suasua tuogbj
tuogbj pglg
pglg p`bl`r
p`bl`rftg
ftg o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg gmut
gmut lft`au
lft`aumgb
mgb
m` gl gg bnfp`rs`ouogr.
bnfp`rs`ouogr. Ngapfr s`aug s`o suasua tuogbj
tuogbj lfjgbtf
lfjgbtf s`o o`um`afg (cogst),

t`rlgpgt p`rucgngb tfcg-tfcg lgrf s`o aulg (cogst) m` s`o ygbj agtgbj tgbpg s`o gbtgrg
(o`um`afi jgp).
jgp). Euaogn cogst afbfago 9;% lgrf s`o c`rfbtf lgoga suasua tuogbj

[ubjsf ouacgo
 Ymrfbfbj hdmus fbh`msf5 hdtd tndrgms, muotur lgrgn, urfbgofsfs, muotur urfb
 [gb`o lfss`afbgt`l fbtrgvgsiuogr idgjuogtfdb (LFI)
 [`a`rfmsggb Lgrgn \`pf
[glg
[glg p`
p`bl
bl`r
`rft
ftgg o`um
o`um`a
`afg
fg e`bfs
e`bfs OOG
OOG lft`
lft`au
aumg
mgb
b o`
o`um
umds
dsft
ftds
dsfs
fs (8
(8;%
;%)) lg
lgb
b mg
mglg
lgbj
bj--
mglgbj
mglgbjo`u
o`umdp
mdp`bfg
`bfg (30%).
(30%). [glg
[glg p`bl`r
p`bl`rftg
ftg OAG lft`au
lft`aumgb
mgb p`buru
p`burubgb
bgb `rftrd
`rftrdsft
sft lgb
trdacdsft.

 O`um`af
O`um `afgg Mrdbfm
Mrd bfm

[glg o`um`afg mrdbfm, p`a`rfmsggb p`bubegbj ygbj lgpgt lfogmumgb glgogn5

 [`a`rfmsggb
[`a`rfmsggb lgrgn o`bjmgp5
o`bjmgp5 gb`afg,
gb`afg, o`umdsftdsfs
o`umdsftdsfs (7;;,;;;
(7;;,;;; i`oos/οO), ofahd
ofahdsftdsfs
sftdsfs
pglg IOO (0,;;; ofahdsft
ofahdsft C/οO)
 Gpusgb lgrgn t`pf
 Faaubdpn`bdtypfbj
 Gspfrgsf suasua tuogbj (ubtum a`b`btumgb prdjbdsfs)
[ g l g p ` b l ` r f t g O OM lft`
lft`au
aumg
mgb
b glgby
glgbygg fbhfo
fbhfotr
trgs
gsff a`rgt
a`rgtgg do`n
do`n ofahd
ofahdsf
sftt m`ifo
m`ifo ygft
ygftu
u
o`cfn lgrf <;% lgrf tdtgo s`o ygbjc`rfbtf. Murgbj o`cfn 60% pgsf`b OOM lfs`cgcmgb do`n
p`bfbjmgtgb ofahdsft C. Y`lgbjmgb pg lg p` bl ` rf tg
OJM/OA
OJM /OAM
M lft`au
lft`aumgb
mgb m`glgg
m`glggbb nfp`rs`
nfp`rs`ouo
ouogr
gr (euaogn
(euaogn s`o ’ s`o aulg
aulg sgbjgt
sgbjgt
cg by g m) l` bj gb p` bf bj mg tg b e ua og n a`jgmgrfdsft lgb gmtfvftgs jrgbuodpd`fsfs.
Euaogn jrgbuodsft o`cfn lgrf 9;.;;;/aa9

 [`a`rfmsggb sftdj`bfm5 Mrdadsda [nfogl`opnfg lgb/gtgu j`b husf CIS/GCO pglg

IAO
 [`a`rfmsggb Lgrgn \`pf
[glg
[glgp
p`b
`bl
l`r
`rft
ftgg OOM
OOM lft`a
ft`au
umgb
mgb ofah
ofahd
dsf
sftt yg
ygbj
bj a`b
`bfb
fbjm
jmgt
gt (ofahdsftdsfs o`cfn
lgrf 0;.;;;/a
0;.;;;/aa9),
a9), s`lgbjmgb
s`lgbjmgb pglg p`bl`rftgOJ
p`bl`rftgOJM/OAM
M/OAM lft`aumgb
lft`aumgb o`umdsftdsfs
o`umdsftdsfs
o`cfn lgrf 0;.;;;/aa9

73
3.> [`bgtgogmsgbggb A`lfs
[`bgtgo
[`bgtgogms
gmsgbg
gbggb
gb pgsf`b
pgsf`b o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg glgogn
glgogn c`rupg
c`rupg t`rgpf
t`rgpf supdrt
supdrtfh,
fh, t`rgpf
t`rgpf mgusgtf
mgusgtfh,
h, lgb
trgbspo
trgbspogbt
gbtgsf
gsf s`o fblum
fblum (suasu
(suasua
a tuogbj
tuogbj).
). \ueugb
\ueugb lgrf
lgrf p`bgtg
p`bgtgogm
ogmsgb
sgbggb
ggb t`rgpf
t`rgpf pgsf`b
pgsf`b
o`um`afg glgogn ubtum a`bjngbiurmgb s`o-s`o o`um`afg lgb a`acfgrmgb suasua tuogbj
c`rhubjsf s`igrg bdrago ogjf. \`rgpf supdrtfh lfogmumgb ubtum a`begjg cgogbi` igfrgb
a`ogouf fbhus lgb a`bgfmmgb mglgr Nc pgsf`b a`ogouf trgbshus`. \`rgpf supdrtfh l`bjgb
trgbshusf `rftrdsft lgb trdacdsft s`rtg p`bgtgogmsgbggb fbh`msf pglg p`bl`rftg O`um`afg.
Vgbj pgofbj p`btfbj glgogn t`rgpf mgusgtfh, lfagbg tueugbbyg glgogn a`bjngbiurmgb s`o-
s`o o`um`afm lgoga tucun pgsf`b. \`rgpf mgusgtfh ygbj lfogmumgb ygftu m`adt`rgpf.

7. \`rgpf supdrtfh
[`rlgr
[`rlgrgng
gngb
b lgb fbh`ms
fbh`msff a`rupg
a`rupgmgb
mgb p`by`c
p`by`cgc
gc utgag
utgag lgrf
lgrf m`agtfg
m`agtfgb
b pglg
pglg p`bl`r
p`bl`rftg
ftg
o`um`afg.
o`um`afg. Mgr`bg trdacdsftdp`bf
trdacdsftdp`bfgg a`rupgmgb
a`rupgmgb hgmtdr
hgmtdr rfsfmd utgag s`cgjgf
s`cgjgf p`by`cgc
p`by`cgc
t`reglfbyg p`rlgrgngb, trgbshusf trdacdsft ngrus sulgn lfc`rfmgb pglg p`bl`rftg o`um`afg

l`wgsg ygbj 79; gbjmg trdacdsftbyg (G\) murgbj lgrf 0;.;;;/ aa9 lgb a`bubeummgb
tgblg-tgblg p`rlgrgngb. [`rlgrgngb c`rgt sgbjgt aubjmfb t`reglf gpgcfog G\ murgbj lgrf
7;.;;; - 3;.;;;/aa9.
\rgbshusf [SI ([gim`l S`l I`oos) aubjmfb lfp`roumgb ubtum a`bjdbtrdo gb`afg. Cfog
Nc murgbj lgrf :% trgbshusf [SI lfp`roumgb, mgr`bg p`rlgrgngb sgbjgt aubjmfb t`reglf
pglg p`bl`rftg O`um`afg l`bjgb gb`afg ygbj c`rgt (Jr``r `t go, 7666).
obh`ms
obh`msff t`t
t`tgp
gp a`rupg
a`rupgmgb
mgb cgngyg
cgngyg ygbj
ygbj c`sgr
c`sgr gpgcfo
gpgcfogg t`reglf
t`reglf pglg
pglg s`drgb
s`drgbj
j p`bl`r
p`bl`rftg
ftg
O`um`afg. obh`msf lgpgt lfs`cgcmgb do`n cgmt`rf lgrf ofbjmubjgb ruagn sgmft (fbh`msf
bdsdmdafgo), lgb eujg cgmt`rf lgrf usus ygbj a`beglf pgtdj`b pglg sggt lgyg tgngb

p`bl`rftg a`burub gmfcgo t`reglfbyg b`trdp`bfg. Cfog s`drgbj p`bl`rftg O`um`afg lgoga
m`glggb
m`glggb b`trdp`bfg
b`trdp`bfg a`bjgogaf
a`bjgogaf l`aga,
l`aga, ngrus s`j`rg lfigrf suac`r fbh`msfbyg,
fbh`msfbyg, cgfm
l`bjgb hdtd tndrgx agupub cfgmgb lgrgn, urfb`, sputua mgogu aubjmfb lgb usgpgb lgrf
o`sf pglg muoft mgogu glg. Y`t`ogn ftu t`rgpf l`bjgb gbfcfdtfm mdacfbgsf ngrus s`j`rg
lfauogf, o`cfn-o`cfn ygbj `h`mtfh ubtum cgmt`rf Jrga b`jgtfh. Efmg l`aga t`tgp c`rtgngb
a`smfpub sulgn a`blgpgt gbtfcfdtfm : ngrf, ngrus lfigrf p`by`cgc ogfb lgrf l`aga
t`rs`cut.

3. \`rgpf mgusgtfh
Ygogn
Ygogn sgtu t`rgpf
t`rgpf pglg
pglg o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg glgogn
glgogn m`adt`
m`adt`rgp
rgpf.
f. M`adt`
M`adt`rgp
rgpff glgogn
glgogn p`bjju
p`bjjubgg
bggb
b

pr`pgrgt gbtfb`dpogstfi s`cgjgf upgyg ubtum a`acubun s`o-s`o tuadr l`bjgb

79
a`bjjgbjju hubjsf lgb r`prdlumsf s`ouogr (Ya`otz`r & Cgr`, 3;;3). Yumgreg (3;;;,
lgoga [`rwftgsgrf 3;;8) a`begosmgb cgnwg m`adt`rgpf a`rupgmgb t`rgpf sfst`afm ygbj
lgpgt lfjubgmgb ubtum a`bjngacgt p`rtuacungb gtgu ubtum a`acubun s`o-s`o mgbm`r
l`bjgb dcgt-dcgt gbtfmgbm`r ygbj lfs`cut sftdstgtfmg.
\ueugb lgrf m`adt`rgpf glgogn ubtum a`agtfmgb sfsg s`o-s`o mgbm`r ygbj aubjmfb sulgn

c`r`lgr lf lgoga tucun ygbj tflgm t`rl`t`msf do`n p`a`rfmsggb, ubtum a`bi`jgn
m`mgacung
m`mga cungb,
b, s`rtg pglg stglfua
stglfua ygbj ogbeut, m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf lfc`rfmgb
lfc`rfmgb s`cgjgf t`rgpf ygbj
utgag (Bddrwgtf, 3;;6) lgoga Aunsfbfb, 3;7;).
M`adt`rgpf lgpgt a`bfacuomgb `h`m sgapfbj c`rupg fbh`msf, p`rlgrgngb, gb`afg, augo
lgb aubtgn, gbdr`msfg, jgbjjugb butrfsf, uos`rgsf aumdsg, lgb rgacut rdbtdm.

\`rgpf o`um`afg ygbj mfbf eujg lfjubgmgb a`ofputf p`agmgfgb gj`bs m`adt`rgp`utfm
l`bjgb gtgu tgbpg rglfgsf mrgbfgo, lfc`rfmgb lgoga `apgt hgs`, ygftu5

7) \`rgpf Fblumsf

\`rgpf fblumsf c`rtueugb ubtum a`bigpgf r`afsf mdapoft ygbj lfl`hfbfsfmgb s`cgjgf cogst
lgoga
lgoga suasua
suasua tuogbj
tuogbj 7.;;;/
7.;;;/οO,
οO, lgb trdacd
trdacdsft
sft ≠ 7;;.;;
7;;.;;;/ο
;/οO
O . \`r
\`rgpf
gpf fblums
fblumsff gmgb
gmgb
a`bjngsfomgb r`afsf tdtgo gtgu r`afsf l`bjgb murgbj lgrf 0% s`o-s`o o`um`afg lgoga
suas
suasua
ua tu
tuog
ogbj
bj.. \`rgp
\`rgpff fb
fblu
lums
msff lfau
lfauog
ogff s`
s`j`
j`rg
rg s`t`o
s`t`ogn
gn lf
lfgj
gjbd
bdsfs
sfs lf
lft`
t`jg
jgmm
mmgb
gb lg
lgb
b
c`rogbjsubj s`ogag <-8 afbjju. Dcgt-dcgtgb ygbj lfjubgmgb ubtum fblumsf pglg GOO
(Giut` Oyapndiytfi O`um`afg) glgogn mdrtfmdst`rdfl (t`rutgag pr`lbfsdb`), vfbmrfstfb,
lgb O-gspgrgjfbgs`, l`bjgb gtgu tgbpg ldmsdrucfsfb (lgubdrucfsfb).
Y`lg
Y`lgbj
bjmg
mgb
b pg
pglg
lg GAO
GAO (Giu
(Giut`
t` Af`o
Af`odc
dcogs
ogstfi
tfi O`um
O`um`a
`afg)
fg) t`
t`rg
rgpf
pf fb
fblu
lums
msff cf
cfgsg
gsgby
bygg
a`bjju
a`bjjubgm
bgmgb
gb 3 e`bfs
e`bfs dcgt
dcgt m`adt`
m`adt`rgp
rgpff (iystd
(iystdsfb
sfb`` grgcfb
grgcfbdsf
dsfl`
l` gtgu iytgrgc
iytgrgcfb`
fb` lgb
gbtnrg
gbtnrgiyi
iyiofb`
ofb` gbtfcf
gbtfcfdtf
dtfi).
i). Dcgt-dc
Dcgt-dcgt
gt fbf lfagsu
lfagsummg
mmgb
b a`ogou
a`ogouff IXI (I`btr
(I`btrgo
go v`bdus
v`bdus
igtn`t
igtn`t`r)
`r) gtgu i`btrg
i`btrgoo ofb`.
ofb`. Y`ogag
Y`ogag lfogmu
lfogmumgb
mgb t`rgpf
t`rgpf fblums
fblumsf,
f, pgsf`b
pgsf`b eujg
eujg lfc`rfm
lfc`rfmgb
gb
goodpurfbd
goodpurfbdo.
o. Goodpurfbd
Goodpurfbdoo cumgb dcgt m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf.. Dcgt fbf lfc`rfmgb
lfc`rfmgb ubtum a`acgbtu
a`acgbtu
a`bi`jgn p`ac`btumgb m`acgof prdlum-prdlum s`o o`umfafg ygbj sulgn ngbiur lgb
a`acgbtu jfbego ubtum a`bj`msmr`sfmgbbyg.

3) \`rgpf prdhfogmsfs YY[

Vgbj a`bi`jgn gjgr s`o-s`o o`um`afg tflgm a`bjfbvgsf YY[. [`bgbjgbgb YY[ t`rlfrf
gtgs t`rgpf prdhfogmsfs a`ogouf m`adt`rgpf fbtrgt`mgo l`bjgb a`tdtr`msgt, sftgrgcfb, lgb

nflrdmdrtfsdb.

7<
9) \`rgpf fbs`bsftfhfmgsf gtgu mdbsdoflgsf

Vgbj
Vgbj a`bj
a`bjnf
nfog
ogbj
bjmg
mgb
b s`o
s`o-s`
-s`oo o`um
o`um`a
`afg
fg yg
ygbj
bj agsf
agsfn
n t`
t`rsf
rsfsg,
sg, lf
lffm
fmut
utff l`
l`bj
bjgb
gb t`
t`rgp
rgpff
fbt`bsfhfmgs
fbt`bsfhfmgsff ogacgt
ogacgt (l`ogy`l
(l`ogy`l fbt`bsfhfigtf
fbt`bsfhfigtfdb),
db), ygbj a`bi`jgn tfacuobyg
tfacuobyg modb o`um`afm
ygbj
ygbj r`sfst`b
r`sfst`b.. [`byub
[`byubtfm
tfmgb
gb fbtrgt
fbtrgt`mgo
`mgo ygbj
ygbj a`by`r
a`by`rtgf
tgf m`adt`
m`adt`rgp
rgpff sfst`af
sfst`afm
m a`ofpu
a`ofputf
tf
p`ac`rfgb O-gspgrgjfbgs`, a`tdtr`msgt ldsfs tfbjjf gtgu s`lgbj, sftgrgcfb, vfbmrfstfb lgb
a`rmgptdpurfb, s`ogag p`rfdl` c`c`rgpg cuogb.
\`rgpf
\`rgpf mdbsdo
mdbsdoflg
flgsf
sf gtgu
gtgu pgsig-f
pgsig-fblu
blumsf
msf lfc`rf
lfc`rfmgb
mgb ubtum
ubtum a`bi`j
a`bi`jgn
gn m`mgac
m`mgacung
ungb
b lgb
`rglfmgsf afbfago r`sflugo o`um`afg lgoga suasua tuogbj. Cfgsgbyg ubtum a`bi`jgn
m`mgacungb, lfjubgmgb r`jfa`b ygbj sgag lgb ldsfs m`adt`rgpf ygbj sgag gtgu o`cfn
tfbjjf s`p`rtf ygbj lfjubgmgb pglg t`rgpf fblumsf. [glg c`c`rgpg mgsus lfagbg rfsfmd
m`mgacung
m`mgacungbbyg
bbyg tfbjjf,
tfbjjf, m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf ygbj fbt`bsfh p`rou ubtum
ubtum lfogmumgb
lfogmumgb c`rcgr`bjgb
c`rcgr`bjgb
l`bjgb trgbspogbtgsf s`o fblum.

<) \`rgpf ruagtgb

ygbj c`rhubjsf ubtum a`ap`rtgngbmgb

a`ap`rtgngbmgb hgs` r`afsf. \`rgpf ruagtgb
ruagtgb lfauogf
lfauogf s`sulgn
s`sulgn
t`rgpf fblusf lgb mdbsdoflgsf s`o`sgf lgb c`rngsfo l`bjgb cgfm ubtum a`a`ofngrg r`afsf
lgb s`ogbeutbyg
s`ogbeutbyg a`bjurgbj
a`bjurgbjff euaogn
euaogn s`o o`um`afg.
o`um`afg. S`jfa`b t`rgpf dcgt mdacfbgsf
mdacfbgsf ygbj
a`ofputf p`ac`rfgb a`rmgptdpurfb s`tfgp ngrf, a`tdtr`msgt s`afbjju s`mgof, lgb t`rgpf
fbtrgt`mgo s`igrg p`rfdlfm lfc`rfmgb s`ogag 3 tgnub m`aulfgb.

0) S`fblumsf s`sulgn r`ogps

Glgbyg s`o-s`o o`um`afg lgoga suasua tuogbj, YY[ gtgu t`stfs a`bubeummgb t`reglfbyg
r`ogps/m`mgacungb p`bygmft. \`rgpf pglg gbgm-gbgm ygbj a`bjgogaf r`ogps a`ofputf
t`rgpf r`fblumsf l`bjgb pr`lbfsdb lgb vfbmrfstfb, lfs`rtgf p`ac`rfgb mdacfbgsf dcgt ogfb
ygbj c`oua lfjubgmgb. \`rgpf pr`v`btfh YY[ lgb t`rgpf ruagtgbbyg lfogmsgbgmgb s`t`ogn
r`afsf (Zdbj, 3;;6).

9. \rgbspogbtgs
\rgbspogbtgsff s`o fblum

Pbtum s`cgjfgb drgbj, ldsfs m`adt`rgpf ygbj sgbjgt tfbjjf gtgu rglfdt`rgpf lfcutunmgb
ubtum
ubtum a`by`acun
a`by`acungb
gb lgb `h`mtfh
`h`mtfh ubtum
ubtum a`by`acun
a`by`acunmgb
mgb o`um`afg.
o`um`afg. @h`m sgapfbjby
sgapfbjbygg
glgogn m`rusgmgb lgrf suasua tuogbj lgb s`o fblum lgrgn rusgm lgb p`rou lfjgbtfmgb
s`t`ognbyg. [glg mgsus fbf p`rou lfogmumgb trgbspogbtgsf suasua tuogbj lgb s`o fblum
lgrgn p`rfh`r.

70
3.6 Gsungb M`p`rgwgtgb O`umfafg
G. [`
[`bj
bjmg
mgef
efgb
gb
Lgtg p`bjmgefgb t`rhdmus ygbj t`rmgft l`bjgb o`um`afg a`bigmup s`cgjgf c`rfmut5

7. Sfwgygt
Sfwgygt m`s`ngtgb5
m`s`ngtgb5 m`oungb
m`oungb m`o`tfngb
m`o`tfngb,, m`o`agngb,
m`o`agngb, lfspb`g
lfspb`g pglg
pglg gmtfvftgs,
gmtfvftgs, fbh`msf
fbh`msf

s`rfbj, oumg t`bjjdrdm, m`rfbjgt agoga, p`blgrgngb jusf, gtgu p`blgrgngb nflubj,
p`burubgb c`rgt cglgb cgru-cgru fbf, pgegbgb t`rnglgp rglfgsf fdbfsgsf gtgu cgngb
mfafg, p`bjdcgtgb mgbm`r s`c`ouabyg, rfwgygt jgbjjugb faub, Gwftgb l`aga
tfbjjf ygbj tfcg-tfcg, p`rlgrgngb ygbj gcbdrago .
3. [`a`rfm
[`a`rfmsggb
sggb hfsfm
hfsfm 5 p`rfmsg
p`rfmsg glgbyg
glgbyg a`agr,
a`agr, purpurg
purpurg,, p`t`mf
p`t`mf`,
`, uomus
uomus gtgu
gtgu o`sf pglg
pglg
mu
muof
oftt lg
lgb
b a`ac
a`acrg
rgb`
b` aumd
aumdsg
sg,, pu
puigt
igt,, cu
cuby
byff egbtu
egbtubj
bj lg
lgb
b pg
pgru
ru,, p`
p`a`
a`rfm
rfmsgg
sggb
b
gclda`
gclda`b,
b, lgrgn
lgrgn lgoga
lgoga h`s`s,
h`s`s, p`ac`s
p`ac`sgrgb
grgb bdlus
bdlus ofah`,
ofah`, p`ac`s
p`ac`sgrgb
grgb ngtf
ngtf gtgu
gtgu
ofapg, p`burubgb v`btfogsf.
9. [`a`rfmsggb
[`a`rfmsggb ogcdrgtd
ogcdrgtdrfua
rfua 5 nftubj
nftubj lgrgn
lgrgn l`bjgb
l`bjgb lfh`r`bsfgo,
lfh`r`bsfgo, p`a`rfm
p`a`rfmsggb
sggb suasua
suasua

tuogbj.
<. [`b
`biiftrgg
rggb
0. [rds
[rds`l
`lur
ur lfgj
lfgjbd
bdst
stfi
fi

C. Lfgjbdsg
Lfgjbdsg M`p`rgwg
M`p`rgwgtgb,
tgb, Dutida
Dutida`,
`, lgb Fbt`rv`bsf
Fbt`rv`bsf
7. Sf
Sfsf
sfmd
md Fb
Fbh`
h`ms
msff
Lfgjbdsg m`p`rgwgtgb 5 m`tflgm`h`mtfhgb p`rofblubjgb lfrf / r`sfmd fbh`msf
c`rnucubjgb l`bjgb b`utrdp`bfg
b`utrdp`bfg gtgu o`umdsftdsfs s`mubl`r gmfcgt o`um`afg gtgu
p`bjdcgtgb,

Hgmtdr Sfsfmd 5
g. [`b
`byg
ygm
mft mrd
mrdb
bfm
c. [`rtgngbgb prfa`r tflgm gl`mugt stgtfs igfrgb tucun, trguag egrfbjgb, prds`lur
fbvgsfv`.
i. [`rtgngbgb
[`rtgngbgb s`mubl`r
s`mubl`r tflgm
tflgm gl`mugt
gl`mugt s`o lgrgn
lgrgn putfn
putfn fagtur
fagtur l`bjgb
l`bjgb jrgbuodsft
jrgbuodsft ygbj
ygbj
r`blgn lgb nftubj ofahdsft fagtur/gcbdrago = faubdsupr`sf, suasua tuogbj= gj`b
hgragsf

Ngsfo ygbj lfngrgpmgb 5

78
 Fbh`msf
Fbh`msf gmgb
gmgb lfi`jg
lfi`jgn
n gtgu
gtgu gmgb
gmgb lft`au
lft`aumgb
mgb lfbf
lfbf lgb lfdcgtf
lfdcgtf s`igrg
s`igrg `h`mtfh
`h`mtfh s`p`rt
s`p`rtff
lfcumtfmgb l`bjgb nftubj b`utrdhfo o`cfn lgrf 7.;;;/aa9, tflgm glg l`aga, lgb tflgm
glg m`suoftgb p`rbgpgsgb.
A`bl`
A`bl`ad
adbs
bstr
trgsf
gsfmg
mgb
b \`mb
\`mbfm
fm gtgu
gtgu p`
p`ru
rucg
cgng
ngb
b jg
jgyg
yg nf
nflu
lup
p ub
ubtu
tum
m a`bf
a`bfbj
bjmg
mgtm
tmgb
gb
ofbjmubjgb ygbj gagb lgb a`bigpgf p`by`acungb t`pgt wgmtu.

Fbt`rv`bsf 5
g. Mgef
Mgef p`by`c
p`by`cgc
gc l`aga s`c`oua
s`c`oua a`auogf
a`auogf t`rgpf
t`rgpf l`bjgb
l`bjgb a`ap`r
a`ap`rdo`
do`n
n sp`ifa
sp`ifa`b
`b
lgrgn, sputua, urfb`, t`apgt p`agsgbjgb egour v`bg s`btrgo, lgb suac`r pdt`bsfgo
ogfbbyg lgrf fbh`msf ubtum a`a`rfmsg muotur.
c. C`rfmgb gbtfcfdtfi s`sugf prdjrga. \`rgpf t`rlfrf gtgs gbtfcfdtfi sp`itrua ougs FX
auotfpo`
auotfpo` ygbj lfc`rfmgb
lfc`rfmgb pglg eglwgo c`rtumgr-tu
c`rtumgr-tumgr.
mgr. C`rfmgb gbgoj`sfi
gbgoj`sfi s`sugf
prdjrga ubtum a`r`lgmgb m`tflgmbygagbgb, nfblgrf gspfrfb efmg mof`b
trdacdsftdp`bfg.

i. [rds`lur
[rds`lur fbvgsfv`
fbvgsfv` s`ngrusby
s`ngrusbygg lfnfblgrf
lfnfblgrf efmg
efmg aubjmfb.
aubjmfb. C`rfmgb
C`rfmgb l`mdbt
l`mdbtgafbgb
gafbgb muoft
muoft
s`igrg i`ragt s`c`oua pubjsf v`bg. Egjg p`butup st`rfo mgt`t`r v`bg s`btrgo lgb
ogmumgb p`rgwgtgb cgoutgb rutfb.
l. Adbf
Adbftd
tdrr mof`
mof`b
b z`igr
z`igrgg m`
m`tg
tgtt ub
ubtu
tum
m a`a`
a`a`rf
rfms
msgg j`
j`ego
egogg fb
fbh`m
h`msf
sf egaur
egaur gtgu
gtgu vf
vfru
russ
(afsgobyg p`bfbjmgtgb hr`mu`bsf bgpgs, ruo`s, lfspb`g, p`rucgngb wgrbg aumdsg
auout). Adbftdr hr`mu`bsf bgpgs lgb gusmuotgsf sugrg bgpgs s`igrg t`rgtur.

3. [`bu
[`buru
rubg
bgb
b Iurg
Iurgb
b Egbt
Egbtub
ubj
j
Lfgjbdsg m`p`rwgtgb 5 [`bu
[`buru
rubg
bgb
b iu
iurgn
rgn eg
egbt
btub
ubj
j yg
ygbj
bj c`
c`rn
rnuc
ucub
ubjg
jgb
b l`
l`bj
bjgb
gb

trdacdsftdp`bfg s`mubl`r gmfcgt o`um`afg agupub p`bjdcgtgb.

Ngsfo ygbj lfngrgpmgb 5 p`rlgrgngb gmfcgt i`l`rg, s`p`rtf egtun, pubjsf, t`rsgygt gtgu
cgngyg ofbjmubjgb ogfbbyg, gmgb lgpgt lfi`jgn gtgu gmgb lflfgjbdsfs lgb lfdcgtf
s`igrg c`rngsfo s`p`rtf ygbj lfcumtfmgb l`bjgb tflgm glgbyg p`rlgrgngb lgb nftubj
trdacdsft o`cfn lgrf 3;.;;;/aa9.

Fbt`rv`bsf 5
g. C`rfmg
C`rfmgb
b sfmgt
sfmgt jfjf o`acut
o`acut ubtum
ubtum m`c`rsfn
m`c`rsfngb
gb auout,
auout, nfblgr
nfblgrff hodssf
hodssfbj
bj (c`bgbj
(c`bgbj

jfjf), cuou sfmgt m`rgs lgb dcgt muaur mda`rsfgo ygbj a`bjgblubj goidndo.

7:
 c. Fbstrumsfmgb mof`b ubtum a`bjnfblgrf a`aumuo gtgu a`bjdr`m nflubj,
a`bj`egb sggt l`h`mgsf, a`bjjubgmgb s`aprdt vgjfbg gtgu a`agmgf tgapdb,
gtgu a`agmgf gogt iumur.
i. Egbjgb
Egbjgb a`ac`r
a`ac`rfmg
fmgb
b subtf
subtfmgb
mgb FA gtgu
gtgu YM.
l. Egbjgb
Egbjgb a`ag
a`agsum
summgb
mgb supd
supdsftd
sftdrfg
rfg r`itg
r`itgo.
o.

`. Egbjgb
Egbjgb a`ac`
a`ac`rfm
rfmgb
gb dcgt
dcgt ygbj a`bjgb
a`bjgblub
lubj
j gspfrfb.
gspfrfb.
h. Nfbl
Nfblgr
grff m
mgt
gt`t
`t`r
`r ur
urfb
fb`.
`.
j. Jubgmgb
Jubgmgb agtrgs
agtrgs ygbj a`bjur
a`bjurgbjf
gbjf t`mgbgb,
t`mgbgb, lgb
lgb ucgn pdsfsf mof`b
mof`b s`igrg
s`igrg s`rfbj
ubtum a`bi`jgn
a`bi`jgn uomus
uomus t`mgb/l`mu
t`mgb/l`mucftus.
cftus. Jubgmgb
Jubgmgb gyubgb/tfa
gyubgb/tfagbjgb
gbjgb t`apgt
t`apgt
tflur ubtum a`ofblubjf gbjjdtg j`rgm.
n. Ge
Gegr
grmg
mgb
b mof`b
mof`b lg
lgb
b gb
gbjj
jjdt
dtgg m`
m`ou
ougr
grjg
jg t`rl`
t`rl`mg
mgtt ub
ubtu
tum
m a`ogm
a`ogmum
umgb
gb tfbl
tfblgm
gmgb
gb
p`bi`jgngb s`ogag p`rfdl` trdacdsftdp`bfg.
f. Adbftd
Adbftdrr mof`
mof`b
b pgofbj
pgofbj tflgm
tflgm s`tfgp
s`tfgp < ega ubtum
ubtum j`ego
j`egogg p`rlgrgn
p`rlgrgngb.
gb.

9. M`o`tfngb
Lfgjbdsg m`p`rgwgtgb 5 M`o`
M`o`tf
tfng
ngb
b yg
ygbj
bj c`
c`rn
rnuc
ucub
ubjg
jgb
b l`
l`bj
bjgb
gb `h`m
`h`m sgapf
sgapfbj
bj
p`bjdcgtgb, mglgr Nc r`blgn, by`rf,
by`rf, murgbj tflur, gtgu p`by`cgc ogfbby
ogfbbyg.
g.

Ngsfo ygbj lfngrgpmgb 5

mof`b gmgb a`ogpdrmgb o`tfn ygbj c`rmurgbj, a`r`bigbgmgb p`rfdl` fstfrgngt gl`mugt,
lgb agapu a`ogmumgb p`bfbjmgtgb s`euaogn gmtfvftgs cfgsg l`bjgb a`burubmgb
cgbtugb lgrf drgbj ogfb.
A`bubeumgb tgblg p`burubgb tgblg hfsfdodjfs fbtdo`rgb ( l`byut bglf, p`rbghgsgb, lgb

t`mgbgb lgrgn t`tgp lgoga r`btgbj bdrago mof`b)

Fbt`rv`bsf 5
g. Mgef gb`afg,
gb`afg, hfsfm,
hfsfm, psfmdod
psfmdodjfs,
jfs, lgb
lgb p`by`cgc
p`by`cgc o`tfn t`rmgft
t`rmgft p`bjdc
p`bjdcgtgb.
gtgb.
c. Ldrdbj ogtfngb hfsfm ubtum a`begjg
a`begjg m`mugtgb.
i. Afbt
Afbtgg gnof
gnof t`rg
t`rgpf
pf hf
hfsf
sfm
m ubtu
ubtum
m a`ac
a`acgb
gbtu
tu og
ogtf
tfng
ngb
b p`
p`bj
bjug
ugtg
tgb
b lg
lgb
b og
ogtf
tfng
ngb
b
p`bjugtgb lf t`apgt tflur.
l. Glvdmgsf
Glvdmgsf ubtum
ubtum p`bjurgbjgb
p`bjurgbjgb by`rf
by`rf gl`mugt,
gl`mugt, afbfagomgb
afbfagomgb jgbjjugb
jgbjjugb/fbt`r
/fbt`rupsf,
upsf,
lgb cgtgsf p`bjubeubj m`tfmg fstfrgngt lfcutunmgb.

<. M`tflg
M`tflgms`
ms`fac
facgbj
gbjgb Butrfsff 5 Murgbj lgrf M`cutungb \ucun
gb Butrfs

7>
 Lfgjbdsg m`p`rgwgtgb 5 M`tflgms`facgbjgb Butrfsf 5 Murgbj lgrf M`cutungb \ucun
ygbj c`rnucubjgb l`bjgb gbdr`msfg, by`rf, lgb, m`o`tfngb.

Ngsfo ygbj lfngrgpmgb 5 mof`b gm

gmggb a`begjg butrfsf ygbj gl`mugt lgb
a`ap`rtgngbmgb c`rgt cglgb s`p`rtf lfcumtfmgb l`bjgb c`rgt cglgb stgcfo, gsupgb

mgodrf gl`mugt, lgb a`ap`rtgngbmgb m`s`facgbjgb igfrgb lgb `o`mtrdoft.

Fbt`rv`bsf 5
g. C`rfmg
C`rfmgb
b gbtfa`tf
gbtfa`tfm
m s`sugf prdjrg
prdjrga,
a, s`ogag
s`ogag 3< ega efmg
efmg p`rou ubtum
ubtum a`bi`jg
a`bi`jgn
n
augo lgb aubtgn.
c. C`rfmgb gbgoj`sfi odigo lgb FX, s`sugf prdjrga ubtum a`bjurgbjf by`rf
gmfcgt aumdsftfs.
i. Lfsmusfmgb
Lfsmusfmgb m`cutu
m`cutungb
ngb lf`t
lf`t ngrfgb
ngrfgb l`bjgb
l`bjgb mof`b
mof`b lgb s`lfgmgb
s`lfgmgb agmgbgb
agmgbgb tfbjjf
tfbjjf
mgrcdnflrgt s`rtg supo`a`b drgo.

0. Jgbj
Jgbjju
jugb
gb If
Iftr
trg
g \uc
\ucun
un
Lfgjbdsg m`p`rgwgtgb 5 Jgbjjugb Iftrg \ucun ygbj c`rnucubjgb l`bjgb godp`sfg,
p`burubgb c`rgt cglgb, lgb m`o`tfngb.

Ngsfo ygbj lfngrgpmgb 5 mof`b

mof`b gmgb
gmgb agapu
agapu a`bube
a`bubeumm
ummgb
gb lgb a`blfs
a`blfsmus
musfmg
fmgb
b
p`agngagb mdblfsf p`bygmft lgb mgrgmt`rfstfm s`a`btgrg lgrf p`rucgngb iftrg tucun
lgb `b`rjy.

Fbt`rv`bsf 5
g. Y`c`oua
Y`c`oua p`bjdcgtgb
p`bjdcgtgb fbhdra
fbhdragsfmgb
gsfmgb mof`b
mof`b a`bj`bgf
a`bj`bgf pdt`bsf
pdt`bsf m`nfogb
m`nfogbjgb
jgb rgacut
rgacut
s`ourun tucun. Ldrdbj p`agmgfgb sygo, tdpf, wfj s`sugf
s `sugf m`fbjfbgb.
c. E`ogsmgb sfhgt s`a`btgrg godp`sfg, a`smfpub rgacut aubjmfb a`afofmf wgrbg
lgb t`mstur c`rc`lg m`tfmg m`acgof.

3.7; \`oggn Eurbgo O`umfafg

Euluo Eurbgo

M`o`ogngb [glg Gbgm L`bjgb O`um`afg Ofahdcogstfm Gmut Lgoga A`begogbf

M`adt`rgpf Hgs` Fblumsf

76
\gnub Eurbgo

3;3;

[`blgnuougb

O`um`afg ofahdcogstfm gmut (OOG) a`beglf e`bfs p`bygmft o`um`afg ygbj pgofbj cgbygm

t`reglf pglg
t`reglf pglg gbgm
gbgm (Ga`rf
(Ga`rfigb
igb Igbi`r
Igbi`r Ydif`t
Ydif`ty,
y, 3;70).
3;70). [glg
[glg tgnub
tgnub 3;78
3;78 lf Ga`rfm
Ga`rfmgg
lfp`rmfrgmgb aubiuo 8;.7<; mgsus cgru o`um`afg lgb s`mftgr :0% byg glgogn mgsus
o`um`a
o`um`afg
fg ofahdc
ofahdcogst
ogstfm
fm gmut
gmut (Ga`rfi
(Ga`rfigb
gb Igbi`r
Igbi`r Ydif`ty,
Ydif`ty, 3;78).
3;78). Y`ogfb
Y`ogfb ftu, lf Ifbg
Ifbg
o`um`afg t`ragsum m`lgoga p`bygmft mgbm`r ygbj pgofbj cgbygm t`reglf pglg gbgm lgb
r`ageg ygftu s`mftgr 3; ’ 0; eutg gbgm s`tfgp tgnubbyg (Zu `t go., 3;7;). Fbldb`sfg
a`afofmf s`mftgr 77.;;; mgsus mgbm`r gbgm s`tfgp tgnubbyg lgb s`p`rtfjg lgrf mgbm`r
gbgm glgogn o`um`afg l`bjgb e`bfs t`rcgbygm glgogn OOG (M`a`bt`rfgb M`s`ngtgb SF,
3;70). [`bjdcgtgb ygbj c`rm`acgbj pglg gbgm l`bjgb OOG agapu a`acugt gbgm
survfv` l`bjgb OOG s`nfbjjg m`ogbjsubjgb nflup gbgm a`bfbjmgtmgb (V` `t go., 3;78).

\fbjjfbyg tfbjmgt m`ogbjsubjgb nflup lfs`mftgr >;% pglg pgsf`b gbgm l`bjgb o`um`afg
(V`` `t go., 3;79). M`adt`rgpf a`beglf p`bjdcgtgb ygbj pgofbj cgbygm lfc`rfmgb tgbpg
lfs`rtgf l`bjgb \fblgmgb p`ac`lgngb lgb rglfdt`rgpf (Ndim`bc`rry & Zfosdb, 3;77).

A`bfbjmgtbyg m`ogbjsubjgb nflup gbgm OOG l`bjgb a`ogmumgb p`bjdcgtgb m`adt`rgpf

tflgm s`frfbj l`bjgb p`burubgb m`eglfgb `h`m sgapfbj lgrf p`bjdcgtgb t`rs`cut. Ygogn
sgtubyg
sgtubyg `h`m sgapfb
sgapfbj
j lgrf
lgrf m`adt`
m`adt`rgp
rgpff ygbj
ygbj pgofb
pgofb uaua
uaua t`reglf
t`reglf glgogn
glgogn m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb
(Nfogrf
(Nfogrfus
us `t go.,
go., 3;77).
3;77). M`o`ogn
M`o`ogngb
gb c`ragm
c`ragmbg
bg s`cgjgf
s`cgjgf p`rgsgg
p`rgsggb
b o`ogn
o`ogn ygbj
ygbj ougr
ougr cfgsg
cfgsg
c`rnucubjgb l`bjgb tfbjjfbyg tfbjmgt t`mgbgb lgb m`tflgms`facgbjgb t`rnglgp gmtvftgs
pgsf`b. M`o`ogngb fbf tflgm nfogbj l`bjgb tflur gtgu c`rfstfrgngt (Z`fs, 3;77). [r`vgo`bsf
m`o`ogngb pglg pgsf`b mgbm`r c`rmfsgr 06% sgapgf 7;;% ygbj t`rjgbtubj pglg stgtus
mofbfm mgbm`r (Z`fs, 3;77). [`b`oftfgb ogfbbyg ygbj lfogmumgb pglg gbgm usfg s`mdogn lf
Frgb
Frgb l`
l`bj
bjgb
gb OOG
OOG yg
ygbj
bj a`be
a`bego
gogb
gbff m`
m`ad
adt`
t`rgp
rgpff lf
lflg
lgpg
pgtm
tmgb
gb p`
p`bf
bfbj
bjmg
mgtg
tgb
b fb
fbt`
t`bs
bsft
ftgs
gs
m`o`ogngb
m`o`ogngb s`t`ogn sgtu ega a`begogbf
a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf l`bjgb pr`vgo`bsf
pr`vgo`bsf m`eglfgb
m`eglfgb 6:% gbgm
a`bjgogaf m`o`ogngb (Cgstgbf `t go., 3;70).

[`b`oftfgb h`bda`bdodjf ygbj lfogmumgb do`n Sgnagwgty `t go. (3;7<) a`bjfl`btfhfmgsf

r`ageg
r`ageg ygbj
ygbj a`bego
a`begogbf
gbf m`adt`
m`adt`rgp
rgpff lgb a`blgp
a`blgpgtm
gtmgb
gb m`o`ogn
m`o`ogngb
gb a`begl
a`beglff ngo ygbj
ygbj
lfrgsgmgb r`ageg s`ogag a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf. M`o`ogngb lfc`lgmgb a`beglf s`btrgo lgb
p`rfh`r. M`o`ogngb s`btrgo c`rgsgo lgrf gr`g dtgm ygbj c`rnucubjgb l`bjgb sugsgbg ngtf,
`adsf lgb rgbjsgbjgb
rgbjsgbjgb psfmdodjfs
psfmdodjfs lgb c`rnucubj
c`rnucubjgb
gb l`bjgb
l`bjgb p`bfbjmgtg
p`bfbjmgtgb
b p`o`ogpgsgb
p`o`ogpgsgb

3;
s`rdt
s`rdtdb
dbfb
fb.. Y`lg
Y`lgbj
bjmg
mgb
b m`
m`o`
o`ogn
ogngb
gb p`
p`rf
rfh`r
h`r c`
c`rn
rnuc
ucub
ubjg
jgb
b l`
l`bj
bjgb
gb a`mg
a`mgbf
bfsa
sa`` s`p`rt
s`p`rtff
trgbsafsf b`urdausmuo`r lgb prdpgjgbsf fapuos, lfshubjsf r`tfiuoua sgrmdpogsag, lgb
hgmtdr a`tgcdofi ogfbbyg ygbj a`bjjgbjju p`by`lfggb `b`rjf lgb mdbtrgmsf dtdt (Zgot`r
`t go., 3;70).

Fl`btfhfmgsf lgb p`bgbjgbgb t`rnglgp m`o`ogngb ygbj t`reglf pglg gbgm l`bjgb OOG
sgbjg
sgbjgtt p`
p`bt
btfb
fbj
j lfog
lfogmu
mumg
mgb.
b. Efmg
Efmg j`
j`eg
egog
og fb
fbff t`
t`reg
reglf
lf lg
lgog
oga
a wgmt
wgmtu
u og
ogag
ag,, agmg
agmg gm
gmgb
gb
a`bjng
a`bjngacg
acgtt m`agap
m`agapugb
ugb gbgm
gbgm c`rgmt
c`rgmtfvf
fvftgs
tgs s`igrg
s`igrg p`bun.
p`bun. Cgnmgb
Cgnmgb s`t`ogn
s`t`ogn s`o`sgf
s`o`sgf
p`bjdcgtgb, m`o`ogngb fbf gmgb a`bjjgbjju p`rgb s`rtg gmtfvftgs gbgm ygbj gmgb
a`acugt nflup gbgm o`cfn c`ragmbg (Nfogrfus `t go., 3;77). Y`ogfb ftu m`o`ogngb gmgb
sgbjg
sgbjgtt c`
c`rl
rlga
gapg
pgm
m t`rn
t`rngl
glgp
gp m`
m`nf
nflu
lupg
pgb
b lg
lgb
b a`ap
a`ap`b
`bjg
jgru
runf
nf mu
mugo
goft
ftgs
gs nf
nflu
lup
p gb
gbgm
gm
(Sgnagwgty `t go., 3;7<). M`o`ogngb pglg gbgm l`bjgb mgbm`r tflgm aulgn lfc`lgmgb
l`bjgb rgsg o`ogn mgr`bg gmtfvftgs s`ngrf-ngrf tgbpg `vgougsf lfgjbdstfm ygbj i`ragt
(Cgrs`vfim `t go., 3;79).

[gsf`b gbgm l`bjgb mgbm`r lgb m`ougrjg tflgm a`ogpdrmgb m`o`ogngb m`pglg ldmt`r lgb
p`rgwgt mgr`bg a`r`mg aubjmfb c`rhfmfr m`o`ogngb glgogn j`egog ygbj cfgsg aubiuo
mgr`bg m`adt`rgpf s`nfbjjg a`r`mg ngrus c`rglgptgsf lgb a`bjurgbjf ngrgpgb a`r`mg
m`o`ogngb fbf gmgb nfogbj gtgu c`rmurgbj (Cgstgbf `t go., 3;70) Gmfcgtbyg m`o`ogngb
s`igrg t`rus a`b`rus lfgcgfmgb, murgbj lft`aumgb, lgb tflgm lftgbjgbf mnususbyg lf
Fbldb`sfg. C`lg p`b`oftfgb fbf l`bj`b p`b`oftfgb s`c`ouabyg glgogn [`b`oftfgb fbf tflgm
a`bjjgacgrmgb m`o`ogngb ygbj t`reglf pglg gbgm lgoga sgtu wgmtu, tgpf lgoga c`c`rgpg
wgmtu ygftu s`ogag m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf hgs` fblumsf.
fblumsf. Y`nfbjjg lgpgt lfm`tgnuf
lfm`tgnuf mgpgb m`o`ogngb
m`o`ogngb
aubiuo lgb tr`bl p`bfbjmgtgb m`pgrgngb m`o`ogngb ygbj t`reglf pglg gbgm.

[`btfbjbyg p`b`oftfgb fbf lfogmumgb ubtum a`bj`vgougsf m`o`ogngb ygbj t`reglf pglg gbgm
s`tfgp ngrf s`ogag a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf hgs` fblumsf. Mgr`bg hgs` fblumsf a`rupgmgb
hgs` p`rtgag m`adt`rgpf lgb a`ac`rfmgb nfjn lds` dcgt m`adt`rgpf (H`rbgbl`s, 3;76).
Gpgcfog tflgm lffl`btfhfmgsf lgrf gwgo gmgb a`ap`rcurum m`o`ogngb ygbj lfrgsgmgb gbgm
lgb gmgb c`rogbeut pglg hgs`-hgs` m`adt`rgpf s`ogbeutbyg. [`b`oftfgb fbf c`rtueugb ubtum
a`bjjgacgrmgb m`o`ogngb ygbj t`reglf pglg gbgm usfg :-7> tgnub (usfg s`mdogn lgb usfg
r`ageg) ygbj a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf hgs` fblumsf.

A`tdl` [`b`oftfgb

A`tdl` ygbj lfjubgmgb lgoga p`b`oftfgb fbf glgogn l`smrfptfh gbgoftfm r`p`gt`l a`gsur`.
A`og
A`ogmu
mumg
mgb
b p`
p`bj
bjum
umur
urgb
gb gtgu
gtgu dc
dcs`r
s`rvg
vgsf
sf vg
vgrf
rfgc
gc`o
`o lg
lgog
oga
a c`
c`c`
c`rgp
rgpgg wgmt
wgmtu.
u. \`ap
\`apgt
gt

37
p`b`oftfgb lf Suagn sgmft Paua Grfhfb Ginagl lgb Suagn Ygmft Fcu lgb Gbgm @rfg
Cublg Mdtg [`mgbcgru ygbj lfogmumgb pglg tgnub 3;7: l`bjgb wgmtu p`bjgacfogb lgtg
9 cuogb. Y`ourun gbgm l`bjgb OOG ygbj a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf hgs` fblumsf a`beglf
pdpuogsf lgoga p`b`oftfgb. Euaogn sgap`o 83 drgbj ygbj lflgpgt lgrf ruaus
p`bjnftubjgb sgap`o ubtum p`b`oftfgb ygbj c`rtueugb a`bj`tgnuf bfogf a`gb sugtu

vgrfgc`o. Ygap`o t`rlfrf lgrf gbgm usfg s`mdogn (:-73 tgnub) lgb gbgm usfg r`ageg (79-7>
tgnub) l`bjgb OOG ygbj a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf hgs` fblumsf. Ygap`o lfsygrgtmgb c`oua
p`rbgn a`blgpgtmgb m`adt`rgpf s`c`ouabyg lgb lgoga m`sglgrgb
m`sglgrgb p`bun.

Y`ourun r`spdbl`b c`rpgrtfsfpgsf p`bun lgoga p`b`oftfgb fbf lgb tflgm glg ygbj lrdp dut.
Bdbprdcgcfofty sgapofbj e`bfs idbs`iutfv` sgapofbj lfjubgmgb lgoga t`mbfm
p`bjgacfogb sgap`o. \`mbfm fbf lfogmumgb l`bjgb a`afofn s`aug fblfvflu ygbj lft`auf
lgb a`a`bu
a`a`bunf
nf mrft`r
mrft`rfg
fg p`afof
p`afofngb
ngb ygbj
ygbj t`o
t`ogn
gn lft`tg
lft`tgpmg
pmgb
b nfbjjg
nfbjjg euaogn
euaogn sgap`o
sgap`o ygbj
ygbj
lffbjfbmgb t`rp`bunf. Mu`sfdb`r lgtg l`adjrghf (bgag, usfg, lgb e`bfs m`ogafb), lgb
Ymgog Hgtfju` Dbmdodjf GbgmTGoo`b (Ymgog HDG-G) lfjubgmgb lgoga a`bjuapuomgb
lgtg p`b`oftfgb. Pef vgoflftgs lgb r`gcofoftgs t`rnglgp fbstrua`bt smgog HDG-G lflgpgtmgb
ngsfo vgoflfty stgtfstfis l`bjgb r ft`a ;,0;6-;,>>< lgb r`ofgcfofty stgtfstfis ygftu ;,6<>
l`bjgb ngsfo irdbcgin‖s gopng ;,6<>. Ngo fbf a`bubeummgb cgnwg fbstrua`bt fbf vgofl
lgb r`ofgc`o ubtum lfjubgmgb (Goo`bfl`mgbfg, 3;;6).

M`t`rgbjgb5

G5 [`bfogfgb m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm sgtu ngrf s`c`oua m`adt`rgpf

C5 [`bfogfgb m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm s`ogag a`blgpgtmgb dcgt m`adt`rgpf (smdr` m`o`ogngb
s`ogag ofag ngrf lfgacfo bfogf rgtg-rgtgbyg)

I5 [`bfogfgb m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm s`t`ogn s`o`sgf a`blgpgtmgb dcgt m`adt`rgpf

Fbstru
Fbstrua`b
a`b ygbj
ygbj lfjubg
lfjubgmgb
mgb ubtum
ubtum a`bjum
a`bjumur
ur m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb gbgm
gbgm glgogn
glgogn Ymgog
Ymgog Hgtfju
Hgtfju``
Dbmdodjf Gbgm (Ymgog HDG-G). Fbstrua`b fbf a`afofmf 7; ft`a p`rbygtggb ygbj c`rupg
jgacgrgb j`egog m`o`ogngb ygbj lfrgsgmgb do`n gbgm. [glg fbstrua`b, r`spdbl`b gmgb

33
a`begwgc s`c`rgpg s`rfbj a`rgsgmgb j`egog m`o`ogngb. Got`rbgtfh egwgcgb a`bjjubgmgb
< pdfb
pdfb smgog
smgog ofm
ofm`rt,
`rt, ygftu
ygftu ;1tflg
;1tflgm
m p`rbgn
p`rbgn a`rgsgm
a`rgsgmgb,
gb, 71egrgb
71egrgbj
j a`rgsgm
a`rgsgmgb,
gb, 31s`rf
31s`rfbj
bj
a`rgsgmgb, lgb 91s`ogou a`rgsgmgb. [`bfogfgb gmgb lftrgbshdragsfmgb m`lgoga r`btgbj
bfog
bfogff ;-9;
;-9;.. Lf
Lfmg
mgtg
tgmg
mgb
b a`bj
a`bjgog
gogaf
af m`
m`o`
o`og
ogng
ngb
b cf
cfog
og lf
lflg
lgpg
pgtm
tmgb
gb smdr
smdr m`
m`o`
o`og
ogng
ngb
b pg
pglg
lg
fbstrua`b o`cfn lgrf 8. Y`agmfb tfbjjf tdtgo smdr, a`bubeummgb s`agmfb c`rgt m`o`ogngb

ygbj lfrgsgmgb. [`bjgacfogb lgtg lfogmumgb s`ogag prds`s m`adt`rgpf (tueun ngrf) ygftu
auog
auogff lg
lgrf
rf sgtu
sgtu ng
ngrf
rf s`c`ou
s`c`oua
a a`
a`be
bego
gogb
gbff m`
m`ad
adt`
t`rg
rgpf
pf,, ofag
ofag ng
ngrf
rf s`oga
s`ogagg a`be
a`begog
gogbf
bf
m`adt`rgpf, lgb sgtu ngrf s`t`ogn m`adt`rgpf s`o`sgf lfc`rfmgb s`sugf l`bjgb sm`ag 7.

Lgoga p`bjuapuogb lgtg p`b`oftf s`ogou a`b`rgpmgb prdt`itfdb hrda lfsidahdrt gbl
ngra
ngra l`bjgb
l`bjgb s`ogou
s`ogou a`ofng
a`ofngtt mdblfs
mdblfsff pgsf`b
pgsf`b.. M`tfmg
M`tfmg r`spdb
r`spdbl`b
l`b t`rofng
t`rofngtt sgbjgt
sgbjgt o`o
o`ogn,
gn,
p`b`oftf tflgm a`agmsg r`spdbl`b ubtum t`tgp a`bjfsf mu`sfdb`r s`blfrf lgb
a`ahgsfoftgsf
a`ahgsfoftgsf r`spdbl`b ubtum a`bjfsf l`bjgb igrg a`begwgc p`rtgbyggb ygbj glg
lfmu`s
lfmu`sfdb
fdb`r
`r s`igrg
s`igrg v`rcgo
v`rcgo ygbj
ygbj lfcgig
lfcgigmgb
mgb p`b`of
p`b`oftf
tf gtgu
gtgu drgbjt
drgbjtug.
ug. Lgtg
Lgtg ygbj
ygbj sulgn
sulgn
lflgpgt lfp`rfmsg m`acgof m`o`bjmgpgbbyg c`rsgag r`spdbl`b. Lgtg lfagsummgb lgb
lfc`rf mdl`. M`aulfgb lfdogn m`lgoga gpofmgsf p`bjdogngb lgtg ubtum lfgbgofsfs. [`b`oftf
a`bjju
a`bjjubgm
bgmgb
gb sfst`a
sfst`a mdaput
mdaput`rf
`rfsgsf
sgsf l`bjgb
l`bjgb a`ogmu
a`ogmumgb
mgb l`smrf
l`smrfptf
ptfhh bua`rfm
bua`rfm ubtum
ubtum
a`bjdogn lgtg. Lgoga p`b`oftfgb fbf p`b`oftf a`agstfmgb s`tfgp egwgcgb ygbj lfc`rfmgb
r`spdbl`b l`bjgb a`bjsfbjmrdbmgb egwgcgb l`bjgb mdblfsf hfsfm ygbj c`rnucubjgb
l`
l`bj
bjgb
gb m`
m`o`
o`ogn
ogngb
gb r`
r`sp
spdb
dbl`
l`b.
b. Y`nf
Y`nfbj
bjjg
jg lflg
lflgpg
pgtm
tmgb
gb ng
ngsfo
sfo yg
ygbj
bj a`wg
a`wgmf
mfof
of md
mdbl
blfsf
fsf
r`spdbl`b.

Ngsfo lgb [`acgngsgb

\gc`o 7 a`bubeummgb lfstrfcusf r`spdbl`b c`rlgsgrmgb usfg ygftu usfg gbgm s`mdogn (:-

73 tgnub) a`bldafbgsf usfg r`spdbl`b (:3,8%) lgb lgrf e`bfs m`ogafb s`cgjfgb c`sgr
r`spdbl`b glgogn ogmf-ogmf (07,8%). Ngsfo p`b`oftfgb lft`aumgb jgacgrgb r`rgtg smdr

39
m`o`ogngb
m`o`ogngb s`c`oua
s`c`oua m`adt`rgpf,
m`adt`rgpf, s`ogag m`adt`rgpf,
m`adt`rgpf, lgb s`t`ogn m`adt`rgpf.
m`adt`rgpf. S`rgtg smdr
a`bjgogaf p`bgacgngb · 8 smdr pglg gbgm s`mdogn lgb r`ageg s`ogag a`blgpgtmgb
m`adt`rgpf lgb s`t`ogn a`blgpgtmgb m`adt`rgpf. Cfog lfnftubj t`reglf p`bfbjmgtgb 77
smdr pglg gbgm s`mdogn lgb 73 smdr pglg gbgm r`ageg s`ogag sgtu sfmous m`adt`rgpf.
[`bfbjmgtgb smdr m`o`ogngb gbgm lfauogf lgrf ngrf m`tfjg m`adt`rgpf sgapgf sgtu ngrf

s`t`ogn m`adt`rgpf. Lgpgt lfofngt r`rgtg smdr m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm pgofbj tfbjjf s`t`ogn
a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf. S`rgtg smdr m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm t`rjgacgr pglg (jrghfm 7)

\gc`o 3 a`bubeummgb r`rgtg smdr m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm usfg r`ageg (7>,:) o`cfn tfbjjf lgrf
r`rgtg smdr gbgm usfg s`mdogn
s`mdogn (77,8)
(77,8) ygbj s`lgbj a`begogbf
a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf.. [r`vgo`bsf
[r`vgo`bsf
t`reglfbyg m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm ygbj a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf glgogn 6>% lgrf s`ourun
sgap`o. [r`vgo`bsf gbgm ygbj a`bjgogaf m`o`ogngb 6>% l`bjgb lflgpgtmgb r`rgtg smdr
m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb ygbj
ygbj lfgogaf
lfgogaf gbgm o`cfn
o`cfn lgrf
lgrf 8. Ngo fbf a`bubeum
a`bubeummgb
mgb cgnwg
cgnwg gbgm
gbgm ygbj
ygbj
a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf a`bjgogaf m`o`ogngb. [`b`oftfgb fbf s`sugf l`bjgb p`b`oftfgb ygbj
lfogmumgb Vķoagz, J`rê`m`r gbl Ausou, (3;78) ygbj a`by`cutmgb r`rgtg m`o`ogngb ygbj
lfgogaf gbgm ygbj a`begogbf p`bjdcgtgb m`adt`rgpf a`bubeummgb t`reglfbyg m`o`ogngb.

3<
Y`mftgr <; % pgsf`b mgbm`r ygbj a`blgpgtmgb m`adt`rgpf a`bjgogaf m`o`ogngb (Cgstgbf
`t go., 3;70).

Y`sugf l`bjgb ngsfo p`b`oftfgb fbf, pgsf`b gbgm ygbj a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf lflgpgtmgb
a`rgsgmgb m`o`ogngb. Jgacgrgb smdr m`o`ogngb ygbj lfgogaf r`spdbl`b usfg s`mdogn lgb
r`age
r`agegg yg
ygbj
bj a`be
a`bego
gogb
gbff m`
m`ad
adt`
t`rgp
rgpff a`bj
a`bjgog
gogaf
af p`
p`bf
bfbj
bjmg
mgtg
tgb
b s`tfg
s`tfgp
p ng
ngrfb
rfbyg
yg.. Ymdr
Ymdr
m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb s`ogag
s`ogag lgb s`t`ogn
s`t`ogn m`adt`
m`adt`rgpf
rgpf o`cfn
o`cfn tfbjjf
tfbjjf lgrf
lgrf smdr
smdr m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb s`c`ou
s`c`oua
a
a`blgp
a`blgpgtm
gtmgb
gb m`adt`
m`adt`rgpf
rgpf.. [`bfbj
[`bfbjmgt
mgtgb
gb smdr
smdr m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb a`bube
a`bubeumm
ummgb
gb s`agmf
s`agmfb
b c`rgt
c`rgt
m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb r`spdbl
r`spdbl`b
`b s`ogag
s`ogag a`bego
a`begogbf
gbf m`adt`
m`adt`rgp
rgpf.
f. Gbgm
Gbgm usfg
usfg r`ageg
r`ageg a`afof
a`afofmf
mf smdr
smdr
m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb o`cfn
o`cfn tfbjjf
tfbjjf lgrf
lgrf usfg
usfg s`mdog
s`mdogn,
n, lgpgt
lgpgt lfsfap
lfsfapuom
uomgb
gb cgnwg
cgnwg m`o`ogn
m`o`ogngb
gb ygbj
ygbj
lfrgsgmgb gbgm usfg r`ageg o`cfn c`rgt lgrf pglg gbgm usfg s`mdogn [glg ngrf s`t`ogn
a`blgpgtmg
a`blgpgtmgb
b m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf (N:) agsfn t`reglf p`bfbjmgtgb
p`bfbjmgtgb smdr m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm usfg
s`mdog
s`mdogn
n lgb r`ageg.
r`ageg. \fbjmg
\fbjmgtt m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb c`rhou
c`rhoumtu
mtugsf
gsf s`ogag
s`ogag a`bego
a`begogbf
gbf m`adt`
m`adt`rgp
rgpf.
f.
M`o`ogngb gmgb a`bfbjmgt s`ogag a`blgpgtmgb m`adt`rgpf lgb gmgb t`rus a`bfbjmgt
s`t`ogn a`blgpgtmgb m`adt`rgpf (@rfimsdb `t go., 3;7;= Vgsfb gbl Go-ngagl, 3;70).
S`rg
S`rgtg
tg sm
smdr
dr m`
m`o`
o`og
ogng
ngb
b s`oga
s`ogagg m`
m`ad
adt`
t`rg
rgpf
pf gl
glgo
gogn
gn 9,
9,:8
:8 lg
lgb
b s`t`o
s`t`ogn
gn sgtu
sgtu afbj
afbjju
ju
a`blgpgtmg
a`blgpgtmgb
b m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf a`bfbjmgt
a`bfbjmgt a`beglf
a`beglf 0,:7.
0,:7. L`bjgb
L`bjgb l`afmfgb
l`afmfgb smdr m`o`ogngb
a`bfbjmgt s`c`sgr 03%. M`o`ogngb a`beglf h`bda`bg mdapo`ms ygbj s`igrg sfjbfhfmgb
lgpgt a`ap`bjgrunf mugoftgs nflup gbgm s`ogag p`rgwgtgb, s`t`ogn p`rgwgtgb lgb pglg
hgs` c`rtgngb nflup (M`sto`r gbl Odcfdbldwddl, 3;73).

M`sfapuogb Eurbgo

Lgrf p`b`oftfgb ygbj lfogmumgb t`reglf m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm l`bjgb o`um`afg ofahdcogstfm
gm
gmut
ut yg
ygbj
bj a`be
a`bego
gogbf
gbf m`
m`ad
adt`
t`rg
rgpf
pf hgs`
hgs` fb
fblu
lums
msf.
f. Ngap
Ngapfr
fr s`
s`ou
ouru
run
n gb
gbgm
gm lg
lgb
b r`age
r`agegg

a`bjgogaf
a`bjgogaf m`o`og
m`o`ogngb
ngb lgoga
lgoga a`egog
a`egogbf
bf m`adt`
m`adt`rgpf
rgpf (6>%).
(6>%). M`o`og
M`o`ogngb
ngb t`reglf
t`reglf s`ogag
s`ogag
a`begogbf
a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf
m`adt`rgpf lgb t`rus a`bfbjmgt nfbjjg ngrf t`rgmnfr m`adt`rgpf.
m`adt`rgpf. \`reglfbyg
\`reglfbyg
m`
m`o`
o`og
ogng
ngb
b eu
eujg
jg c`
c`ro
rogb
gbeu
eutt s`
s`t`
t`ogn
ogn m`
m`ad
adt`
t`rgp
rgpff s`
s`o`
o`sgf
sgf mg
mgr`b
r`bgg lf
lflg
lgpg
pgtm
tmgb
gb gl
glgb
gbyg
yg
p`bfbjmgtgb smdr m`o`ogngb pglg gbgm s`t`ogn a`begogbf m`adt`rgpf. [`rou `mspodrgsf
fbt`rv`bsf ubtum a`bjgtgsf gtgu a`afbfagomgb m`o`ogngb ygbj lfgogaf gbgm s`sugf tgngp
p`rm`acgbjgbbyg gjgr a`bfbjmgtmgb mugoftgs
mugoftgs nflup gbgm.

Yuac`r Eurbgo

H`rbgbl`s, Gblry`. 3;3;. M`o`ogngb pglg Gbgm l`bjgb O`um`afg Ofahdcogstfm Gmut

lgoga A`begogbf M`adt`rgpf Hgs` Fblumsf.

Fblumsf. Eurbgo M`s`ngtgb [`rfbtfs ([`rfbtfs‖s
([`rfbtfs‖s N`gotn
Edurbgo) : (7) 3;3;5 86-:<.

30
 CGC FFF
[@BP\P[

9.7 Yfapuogb
O`um`afg
O`um`afg glgogn p`bygmft
p`bygmft ygbj lfs`cgcmgb
lfs`cgcmgb do`n m`jgbgsgb s`o lgrgn ygbj c`rgsgo lgrf
suasua
suasua tuogbj
tuogbj o`cfn
o`cfn t`pgtb
t`pgtbyg
yg pglg
pglg egrfbj
egrfbjgb
gb n`agtd
n`agtdpd`
pd`tfm
tfm,, ygbj
ygbj lftgbl
lftgblgf
gf l`bjgb
l`bjgb
p`bjjgbtfgb `o`a`b suasua tuogbj bdrago do`n s`o lgrgn gcbdrago gtgu s`o o`um`afm.
Mogsfhfmgsf o`um`afg c`rlgsgrmgb ogag wgmtu t`reglf p`bygmft, t`rlfrf gtgs o`um`afg gmut,
ygftu o`um`afg ygbj t`reglf l`bjgb prds`s wgmtu ygbj sfbjmgt (lgoga nftubjgb ngrf-
cuogb), lgb eujg o`um`afg mrdbfm, ygftu o`um`afg ygbj t`reglf l`bjgb prds`s wgmtu ygbj
ogag (lgoga nftubjgb
nftubjgb tgnub). @tfdodjf
@tfdodjf lgrf p`bymft o`umfafg
o`umfafg ygftu lgpgt c`rupg hgmtdr
`bldj`b (c`rsfhgt n`r`lft`r lgb m`ogfbgb j`b`tm), hgmtdr `msdj`b (rglfgsf lgb zgt mfafg)
lgb vfrus. [gtfhfsfdodjf lgrf o`umfafg ygftu s`euaogn c`sgr s`o a`bjjuapgo pglg t`apgt
gsgobyg ogou a`by`cgr m` drjgb n`agtdpd`tfm lgb c`rogbeut m` drjgb ygbj o`cfn c`sgr
lgb a`by`cgcmgb n`agtda`jgof lgb spo`bda`jgof. \gblg lgb j`egog ygbj a`by`cgcmgb
o`umfafg gbtgrg ogfb gbdr`xfg, p`t`infg`, l`aga, o`agn, o`tfn lgb puigt. [`bjdcgtgb
p`bygmft o`umfafg lfogmumgb l`bjgb m`adt`rgpf, rglfgsf lgb trgbspogbtgsf sua-sua
tuogbj c`ogmgbj.

9.3 Ygrgb
Y`cgfmbyg mftg a`begjg m`s`ngtgb l`bjgb cgfm. Y`ogfb ftu p`bygmft o`umfafg cfsg lfi`jgn
l`bjgb a`bjdbsuasf vftgafb G, vftgafb I, cugn agupub sgyurgb
sg yurgb ygbj mgyg gmgb s`rgt.

38
 LGH\GS [PY\GMG

Glfwfedbd.. (7666).
Glfwfedbd (7666). [`bgtgogmsgb
[`bgtgogmsgbggb
ggb O`um`afg
O`um`afg Af`odcogstfm
Af`odcogstfm Gmut5 Cgjfgb foau p`bygmft
p`bygmft
lgoga hgmuotgs m`ldmt`rgb PJA. 736’790.

Gm`rodh. (76:;).
Gm`rodh. (76:;). [`bygmft
[`bygmft O`um`afg Ay`odfl Gmut. Edurbgo
Edurbgo dh In`afigo
In`afigo Fbhdragtfdb
Fbhdragtfdb gbl
Adl`ofbj, 09(6), 78>6’7866.

Lds`b M`p`rgwgtgb
M`p`rgwgtgb A`lfmgo-C`
A`lfmgo-C`lgn
lgn Fbldb`sfg.3
Fbldb`sfg.3;78.
;78. S@BIGBG
S@BIGBG GYPNGB M@[@S
M@[@SGZG\GB
GZG\GB
A@LFMGO C@LGN 5 LFGJBDYFY BGBLG-F 3;70-3;7: FB\@SX@BYF BFI NGYFO BDI. Egmgrtg5
@JI.

H`rbgbl`s, Gblry`. 3;3;. M`o`ogngb pglg Gbgm l`bjgb O`um`afg Ofahdcogstfm Gmut lgoga
A`begogbf M`adt`rgpf Hgs` Fblumsf. Eurbgo M`s`ngtgb [`rfbtfs ([`rfbtfs‖s N`gotn Edurbgo) :
(7) 3;3;5 86-:<.

Musuagwgtf, B. B. (3;79).
Musuagwgtf, (3;79). Gbgofsfs
Gbgofsfs [rgmtfm
[rgmtfm Mofbfm
Mofbfm M`p`rgwgtgb
M`p`rgwgtgb M`s`ngtgb Agsygrgmgt
Agsygrgmgt
[`rmdtggb
[`rmdtggb [glg [`bl`rftg O`um`afg Ofahdsftfm Gmut Vgbj A`bjgogaf Augo-Aubt
Augo-Aubtgn
gn Lf
Ssup Hgtagwgtf Egmgrtg. Foau M`p`rgwgtgb Pbfv`rsftgs Fbldb`sfg.

Ff, C. G. C., & [`bj`rtfgb, G. (3;;8). \fbegugb pustgmg O`um`afg. 7’99.

Ygbtdsg, E. (3;7>).
Ygbtdsg, (3;7>). Giut` Ay`odfl O`m`afg.
O`m`afg. Agmgog
Agmgogn
n [`bjgogagb
[`bjgogagb C`ogegr Ogpgbjgb Giut`
Ay`odfl O`m`afg, 7;;3;;077>, 7’07.

3: