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1. 7v,ry;g8u c,jospa’L....................................................................................................1
2. lj;oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u............................................................................................2
3. |j;pxt,;ozqodk’......................................................................................................4
4. |j;p7;k,9esâd(Main Memory)..............................................................................10
5. |j;p7;k,9eleIv’(Permanent Memory)..............................................................11
6. v5xtdvoxhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices)...................................................................29
7. v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Output Devices).........................................................................35
7e4k,7Qo7;hk !.........................................................................................................43
[qfmu @-v[c; (Software)...........................................................................................45
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3. -toyf0v’-v[c;........................................................................................................49
ຫງ
4. |hkmuj0v’-v[c;]t[q[...............................................................................................52
5. -v[c;xtp5d...............................................................................................................70
6. w;iaf7v,ry;g8u XComputer’s Virus?...........................................................................88
7e4k,7Qo7;hk @..........................................................................................................98
xt,;o7ela[...............................................................................................................100
8k8t\]k’.................................................................................................................101
lk]t[koI6[...............................................................................................................102
cs^j’vhk'vu'...............................................................................................................104
g;[w-G..........................................................................................................................104
gvdtlkoG...................................................................................................................104
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3. |j;pxt,;ozqodk’
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,u;q’9vogda[0=h,6o.oI6[8q;g]d4kolv’ g-yj’d=7nlaopkow22hkD dkogda[0=h,6o9tgda[I;,
daogxaod5j, 7n ) bits I;,daogxao ! BD goNvmuj|j;p7;k,9esâd0t|kf *$ MB lk,kf
gda[0=h,6o s^n 7elaj’wfh *$ V !W@$ V !W@$ B gmqjkda[ *(D!W)D)*$ B s^n xt,ko !*DWWW
|hkg9hpD
dkogda[0=h,6o.o|j;p7;k,9esâd9tgda[3fpdeoqf8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6o (address)D
CPU 9t0Po s^n vjko0=h,6o.o|j;p7;k,9e3fpvhk’8ec|j’muj16jD dkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|j’
muj16j0v’0=h,6o.f|bj’ CPU lk,kfvhk’wfhmaomuD dkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6oc[[
oU gvUo;jk dkog0Qkg4y’3fpl5j, (random access)D
|j;p7;k,9esâdmuj.-h.ow,37i7v,ry;g8u wfhc[j’gxao @ rkdlj;ofaj’oUG
4.1 ci, XRAM sp=h,k9kd Random Access Memory?
ສດິ
ci, gxao|j;p7;k,9emujgda[0=h,6ole]a[wx.-h.o;Pd’komqj;wxD dkovhk’vu’8k,
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6o.f|bj’grnjvdko0Po s^n dkovjko 9tgIafwfhc[[dkog0Qkg4y’3fpl5j, 7nG
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
gvUowxsk8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6o.fd=wfhD |j;p7;k,9extgrfoU9tgda[0=h,6ow;h .og;]k.fmuj,u
ຫງ
dtclw22hkc]jo.o;q’9vo skdw22hk,vfg,njv.f 0=h,6od=9tl6oskpmaomujD
I6[ !D!! |j;p7;k,9e ci,
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 10

4.2 iv, XROM sp=h,k9kd Read Only Memory?

iv, gxao|j;p7;k,9evudxtgrf|bj’ muj,udkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6oc[[
g0Qkg4y’3fpl5j,D |j;p7;k,9extgrfoU ,uw;hgrnjv[ao953xicdi,le7ao[k’vao c]t 0=h,6oD
g,njvgxufg7njv’ CPU 9tg]uj,8QogIaf;PdmaomuD 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,mujgda[w;h.oiv,9t4nd
[aombd,kdjvoc]h; z6h.-hlk,kfvjko0=h,6owfh c8j[+lk,kf0Po0=h,6o.fM]q’wxwfhD 0=h,6o s^n
3xicdi,muj16j.oiv,oU9t16j1jk’4k;vo g4y’;jk9txyfg7njv’ 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,d=9t[+4nd
]n[wxD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
I6[ !D!@ |j;p7;k,9esâd-toyf iv,
ສ.
ຫງ
w,37i7v,ry;g8uc8j]tg7njv’ vkf9t,u0t|kf0v’|j;p7;k,9esâdc8d8jk’dao
8k,c8j7;k,8hv’dkoD xaf95[ao g7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8u,u|j;p7;k,9esâd muj,u7;k,[ao95
s^kp0Bo grnjv.shlk,kf[ao953xicdi,0t|kf.spjwfhD
5. |j;p7;k,9eleIv’ (Permanent Memory)

ci, gxao|j;p7;k,9emujgda[0=h,6o s^n -v[c;.o0totg7njv’gIaf;PdgmqjkoAo c8j0=h,6o
s^n -v[c;gs^qjkoAo9t4nd]b[4U,wx 4hkxyfg7njv’ s^n w22hkfa[D fh;pgsfoUgv’ ,ao9egxao
9bj’8hv’,u|j;p7;k,9eleIv’ grnjv.-hgda[0=h,6omuj8hv’dko s^n -v[c;w;h.-h;Pd8+wx c]t
skd8hv’dko.-h;Pdg,njv.f d=9t4jkp0=h,6o s^n -v[c;9kd|j;p7;k,9eleIv’,kw;h16jmuj
|j;p7;k,9esâd Xci,? grnjv.sh|j;pxt,;ozqofegouo’koD |j;p7;k,9eleIv’muj.-h
dao.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u ,us^kpxtgrf 7nG

5.1 czjo[aombd s^n czjofyfltcdaf (floppy disk or diskette)

w,37i7v,ry;g8uI5jogdqjk lj;os^kp,ug7njv’vjkoczjo[aombd1jk’|hvp|bj’g7njv’D czjo
fyfltcdaf,u0t|kfmqj;wx 7nG ) oU;F &F@& oU; c]t #F& oU;D ,aogxaoczjo[k’F g7nv[
zu;|hkczjofh;plko8c,jgsâd c]t 16j.o0v[xt]klt8ydc0’ grnjvxhv’daodko06f0ufD dko
gda[0=h,6o9tgIaf3fp[aombd]q’wx.ljzu;|hk0v’czjoD xqddt8y czjooAo9t.-hwfhma’lv’fhkoF
faj’oAoF sq;vjko0v’g7njv’vjkoczjo[aombd9bj’,ulv’sq;D czjo9txyjofh;p7;k,w;7q’muj Xvkf
9txyjowfh #WW s^n #*W Iv[8+okmu? c]t sq;vjko9tc]jog0Qk{vvd grnjvvjko0=h,6o.o8ec|j’
muj16jmuj8hv’dkoD |hkzu;muj.-hgda[0=h,6o 9tc[j’gxao;q’Iv[gvUo;jk mtciad Xtrack?D c8j]t
track 9tc[j’gxaos^kplj;ow;hle]a[gda[0=h,6o g-yj’c8j]tlj;ogvUo;jk g-adg8u Xsector?D
czjo[aombd0t|kf #F& oU; ,u7;k,[ao95wfh !F$$ MBD
ສດິ
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D!# lj;oxtdv[0v’czjo[aombd c]t 37’lhk’dko9afgda[0=h,6ogmy’czjo[aombd
.odko0Po0=h,6o]qj’.ljczjo[aombdF dtclw22hk9tws^zjko0qf];f.osq;vjko c]t 9t

lhk’dtclc,jgsâd (magnetic flux) .ocdoc,jgsâd0v’sq;vjko{0PoD [jvo;jk’.ocdo
c,jgsâd 9tpv,.shdtclc,jgsâdws^zjkovvd,k c]t gIaf.shlkoc,jgsâdgmy’czjo[aombd

8
lko Xlki? \kpg4y’ 0v’c0’F lj;ole7aoF goNvcmh “rq9oko5diq, ]k;F l5[yo rit3dw-p%”

gxaoc,jgsâd0BoD rNomujgmy’czjo4ndgIaf.shgxaoc,jgsâd 3fpgxaovto5rkdmuj,umyfmk’ c]t

Iadlklt4kotc,jgsâdw;hD 0Q;0v’rNomuj mujgIafgxaoc,jgsâd9try9k]tokwfh 3fp.-hmyfmk’
dkows^0v’dtclw22hkzjko0qf];fD 0=h,6olk,kfvjko9kdczjo[aombd fh;psq;vjko{0Po
g-ajofP;daoD g,njv0Q;0v’c,jgsâdxjPo phvo track zjkowxgmy’[jvo;jk’F .osq;vjko{0PoD
cI’faow22hkohvpM gxao,y]u3;o (mV) 9tgduf0Bo.o0qf];fF g7njv’0tspkp (amplifier)
c]t g7njv’xa[laopko (comparator) 4nd.-hgxao8q;xjPolaopkoohvpM gxao]tfa[3]-yd
(logic)D ,kf8t4koIjv’8q;xqdxhv’dko0Po (write-protect) .oczjo[aombd lk,kf.-h
xhv’daodkogda[0=h,6o9kddko0Poma[D
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D!$ czjo[aombd fhko|hk c]t sq;vjko{0Po czjoc,jgsâd
I6[ !D!& I6[c[[dko[aombd[yf (Recorded Bit Formats - FM and MFM)

I6[c[[dko[aombd[yf (Recorded Bit Formats: FM and MFM) 7nG [yf !

cmofh;pdkoxjPo0Q;0v’c,jgsâdgmy’;q’Iv[ c]t [yf W cmofh;pdko[+xjPo0Q;0v’
c,jgsâdD I6[c[[dko[aombdoU gvUo;jk dko[aombdc[[gvovkic-af (NRZ sp=h,k9kd
non-return-zero)D phvo,ult|k,c,jgsâdgmy’;q’Iv[ltg\u vkf9t,u0Q;gxao|bj’ s^n s^kp
myfmk’D sq;vjko9tlhk’laopko g,njvrNomujmuj,ult|k,c,jgsâdxjPozjkosq;vjkoD
9kdI6[ltcf’dkogda[0=h,6ogxao[yfgmy’;q’Iv[0hk’gmy’ .oI6[c[[7;k,|kc|ho
xqddt8y Xsingledensity?9D I6[c[[oU,adgvUo;jk dko[aombdcv2gv, (FM sp=h,k9kd
frequency modulation or F2F)D 4hkla’gdfglAo7No 9t,u7No3,’ C (clock pulse C)
16j95fg]uj,8Qoc8j]txjv’[yf Xbit cell)D .oI6[c[[oU 7No Xpulse) gs^qjkoU 9t4ndcmofh;p
7;k,4ujrNo4koD [yf ! 9t4nd0Po.oshv’[yf3fp.lj7No D ]ts;jk’7No CD [yf W 9t4nd
cmo3fpdko[+,u7No ]ts;jk’7No C.
95ffu0v’dko[aombdc[[ F2F 7n 7No c]t 0=h,6o[yf (data bit) 4nd.-h grnjvcmoc8j]t
0=h,6o[yf grkt;jk [yflk,kfgda[w;h.dhMdaogmy’;q’Iv[0v’czjo[aombd 3fp[+8hv’g-njv,
8+daoD dkogda[c[[oU ,u0=h9edaf.ofhko9eo;o0v’0=h,6omujlk,kf16jgmy’;q’Iv[D 4hk.o9e
ສດິ
o;o0=h,6omujlk,kfgda[gmy’;q’Iv[ ,ugxaolv’gmnjv gryjo9t.-hdkogda[c[[ cv,gv2cv,
ະ
ສະ .ສ
(MFM sp=h,k9kd modified frequency modulation) faj’ltcf’.oI6[ !D!&D
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
5.2 Ikfful Xhard disk?

9
Single density
gxaoI6[c[[dko9afgda[0=h,6o.olnjmujgdqjkcdjmujl5f sâ’9kdoAoF wfhsao,k.-h7;k,|hkc|ho @ gmqjk c]t $
gmqjk s^n 7;k,|hkc|hol6’cmo “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”.

I6[ !D!* Ikfful
5.2.1 ]adltotmqj;wx
]t[q[Ikffulc8d8jk’9kdczjofyfltcdafD 3fpmqj;wxc]h; ,ao9t,u9eo;o|hkle
]a[gda[[aombd0=h,6os^kpd;jklv’|hkD ovd9kdIkfful9tgda[[aombd0=h,6og\nvodaoda[czjo
ະ ສດິ
fyfltcdafc]h; ,aopa’gxaolj;omuj.-h.odkovjko s^n 0Po[aombd0=h,6og\nvo38vjkoczjofyl
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
(disk drive)D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
czjo9ko0v’Ikfful 9t,u7;k,|kc|ho0v’dko[ao950=h,6owfhl6’d;jkczjofyflt
cdafs^kp g-ajoG czjofyfltcdaf,kf8t4ko0t|kf &F@& oU; [ao950=h,6owfh #*W dy3]w[
9t,u9eo;o;q’Iv[[aombd0=h,6ooAo 16j $W ;q’D d=]tou0v’Ikfful0t|kffP;dao 9t,u9e
o;o;q’Iv[s^kpd;jk !WWW ;q’0BowxD 0totfP;dao 7;k,[ao95.oc8j]t;q’Iv[0v’
Ikffuld=9tl6’d;jk g-yj’,uxt,ko & gmnjv0v’7;k,[ao95.oc8j]t;q’Iv[0v’czjofyf
ltcdafD
gonjv’9kd7;k,|kc|ho0v’dko[aombd0=h,6o gmy’rNozu;czjo9koc,jgsâd0v’Ikf
fyll6’s^kp gIaf.shsq;vjko c]t 0Po[aombd,u0t|kfohvpD 8ec|j’0v’sq;vjko c]t 0Po
[aombd8hv’16j.o8ec|j’muj.dhMda[zu;|hk9ko c]t ,u3vdkfmujzu;|hk0v’9ko c]t
sq;vjko{0Povkf9tmq[daowfhD faj’oAoF czjo9koc,jgsâd9bj’gxaoczjovt]5p,yoP,c0’ c]h;
g7nv[fh;plkoc,jgsâdD Ikfful9t[ao9516j.oda[3]stxyfc9[ grnjvxhv’dao[+.shlyj’gxygxNvo
s^5fg0Qkwxrkp.oD 4hk8hv’dkogxufvvd 9t8hv’gxuf.oshv’mujltvkf (clean room) muj,u
dkodjao8v’0U/5jovvd9kdvkdkf.oshv’c]h;D Ikffulmujoypq,.-hdaogxaoc[[8yf16jrkp.o

g7njv’7v,ry;g8u c]t [+lk,kfg7njvophkpwx,kwfh7ndaoda[czjo[aombd gvUo;jk ;yoc9aflt

g8ufyf (Winchester Disk)10D
Ikffullj;o.spj9txtdv[fh;pczjo9koc,jgsâd (platters) lv’czjo s^n s^kpd;jk
,k9afIP’16jgmy’cdofP;dao gvUo;jk cdo\6o (spindle)D cdo\6ogIaf.shczjoc,jgsâd\6o
rhv,Mdao 9kddko0a[g7njvo0v’,=g8u fh;p7;k,w; #*WW Iv[8+okmuD c8j]t|hk0v’
czjo9ko 9t,usq;vjko{0Poxt9eltgrkt g-yj’sq;vjko{0Pom5dsq;9tg-njv,8yfdao7hkp7ndao
da[s;u c]t lk,kfg7njvog0Qk{vvd]ts;jk’;q’Iv[8jk’M wfh1jk’;jv’w; XI6[ !D!(?D
9kdI6[0hk’]5j, ltcf’Ikffulmuj,uczjo9ko rhv,da[dkodeda[-njczjo c]t
|hk0v’fyfD zu;0v’czjo9koda[sq;vjko{0Po9t16jgdnv[8yfdao 7nsjk’9kdrP’|bj’lj;o
clooU;D w]ptsjk’oU.o]ts;jk’;q’Iv[8jk’M 8hv’lt\Oltg\udao g-yj’dqowd0v’g7njv’
c]t dkoxtdv[Ikfful8hv’]tvPf c,jo1eD dko\6omuj;jv’w;0v’czjo9kogIaf .shsq;
vjko {0Po cpdsjk’9kdzu;|hk9ko fh;pcI’]q,\6o0v’9koD c8j4hkczjo9ko[+wfh\6o s^n
,vfg7njv’ sq;vjko{0Po9tg]njvo]q’8yfda[czjo9koD faj’oAoF g;]kg]ud9kddko.-h;Pd
7;ophkpsq;vjko{0Powxsk[=]yg;omuj[+wfh.-hgda[0=h,6o mujgvUo;jk [jvo]q’9vf (Landing
ສດິ
Zone) grnjv;jk ,udkodtmq[dtcmd0v’sq;vjko{0Po c]t zu;|hkF czjo9kod=9t[+,u
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
zqo8+0=h,6omujgda[w;hD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D!( lj;oxtdv[ c]t I6[zjkmk’0;k’ltcf’sq;vjko{0Po c]t

czjo9koc,jgsâd0v’Ikfful

10
Winchester Disk
vjko;jk ;yoc9afltg8ufyf “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko
}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf}dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”.

5.2.2 dko3vophkp0=h,6o]ts;jk’Ikffulda[|j;p7;k,9e
Ikffulmuj.-hxtdv[.og7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8u 9t8hv’,udko7;[75,.sh,ao,kgIaf;Pd
Ij;,3fp9tlP[g0Qkda[xJv’lP[ (slot)11 mujpa’;jk’16j0v’g7njv’D .odkovjko0=h,6o9kd disk
sq;vjko{0Po9toegvqk0=h,6omujvjkowfh lqj’zjko;q’9vow22hk0v’ wfi Xdrive? wxskcz’
(card) 7;[75,fyf 3fp9tgda[16j.ogoNvmuj7;k,9e-qj;7k;grnjvgda[0=h,6o gvUo;jk [jvorad
0=h,6o-qj;7k; (Data buffer12)D 0totfP;dao;q’9vogmy’cz’7;[75,9tlqj’laopkowxsk
|j;pxt,;ozqodk’ (CPU) g-yj’c,jow,37i3xig-lg-u g-ajoG CPU 8088, 80286 s^n vnjoMD
grnjv.sh8q; CPU 3vophkp0=h,6o9kd[jvorad0=h,6o-qj;7k; wxsk|j;p7;k,9esâd0v’
7v,ry;g8uD
.oI6[ !D!) gsao;jjk dko3vophkp0=h,6og[Nv’8QovkfgIafwfh @ ;ymu 7nG 4hkgxaog7njv’I5jo
AT c]t PS/2 8q; CPU 9tgIaf;PdoAo3fpdq’ zjko8q;,aogv’ c]t wxsk|j;p7;k,9eD
c8j4hkgxaog7njv’I5jogdqjk 7nG PC XT, dko3vophkp0=h,6o9tgIafc[[ dkog0Qkg4y’|j;p
7;k,9e3fpdq’ (DMA = Direct Memory Access) 3fp9t3vophkp0=h,6o9kd data buffer
wxsk|j;p7;k,9esâdD dko3vophkp0=h,6oc[[oU [+8hv’zjko8q; CPU phvo;jk 8q; CPU
ສດິ
)W)) 0v’g7njv’I5jogdqjkgIaf;Pd-hkF [+mao8+vaf8k7;k,w;0v’dko3vophkp0=h,6o0v’
ະ
ສະ .ສ
IkffulD 0=h,6omuj3vophkpwxsk|j;p7;k,9e RAM 9tgda[.orNomuj gvUo;jk [a2g2u0v’fvl
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
(DOS Buffer) g-yj’|bj’ Buffer 9tgda[0=h,6o9kd disk wfh ! lj;o (sector)D 9eo;o Buffer
ສ.
ຫງ
oU z6h.-h7;o9tgxaoz6hdeoqf0Bogv’9kd7elaj’ BUFFERS c]t [ao95.o[jvogda[2kp0=h,6o
(file house) @W BufferD g,njvvjko 2kp0=h,6o (file data) 9kd disk wxgda[w;h.o[jvogda[-qj;
7k;0v’ DOS c]t [ao95 Buffer 9qog8a,7q[\qfF dko3vophkp sector 8+wx 9tpbf8k,sâd
muj;jk Buffer .f4ndgvUo.-h9kd3xicdi,.-h;Pdl5fmhkp|hvpmujl5f (least recently
accessed) d=9t4ndcmomuj0Poma[.\jD 0=h,6omuj16j.o[jvogda[-qj;7k;0v’ DOS 9t3vophkpwx
sk|j;p7;k,9evnjo 8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’3xicdi,oe.-hD

11
Slot \kpg4y’ xjv’xadlP[,u]adltotohvpM c]t pk;M grnjvlP[czjo;q’9vogruj,g8u,
12
[jvorad0=h,6o-qj;7k; XData buffer? gxaorNomuj0v’|j;p7;k,9emujdeoqfw;h grnjvgda[0=h,6o-qj;7k;9qod;jkleg]af
rk]tdyf “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u
0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf }dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”.

I6[ !D!) dko3vophkp0=h,6o]ts;jk’Ikffulda[|j;p7;k,9e
dko[aombd0=h,6ogmy’ disk d=gIaf.o]adltotdq’dao0hk,da[dkovjko0=h,6o 3fp3xi

cdi,oe.-h 9tc9h’8ec|j’0=h,6omuj8hv’dko0Powxsk DOSD DOS d=9t3vophkp0=h,6owx
sk Buffer c]t lqj’zjkowxsk[jvogda[0=h,6o-qj;7k; gmy’cz’7;[75,fyfD ;q’9vogmy’
cz’7;[75, disk 9tdeoqf lj;o.o;q’Iv[ c]t |hk0v’ disk muj.-h[aombd 9tlqj’laopko
ສດິ
grnjvg]njvosq;vjko{0Powxsk8ec|j’muj8hv’dko c]t 3vophkp0=h,6o9kd[jvorad-qj;7k;wx
ະ
gda[[aombdw;h.o diskD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
5.2.3 dko7;[75,Ikfful
gonjv’9kdIkfful[+lk,kfgIaf;Pd’kodjP;da[dkogda[0=h,6ogv’wfh gIqk9egxao8hv’
,udko7;[75, grnjv[vddkogIaf;Pdxtdv[oeD 8k,xqddt8y cz’ (card) oU 9t.-hlP[
g0QkxJv’lP[ (slot) le]a[dkogruj,0tspkpD laopkomujg0Qk s^n vvd9kdIkfful 9t8hv’
zjkocz’7;[75,oUdjvoltg\uD cz’7;[75,c8j]t-5f9t,u;ymudkog0Qk]tsafltgrktle]a[
-jv’vjko{0PoD gIqk[+lk,kfoegvqkcz’7;[75,vnjo muj.-h;ymudkog0Qk]tsafc8d8jk’dao
,kvjko0=h,6o.oIkffulD IkffuloAo9t8hv’gIafdko9afI6[c[[ (format) .\j ,ao9bj’9t.-h
da[cz’7;[75,oAowfhD -toyf0v’cz’7;[75,mujoypq,.-h.oxaf95[ao0Boda[ vyog8uia[ (inter-
rupt)13 muj,u16j $ -toyf 7nG

13
interrupt(vyog8uia[?
\kpg4y’ 8q;muj[vd.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8u 15fgIaf;Pdmujde]a’gIaf16j c]h;wx8v[lt|v’;Pd[k’1jk’
“xt,;o7ela[;ymtpkdko0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA
},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf }dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”.

1)
-toyf ST-506/41L: gxao]t[q[7;[75,,kf8t4koF g]uj,.-h7A’mevyfda[g7njv’
7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qo (PC)D ,ao,u;ymudkog0Qk]tsafc[[ MFM. 8+,krkpsâ’ 9bj’wfh0t
spkpgxaoc[[ RLL14 c]t ARLL 8k,g8ad3o3]-u0v’;afltf5muj.-hD 0=hla’gdfvudxtdko
|bj’ muj[vd0=hc8d8jk’0v’dkog0Qk]tsafc[[ MFM c]t RLL 7nG dkoc[j’lj;o.o
;q’Iv[0v’dkovjko{0Poc[[ MFM 9twfh !( cluster15 X7t]afltg8u? 8+;q’Iv[ c]t
dkovjko{0Poc[[ RLL 9twfh @* cluster 8+ ;q’Iv[D c[[ RLL 9t,u7;k,[ao95
wfhs^kpd;jk #W : 9tdq’da[Ikfful -jv’vjko{0Po @W MB 0v’c[[ MFMD
2) -toyf ESDI (enhanced small device interfaces): gxao]t[q[mujl6’d;jk
]t[q[,kf8t4ko ST-506 le]a[-jv’vjko{0Po ,u7;k,[ao95s^kp0Bo c]t 7;k,w;
l6’0BoD oa[;jk gxao]t[q[mujvvdc[[,k grnjv.-hda[g7njv’muj,uw,37i3xig-lg-u )W@)* c]t
)W#)* muj,u7;k,w;laopko3,’l6’d;jk vaf8kdko3vophkp0=h,6o s^n dkovjko0=h,6o9kd disk
9tw;d;jk disk c[[ ST-506 xt,ko $ gmnjvD le]a[ disk c[[ ST-506 c,jo.-hda[
g7njv’muj,uw,37i3xig-lg-u )W))D cz’7;[75,c[[ ESDI oU lk,kf8+Ikffulwfhlv’vaoD
3) -toyf SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)G vjko;jk "-tdaf-u"
ສດິ
(SCUZZY) gxaocz’I5jo.\jmujoypq,.-hdaos^kp0Bo grkt]t[q[oU [+rP’c8jgxaocz’7;[75,
ະ
ສະ .ສ
IkffulgmqjkoAo ,aopa’gxaodkog-njv,8+ [al Xbus? mujlts^kf (intelligent) muj,u8q;xt,;ozqo
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
(processor) 16j.o38,aogv’ gIaf.shgxaolj;ogruj,0tspkpda[cz’;q’9vo.\jD 0t|kf c]t
ສ.
ຫງ
vaf8kdkovjko0=h,6omP[wfh.dhda[c[[ ESDI. ]t[q[ SCSI ovd9kd9t.-hgrnjv7;[75,
Ikffulc]h; pa’.-hgrnjvdko7;[75,v5xtdvo8+glu,vnjoM wfhfh;p g-ajoG 3,gfa, (modem)F -ufu
iv, (CD ROM)F ltcdogou (scanner) c]t g7njv’ry, (printer)D ]t[q[ SCSI .o|bj’cz’
lt|a[lt|6odko8+v5xtdvog4y’ ) vao oa[ma’7v,ry;g8umuj.-h 9t4ngxaov5xtdvofh;pD faj’oAoF
9bj’gs^nv.shgIqk8+v5xtdvoglu, wfhgruj,vud ( vaoD rkp.8h DOS ]t[q[ SCSI 9t.shgIqk.-h
IkffulwfhrP’ @ vao X8k,dkovhk’vu’0v’muj16j0v’ w[vvl (BIOS)?D 4hk8hv’dko8+
v5xtdvovnjoM gIqk8hv’.-hv5xtdvo-jv’vjko{0Po (device driver) 9kd[=]ylafvnjo,kme
dko8yf8A’glpdjvoD

14
RLL sp=h,k9kd run length limited
15
X7t]afltg8u? c,jod5j,0v’g-adg8u g-yj’gxaogoNvmujle]a[9afgda[0=h,6o.oczjofyl “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko
Cluster
0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”.

4) -toyf IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics): ]t[q[oU gxao]t[q[.\j muj,u0t|kf

7;k,[ao95.dh7P’da[lv’c[[mujdjk;,kc]h; 7nG ESDI c]t SCSI c8j,u]k7k8Od;jkD
]t[q[ IDE xaf95[aooypq,.-h[ao95Ij;,16j.ocz’8q;7;[75, c]t gs^nv slot ;jk’.sh.-h.o
;PdvnjoMD .o]t[q[gdqjkd=lk,kf.-h dko0Po{vjkoc[[ IDE oU c8jgIqk8hv’gruj,cz’dko
g-njv,8+lP[ slotD
5.3 gma[c,jgsâd (magnetic tape)

gxaov5xtdvomuj.-hdao,kfqookoc]h; g-yj’]adltot0v’,ao gxaoc4[lkpxt]klt8ydF
g7nv[fh;plkoc,jgsâd 7ndaoda[gma[[aombdlP’D gma[c,jgsâd.-hle]a[gda[0=h,6o9eo;os^kpF
,udko9afgda[ c]t gvUo7Qosk0=h,6oc[[gxao]efa[D ltoAoF dkog0Qksk0=h,6od=9tgxaowx8k,
]efa[ (sequential access) g-ajoG 4hk8hv’dkosk0=h,6o16j]efa[mu & gmy’gma[ gIqk9t8hv’
vjko0=h,6oc8j8Qodjvo X]efa[mu !? c]h;7jvpg0Qk,ksk0=h,6omujgIqk8hv’dkoD lj;odkooe.-h
oAo goAole]a[.-hleIv’0=h,6ogrnjv7;k,\Ao.9 g-ajoG 4hkIkffulgxjgr 0=h,6o.oIkfful9tl6o
skpwx 9bj’9egxao8hv’gda[leIv’0=h,6ow;hD
.ovtfuf .-h,h;ogma[.spj c8jxaf95[aodkozt]yfgma[gIafwfhfus^kp0BoD gIaf.shgma[muj.-h
ະ ສດິ
da[7v,ry;g8u,u0t|kfohvp]q’s^kp c]t gvUogma[r;doU;jk da[gma[ (cartridge tape).
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
da[gma[c,jgsâd,u7;k,[ao958+,h;ol6’s^kp 9bj’oypq,.-hw;hgda[0=h,6omuj,u0t|kf.spj s^n 9eo;o
ສ.
ຫງ
s^kpD dkoleIv’0=h,6o3fpmqj;wx ,ad9tdeoqf8k,dko.-h;Pdgxaow]ptg;]k g-ajoG leIv’
0=h,6om5dvkmyfD dkoleIv’0=h,6oc8j]tgmnjvvkf.-hg;]kokos^kply[okmuD
I6[ !D!_ gma[c,jgsâd (magnetic tape)

5.4 czjo-ufu (CD sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc)
I6[ !D@W czjo-ufu[aombdwfhgmnjvfP; c]t czjo-ufumujlk,kf[aombdwfhs^kpgmnjv
5.4.1 xts;af7;k,gxao,kG
ສດິ
.o-j;’mqflt;af xu 7Dl !_(WF oad;yw90v’[=]ylaf2u]y[wfh.-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’czjog]g-u
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
fyl (Laser disc) ,kmqf]v’lhk’czjocl’ (optical disc) gda[lP’c8jrP’1jk’fP;
ວນ
ວ
3fpg]uj,8Qo.-h;ymudkog0Qk]tsaflP’c[[ wideband FM c]t c[[ PCM .o]t[q[fu9y8vo ສ.
ຫງ
(digital system)D .og;]k8+,k .o-j;’xkpmqflt;af 2u]y[ (Phillip)F 3-ou (Sony) c]t
[=]ylafvnjoM wfhltcf’8Qoc[[0v’czjofyl ]t[q[lP’fu9y8voD
.oxu8+,k 2u]y[ c]t 3-ou 8aflyo.9Ij;,,ndao 9af8A’my,;ylt;tdvoIj;, g-yj’,u
rk]tdyfvvdc[[czjofyl ]t[q[lP’fy9y8vo c[[.\jD lt,k-ydmujle7ao0v’my, 7nG 7uf
vy,,y’ (Kees Immink) c]t 38-ymtft fvp (Toshitada Doi)D sa^’9kdmqf]v’ c]t
4qd4P’dao |bj’xuF my,’kowfhvvd,kf8t4kodjP;da[ CDD /jkp[=]ylaf 2u]y[ lt|a[lt|5o
.og]njv’0t[;odkozt]yf 3fpvkwlg8ad3o3]-udkozt]yfg]g-ufyl c]t pa’lt|a[lt|5o
;ymudkoxtlq,laopko (modulate16) c[[ EFM g-yj’lk,kf[aombdlP’wfhs^kp c]t
mqomko8+Ivp06f0uf s^n IvpoU;,nD 0totmuj 3-ou lt|a[lt|5o;ymucdh0=hzyfrkf (error
correction).

16
Modulate\kpg4y’ xtlq,laopko “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”.

CD
vvd;k’8ts^kf.odk’ xu 7Dl !_)@ .ovk-u c]t xu8+,k.olt4komujvnjoMD
gsfdkooU wfhIa[dkola’gdf;jk gxao95fg]uj,8Qo0v’dkoxt8y;aflP’fy9y8voD czjofyllP’
c[[.\joUwfhIa[dkopv,Ia[ c]t 7e-njo-q,.o75ootrk[lP’9kdg7njv’mujxtfyfle]a[[aombd
lP’faj’gfu,D dko.-h CD wfh0tspkpwxpa’fhkovnjoMD lv’xu8+,k ,udkozt]yf -ufuiv,
(CD-ROM) vvd9e|jkp g-yj’czjoc[[oU z6h.-h[+lk,kf0Po0=h,6ogv’wfhD czjo-ufuvki
(CD-R) d=wfhvvd,k.sh.-hxt,ko xu 7Dl !__W g-yj’gxaoczjomujz6h.-hlk,kf0Po0=h,6ogv’wfh
c]t dkpgxao,kf8t4ko.odko9afgda[c]dxjPo0=h,6o7v,ry;g8u c]t gr’.oxaf95[aoD CD
c[[8jk’Mwfhxtlq[7;k,leg]afs^kp .oxu 7Dl @WW$ g-yj’rP’xufP; ,udko9e|jkpczjo-ufu
gr’.oI6[c[[ CD-ROM mqj;3]d s^kpd;jkly[]hkoczjoD
5.4.2 ,kf8t4ko0v’ CD
czjo-ufulP’ (Audio CD) s^n czjo-ufugr’muj,urk[xtdv[ (VCD17) gda[laopko
lP’.oI6[c[[mujgxaowx8k,,kf8t4ko (red book)D -ufulP’xtdv[fh;p;q’Iv[le]a[
ltg8iu3v (sterio track) s^kp;q’ mujgda[dkog0Qk]tsafc[[ PCM 0t|kf !* [yf
fh;pvaf8kdkol5j,8q;1jk’ $$F! kHzD
ະ ສດິ
CD ,kf8t4ko,uglAozjkl6odk’ !@W mm X,y]uc,af? c8jd=,uI5jo )W mm gxao
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
czjo0t|kfohvpD czofyf0t|kf !@W mm [aombdlP’wfh ($ okmu c8j,uI5jomujlk,kf
ສ.
ຫງ
[aombd )W okmuD g8ad3o3]-u7v,crdfyf8+,kwfhxa[x5’gxaov5xtdvo [aombd0=h,6omuj,adgvUo
dao;jk czjo-ufuiv, (CD-ROM). 8k8t]k’8+wxoU ltcf’0t|kf c]t 7;k,[ao95
0v’czjo-ufuG
0t|kf dko[ao95c[[lP’ dko[ao950=h,6omqj;wx I6[c[[

12 cm 74–99 min 650–870 MB Standard size
8 cm 21–24 min 185–210 MB Mini-CD size
85x54 mm - "Business card"
~6 min 10-65 MB
86x64 mm size

17
VCD sp=h,k9kd Video Compact Disc.

I6[ !D@! czjo-ufu8k,c8j]t0t|kf
5.4.3 dkogIaf;Pd0v’ CD
rkp.o-ufuiv,9tc[j’gxao;q’Iv[ c]t lj;o 7hkp7nda[czjofyfltcdaf (Diskette)
ສດິ
c8jlj;omuj9tgda[0=h,6o.o CD 9t,u0t|kfgmqjkdaom5dlj;o c]t gIaf.shlk,kfgda[0=h,6owfh
ະ
s^kp0BoD g,njv.f CD g]uj,gIaf;PdF ,=g8u9tg]uj,\6ofh;p7;k,w;s^kp 7jkc[[oU d=grnjv
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
.shvaf8k7;k,w;.odkovjko0=h,6o9kdczjo-ufu7q’muj lt\Oltg\um5dlj;o [+;jk9tgxaolj;o
ສ.
ຫງ
muj16j;q’Iv[ovd;q’.od=8k,D 9kdoAoF cl’g]g-ud=9tlkf]q’.ljczjo-ufu 3fp]ecl’9t4nd
9hv,g0Qk (focus) fh;p g]o (Lens) mujg7njvo8ec|j’wfh 3fpdkogIaf;Pd0v’0qf];fD
]ecl’g]g-u 9tmt]5zjkowxmujczjo-ufu c]h;4ndltmhvoda[wxskzu;|hk0v’-ufu ,ao9tdkp
gxao05,gxao[+D lj;omujgxao05,]q’wxgvUo;jk c]o (land)D le]a[[jvomuj[+,udkog9kt]q’
wxgvUo;jk ryf (pit)D zu;lv’I6[c[[oU gryjo.-hcmodkogda[0=h,6o .oI6[c[[0v’ ! c]t WD
cl’g,njv4nd pit 9tdt9kpwx[+ltmhvoda[ c8jg,njvcl’4nd land 9tltmhvoda[zjko
cdh;s^jP, 9kdoAoF sadzjkocdh;s^jP, wxskg7njv’d;f9a[cl’vudD m5dM w]pt0v’]ecl’
mujdtmq[g7njv’d;f9a[cl’ 9tgdufcI’faow22hk s^n gduf ! c]t W g-yj’gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8u
g0Qk.9wfhD

ະ ສດິ
I6[ !D@@ dkogIaf;Pdgmy’czjo-ufu (CD-R or CD-RW18)
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
lj;odko0Po s^n [aombd0=h,6o]q’.ljczjo-ufuoAo 8hv’.-hcl’g]g-ug-ajodao 3fp,u]e
cl’g]g-u9kdsq;[aombd0v’g7njv’[aombd0=h,6o ljv’wxdtmq[.ljrNozu;|hk0v’czjoD 4hkcl’
ljv’wxdtmq[[=]yg;o.f ,ao9tgIaf.sh[=]yg;ooAogxao05,0t|kfohvpD [=]yg;omuj[+4nd[aombd
9t,u]adltotgxaorNorP’lt]a[daowxg]NvpM 8ts^vfma’czjoD czjo-ufugxaolnj.odkogda[
0=h,6oc[[cl’ (Optical Storage) 3fp.-h]ecl’g]g-u.odkovjko0=h,6omujgIaffh;pxt]klt
8yd c]t g7nv[fh;pvt]6,yoP, grnjvltmhvocl’g]g-umujpy’,kD g,njvcl’g]g-umujpy’,k
ltmhvoda[wxsk8q;vjko0=h,6omujgvUo;jkG v5xtdvogda[cl’ XPhoto Detector) d=vjko0=h,6o
mujwfhda[,k;jk gxaospa’ c]t lqj’7jk ! c]t W wx.shda[ CPU grnjvoegvqkwxxt,;ozqo8+wxD

18
CD-R sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc Recordable
gxaoz6h.-hlk,kf0Po0=h,6o]q’wfh c]t sâ’0Poc]h;pa’lk,kf0Po0=h,6o
8nj,.ljwfhvud 4hkskdczjooAopa’[+g8a,S CD-RW sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc ReWritable 7hkp7nda[czjo CD-R c8jlk,kf]n[
c]t 0Po0=h,6o.ljwfhs^kpgmnjv .oczjofP;oAoD

5.4.4 g7njv’vjko{0Po-ufu
7;k,w;0v’g7njv’vjko{0Po-ufu ,us^kp]tfa[ g-ajoG c8j @V sk @$V s^n s^kpd;jk
Ivf &*V gxao8QoD 7jk @V \kpg4y’ g7njv’vjko{0Po vjko s^n 0Po 0=h,6owfh #WW
dy3]w[8+;yokmu (kB/s) c]t ,u7;k,w;.odko\6o @ gmqjkD g7njv’vjko{0Po -ufu g7njv’mevyf
mujlhk’0Bo ,u7;k,w;rP’c8j !V 9t,uvaf8kdko4jkp3vo0=h,6o (Data Tranfer Rate) 150
kB/sD .oxaf95[ao 7;k,w;.odkovjko-ufuiv,l6’l5f16jmuj &*V c8j4hkgxaodko0Poczjo CD-
RW c,jo,u7;k,w;8Od;jkoAoD
5.5 czjo fu;ufu (DVD = Digital Versatile Disc)
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D@# czjo DVD-R c]t DVD-RW
fu;ufu gxaoczjo0=h,6oc[[[aombdfh;pcl’ (optical disc) muj.-h[aombd0=h,6o8jk’M g-ajoG

I6[g’qk Xrk[rtpqo? g-yj’.sh75ootrk[0v’rk[ c]t lP’mujfuD fu;ufu 4ndrafmtok0Bo,k
grnjv.-hcmo -ufu 3fp.-hczjomuj,u0t|kffP;dao XglAozjkl6odk’ !@ cm?D c8j.-h[aombd
0=h,6omujc8d8jk’dao c]t 7;k,]tvPf.odko[aombd|kc|hod;jkD
.og[Nv’8Qo fu;ufu c,josp=h,k9kd digital video disc c8jz6hzt]yf[k’7qogsao;jk
7;oxjPo,kgxao digital versatile disc xaf95[ao8k,7eoypk,1jk’gxaomk’dkoc]h; fu;ufu
[+wfhsp=h,k9kd-njg8a,c8j1jk’.fg]upD
g7njv’0Po fu;ufu (DVD Writer) 7nG g7njv’le]a[dko[aombd0=h,6o]q’.oczjofu;ufu c]t
,u7;k,w;.odkogIaf;Pds^kp]tfa[c8d8jk’dao 8k,0t|kf c]t pujs=hD

fu;ufu xtdv[fh;p75olq,[affaj’oUG
x lk,kf[aombd0=h,6o;yfu3v muj,u7;k,]tvPfl6’ wfhg4y’ !@W okmuD

x dko[u[vaf0v’;yfu3v.oI6[c[[ MPEG-219 oAo ,uvaf8klj;o16jmuj $GWG!D
x lk,kf,ulP’.o2y,wfhg4y’ * rklk 3fp.oc8j]trklkvkf9tgxaolP’ltg8iy
3v @DW -jv' XI6[c[[ PCM20? s^n ]t[q[lP’Iv[myfmk’ Xg-ajoG $DWS &D!S *D!?
.oI6[c[[ Dolby Digital (AC-3) s^n Digital Theater System (DTS)D
x ,u7e[aopkpwfhs^kpl5fg4y’ #@ rklkD
x |a’fu;ufu [k’czjooAo lk,kfxjPo,5,dhv’wfhfh;p (Multiangle)D
x gIafrk[oY’.shlq,[6o g\nvodaoda[rk[ltw]D
x 7;[75,]tfa[lyfmydkos^Yo (Parental Lock) D
x ,u]tsafmhv’4yjole]a[.-h;PdltgrktrNomuj mujdeoqf.sh (Regional Codes)D
-toyf0v’fu;ufu muj.-h[aombdoAo,u16j s^kp-toyf 7nG
ະ ສດິ
0t|kf c]t -nj0v’czjo[aombd
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
(Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs)
ວນ
ວ
-Ao glAozjkl6odk’ ສ.
0t|kf
ຫງ
laopt]ad |hk
X];,? (cm) (GB)
DVD-R SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 3.95
DVD-R SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70
DVD-RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70
DVD+R SS SL 1 1 12 4.70
DVD+RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70
DVD-R DS SL 2 2 12 9.40

19
MPEG-2 sp=h,k9kd Moving Picture Experts Group @ gxao-nj0v’]t[q[,kf8t4komuj.-hle]a[g0Qk]tsaflP’ 0=h,6ork[
Xg-ajoG rk[rtpqo;yfu3vgr’? .oI6[c[[[u[vafc[[fy9y8voD
20
PCM sp=h,k9kd Pulse-code modulation.

DVD-RW DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD+R DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD+RW DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD-RAM SS SL 1 1 8 1.46
DVD-RAM DS SL 2 2 8 2.65
DVD-RAM SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 2.58
DVD-RAM SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70
DVD-RAM DS SL (1.0) 2 2 12 5.16
DVD-RAM DS SL (2.0) 2 2 12 9.40
\kpgsfG SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer

95ffu0v’ DVD-RW 7nG r;d,aolk,kf]b[ c]t oeda[[aombd0=h,6o.\jwfhd;jk
!WWDWWW 7A’ c8jfu;ufumujwfhIa[7;k,oypq,s^;’s^kp.oxaf95[aooU c,jo DVD-RD lj;o DVD-
RAM [+oypq,.-hc]h;.
ະ ສດິ
dko[aombdfu;ufuc8j]t-toyfoAo [+lk,kf.-h;Pd0hk,daowfh 7nG DVD-RW [+lk,kf
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
.-h.og7njv’[aombd DVD+RW wfh 8hv’0Poda[g7njv’[aombd DVD-RW gmqjkoAoD lj;odko
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
vjko0=h,6o.ofu;ufuoAo lk,kfvjkoda[g7njv’.fd=wfh g-ajoG DVD+RW lk,kfvjkoda[g7njv’
ຫງ
s^Yo DVD-R wfhD
czjofu;ufu muj.-h[ao95I6[g’qkoAo 9t,udkodeoqf]tsafmhv’4yjo (Regional Codes) s^n
[=]yg;o (Zone) grnjvxt3spf.odko7;[75,]y0tlyf21D .ooU c8j]tczjo9t[ao95]tsafw;h
1jk’|hvp ! [=]yg;oD le]a[czjomujlk,kf.-hwfhda[m5d[=]yg;o (All Zone) oAo 9t[ao95]tsaf
gxao !S @S #S $S &S * oAogv’D czjo9er;doU [k’gmnjvoypq,daogvUo;jkG czjo3-o WD
3fpxqddt8y g7njv’s^Yofu;ufu I;,wxg4y’fu;ufuiv, mujzt]yf.oc8j]txtgmf 9tlk,kfs^Yowfh
ltgrktczjomujzt]yfle]a[[=]yg;o s^n g0foAoM c]t czjomuj]t[5gxao All Zone gmqjkoAoD

21
]y0tlyf \kpg4y’ lyfmy.odkooe.-h

g0f rNomuj
1 ltst]afvtg,iydkF c7okfk
2 gvuiq[F pujx5joF cv2iyddk.8hF 8tg;aovvddk’ I;,g4y’ vu1y[
vk-u8tg;aovvdlP’.8hF I;,g4y’xtgmfwmF vk-u8tg;aovvd I;,g4y’Ijv’dq’
3
c8j[+I;,9uo
4 vtg,iydkdk’F vtg,iydk.8hF 3vg-pgop
5 gvuiq[8tg;aovvdF iafg-pF vk-u.8hF vk2iydkF gdqksûg|nvF ,q’3dg]p
6 9uo
7 leIv’
8 pkorkstot]ts;jk’xtgmf g-ajoG gInv c]t gInv[yo
le]a[g0f @ Xgvuiq[? vkf9t,u]tsafpjvp8A’c8j D1 9qog4y’ D4 3fp D1 7n
ະສດິ
9e|jkpltgrktxtgmfva’dyfS D2 9qog4y’ D3 deoqf;jk [+9e|jkp.ova’dyf c]t wvc]oD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
lj;o D4 \kpg4y’ 9e|jkpwfhmqj;ma’mt;u[gvuiq[D
ສ.
ຫງ
.o|bj’czjofu;ufu lk,kf.lj]tsafg0fI;,daowfhs^kpg0f 3fpvkf9t,u]tsafg0f #}*
grnjv.shlk,kf.-h.ovk-u8tg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t 9uoD
dkodegouf0v’ czjofylcl’ (optical disk) X-toyf}xuzts^yf?
Laserdisc (1978) - Laserfilm (1984) - CD Video - VCD (1993) - DVD (1996) -

DVD-Video (1996) - MiniDVD - CVD (1998) - SVCD (1998) - FMD (2000) -
EVD (2003) - FVD (2005) - UMD (2005) - VMD (2006) - HD DVD (2006) -
Blu-ray Disc (BD) (2006) - AVCHD (2006) - Tapestry Media (2007) - HVD
(TBA) - PH-DVD (TBA) - Protein-coated disc (TBA) - Two-Photon 3-D (TBA)

5.6 |j;p7;k,9ec[[2tc]al (flash memory)
I6[ !D@$ |j;p7;k,9ec[[2tc]al mujgvUo;jk

g7njv’vjko{0PogIofU (handy drive)
2tc]alwfi s^n p6gvl[uwfi (Flash drive s^n

USB drive) gxaov5xtdvo7v,ry;g8u le]a[gda[0=h,6o3fp.-h|j;p7;k,9ec[[ 2tc]al
(flash) gIaf;PdIj;,da[ 16gvl[u (USB) !D! s^n @DW ,u0t|kfohvp c]t g[qkD .oxaf95[ao
2tc]alwfi lk,kf[ao950=h,6owfhg4y’ !@) GBD
3fpmqj;wx 2tc]alwfi 9tgIaf;Pdwfh.os^kp]t[q[xt8y[afdko Xoa[c8j Windows
98/ME/2000/XP/Vista, MAC, Linux c]t Unix?D v5xtdvogda[0=h,6o-toyfoU vkf9t
I6h9addao.os^kp-nj 3fp-njgs^qjkoAo c,jo0Bo16joez6hzt]yf g-yj’gxaowx8k,8q;c[[0v’g0qkg9Qk
gv’ g-ajoG
x 7uwfi (key drive)F
ະ ສດິ
x 9a,wfi (jump drive)F
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
x fk8hk7u (data key) s^n fk8hk-t8yd (data stick)F
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
x mikg;]wfi (travel drive)F
x ma,wfi (tump drive) s^n ma,7u (tump key)F
x growfi (pen drive)F
x 2tc]alwfi (flash drive) s^n 2tc]alful (flash disk)F
x g,3,iuwfi (memory drive) s^n g,3,iu-t8yd (memory stick)F
x p6gvl[uwfi (USB drive) s^n p6gvl[u7u (USB key)F
x cIofUwfi (handy drive) c]tvnjoM
6. v5xtdvoxhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices)

9kdI6[c[[dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u v5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6ogxaov5xtdvomujoegvqk
0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi, g0Qkwxgda[w;h.o|j;p7;k,9esâd c]t .-h.odkoxt,;ozqoD v5xtdvo
Ia[0=h,6o,us^kpxtgrf g-ajoG cxhory, (keyboard)F g,qkl (mouse)F mtciad[vo (trackball)F

dko7;[75, (joystick)F g7njv’ltcdogou (scanner)F g7njv’vjkovadlvoc,jgsâdF 9=leraf

(touch screen)D
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D@& cxhory,0t|kf !W$ x5j,
6.1 cxhory,
cxhory,gxaov5xtdvomujgIaf|hkmujIa[0=h,6o3fpdkodqfx5j,gmy’cxhory, c]h;lqj’]tsaf
.shda[g7njv’7v,ry;g8uD cxhory,muj,ad.-hdaos^kp .o8vooU ,u9eo;ox5j, !W$ x5j,D g4y’;jk
,ao9t,ux5j,s^kpd=8k, c8jdkoxhvo0=h,6opa’,ux5j,pqd (shift key) le]a[.-h7;[75,8q;vadlvo
vnjo g-ajoG dqfx5j, shift grnjvg]nvdvadlvorklklkdqo.shgxao8q;.spjD cxhory,muj.-h.oxtgmf
gIqklk,kfry,vadlvorklk]k;wfhD dkomujIa[0=h,6orklk]k;wfh gonjv’9kd,udkorafmt
ok3fp.-h3xicdi, s^n -v[c;.shg7njv’Ia[I6hrklk]k;wfhD

6.2 g,qklF mtciad[vo c]t dko7;[75,

dkorafmtok3xicdi,7v,ry;g8u.oxaf95[ao 9tgoAo.shz6h.-hgIaf;Pdwfh’jkp0Bo 9bj’,u
dkorafmtokv5xtdvoIa[g0Qk mujg\ktlq,da[3xicdi, g-yj’lk,kfg]nvd-Uwxgmy’|hk9=
c]h;g]nvdlyj’muj8hv’dkowfh g-ajoG
6.2.1 g,qkl
gxaov5xtdvoIa[0=h,6og0Qk mujlk,kfg]njvo8q;-Uwxsk8ec|j’muj8hv’dkogmy’|hk9=D
g,qklI5jogdqjk ,u]adltotgxaox5j,dqf xqd16jda[|j;pdq, c]t g,njv]kdwxgmy’rNoc]h; 9t,u
dkolqj’laopko8k,cdo x c]t y g0Qkl6j7v,ry;g8uD .oxaf95[ao g,qkl,us^kpI6[c[[ c]t
lj;os^kp9t.-hcl’cmo.sh|j;pdq, g-yj’gIaf.shz6h.-hlk,kfg]nvdwfh8k,7;k, 8hv’dkoD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D@* g,qkl.oI6[c[[8jk’M
6.2.2 mtciad[vo
7n |j;pdq,mujlk,kfdY’wx,k c]t ;k’16jgmy’g[QkD z6h.-hlk,kf[a’7a[|j;pdq,.sh
\6owx,k grnjv7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’8q;-Ugmy’|hk9=7v,ry;g8uD 7v,ry;g8uc[[3ohf[5d
(note book) I5jogdqjk lj;os^kp,udkolhk’mtciad[vow;h grktltf;d8+dko.-h c]t .-h
rNomuj|hvpD

I6[ !D@( mtciad[vo
6.2.3 dko7;[75,
,u]adltotgxao7ao3pd g-yj’3pdwx,kwfhs^kpmyfmk’D 0totmuj3pddhko7;[75,wx,k
8ec|j’0v’8q;-UxjPowxfh;p g-yj’gxaodkolqj’laopkog0Qkl6j7v,ry;g8uD dko7;[75,gxao
mujoypq,.-hdaos^kp.odkos^Yogd,D
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D@) dko7;[75,c[[8jk’M
6.3 g7njv’ltcdogou (scanner)

gxaov5xtdvoIa[0=h,6o3fp.-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’dkozjkocl’ grnjvvjko]tsafmujgxaolaopt
]ad s^n I6[rk[8jk’M c]h;.sh7v,ry;g8uoegvqkwxxt,;ozqo8+F g7njv’ltcdogou-j;p.sh
dkoIa[0=h,6owfh;jv’w;d;jkdkodqfx5j,gmyj’cxhory, c]t vudma’pa’s^5fzjvo0=hzyfrkfvao
gonjv’,k9kddkodqfx5j,vudfh;pD g7njv’mujoypq,.-hdao16jmqj;wxwfhcdj ltcdogouF g7njv’vjko
c4[]tsaf gxao8QoD

I6[ !D@_ ltcdogou c]t g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf
6.3.1 g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf}[k37f (barcode reader)
ະ ສດິ
gxaov5xtdvoIa[g0Qkmuj.-hle]a[vjko]tsafgxaoc4[ (bar code) g-yj’gxaoc4[glAomuj,u
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
0t|kfc8d8jk’dao c]t .-hcmo]tsaf0=h,6o8jk’MD dkovjko9t.-hcl’ljv’c4[glAo
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
gIaf.shgdufdkoltmhvocl’ grnjvIa[]tsafg0Qk,k8u7;k,\kpD xaf95[ao oypq,.-h.oIhko
la[rtlyo7hk g-yj’lyo7hkm5d-toyf9t8yfc4[]tsafw;hD z6h0kp.-hg7njv’vjkooU grnjv9twfhI6h;jk
,aogxaolyo7hkxtgrf.fF ]k7kgmqjk.f c]t lk,kfvvd.[[yoIa[g’yo.shwfh4nd8hv’1jk’
vaf8t3o,afD
I6[ !D#W c4[]tsaf c]t g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf

6.3.2 g7njv’vjkovadlvoc,jgsâd (Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition sp=hgxao

MICR)
gxaog7njv’vjko8q;g]dmujry,16jgmy’gvdtlkomujle7ao[k’1jk’ g-ajoG 8q;g]dmujry,16joe
mtok[af s^n .[g-adg’yo Xlaopk.-hg’yo? g-yj’8q;g]dgs^qjkoAo ,u]adltotryglfmujgIaf.sh
g7njv’vjkowfhD gonjv’9kdc8j]t,N mtok7ko8hv’Ia[ c]t 9jkpg’yogxao9eo;os^kp 9bj’,u
dko.-hg7njv’vjkooU -j;p.odkooa[ c]t d;flv[7;k,4nd8hv’0v’mtok[af s^n .oleoad
’kowxltou gryjo.-hg7njv’vjkooU grnjv-j;pcpd9qf\kp8k,]tsafwxltouD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ !D#! g7njv’vjkovadlvoc,jgsâd c]t .[g-ad (check)
6.4 9=lezaf
lk,kfgxaowfhma’|j;pIa[g0Qk c]t lqj’vvdD |j;p9=rk[lk,kfIa[0=h,6owxxt,;o
zqowfh 3fpdkolezafgmy’[=]yg;o|hk9=rk[D [=]yg;o|hk9=rk[0v’9=lezafxtdv[fh;p8k
7jkp0v’]ecl’vyo2kgif (infa red)D g,njv,u;af45,klezafgmy’|hk9= ,ao9t,udkolqj’
laopkow22hk g-yj’lk,kf]t[58ec|j’gmy’|hk9=.shda[3xicdi,mujde]a’gIaf;Pd16jD dko.-h
9=lezaf,u7;k,ltf;d c8jvkf9tzyfrkf.odko]t[58ec|j’gmy’|hk9= 4hk8ec|j’gmy’
|hk9=rk[,u0t|kfohvpgduowxD 9=lezafwfhxtp5d.-hda[;Pds^kp1jk’ g-ajoG .os^kpxtgmf
gryjo.-h.odko9v’xUg[yj’|a’F .odko9v’xUpqoF .o86h4vog’yo c]t vnjoMD

I6[ !D#@ 9=leraf
7. v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Output Devices)

gxaov5xtdvomujle7ao c]t 9egxao1jk’|bj’D v5xtdvoltcf’zqomuj.-h.o]t[q[7v,
ry;g8u g-ajoG |j;p9=rk[ (Monitor)F g7njv’ry, (Printer)F g7njv’lkp (Data Projector).
7.1 |j;p9=rk[
ະ ສດິ
|j;p9=rk[,u]adltot];,7ndaoda[3m]trk[mqj;wxD dkolqj’vvd0v’0=h,6o 9txkdqf
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
gmy’|hk9= g-yj’ltcf’wfhma’8q;vadlvoF 8q;g]dF g7njv’\kpryglf c]t pa’lk,kfltcf’
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
I6[rk[wfhfh;pD |j;p9=rk[,ulv’c[[7nG c[[ -uvkimu (CRT sp=h,k9kd Cathode Ray
ຫງ
Tube) .-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’s^vf]a’lugvg]ad8iq’ g-ajofP;da[3m]trk[.odkogIaf.shgdufrk[
c]t c[[ cv;-ufu (LCD sp=h,k9kd Liquid Crystral Display) .-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’
dko[ao950v’cs^;w;hrkp.o|hk9= g-ajofP;da[|hkxaf3,’mujgxao]t[q[8q;g]dD
I6[ !D## |hk9=rk[c[[ -uvkimu c]t c[[ cv;-ufu

dkoltcf’zqogmy’|hk9=rk[ 9tltcf’fh;pg,afohvpM8k,mk’ovo c]t mk’8A’D

c8jdjvo |hk9=rk[ltcf’zqowfhrP’lufP;D c8j8+,kwfh,udkorafmtok.sh,udkoltcf’zqo
wfhs^kpluD ovd9kdoU pa’,u7;k,]tvPfl6’0Bo g-ajoG |j;p9=rk[muj.-hda[7v,ry;g8u.o
xaf95[ao ltcf’zqo.ork;tdik2ydwfh1jk’|hvp .omk’ovo )WW g,af .omk’8A’ *WW g,af
c]t ltcf’luwfhg4y’]hkoluD 3fpmqj;wx 0t|kf0v’|hk9=rk[9tcmd8k,7;k,pk;0v’
glAogoaj’9v,0v’|hk9= c]t ,u0t|kfg]uj,9kd !$ oU; 0Bowx $& oU; Xle]a[|hkc[[ CRT
vkf9tIvfc8jxt,ko @W oU;gmqjkoAo?D dkoltcf’zqogmy’|hk9=7;[75,3fpcz’;q’9vo
gvg]ad38ioydmuj16jrkp.o7v,ry;g8uD
7.2 g7njv’ry,
75ootrk[0v’dkory,gvdtlko 3fp.-hg7njv’7v,ry;g8ulj;o|bj’ 0Boda[xtlyfmyrk[
0v’g7njv’ry,D ,aogxaov5xtdvomujle7aole]a[oegvqk0=h,6omujxt,;ozqoc]h; ry,]q’.lj|hk
g9hp8k,muj8hv’dkoD g7njv’ry,muj.-hdaoxaf95[ao,us^kpc[[s^kppujs=h 0Bo16jda[g8ad3o3]-u0v’
dkory, g-ajoG
ະ ສດິ
7.2.1 g7njv’ry,c[[g,af (dot matrix printer) ,u]k7k4ndF ,u75ootrk[fu c]t .-h;Pd
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
wfhmqj;wxD dkomujg7njv’ry,oU,u-nj;jk g7njv’ry,c[[g,af grktI6[]adltot8q;vadlvomujry,vvd
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
,k 9tgxaog,afohvpM16j.o0v[ g-ajoG 8q;vadlvomuj,u7;k,]tvPf.o];’l6’0v’8q;vadlvo
@$ g,af c]t 7;k,d;hk’c8j]t8q;vadlvo !@ g,afF 0t|kf c,miyd (matrix) 0v’8q;
vadlvo 9t,u @$V!@ g,afD
I6[ !D#$ g7njv’ry,c[[g,af

g7njv’ry,c[[g,af,ulj;oxtdv[[k’vao c]t 75o]adltotmujle7ao faj’8+wxoUG
1)
sq;ry,0v’g7njv’ry, muj.-hmqj;wx ,ug0a,ohvpM9eo;o _ vaoD c8j4hk8hv’dko.sh
;Pddkory,,u7;k,]tvPfl6’ s^n .sh8q;|a’ln’k,0Bo sq;ry,7;o,ug0a, @$ vaoD dkory,
8q;|a’ln.ork;t7;k,l;p’k,oU gvUo;jk gvocv;7u; (NLQ = News Letter Quality).
sq;g0a,gxao];fmuj,udqowd0a[g7njvo .-hsâddko-adoec,jgsâdw22hkD sq;g0a,8hv’c0’ c]t ,u
75ootrk[fu 9bj’lk,kfry,gvdtlko.ljg9hp|kl6’l5fwfhg4y’ & legoqk22D dkory,gvdtlko
0v’g7njv’ry,c8j]txtgrf s^n pujs=h 9tc8d8jk’dao grkt75ootrk[0v’cI’dqffaosq;ry,
c8j]tvao9t[+gmqjkdaoF gIaf.sh7;k,-afg9o0v’gvdtlkolegoqkl5fmhkp8jk’daoD 7;k,]t
vPf0v’g,afry,9t0Bo16jda[0t|kf0v’sq;g0a, c]t dqowd0a[g7njvo0v’g7njv’ry,c8j]tI5jo
g-ajoG #*WV#*W g,af8+oU;F #*WV!)W g,af8+oU;D 75ootrk[dkory,dik2yd0Bo16jda[75o]adlt
otfaj’djk;oAoD
2) v5xtdvod;flv[sq;ry, vkf9t,u.og7njv’ry,[k’I5joD ,ao,u|hkmujd;flv[7;k,
Ihvo0v’sq;ry, grktg,njvg7njv’ry,4nd.-h;Pdfqo sq;ry,9tIhvo0Bo g4y’9t,urkdlj;o]t
[kp7;k,Ihvoc]h;d=8k,F ,aovkf9t[+rP’r=D 4hkskdsq;ry,oAo Ihvo0Bos^kpD .od=]touoU
ະ ສດິ
v5xtdvofaj’djk; 9tlqj’laopko.shg7njv’ry,zjvo7;k,w;0v’dkory,]q’D g,njvv5ostr6,s^5f
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
]q’ ,aod=9tgruj,7;k,w;0v’dkory,wxg4y’0uf9edafvudD
ສ.
ຫງ
3) v5xtdvod;flv[7;k,|k0v’g9hp lj;os^kp9t,u16j.og7njv’ry,D 4hkxhvog9hp
.ljg7njv’ry,|kgduowx 9tgIaf.shsq;ry,gxgr’jkpD v5xtdvooU 9tgIaf.shg7njv’ry,15fgIaf;Pd
g,njvd;frq[;jkg9hp mujxhvo.ljg7njv’skd|kgduowx grnjvxhv’dao7;k,glpskp0v’sq;ry,D
ovd9kdoU ,aopa’d;flv[g[yj’;jk g9hpmujxhvo.ljg7njv’ry,oAopa’,us^n[+L
4) v5xtdvocmd7;k,w;0v’dkory, ,usq;|j;p;afcmdgxao9eo;o8q;vadlvo8+
;yokmu g-ajoG g7njv’ry,9try,wfh #WW 8q;vadlvo8+;yokmu .ork;txqddt8y c]t fh;p0t|kf
8q;vadlvo !W 388+oU;F c8jskdry,c[[ NLQ 3fpmqj;wxc]h; 7;k,w;9ts^5f]q’ gs^nvrP’
|bj’.olk,lj;ogmqjkoAoD dkod;flv[7;k,w;0v’g7njv’ry, .o8q;9y’vkf9t[+gmqjkda[75o

22
legoqk\kpg4y’ 0=h7;k, s^n goNv.omujry,9kd8Qolt[a[F 0=h7;k,goNv.omujdjkplegoqkvvd,k9kdlt[a[gfu,
“;af9toko5dq, rklk]k; Xlt[a[xa[x5’.\j? 3fp fiD mv’7e vjvo,toulvo}s=lt,5fcsj’-kf @WW)”.

]adltotmuj[vdw;h phvo;jk0totmujry,8q;9y’ g7njv’ry,8hv’wfhg]njvosq;ry,wx,k 9tgIaf.sh

glpg;]kr=lq,7;oD 7;k,w;0v’g7njv’ry,.oxaf95[ao,u8A’c8j @WW{&WW 8q;vadlvo 8+;yokmuD
5) 0t|kfry,0v’g7njv’ry,,u @ 0t|kf 7nG .-hda[g9hp0t|kf _V!& oU; s^n ry,wfh
)W 8q;vadlvo c]t !#@ 8q;vadlvo.ork;t !W 8q;vadlvo8+oU;D
6) [jvorad0v’0=h,6o (buffer) gxaog]njv’mujle7ao grktdkory,c8j]tgmnjvoAo g7njv’
7v,ry;g8u 9tlqj’0=h,6o]q’wxgda[w;h.o[jvorad-qj;7k;D 4hk[jvorad-qj;7k; ,u0t|kf.spj
9ts^5frk]tdkolqj’;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8uwxskg7njv’ry,wfhs^kpD 0t|kf0v’[jvorad-qj;7k;
,u8A’c8j ) KB 0BowxD g4y’1jk’.fd=8k, g7njv’ry,[k’I5jo lk,kfgruj,0t|kf0v’[jvorad
0=h,6o-qj;7k;wfh 3fpdko.lj|j;p7;k,9e]q’ g-yj’8hv’wfh-N.lj8jk’skdD
7) [jvo.ljg9hp gxaolj;omujle7ao .odkoxhvog9hpg0Qk.og7njv’ry, c]t 7;o.-h
wfhma’g9hpme,tfk c]t g9hp8+gonjv’mujgxaoI6mk’fhko0hk’D
7.2.2 g7njv’ry,g]g-u (laser printer) gxaog7njv’ry,muoypq,.-hdao1jk’d;hk’0;k’D g7njv’

ry,oUvkwlg8ad3o3]-uw22hklt4yf mujrq[gsao.og7njv’4jkpgvdtlkomqj;wx 3fp]ecl’9kd
wf3vfg]g-u 9tlkpwxskdt9qd,5, grnjvltmhvowxskmjvodY’w;cl’ g-yj’9txa[laopko
ະ ສດິ
rk[ s^n 8q;vadlvomujwfhIa[9kd7v,ry;g8u8k,mk’pk;0v’mjvodY’1jk’;jv’w;D lkog7nv[
ສະ .ສ
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ວນ
ວ
gmy’mjvodY’9tgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[cl’ c]h;xjPogxao[ao95w22hklt4yf g-yj’gIaf.shzq’\bd
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gdkt8yfda[rNomujmuj,uw22hk[ao95D g,njvg9hpry,\6ozjkomjvodY’ 7;k,Ihvo9tgIaf.shzq’\bd
s^v,]t]kp8yfda[g9hp wfhI6[rk[ s^n 8q;vadlvoD
I6[ !D#& g7njv’ry,g]g-u (laser printer)

gonjv’9kd]ecl’g]g-uwfhIa[dko7;[75,1jk’c,jo1e gIaf.sh7;k,]tvPf0v’g,af
I6[mujxtdqfgmy’g9hpdtfkfl6’s^kpF ;Pdry,9bj’,u75ootrk[l6’ gIaf.sh8q;|a’ln,u7;k,7q,
-afg9o c]t l;p’k,D dkory,gvdtlko0v’g7njv’ry,g]g-u 9t[+,ulP’fa’g\nvodaoda[
g7njv’ry,c[[g,af c8j9t,yf’P[g\nvofaj’g7njv’4jkpgvdtlkoD
g7njv’ry,g]g-umujoypq,.-hda[g7njv’w,377v,ry;g8ulj;os^kp 9t,u7;k,w;xt,ko * sk
@$ |hk8+okmu 3fp,u7;k,]tvPf0v’rk[xt,ko #WW g,af8+oU;D faj’oAoF ,ao9bj’gIaf.shwfh
rk[dik2ydmujl;p’k, c]t 8q;|a’lnmuj7q,-afg9ofu ,u-5fc[[vadlvos^kp-5fD g7njv’ry,
g]g-u]tfa[l6’9t,u7;k,w;0v’dkory,l6’0Bo 7n 8A’c8j @W |hk8+okmu sk (W |hk8+okmuD
g7njv’ry,g]g-u]tfa[l6’oU 9t,u]k7kcr’ [+g\ktlq,8+dkooe,k.-h.oleoad’komqj;wxD
g7njv’ry,g]g-upa’,udkorafmtok8+wx gonjv’9kd3xicdi,lhk’rk[dik2yd 9t,u
7;k,lk,kfl6’0BoD ,aolk,kflhk’ c]t ;kfrk[.o]adltotgxao-Yolj;o;af45 ,kxtlq,
xtlkodao.shg[yj’wfhl;p’k,0BoD 3xicdi,8jk’M 9t8hv’cx’0=h,6ork[,kgxaog,afrk[
c]h;9bj’lqj’0=h,6o9kd95frk[wxskg7njv’ry,D rk[mujlhk’ c]t ltcf’zqovvdmk’g7njv’ry,
9t.-hg;]kpk;okos^kpokmu8+rk[D g7njv’g]g-u 9t,u|j;pxt,;ozqo s^n w,37i3xig-lg-u
ສດິ
16jrkp.ole]a[Ia[0=h,6oI6[rk[ grnjvc[j’g[qkrk]t0v’7v,ry;g8uD 0totfP;dao 9t,u
ະ
ສະ .ສ
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7;k,9e0t|kf.spj0Bo le]a[gda[0=h,6oI6[rk[wfhs^kp0BoD
ວນ
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7elaj’ s^n rklk grnjvvtmy[kp0=h,6oI6[rk[ mujoypq,.-hda[g7njv’g]g-uI5jo.\joU lj;os^kp
ຫງ
9t.-hrklkxqflt7iyx (postscript) 9qo,adgvUodao;jk g7njv’ry, xqflt7iyxD
.odkog]nvd-N g7njv’g]g-u,k.-h;Pd 9t8hv’wfhry9k]tok75o]adltot8jk’M faj’oUG
1) 75ootrk[0v’g7njv’ry,G g7njv’ry,8hv’ry,wfh #WW sk *WW g,af8+oU;D 4hk9eo;o
g,afrk[8+oU;l6’s^kpgmqjk.f d=py’gIaf.shI6[rk[7q,-af0BogmqjkoAoD
2) 7;k,w;0v’dkory,G g7njv’ry,g]g-umuj.-hmqj;wx 9t,uvaf8k7;k,w;0v’dkory,
xt,ko * g4y’ @$ |hk8+okmuD vaf8k7;k,w;0v’dkory,muj]t[5w;h.og7njv’vkf 9t[+
4nd8hv’ z6h.-hvkf9tmqflv[7;k,w;3fpdkodkory,;Pd8jk’dao g-ajoG ry,gvdtlkoc[[
[+g;Ao[aomafF gvdtlkoc[[g;Ao[aomaf c]t rk[dik2yd 3fp,u-5fc[[vadlvo8jk’dao
c]h;9qf[aombdg;]k grnjvxP[mP[zqoD
3) |j;p7;k,9e0v’g7njv’ry,G g7njv’ry,g]g-u 9t,u|j;p7;k,9ele]a[gda[0=h,6o
8q;vadlvo c]t rk[gvqkw;hD 8k,xqddt8y,ao9t,u|j;p7;k,9e16j &!@ dy3]w[ g4y’ !
g,dkw[ c]t lk,kf0tspkpgruj,g8u,wfhvudD g7njv’muj,u|j;p7;k,9el6’d;jk ]k7kcr’

d;jk 9tgIaf;Pdwfhw;d;jk grkt7v,ry;g8ulk,kflqj’0=h,6ork[wxry,wfhmaomu [+9egxao8hv’

glpg;]klqj’0=h,6os^kpM gmnjvD
7.2.3 g7njv’ry,c[[rqjo\bd (inkjet printer) gxaog7njv’ry,muj.-h;ymudkorqjooE\bd c]t

xtlq,lu9kdc,jlu lk,lu 7nG lucf’F lugs^nv’ c]t lu2hkD ,ao9txtlq,lu.shwfh8k,7;k,
8hv’dko c]t rqjo\bdvvd,k grnjv.sh8yfda[|hkg9hpD .oxt95[ao g7njv’ry,c[[rqjo\bd
gxaomujoypq,daos^kp gonjv’9kd,aolk,kfry,I6[rk[vvd,kgxaoluwfhl;p’k,D
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ສະ .ສ
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ວນ
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I6[ !D#* g7njv’ry,.-h\bd (inkjet printer)
ຫງ
7.2.4 g7njv’ry,c[[c4; (line printer) g7njv’ry,-toyfoU ,u7;k,w;.odkory,l6’s^kpD
,aolk,kfry,wfhs^kpIhvpc4;8+okmu 7nG 7;k,w;.odkory,,ug4y’ @DWWW c4;8+okmuD
]adltotdkory,,us^kpc[[D [k’c[[.-hry,fh;pc4[.=lj8q;vadlvomuj\6o16j c]t ,u7aog7kt
8q;vadlvo.o8ec|j’mujdeoqfS [k’c[[.-hsq;py’c[[95f c8j,u9eo;osq;py’gxao9eo;o
s^kp grnjv.shry,wfhw;D g7njv’ry,-toyfoU 9bj’g\ktlq,da[leoad’ko s^n vq’dvomuj8hv’dko
ry,gxao9eo;os^kp c]t ry,1jk’8+gonjv’D

ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
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ວນ
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I6[ !D##( g7njv’ry,c[[[[aomaf (linee printer) ຫງ

7..3 g7njv’lkpp0=h,6o
g7njv’lkpp0=h,6o gxaov5xtdvow22h
x k-toy
- f mujlkpp0=h,6osâ’9kdzjzjkodkoxt,;oozqo
vvvd9kdg7njv’77v,ry;g8u .lj9=9=rk[ s^n zhklkdD
l .oxaf95[[aaoF ,aogxaov5xtdvomu
x joypq,.-hdao
.ooshv’IPo c]]t shv’xt-5, le]a[dkooeltg|ugoNv.oo8jk’MD g7njv’lkp0=h,6olk,kf
8+vvd9kd8q;g-n-njv,8+ (VGA socket) 0v’’g7njv’7v,ry;;g8u g-yj’,u7;kk,g0A,0v’rk[[c8j
8000V600, 10244V768 c]t 1280V1024. g7n g jv’lkplj;oos^kp lk,kff.-hwfhda[3m]trrk[
];,ma’g7njv’lkkp;yfu3vD [k’’g7njv’lkplk,,kf.-h wfhma’’da[3m]trk[]t[q[ vkok]avd
c]t fy9y8vo c]]t lk,kf.-hgxag og7njv’[aogmumu’rkp.ogInvoowfhD
xB,c[[IPo
, ICT ,D@
@ 41

I6[ !D#) g7njv’lkp0=

’ h,6o.ovtfuf
.oxu !_)WF g7njv’lkp0=h,6,6o g7njv’|bj’,uoE|ads^kpdd;jk !) dy3]dik,F

] oe.--h
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s^vfl6opkdkf (CCRT) le]a[lkprk[0k;f fe (monochrrome image))D 4hkgxaog7njv’
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lkpggxaoI6[lu ,ao99t,u oE|adgru,0B
j os^kpgmqjk grkt8hv’wfh..-hhs^vfl6opkdkfg4y’ # s^vf
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mujgxaolu
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pkdkkfmuj,u0t|kf.spj ,kgxaog7n7njv’lkp0t|kkfohvpg-yj’,uoEE|ad[+gmqjk.fdydy3]dik,D
I6[ !D#_ g7njv’lkkp0=h,6omuj.-h.oxaxaf95[ao

7e4k,7Qo7;hk !
1. dkoxt,;o0=h,6o.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u,u95fgfajo7nco;.fL
2. lj;oxtdv[mujgxaorNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u ,uspa’cfjL
3. lj;oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u c8j]tvao,u|hkmuj3fp];, 7nco;.fL
4. |j;pxt,;ozqodk’c[j’vvdco;.f c]t ,u|hkmujspa’LD
5. 9qj’g;Qkg4y’dkorafmtok c]t dkorq;rao0v’ CPU da[ TransistorsL
6. gryjodeoqf0t|kf0v’ CPU co;.fL
7. 9qj’deoqfsq;|j;pmujgxaov5xt76o c]t mt;u76o0v’ bit c]t dkorq;rao0v’r;d,aoD
8. 9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’xP[mP[7;k,c8d8jk’0v’ CPU c8j]tI5joD
9. |j;p7;k,9esâd ci, c]t iv,c8d8jk’daoco;.fL
10. 9qj’xP[mP[|hkmuj0v’|j;p7;k,9esâd c]t |j;p7;k,9eleIv’D
11. |j;p7;k,9eleIv’xtdv[,uspa’cfjLD
ະ ສດິ
12. 9qj’g;Qkg4y’37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t ;ymudko[aombd0=h,6o0v’fyfltcdafD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
13. Ikfful,u]adltotmqj;wxco;.fL
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
14. dko3vophkp0=h,6o0v’]ts;jk’Ikfful c]t |j;p7;k,9egxaowx7nco;.fL
15. dko7;[75,Ikffulgxaowxco;.f c]t -toyf0v’cz’7;[75,,uspa’cfjL
16. 37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t dkooe.-hgma[c,jgsâdgxaowxco;.fL
17. 37’xtdv[lhk’ c]t ]adltotmqj;wx0v’czjo-ufu c]t czjofu;ufugxaoco;.fL
18. ,kf8t4ko0v’czjo-ufu ,uspa’cfjL
19. 3fpmqj;wx czjo-ufu c]t czjofu;ufu,u9ad-toyf c]t -toyf.fcfjL
20. ]adltotmqj;wx0v’ data stick ,u7nco;.fL
21. v5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6o c]t ltcf’zqo ,uspa’cfjL c8j]tvao,u37’lhk’ c]t ;ymudko
gIaf;Pdco;.fL
22. g7njv’ry,,u9adxtgrf c]t c8j]txtgrfgIaf;Pdco;.fL
23. 9qj’xP[mP[g7njv’lkp0=h,6o c]t |j;p9=rk[D

24. .shoadIPory9k]tok;jkv5xtdvo8+wxoUgxaov5xtdvoxtgrf.fL
|j;p7;k,9esâd
|j;p7;k,9ele
|j;pxt,;ozqo
|j;plqj’vvd
|j;pIa[g0Qk
v5xtdvo
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Iv’
1 g,qkl
2 CPU
g7njv’vjko]tsafcmj’ (bar
3
code reader)
4 g7njv’vjkoczjo[aombd
5 Monitor
g7njv’vjkoczjo-ufu (CD
ະ ສດິ
6
player)
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
7 dhko7;[75, (joystick)
ສ.
ຫງ
8 ]e3r’ (speaker)
9 cxhory, (keyboard)
10 g7njv’ry, (printer)
11 ci, (RAM)
12 czjo[aombd (diskette)
13 Ikfful (hard disk)
14 czjo-ufu (CD)
15 iv, (ROM)

[qfmu @
-v[c; XSoftware?
zjkodkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG
x g0Qk.97;k,\kp c]t g0Qk.97;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;D
x g0Qk.97;k,lerao]ts;jk’-v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8uD
x I6h-toyf0v’-v[c; c]t |hkmuj0v’r;d,aoD
x g0Qk.97;k,\kp c]t I6hxtgrf0v’w;iaf
x I6hvkdko0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj8yfw;iafF ;ymudkod;fskF ;ymudkode9af c]t ;ymu
dkode9afw;iafD
7e4k,7Qo7;hkG
x 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;,u7nco;.fL
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x w;iafc,jospa’ c]t ,uxtgrf.fcfjL
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xhv’dao[+.shg7njv’8yfw;iafwfhco;.fL
d=]toulbdlkG
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.og,njv7qogIqklhk’,ao0Bo,k c]t ,aod=gxaorP’v5xtdvomujvkwlw22hk grnjv]+]hP’8q;,ao
gv’.sh.-h;PdwfhD 4hk1kd.sh7v,ry;g8u-j;p;Pdwfhgxao]t[q[ c]t 8k,7;k,8hv’dko
0v’gIqkF c,jospa’ muj9tgxaolyj’deoqf.sh,aoxt8y[af8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’7qogIqkwfhLD
lyj’gs^qjkoAo ,udko9aflaoF ,u7;k,\kp c]t ,u|hkmuj.odkooe.-hco;.fL [aoskmujgduf0Bo
da[dkogIaf;Pd0v’ 7v,ry;g8uc,jospa’L grnjvsûdg;Ao9kd[aoskgs^qjkoAo 7;ogIafco;.fL

1. 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;

-v[c; \kpg4y’-5f7elaj’ s^n 3xicdi,muj.-hlaj’.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,]efa[
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gxao3xicdi,7v,ry;g8uD g\nvofaj’mujdjk;,kc]h;;jk 7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,-5f7elaj’F
faj’oAoF dkogIaf;Pd’ko0AorNo4ko gxaorP’dkodtmeda[0=h,6omujgxao8q;g]d4kolv’ g-yj’
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dkomujgIqkgsao7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd.shda[gIqk1jk’s^kds^kp phvo,ao,u-v[c;8jk’M
-j;plt|a[lt\6odkogIaf;Pd’kogs^qjkoAo g-ajoG Ihko7hkvkf9t.-h7v,ry;g8u .odkogIaf
[ao-umujsp5h’pkd-a[-hvoF [=]ylaf0kpxUpqo.-h7v,ry;g8u-j;p.o]t[q[dko9v’xUF mtok7ko
.-h7v,ry;g8u-j;p.odko9afdko0=h,6o8jk’M muj,u16j1jk’s^;’s^kpF 76 c]t oadIPo.-h7v,ry;
g8u-j;p.odko9afry,gvdtlkoD faj’oAoF -v[c;9bj’,u7;k,\kpI;,wxg4y’3xicdi,7v,
ry;g8um5dxtgrf mujgIaf.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;PdwfhD
ສດິ
dkomuj7v,ry;g8ufegouodkowfhco;.f c]t lhk’.shgdufxt3spf.shwfhs^kp{|hvp
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rP’.foAo 9bj’0Bo16jda[-v[c;D -v[c;9bj’gxaolj;ole7ao0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8uD skd0kf
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0jk;lkogxaowxwfh8k,muj8hv’dkoD
2. -v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u

g,njv,to5f,u7;k,8hv’dko.-h7v,ry;g8u gxaog7njv’,n-j;p.odkofegouodko ,to5f
9egxao8hv’[vd0Ao8vo c]t dkofegouodko.sh7v,ry;g8u-k[D dkomuj9t[vdlyj’muj,to5f
g0Qk.9.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6h c]t gIaf;Pdwfh1jk’4nd8hv’oAo 9egxao8hv’,ulnjdk’D 4hkxP[mP[
da[-u;yfxt9e;aoc]h; gIqk,urklkmuj.-hgxaodko8yf8+g-yj’daoc]tdaoD g-ajofP;dao 4hk,to5f
8hv’dko9t4jkpmvf7;k,8hv’dko.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6h c]t xt8y[af8k, 9t8hv’,uljdn k’
le]a[dko8yf8+ grnjv.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6hD gryjogvUolnjdk’oU;jk rklk7v,ry;g8uD
gonjv’9kd7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pdfh;plaopkow22hkxyf c]t gxuf g-yj’.-hcmofh;p8q;
g]d W c]t ! wfhD z6hvvdc[[7v,ry;g8u9bj’.-h8q;g]d W c]t ! oU gxao]tsafcmo

7elaj’.odkolaj’;Pd7v,ry;g8uD ]tsafcmo0=h,6o c]t 7elaj’3fp.-h]t[q[g]d4kolv’oU

gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8ulk,kfg0Qk.9wfhD gryjogvUog]d4kolv’mujxtdv[gxao-5f7elaj’ c]t .-hlaj’
;Pd’ko7v,ry;g8u ;jk rklkg7njv’D
dko.-hrklkg7njv’ g4y’c,jo;jk7v,ry;g8u9tg0Qk.9wfhmaomu c8jz6h.-h9t,u0=hsp5h’pkd
s^kp grktg0Qk.9 c]t 9nj9ewfhpkdD ltoAoF 9bj’,uz6hlhk’rklk7v,ry;g8u.oI6[c[[mujgxao
8q;vadlvoF gxaoxt3spd0=h7;k,D rklk.o]adltotfaj’djk; gvUo;jk rklk7v,ry;g8u]tfa[
l6’D rklkoU,u16j1jk’s^;’s^kpF [k’rklkd=,u7;k,g\ktlq,da[dko.-h;Pd’kodko7e
o;omk’fhko7toyflkf c]t ;ymtpklkfF [k’rklkd=,u7;k,g\ktlq, w;hlaj’;Pd’ko
mk’fhkodko9afdko0=h,6oD
.odkogIaf;Pd’ko0v’7v,ry;g8uF 7v,ry;g8u9tcxrklk]tfa[l6’.shgxaorklk
g7njv’D faj’oAoF 9bj’,uz6hrafmtok3xicdi,7v,ry;g8ule]a[cxrklk7v,ry;g8u]tfa[l6’ .sh
gxaorklkg7njv’D 3xicdi,muj.-hcxrklk7v,ry;g8u]tfa[l6’.shgxaorklkg7njv’ ,u @ ]adlt
ສດິ
otfaj’oUG
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
2.1 7v,rkpg]u XCompiler? s^n 3xicdi,cx3xicdi, s^n 8q;cx3xicdi, gxao3xi
ສ.
ຫງ
cdi,7v,ry;g8u mujgIaf|hkmujcx’-5f7elaj’rklk7v,ry;g8u|bj’wxgxao-5f7elaj’ muj,u7;k,
\kpfP;dao.orklk7v,ry;g8uvnjoD ,ao9tgIafdkocx3xicdi,muj0Porklk]tfa[l6’ma’
\qf3xicdi,.shgxaorklkg7njv’djvo c]h;9bj’.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,rklkg7njv’oAoD
2.2 vyog8uxiyfg8u XInterpreter? 9tgIafdkocxgmnjv]t7elaj’ c]h;.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf

8k,7elaj’oAo g,njvgIafleg]afc]h; 9bj’,kcx7elaj’]efa[8+wxD
0=hc8d8jk’]ts;jk’7v,rkpg]u c]t vyog8uxiyfg8u 0Bo16jda[dkocxma’\qf3xicdi,

s^n gmnjv]t7elaj’D 7v,rkpg]umujIh6daofu g-ajoG 8q;cxrklk-u c]t 8q;cxrklkxkldkoS
lj;ovyog8uxiyfg8u g-ajoG 8q;cxrklkg[lydF 8q;cxrklk3]3d c]t 8q;cxrklk37[voD

8k8t]k’ltcf’8q;1jk’ Compiler
Compiler Author Windows UNIX-like Other OSs License type
Visual Basic Microsoft Yes No DOS Proprietary
Portable C Anders Magnusson and

Yes Yes Yes Open source
Compiler others
Embarcadero
C++ Compiler Yes No No Freeware
(CodeGear)
Borland C++ Borland (CodeGear) Yes No DOS Proprietary
Turbo C++ for

Borland (CodeGear) No No DOS Proprietary
DOS
Visual C++ Microsoft Yes No No Proprietary
VisualAge
IBM Yes AIX OS/2 Proprietary
C++
Intel Fortran Linux and

Intel Yes No Proprietary
Compiler Mac OS X
ສດິ
Lahey Computer
ະ
Lahey Fortran Yes Linux only No Proprietary
Systems, Inc.
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
NAG Fortran Numerical Algorithms
Yes Yes No Proprietary
ສ.
ຫງ
Compiler Group
Object Pascal
Borland (CodeGear) Yes (3.x) No No Proprietary
for Windows
Turbo Pascal CodeGear (Borland) No No Yes Freeware
-v[c; s^n 3xici,7v,ry;g8u gxaolj;ole7ao muj7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd’ko0v’

7v,ry;g8u .shfegouodko8k,co;7;k,7yfmujdeoqfw;h]j;’|hkc]h;D 7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd
8k,3xicdi,gmqjkoAo ,ao[+lk,kfgIaf;Pd’koovdg|nv9kdmujdeoqfw;h.o3xicdi,D

I6[ @D! 7v,rkpg]u (compiler) c]t vyog8uxiyfg8u (interpreter)
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
3.
ວ
-toyf0v’-v[c;
ສ.
ຫງ
-v[c; s^n 3xici,7v,ry;g8umuj,uz6hrafmtok0Bo,k grnjv.-h.o7v,ry;g8u,us^;’s^kpD
-v[c;gs^qjkoU vkf9twfhIa[dkorafmtok9kdz6h.-hgv’ s^n z6hrafmtok]t[q[ s^n z6hzt]yf
9e|jkpD skdc[j’cpd-toyf0v’-v[c;8k,ltrk[dkogIaf;Pd’ko 9tc[j’wfhgxao
lv’xtgrffaj’oUG
-v[c;
-v[c;]t[q[ -v[c;xtp5d
]t[q[xt8y[afdko 8q;cxrklk -v[c;leg]afI6[ -v[c;.-h;Pdltgrkt
I6[ @D@ dkoc[j’-toyf-v[c;

3.1 -v[c;]t[q[ (system software)

gxao-v[c;muj[=]ylaflhk’0Bo,k grnjv.-h9afdkoda[]t[q[dko[=]ysko’ko8jk’MD |hkmuj
dkogIaf;Pd0v’,ao 7nfegouo’korNo4ko8jk’M0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8u g-ajoG Ia[0=h,6o9kd
cxhory, c]h;cx7;k,\kp.sh7v,ry;g8ug0Qk.9F oegvqk0=h,6owxltcf’zqogmy’9=rk[ s^n
lqj’vvdwxskg7njv’ry,F 9afdko0=h,6o.o]t[q[c2h, 0=h,6ogmyj’|j;p7;k,9eleIv’D
g,njvgxufg7njv’7v,ry;g8u maomumuj,udtclw22hk.shda[g7njv’ ,ao9tgIaf;Pd8k,3xi
cdi,maomuD 3xicdi,mevyfmujlaj’.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;PdoU gxao-v[c;]t[q[D -v[c;]t[q[
vkfgda[w;h.oiv, s^n .oczjo9koc,jgsâd (hard disk)D skd[+,u-v[c;]t[q[F 7v,ry;g8u
9tgIaf;Pd[+wfhD 8q;1jk’0v’-v[c;]t[q[ g-ajoG ;yo3f _( (Windows _()F ;yo3f _)
(Windows _))F ;yo3f ,u (Windows Me)F ;yo3f gvadru (Windows XP)F ;yo3f ;yl8ki
(Windows Vista)F p6oyd (Unix) c]t ]uo5d (Linux) gxao8QoD
-v[c;]t[q[pa’gxaog7njv’,n.odkorafmtok-v[c;vnjoM g-ajoG Utility Software
c]t pa’I;,g4y’8q;cxrklk8jk’M g-yj’xtdv[,u [aofk Graphic, Clean up, …
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ @D# ,t3ork[djP;da[-v[c;]t[q[ c]t -v[c;xtp5d

3.2 -v[c;xtp5d}oe.-h 23 (application software)

gxao-v[c;muj.-hda[;Pd’kofhko 8jk’M 8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h.-hmujlk,kfoe
,k.-hxt3spfwfh3fpdq’D xaf95[ao ,uz6hrafmtok-v[c;.-hle]a[;Pd’kofhko8jk’M vvd9e
|jkpgxao9eo;os^;’s^kpF gIaf.shdkooe.-h;Pd’kofh;p7v,ry;g8u 9bj’gxaowx1jk’d;hk’
0;k’ c]t crjs^kpD
-v[c;xtp5dvkf4ndc[j’vvdgxaolv’d5j, g-ajoG -v[c;leg]afI6[ c]t -v[c;muj
rafmtok0Bo.-h;PdltgrktD -v[c;leg]afI6[.oxaf95[ao,us^;’s^kp g-ajoG -v[c;xt
,;o7ela[ (word processing software)F -v[c;gIaf;Pdda[8k8t]k’ c]t vnjoMD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ @D$ -v[c;oe.-h8jk’M

23
xtp5d (applied) \kpg4y’ xa[.-h.shgxaoxt3spfF “rqf9toko5dq,]k;F lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp l5[yorit3dw-p%
rDl @$$)”.

4. |hkmuj0v’-v[c;]t[q[
g4y’;jk7v,ry;g8u9txtdv[fh;pvq’xtdv[rNo4komujle7ao faj’v5xtdvoIa[g0QkF v5xt
dvolqj’vvdF |j;p7;k,9e c]t |j;pxt,;ozqo d=8k,F .odkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u
9egxao8hv’,udkofegouo’koda[v5xtdvorNo4kogs^qjkoAoD faj’oAoF 9bj’8hv’,u-v[c;]t[q[
grnjv.-h.odko9afdkodjP;da[]t[q[0v’g7njv’D |hkmuj8Qo8=0v’-v[c;]t[q[xtdv[fh;pG
1) .-h.odko9afdkov5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6o c]t v5xtdvoltcf’zqo g-ajoG Ia[I6hdko
dqfx5j,8jk’M0v’cxhory,F lqj’]tsaf8q;vadlvovvdmk’9=rk[ s^n g7njv’ry,F 8yf8+da[v5xt
dvoIa[g0Qk c]t lqj’vvdvnjoM 7nG g,qklF ]e3r’ gxao8QoD
2) .-h.odko9afdko|j;p7;k,9e grnjvoegvqk0=h,6o9kdczjo[aombd0=h,6o,k[ao95.o
|j;p7;k,9esâd s^n .omk’dq’dao0hk, 7noegvqk0=h,6o9kd|j;p7;k,9esâd,k[aombdw;h
.oczjo[aombd s^n IkffulD
3) .-hgxao38g-njv,8+]ts;jk’z6h.-hda[g7njv’7v,ry;g8u grnjv.shlk,kf.-h;Pdwfh’jkp0Bo
g-ajoG dkog[yj’]kpdko.olk]t[ko (directory)F .oczjo[aombd0=h,6oF dkogIaflegoqk
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
c2h,0=h,6oD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
-v[c;]t[q[muj.-hdaomqj;wx c[j’vvdgxao]t[q[xt8y[afdko c]t 8q;cxrklk-v[
c;D ma’lv’xtgrfoU gIaf.shgdufrafmtokdkodkooe.-h wfh’jkp0BoD
4.1 ]t[q[xt8y[afdko
]t[q[xt8y[afdko s^n gvUosp=h;jk 3vgvl (OS sp=h,k9kd Operation System) gxao
lj;oxtdv[mujle7ao0v’]t[q[-v[c;D ]t[q[xt8y[afdkoxtdv[0Bo9kd-5f3xicdi,muj
gIaf|hkmuj7;[75,dkofegouodko8jk’M0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8u c]t xtlkodkogIaf;Pd
’ko]ts;jk’-a[rtpkdvo8jk’M.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u g]uj,c8jlj;omujgxao-v[c; c]t lj;omuj
gxaoIkfc;.shgxaowx1jk’g\ktlq, c]t ,uxtlyfmyrk[D ]t[q[7v,ry;g8u.o]tfa[w,37i
7v,ry;g8u8hv’,u-v[c;]t[q[xt8y[afdkooU c]t 3fpmqj;wx.-h]t[q[xt8y[afdkomuj9afgda[
16jgmy’czjo[aombd s^n IkffulD ]t[q[xt8y[afdkomujoypq,.-hdaos^kp c]t I6h9addaofu 7n fvl

XDOS sp=h,k9kd Disk Operation System)F;yo3f (Windows)F 16oyd XUnix?F ]uo5d

(Linux) c]t c,advyomvf (Macintosh sp=hgxao Mac) gxao8QoD
4.1.1 DOS
DOS gxao-v[c;9af]t[q[;Pd’komujrafmtok,kfqookoc]h;F dko.-h;Pd9bj’.-h
7elaj’fh;p8q;vadlvoD zjko,klj;os^kp.ow,37i7v,ry;g8ugxaomjuI6hdaofu c]t ,adoypq,.-h
gva,gvl fvl (MS-DOS sp=h,k9kd Microsoft Disk Operation System? g-yj’rafmtok
3fp[=]ylaf w,37i-v[7=x=gi-ao XMicrosoft Cooperation?D ]t[q[xt8y[afdkooUwfh,udko
rafmtok,k1jk’8+gonjv’8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h-q,.-h c]t rafmtokdko0v’-v[c;
c]t Ikfc;D
dkog]uj,8QogIaf;Pd0v’ DOSG DOS 9tg]uj,8QogIaf;Pd3fpvaf8t3o,af9kdlj;o
0v’-5f7elaj’muj9afgda[16jgmy’|j;p7;k,9e0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8umuj.-hvjko1jk’fP; (ROM)D
7elaj’gs^jqkoU 9tgIaf|hkmuj7;[75,v5xtdvorNo4ko c]t gIafdko[ao95]t[q[xt8y[afdko
ະ ສດິ
9kdczjo[aombd s^n Ikfful 0Bol6j|j;p7;k,9esâd c]t sâ’9kdoAoF dko7;[75,dko
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
gIaf;Pd0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8u 9t4nd[ao95wx16jgmy’|j;p7;k,9esâd.shgxaomujIP[IhvpD 3xi
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
cdi,|bj’.o DOS muj4nd[ao95 7n 3xicdi,7elaj’muj,u-nj;jk 7a,,aofvf7v, (command.
com) c]t 0t[;odkog]uj,8QodkogIaf;Pd0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8ufaj’djk;gvUodaomqj;wx;jk
dko[5f (boot) g7njv’7v,ry;g8uD dko[5f,u16jfh;pdao @ ;ymu 7nG
1) 37o[5f XCold Boot? 7ndkogxufg7njv’fh;px5j,xyf{gxuf (power switch)D
2) ;v,[5f XWarm Boot? 7n9t.-h;ymuoU .o0totmujg7njv’gxuf16j c]t g7njv’7hk’
(hank) g-yj’[+lk,kfgIaf;Pdwfh8k,mujgIqkxhvo0=h,6og0QkwxD dko[5fc[[oUlk,kf
gIafwfh16j @ ;ymu 7nG
1. dqfx5j, Reset Xvjko;jk iug-af?D
2. dqfx5j, Ctrl+Alt+Del rhv,dao16j.ocxhory, c]h;xjvp,nD

I6[ @D& rk[ltcf’|hk9=dko[5fg7njv’7v,ry;g8u fh;p]t[q[xt8y[afdko DOS
-toyf7elaj’0v’ DOSG 7elaj’0v’ DOS ,u16j @ -toyf7nG

1) 7elaj’rkp.o (Internal Command) gxao7elaj’mujgvUo.-hwfhmaomu 8ts^vfg;]k
mujg7njv’.-hgIaf;Pd16j grkt7elaj’xtgrfoU 4nd[ao95]q’.o|j;p7;k,9esâd8ts^vf
g;]k sâ’9kdmuj boot DOS24D lj;os^kp9tgxao7elaj’muj.-h16jltg\u g-ajoG CLS,
DIR, COPY, REN gxao8QoD
2) 7elaj’rkpovd (External Command) 7elaj’oU9t4ndgda[w;h.o disk s^n czjo
DOSD 7elaj’gs^qjkoU 9t4ndgda[w;h.o|j;p7;k,9eD g,njv8hv’dko.-h7elaj’gs^qjkoU
ະ ສດິ
g7njv’7v,ry;g8u 9tgvUo7elaj’g0Qksk|j;p7;k,9eD 4hkczjofyl s^n Ikfful
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
[+,u7elaj’muj8hv’dko.-h16j d=[+lk,kfgvUo7elaj’oAowfhD 8q;1jk’ 7elaj’ FORMAT,
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
DISKCOPY, TREE, DELTREE gxao8QoD
I6[c[[ c]t dko.-h7elaj’8jk’MG .odko.-h7elaj’8jk’M0v’ DOS 9t,udko
deoqfvadlvo s^n laopt]ad.-hcmo0=h7;k,0v’I6[c[[7elaj’ faj’oUG
[d:] \kpg4y’[jvogda[0=h,6o (Drive) g-ajoG A:, B:
[path] \kpg4y’-njwfgiadg8uiupjvp
[filename] \kpg4y’-njc2h,0=h,6o s^n -nj2kp (file name)
[.ext] \kpg4y’lj;o0tspkp s^n ok,ltd5o
\kpgsfG 0=h7;k,16j.o;q’0= X[]? 4hk[+,u d=[+8hv’.lj7elaj’D

24
BootDOS \kpg4y’dkooe]t[q[xt8y[afdko DOS g0Qkl6j|j;p7;k,9eD

I6[c[[ c]t dko.-h7elaj’rkp.o

7elaj’ |hkmuj I6[c[[
CLS (CLEAR ]n[0=h,6ogmy’9=rk[.o0totoAo CLS
SCREEN)
DATE cdhw0}g[yj’;aomu.shda[]t[q[ DATE
(SYSTEM)
TIME cdhw0}g[yj’g;]k.shda[]t[q[ TIME
VER g[yj’g]d\kp (version) 0v’ VER
(VERSION)
fvl
VOL (VOLUME) ltcf’-nj0v’ DISKETTE VOL [d:]
DIR g[yj’-njc2h,0=h,6oF goNvmujgmy’czjo DIR [d:] [path]
(DIRECTORY) [filename
[aombdF -jnczjo[aombd
[.ext]] [/p] [/w]
[/p] \kpg4y’ ltcf’
ສດິ
0=h,6ogmnjv]t ! |hk9=rk[
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
4hk8hv’dkog[yj’|hk8+wx .sh
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
dqfx5j,.fx5j,|bj’0v’cxhovad
ຫງ
lvoD
[/w] \kpg4y’ ltcf’-nj
c2h,0=h,6o8k,7;k,d;hk’
0v’9=rk[
TYPE ltcf’goNv.o s^n 0=h,6o.oc2h, TYPE [d:] [path]
[filename.
0=h,6omujdeoqf
[.ext]]
COPY .-hlegoqkc2h,0=h,6o|bj’ s^n s^kp COPY [d:] [path]
[filename
c2h,0=h,6o9kdc2h,0=h,6o
[.ext]] [d:]
8Qomk’ wxskc2h,0=h,6oxkp [path] [filename
mk’ vkf9tgxao9kd [.ext]]
czjo[aombd czjo|bj’ s^n
czjogfu,d=wfh

REN (RENAME] xjPo-njc2h,0=h,6o X0=h,6o.oc2h, REN [d:] [path]

[oldfilename[.ext]
0=h,6o pa’g\nvogfu,?
]
[newfilename[.ext]
]
DEL (DELETE) ]n[c2h,0=h,6ovvd9kdczjofyl DEL [d:] [path]

[filename
[.ext]]
PROMPT xjPoI6[c[[8q; rihv, Ia[7e PROMPT [prompt-
COMMAND text] or
laj’ (system prompt) gxao8q;
propt $p$
.\j 8k,muj8hv’dko $ \kpg4y’ 8q;vadlvo
t \kpg4y’ g;]k
d \kpg4y’ ;ao gfnvo xu
p \kpg4y’ glAomk’
ສດິ
Directory xaf95[ao
ະ
v \kpg4y’ DOS
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
VERSION NUMBER
ສ.
ຫງ
g \kpg4y’g7njv’\kp >
l \kpg4y’g7njv’\kp <
q \kpg4y’g7njv’\kp =
MD (MAKE lhk' subdirectory Xshv'pjvp? MD [d:] [path]
DIRECTORY) [Dir_name]
grnjvgda[c2h,0=h,6o
CD (CHANGE gxao7elaj’.odkoxjPowx.-h;Pd CD [d:] [path]
subdirectory muj8hv’dko
CD\ (dkophkpda[,kl6j
ROOT DIRECTORY
CD.. (dkophkpda[,kmuj
DIRECTORY)
RD (REMOVE ]n[ subdirectory Xshv'pjvp? RD [d:] [path]
mujlhk’fh;p7elaj’ MD

7elaj’rkpovd ,u @ ok,ltd5o 7nG

1) ok,ltd5ogxao .COM gxao 2kpmuj[ao950=h,6omuj4ndcx’gxaorklkg7njv’c]h;D
2) ok,ltd5ogxao .EXE gxao 2kpmuj[ao950=h,6omuj0Po 3fp.-hrklk]tfa[l6’ c]t
cx’gxaorklkg7njv’c]h;D
7elaj’ |hkmuj I6[c[[
TREE ltcf’]kp-nj directory TREE [d:] [/f]
ma’\qf.oczjofyl mujdeoqf
SYS (SYSTEM) gxao7elaj’ copy c2h,0=h,6omuj.-h SYS [d:]
.odkogxufg7njv’ ]q’.ljczjofyl
s^n Ikfful muj[+,u]t[q[
Xgxufg7njv’[+wfh?
CHKDSK d;flv[ directory s^n file CHKDSK [d:] [path]
(CHECK [filename
DISK) ltcf’ 9eo;o memory mu.
j -h [.ext]] [/f] [/v]
ະ ສດິ
wx c]t mujgs^nv16j I;,g4y’goNvmuj /f \kpg4y’ dkod;flv[
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
gmy’czjofyl muj.-hwx c]t
ວ
goNvmuj mujglpskp
ສ.
ຫງ
mujgs^nv16j /v \kpg4y’ .shltcf’
directory c]t
c2h,0=h,6omujg-njv’16j
LABEL grnjvdeoqf volume label, xjPo LABEL [d:] [volume
label]
s^n ]n[ volume label gmy’fyl
FORMAT d=]toumuj diskette .\j FORMAT [d:] [/s]
[/v]
9tgxaodko9af track c]t
/s \kpg4y’ gIafdko
sector 0v’ diskette .\j
format 3fpgIafdkolegoqk
grnjv.sh0Po0=h,6owfh
3xicdi,]t[q[fvl
d=]toumuj diskette muj,u0=h,6o16jc]h; (BIO.COM, OS.COM,
g,njv.-h7elaj’oU COMMAND.COM)

0=h,6o9t4nd]hk’vvd\qf /v \kpg4y’deoqf
rhv,muj9t0Po0=h,6o.\j volume label .shfyf
DISKCOPY gxao7elaj’muj.-h copy file ma’ DISKCOPY [d:] [d:]
(COPY
DISKETTE \qf 9kdczjofylczjo|bj’ wx.lj
vudczjo|bj’ c8j4hkczjofyl vud
czjo pa’[+wfhgIaf format d=9t
gIaf format .sh3fpvaf8t3o,af
4.1.2 ;yo3f
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begin
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int main(void)
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deoqf7;k,lk,kf.o Java Platform X9k;krtc]af2v,? wfhD 95f\kpsâd.odkorafmt
ok9k;k ,u $ xtdko 7nG
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2. [+0Boda[lt4kxaf8tptde30 c]t ]t[q[xt8y[afdko (Platform)D
3. g\ktlq,da[dko.-h.o]t[q[g7nv0jkp rhv,da[,ushv’lt\5f (Library) lt
|a[lt|6oD
4. gvUo.-h;Pdw]ptwdwfh1jk’xvfwrD
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oAo ma’lv’lyj’ g4y’;jk9tgIaf;Pdglu,dao c8jd=gxaolyj’mujcpdvvd9kddaoD rklk9k;koAo ສ.
ຫງ
7nrklkmuj.-h0Po3xicdi,rklk|bj’ faj’mujwfhvtmy[kp.og[Nv’8Qo lj;o9k;krtc]af2v,
oAo 7nltrk[c;f]hv,le]a[dko.-h;Pd3xicdi,9k;k 3fp,uvq’xtdv[sâd 7nG g7njv’9ad
7hkp8q;9y’0v’rklk9k;k (Java virtual machine) c]t shv’lt\5f,kf8t4ko
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[+9egxao9t8hv’lhk’fh;prklk9k;kltg\uwx 9bj’.-hwfh g-ajoG vkf9t.-hrklkwrmvo
(Python) s^n rklkvnjoM lhk’d=wfhD lj;orklk9k;koAo d=lk,kfoewx.-hrafmtok

29
8Qow,h3vHd (oak)
-nj8Qow,h-toyf|bj’ muj,ugoNvw,h.-hle]a[gIafg7njv’gInvo c]t g7njv’.-h8jk’M“rqf9toko5dq,]k;F
lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp l5[yorit3dw-p% rDl @$$)”
30
lt4kxaf8tptde \kpg4y’ ;y-k s^n ly]txt;jkfh;pdkod+lhk’ “rqf9toko5dq,]k;F lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp
l5[yorit3dw-p% rDl @$$)” s^n dkolhk’lk “;a9oko5dq, rklk]k; 3fp ,tsk lu]k ;yit;q’l% lt[a[xa[x5’.\j rDl
@&$_”

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0Pofh;prklk9k;k .shgIaf;Pdwfh 3fp[+8hv’.-h g7njv’9ad7hkp7n8q;9y’0v’rklk9k;kD
xts;afI5jo (vision) 8jk’M0v’rklk9k;k,ufaj’oUG
1. !DW Xxu !__*?lhk’0BogmnjvmevyfD
2. !D! Xxu !__(?xa[x5’7A’.spj 3fpgruj, inner classD
3. !D@ X;aomu $ mao;k !__)?]tsaf Playground32 fhko9k;krtc]af2v,
wfhIa[dkoxjPocx’7A’.spj.o API33 c]t JVM34 XAPI le7aomujgruj,,k7n Java
Collections Framework c]t SwingS lj;o.o JVM gruj, JIT 35 compiler? c8j8q;
rklk9k;koAo xjPocx’g]ad|hvp Xgruj,7ela[sâd strictfp36? c]t ma’\qf4nd.lj-nj.\j;jk
“9k;k @” c8j]t[q[g]dI5jopa’[+xjPocx’D
4. !D# X;aomu ) rnfltrk @WWW?]tsaf Kestrel 4ndfafcdhg]ad|hvpD
5. !D$ X;aomu !# d5,rk @WW@?]tsaf Merlin gxaoI5jomuj4nd.-h;Pds^kpmujl5f.oxu
ສດິ
@WW&D
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
6. &DW Xmevyfgxao !D&};aomu @_ daopk @WW$?]tsaf Tiger gruj,75olq,[af.\j .o
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
rklk9k;k g-ajoG Annotations, Enumerations, Varargs, Enhanced for loop,
Autoboxing c]t mujle7ao 7nG GenericsD
7. *DW X;aomu !! mao;k @WW*?]tsaf Mustang gxaoI5jo.odkorafmtok0v’
Java SDK 6.0 mujvvd,k.shmqf]v’.-h.ogfnvort9yd @WW$D

31
GCJ s^n gcj
sp=h,k9kd GNU Compiler for Java gxao3xicdi,cx3xicdi,muj.-h]hk (free software compiler) le]a[
rklk9k;k c]t gxaolj;o|bj’0v’ GNU Compiler Collection.
32
]tsafPlayground \kpg4y’]tsafrNo4ko0v’]t[q[xt8y[afdkoD
33
API sp=h,k9kd Application Programming Interface c]t \kpg4y’;ymudko0v’]t[q[xt8y[afdkoshv’lt\5f s^n
[=]ydkovnjoM gxuf.sh3xicdi,7v,ry;g8ulk,kf8yf8+gvUo.-h;PdwfhD
34
JMV sp=h,k9kd Java Virtual Machine.
35
JIT sp=h,k9kd just-im-time.
36
strictfp gxao Java keyword muj.-hgrnjv9edafdkog]njvo95f0v’8q;g]d.odko7eo;oD

8.(DW Xrafmtok.oxu @WW)?]tsaf Dolphin wfh4ndrafmtok0BoD

-v[c;gl]u mujdjP;0hv’da[9k;k g-ajoG
7v,rkpg]u c]t g7njv’9ad7hkp8q;9y’ (visual machine)
x JDK 7v,rkpg]u,kf8t4ko0v’ -aow,37i-ulg8a,D
x GCJ 7v,rkpg]urklk9k;k0v’37’dko GCC s^n GNU Compiler
Collection.
x Jikes 7v,rkpg]umujmevyfrafmtok3fp IBMD
x GNU Classpath shv’lt\5f7v,rkpg]u-5fle]a[9k;krtc]af2v, 3vgro
-vl (Open Source)D
x Kaffe
x SableVM
x IKVM 7v,rkpg]urklk9k;kgmy’ NET PlatformD
x SuperWaba.
x JRockit JDK rafmtok3fp IBM SystemD
ສດິ
ltrk[c;f]hv,le]a[dkorafmtok (Intergred Development Environment: IDE)
ະ
ສະ .ສ
x BlueJ gxao IDE mujg\ktda[dkolbdlk 3fpgoAo|adwxmujco;7yf g]njv’dko0Po
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
3xicdi,.oI6[c[[;af45D ສ.
ຫງ
x Borland JBuilder.
x Eclipse3vgro-vlD
x IntelliJ IDEA.
x JDeveloper0v’[=]ylaf 3vikg7iuD
x JEdit Xgxao Editer c8jlk,kf8yf8A’ Plug in grnjvgruj,7;k,lk,kffhko IDE
wfh?D
x JLab gxao0v’rkd;y-k;ylt;tde7v,ry;g8uD
x NetBeans3vgro-vlD
x Rational Application Developer0v’wv[ugva,D
x Sun Java Studio0v’ -ao w,37i-ulg8a,D
x Visual Age 0v’wv[ugva, Xxaf95[aog-qkrafmtokc]h; 4ndcmomujfh;p Rational
Application Developer).
x Visual Cafe0v’[=]ylaf Symantec.

x WebSphere Studio Application Developer 0v’wv[ugva, Xxaf95[ao 4ndcmo

mujfh;p Rational Application Developer).
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g-ajoG rklk3x]Hvd (Prolog) rklk37[vo (COBOL=COmmon Business-Oriented
Language) c]t rklk2vicmio (FORTRAN) gxao8QoD
5. -v[c;xtp5d
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dkomuj,u7v,ry;g8u0t|kfohvpD ,aowfhgIaf.sh,udko.-h;Pd’ko7jv’8q;0Bo 9qo.oxaf95[ao
lk,kfoegvqk7v,ry;g8u0t|kfohvp 8yf38wx.-h.olt4komuj8jk’M wfhltf;d0BoD dko.-h
7v,ry;g8u8hv’,u-v[c;xtp5d g-yj’vkf9tgxao-v[c;leg]afI6[ muj,uz6hrafmtok,kc]h;
grnjv.-h;Pdmqj;wxF gIaf.sh;Pd’koltf;d0Bo s^n vkf9tgxao-v[c;.-hltgrkt g-yj’z6h.-h
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ສະ .ສ
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ຫງ
.o[aofk-v[c;xtp5d muj,u.-hdaomqj;wx 7nG -v[c;leg]afI6[ (package) g-yj’gxao
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grnjv.shz6h.-hlk,kfoe.-hwfh3fpdq’ [+8hv’wfhglpg;]k.odkorafmtok-v[c;vudD -v[c;
leg]afI6[ muj,u9e|jkp.o8ts^kfmqj;wx c]t gxaomujoypq,dao.-h ,u * d5j,.spjF wfhcdjG
x -v[c;xt,;o7ela[ (word processing software)
x -v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;o (spreadsheet software)
x -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o (database management software)
x -v[c;oeltg|u (presentation software)
x -v[c;lnjlko c]t 7Qosk0=h,6o (data communication and discovery
software)
x -v[c;dik2yd (graphic software)

5..1.1 -v[c;xtt,;o7ela[ (w word processsing software))

gxao-v[cc;xtp5d .-hle]a e [dko8ury,gvdtlko
g g-yj’’lk,kfcdhw0F
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lkk,kflhk’gvddtlko8k,I6[c[[muj8hv’dkowfh’jkp g-ajoG lk,kfc[j’gxa ’ o4ao (coluums)
wfhfhs^kpc[[.ogvvdtlko-5ffPP;daoF lk,kffoegvqkI6[rk[[ s^n czo;kff8jk’M,kgxaolj;o
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lkk,kf.-h;PdIjIj;,da[4ko0=h,6,6o.odkoltcff’ s^n dkoryry,;Pd’ko g-ajoG oegvqk4ko
0=h,6o]kp-njz6hmujwfhIa[;5fmy[af s^n .[xtdkfmujlhk’9kd-v[[c;9afdko4kko0=h,6o,kry,IjI;,
da[c[[2v,murjryy, c]t 9afdP,w;h d .o-v[cc;xt,;o7elala[D ovd9kdooU -v[c;xt,,;o
7eela[.oxaf95[ao lk,kflhk’fa ’ f-tou c]t lk]t[kowfhfh3fpvaf8t3o,a,af \kp7;k,;jk
gIqIqklk,kflhk’’xB,gvg]ad38ioyd (e-book) fh;p-v[c;oUwwfhD -v[c;xtt,;o7ela[ gIaIaf.sh
ະ ສດິ
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’ ,fyfs^5f|hvp]q
ສະ .ສ
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ວ
OpenOffice.org
O g Writer c]tvnvnjoMD ສ.
ຫງ
xB,c[[IPo
, ICT ,D@
@ 71

ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ @D) MS Office Word 2007, Lotus WordPro c]t OpenOffice.org 3 Writer

75olq,[afgfajovudxtdko|bj’0v’-v[c;xt,;o7ela[.oxaf95[ao7n lk,kf-j;pd;f
lv[dkoltdqf7ela[.ogvdtlko;jk4nd8hv’ s^n[+L ma’.oI6[c[[0v’7ela[ s^n w;pkdvo
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la’gdfwfh’jkp g-ajoG ,udko0ufglAolucf’dhv’7ela[mujry,zyf c]t 9t,u7emuj4nd8hv’.shg]nvd
;jk 8hv’dko7ela[.fD 7;k,lk,kfoU ln[gonjv’,k9kddkoI;,gvqk-v[c;mk’fhko
rklk 7n rqf9toko5dq, gruj,g0Qk.o-v[c;xt,;o7ela[D 4hkskdz6h.-h[+8hv’dkooe.-h
[=]ydkofaj’djk; s^n gruj,7ela[ltgrkt grnjv[+.sh,u7;k,la[lqo d=lk,kfxa[c8j’wfhD xaf95[ao
,udkorafmtokgruj,7;k,lk,kf0v’-v[c;vuds^;’s^kpD
5.1.2 -v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;o (spreadsheet software)

gxao-v[c;oe.-hmuj-j;p.odko7yf7eo;oD dkogIaf;Pd0v’,aoc,jo.-hsâddko
g\nvodaoda[38tgIaf;Pd muj,ug9hp0t|kf.spj;k’w;hF ,ug7njv’,n7hkp7nda[xkddkF 1k’]b[
c]t g7njv’7eo;odP,w;h.shleg]afD gmy’|hkg9hp,u[jvo.sh.lj8q;g]dF 0=h7;k, s^n l6f g-yj’lk
,kflaj’.sh7eo;o8k,l6f s^n g’njvow0mujdeoqfD skdz6h.-h8hv’dkolhk’7elaj’ s^n l6ffh;p
8q;gv’ d=lk,kffegouodkowfh c]t lk,kflhk’7elaj’ryglf g-ajoG ,k37i (macro)
ະ ສດິ
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ສະ .ສ
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oeltg|u.oI6[c[[8jk’M g-ajoG czor6,mjvoF ;q’dq,F dik2glAo c]tvnjoMD z6h.-h
ສ.
ຫງ
lk,kfgvqk-v[c;xtgrfoU.-h;Pdxt,;ozqo8q;vnjoM wfh1jk’d;hk’0;k’ g-ajoG Micrisoft
ExcelF Lotus 123F c]tvnjoMD
I6[ @D_ MS Office Excel 2007, Lotus 1-2-3 c]t OpenOffice.org 3 Calc

dko.-h3xicdi,8k8t]k’7eo;ogIaf;Pd 9tvhk’g4y’4ao c]t c4; 7nG 0=h,6o s^n

dko7eo;o8jk’M 9t.ljw;h.oshv’ (cell) mujgduf9kd4ao c]t c4;D 8ec|j’0v’c8j]tshv’
9t4nddeoqffh;p\kpg]d0v’4ao c]t c4; g-ajoG 9kdI6[0hk’]5j,0=h7;k, “l;l” 16j.o
shv’ltcf’;jk8ec|j’0v’,ao16j4aomu @ X4ao B? c]t c4;mu &D
I6[ @D!W 8q;1jk’dkovhk’vu’8ec|j’8k,4ao c]t c4;0v’ MS Office Excel 2007
dko7eo;o0v’-v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;ooAo lk,kfgIafwfhma’.omk’8A’ X4ao?

c]t mk’ovo Xc4;? s^n c[[ltgrktg9kt9q’d=wfhD 8k8t]k’0hk’]5j, ltcf’8q;1jk’
ະ ສດິ
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3fpmqj;wx lk,kfgvUo.-h;ymudko7eo;o (function) muj,u16js^kp\;f g-ajoG dko
ສ.
ຫງ
7eo;omk’lt4y8yF dko7eo;omk’7toyflkfF 8addtlkfF 4ko0=h,6o c]tvnjoM 3fp[+9e
gxao8hv’0Po,k37igruj,g8u,D 8q;1jk’G ;ymuc[[dko7eo;o muj,udko.-hl6f s^n 8q;g]d
gxao9eo;os^kp g-ajoG dko7eo;osk7jkltg]jpF 7jkl6’l5fF 7jk8Ol5f c]t zqoI;,D
8k8t]k’ ltcf’l6f c]t ;ymudko7eo;o.o3xicdi,8k8t]k’7eo;o

8q;1jk’ 0=h,6o.o8k8t]k’ 7;k,\kp
1 =B2+B3+B4+B5 skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,4ao
2 =A2+B2+C2+D2 skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,c4;
3 =Sum(B2:B5) skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,4ao 3fp.-hl6f
4 =Sum(A2:D2) skzqo[;d s^n zqoI;,8k,c4; 3fp.-hl6f
5 =A2+B3*C4-D5 sk7jk9kdl6fmuj7eo;o9kd7jk.oshv’8jk’M c[[g9kt9q’

dkogIaf;Pd0v’-v[c;oU 9kd8q;1jk’ mu & .o8k8t]k’ 9tgvqk7jk16jshv’ B3

,k76oda[ C4 c]h;[;dda[ A2D 8+9kdoAoF oegvqkzqoIa[mujwfh ]q[da[7jk D5D ,aogxaoc[[oU
d=phvo;jk gxaosâddkomk’7toyflkf muj.sh8q;fegouodko76o c]t sko fegouodkodjvo
8q;fegouo[;d c]t ]q[D faj’oAoF dkodeoqfl6f9bj’8hv’,u7;k,-afg9oD dko.ljg7njv’\kp
;q’g]a[9txhv’dao7;k,la[lqoD faj’oAoF .od=]tou ,ul6f7eo;o7n =A2+B3*C4-D5 lk,kf
0Po.shgxao =A2+(B3*C4)-D5 g-yj’9tgIaf.shdko7eo;o-afg9os^kp0BoD
7jk8jk’Mmuj16j.oshv’0v’8k8t]k’lk,kfdeoqf-toyf0v’0=h,6owfh g-ajoG gxao8q;vad
lvoF 9eo;og8a,F 9eo;o9y’F ;aogfnvoxuF g;]kF gxug-ao c]t sq;|j;p7jkg’yo8k
xtgmf8jk’M gxao8QoD -v[c;8k8t]k’7eo;o -j;p7eo;o]kpdko8jk’M g-ajoG 7eo;o
rkluF ]kpIa[{]kp9jkp c]t xtg,uozqodkoIPodkolvo0v’oadIPo c]t 76 gxao8QoD
5.1.3 -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o (database management software)

dko.-h;Pd7v,ry;g8uvud1jk’|bj’ 7n dko.-h,aogda[0=h,6o c]t 9afdkoda[0=h,6omujwfh
9afgda[w;h.og7njv’D ,ao9bj’9egxao8hv’,u-v[c;9afdko0=h,6oD dkoI;[I;,0=h,6os^kpMg]njv’
mujdjP;0hv’daow;h.o7v,ry;g8u gvUo;jk 4ko0=h,6o (Data Base)D -v[c;oU 9bj’\kpg4y’-v[
ະ ສດິ
c;muj-j;p.odkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6oD dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6oF dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6orNo4koF
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
dkolhk’[qf]kp’kozqo s^n lts^5[zqo0v’0=h,6omujzjkodkoxt,;oc]h;D -v[c;oU 9t,u
ສ.
ຫງ
dko9afgda[ma’7jk0=h,6orhv,da[37’lhk’0v’,ao grnjv-j;ps^5f7;k,-E-hvo c]t 7;k,0af
cp’0v’0=h,6o8ts^vf9qo-j;p.shz6h.-hma’s^kp wfhIa[7;k,ltf;d c]t .-h0=h,6oIj;,daowfhD
.o-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o 9t,udko9afgda[gxao8k8t]k’7;k,lerao (relation)
g-yj’.o4ko0=h,6o|bj’M 9t,u8k8t]k’7;k,leraowfhs^kp8k8t]k’ c]t .oc8j]t8k8t
]k’7;k,lerao d=9t,uwfhs^kp]adltotxt9e (attribute)D .odkolhk’]adltotxt9eoAo
9t,udkodeoqf-toyf0v’]adltotxt9e c]t deoqf75olq,[afvnjoM g-ajoG I6[c[[ c]t
7;k,pk;0v’g0f0=h,6ogxao8QoD lyj’muj0kf[+wfh7n 8hv’deoqf]adltotxt9e ! 38 .shgxao
g0fd5oc9sâd (primary key) 0v’8k8t]k’7;k,leraofh;pD g,njvdeoqf]adltotxt9e
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]k’7;k,lerao gvUo;jk gvomy8u (entity)D
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0Bo grnjv-j;p.shz6h.-hlk,kf.-h;Pdwfhltf;dD -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o[k’vaolk,kfgvUo
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c8d8jk’daoD 8q;1jk’0v’-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o g-ajoG w,37i-v[ vHv[2ul cvdg-l
(Microsoft Office Access)F 3vgxaovv[2ul vHvdg[l (OpenOffice.org Base) c]t
2Hvdg[l (FoxBASE)D ovd9kdoU -v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6ovnjo g-ajoG gmy’]t[q[]uo5d ,u-v[
c;9afdko4ko0=h,6ogxao9eo;os^kp ma’mujgxao3xicdi,.-h]hk X[+8hv’-N? g-ajoG ,kpgvl7u;
cv] (MySQL)F 3rldtiugvl7u;cv] (PostgreSQL)F ru7u;cv] (PQL) s^n -v[c; mujgxao
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I6[ @D!! |hk8jk’dko.-h-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o0v’ MS Office Access 2007

5.1.4 -v[c;oeltg|u (presentation software)

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ltcf’0=h7;k,.o]adltot mujlnj7;k,\kpwfh’jkp fh;pg7njv’,nmuj-v[c;,u.sh.-hD -v[c;oe
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I6[ @D!@ |hk8jk’dko.-h-v[c;oeltg|u0v’ MS Office PowerPoint 2007

5.1.5 -v[c;lnjlko c]t 7Qosk0=h,6o (data communication and discovery software)

-v[c;oU-j;p.shgIqklk,kf8yf8+lnjlkodaowfhmqj;3]d g-yj’.shma’7;k,ltf;d c]t
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wfhF lk,kf.-hIa[lqj’9qf\kpgvg]ad38ioyd (electronic mail = e-mail)F .-h3vophkpc2h,
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9kd[jvo|bj’wxskvud[jvo|bj’wfh1jk’;jv’w; ma’16j.og7nv0jkpfP;dao s^n 8jk’daoD 8q;1jk’
wxltougvg]ad38ioyd mujrafmtok9kdvq’dvo c]t rafmtok9kd[=]ylafgruj,g8u,oAo ,uma’
wxltougvg]ad38ioyd mujgxaodko7hk c]t .sh.-h]hk g-ajoG gofltg7[}vk3vcv; (Netscape/
AOL Mail)F w,37i-v[gvqk]5d (MS Outlook)F 1kI6g,; (Yahoo Mail)F 9ug,; (G Mail)
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xaf95[ao 0=h,6o0jk;lko,u9eo;os^kpF -v[c;7Qosk0=h,6o9t-j;p.shlk,kf7Qosk
0=h,6o9kdcs^j’0=h,6o8jk’M grnjv.shdq’da[7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h.-hD gIqklk,kf7Qosk0=h,6o
3fpzjko3xicdi, s^n -v[c;7Qosk0=h,6o (browser) g-ajoG w,37i-v[ gvdr]=g]u
(Microsoft Explorer)F ,=-uo]k w22Hvd (Mozilla Firefox) c]t 3vgxik gvdr]=g]u
(Opera Explorer) gxao8QoD

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I6[ @D!$ Microsoft ExplorerF Mozilla Firefox c]t Opera Explorer
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I6[ @D!& g;a[w-7Qosk0=h,6oG www.aol.com c]t www.google.com
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I6[ @D!* c[[2v,gvg]ad38ioyd le]a[dkolt\adoe.-h[=]ydko vug,; 0v’ yahoo

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5.1.6 -v[c;dik2yd (graphic software)

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I6[ @D!( 3xicdi,dik2ydG PaintF Photoshop c]t CAD

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ຫງ
lq,da[7;k,9y’ grnjvs^vd.sh7qomuj9tgvUo.-hoAo g-njv.9D
95fxtlq’0v’z6hmuj0Pow;iafoU vkf9tg-ajofP;da[z6h0Pow;iafmqj;wx 7nG lhk’.sh,aog0Qk
wxme]kp0=h,6omuj,u16j.og7njv’ s^n vkf9t,u95fxtlq’grnjv]adgvqk7;k,]a[0v’]t[q[7v,
ry;g8uD
I6[ @D@! Virus: Trojan Horse

,hk3m9aooU vkf9t4n;jk[+gxaow;iaf8Qo8= grktgxao3xicdi,muj4nd0Po0Bo,k3fffjP;

c]t 9t[+,udkog0Qkwx8yf.o3xicdi,vnjo grnjvgIaflegoqk8q;gv’D c8j,ao9t.-h7;k,I6hgmqjk
[+g4y’dko0v’z6h.-h gxao8q;crj]t[kf-v[c;muj,u,hk3m9ao16j.ooAoD oa[;jk ,aogxao|bj’.o
xtgrf0v’3xicdi,muj7;k,vao8t]kpl6’ grktpkdmuj9td;flv[ c]t lhk’0Bo,k
wfh’jkp g-yj’vkf.-hrP’c8j batch file d=lk,kflhk’,hk3m9aowfhD
x 3x]u,=2ydw;iaf (Polymorphic Viruses) gxao-njmuj.-h.odkogvUow;iaf muj,u7;k,

lk,kfxjPocx’8q;gv’wfh g,njv,udkolegoqk8q;gv’gduf0Bo g-yj’vkfgxaowfhs^kpIhvpc[[D
zqomuj8k,,kd=7nG 3xicdi,7Qoskw;iafmuj.-h;ymudkoltcdo Xscan? 1jk’fP; [+lk,kf
d;f9a[w;iafgs^qjkoUwfhD w;iaf.\jM.oxaf95[ao muj,u7;k,lk,kfc[[oU g]uj,,u9eo;ogruj,s^kp
0Bog]NvpMD
ສດິ
ltmuow;iaf (Stealth Viruses) gxao-nj0v’w;iafmuj,udkoverk’8q;8+dkod;f
ະ
9a[wfh g\nvodaoda[ File Infector VirusesD 4hkskd,aowx8yf3xicdi,.fc]h; 9tgIaf.sh
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
0t|kf0v’3xicdi,oAo.spj0Bo c8jw;iaf-toyfoU 9t[+lk,kfd;fg[yj’0t|kfmujcmh9y’
ຫງ
0v’3xicdi,mujgruj,0Bowfh gonjv’9kd;jk w;iaf9tg0Qkwx7;[75, DOSD g,njv,udko.-h7elaj’
DIR s^n 3xicdi,.fd=8k, grnjvd;fg[yj’0t|kf0v’3xicdi,F DOS 9tltcf’0t|kf
g\nvogfu,m5d1jk’ 7hkp7n;jk[+,uspa’gduf0BoD
6.3 vkdko0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj8yfw;iaf
gsfdkofaj’djk;lk,kfla’gdfwfh9kddkogIaf;Pd0v’g7njv’D 4hk,aoskd,uvkdko
faj’8+wxoU vkfgxaowxwfh;jk ,ao,uw;iafg0Qkwx8yf16j.og7njv’c]h;D vkdkomuj;jkoAo wfhcdjG
x .-hg;]kfqozyfxqddt8y.odkogxuf3xicdi, grnjv0Bo,kgIaf;PdD
x 0t|kf0v’3xicdi,.spj0BoD
x ;aog;]k0v’3xicdi,xjPowxD
x 0=h7;k,xqddt8y[+7jvpwfhgsao raf4ndltcf’0Bo,kg]NvpMD

x gdufvadlvo s^n 0=h7;k,xts^kf16j|hk9=D

x g7njv’lqj’lP’vvd9kd]e3r’ 3fp[+wfh9kd3xicdi,mujde]a’.-h16jD
x cxhory,vadlvogIaf;Pdzyfxqddt8y s^n [+gIaf;Pdg]upD
x 0t|kf0v’|j;p7;k,9emujgs^nv s^5f|hvp]q’zyfxqddt8y 3fpskgsfzqo[+wfhD
x file ltcf’lt4kotdkogIaf;Pd0v’ disk 7hk’fqooko d;jkmujg7upgxaoD
x file 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,mujg7up.-h 16j-njM d=skpwxD
x g7njv’gIaf;Pd-hk]q’D
x g7njv’gxuf0Bogv’ 3fp[+wfhlaj’D
x ]t[q[15fgIaf;Pd3fp[+I6hlkgsfD
x Sector mujglpskp ,u9eo;ogruj,0Bo 3fp,udko]kp’ko;jk 9eo;o Sector
mujglpskpoAo ,u9eo;ogruj,0Bos^kpd;jkc8jdjvo 3fpmujpa’[+wfh.-h3xicdi,.f
g0Qkwxd;fskg]upD
ະ ສດິ
6.4
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
dkod;fskw;iaf
ວນ
ວ
dkod;fskw;iaf,u16jfh;pdao 7nG dkoltcdow;iaf (Virus Scanning) dkod;fdk
ສ.
ຫງ
dkoxjPocx’ c]t dkog/Qk]t;a’D
I6[ @D@@ dkod;fskw;iaffh;pdkoltcdo 0v’3xicdi,G Symantec

6.4.1 dkoltcdo
grnjvd;fskw;iafmuj8yf16j.og7njv’ 8hv’.-h3xicdi,d;fskw;iaf g-yj’ gvUo;jk w;iaf
ltcdogou (Virus Scanner)D 0Ao8vodkofegouodkod=7nG Virus Scanner 9tfb’gvqk
3xicdi,[k’lj;o0v’w;iaf,kgda[w;hgxao4ko0=h,6oD lj;omujfb’,koAo4ndgvUo;jk w;iaf-yd
gog9u (Virus Signature)D g,njv Virus Scanner 4ndgvUo0Bo,k.-h;Pd ,aod=9tg0Qkwx
d;fskw;iaf.o|j;p7;k,9eF Boot Sector c]t file 3fp.-h Virus Signature muj,u
16jgxao8q;xP[mP[D 95ffu0v’;ymudkooUd=7n gIqklk,kfd;flv[-v[c;muj,k.\jwfhmaomu
g]up;jk 8yfw;iafs^n[+L grnjvxhv’dao[+.shw;iaf4ndgvUo0Bo,kgIaf;Pd8A’c8jg]uj,8QoD c8j;ymuoU
,u95fvjvo16js^kp0=h7nG
1) 4ko0=h,6omujgda[ Virus Signature 8hv’maoltw\16jltg\u c]t 7;[75,w;iaf

m5d8q;.shwfhs^kpmujl5fgmqjkmuj9ts^kpwfhD
2) grkt Virus Scanner 9t[+lk,kfd;f9a[w;iaf mujpa’[+,u Virus Signature oAo
ະ ສດິ
gda[16j.o4ko0=h,6owfhD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
3) pkdmuj9td;f9a[w;iafxtgrf muj,u7;k,lk,kfxjPocx’8q;gv’wfh 9bj’gIaf.sh
ສ.
ຫງ
Virus Signature muj.-h lk,kfoe,kd;flv[wfh djvomujw;iaf9txjPo8q;gv’
gmqjkoAoD
4) 4hk,u Stealth Virus 8yf16j.og7njv’ Virus Scanner vkf9t[+lk,kfd;fsk
w;iaf-toyfoUwfhD
5) [k’gmnjvdkod;flv[d=0Bo16jda[7;k,lts^kf c]t g8adoydmuj.-h0v’8q; Virus
Scanner c]t w;iafgv’;jk .z9tgdaj’d;jkD
6) gonjv'9kd;jk w;iaf,u8q;.\jM vvd,k16jltg\u z6h.-h9bj’9egxao8hv’sk Virus
Scanner 8q;muj.\jmujl5f,k.-hD
7) ,uw;iaf[k’8q;9tg0Qkwx8yf.o3xicdi,maomu muj3xicdi,oAo4ndvjkoD
8) 4hklq,,5f;jk Virus Scanner muj.-h[+lk,kfd;f9a[wfh c]t 4hkg7njv’,uw;iaf-t
oyfoU8yf16j g,njv,udkogvUo Virus Scanner 0Bo,k.-hF ,ao9tg0Qkwxvjkogmnjv]t

3xicdi, grnjvd;flv[D zqod=7n 9tgIaf.shw;iaf8q;oU g0Qkwx8yf16j.o3xicdi,

m5d8q; muj4ndd;flv[D
9) Virus Scanner ]kp’kozyfrkfwfh 7nG Virus Signature muj.-h [a’gvuowxdq’da[
muj,uD
10) 16j.o3xicdi,me,tfkmuj[+wfh8yfw;iaf ,ad9tgduf0Bo.od=]toumuj Virus Signature
muj.-h ,u0t|kflAogduowx c]t 9tgIaf.sh3xicdi,faj’djk;.-h[+wfhvud8+wxD
6.4.2 dkod;fdkdkoxjPocx’
7n dkosk7jkryglf1jk’|bj’mujgvUo;jk g-ad-a, (Checksum) g-yj’gduf9kddkooegvqk
-5f7elaj’ c]t 0=h,6omuj16j.o3xicdi,,k7eo;o s^n vkf9t.-h0=h,6ovnjoM 0v’ file wfhcdj
attributeF ;ao c]t g;]k g0Qk,kIj;,.odko7eo;ofh;pD gonjv’9kdm5dlyj’m5d1jk’ [+;jk
9tgxao7elaj’ s^n 0=h,6omuj16j.o3xicdi, 9t4ndcmofh;p]tsafg]d4kolv’F gIqk9bj’lk,kf
ສດິ
oegvqk8q;g]dgs^qjkoU ,kzjko0Ao8vodko7eo;omk’7toyflkfwfhD ;ymudko7eo;ogrnjvsk
ະ
7jk Checksum oU ,us^kpc[[ c]t ,u]tfa[dkod;flv[c8d8jk’daovvdwxD g,njv8q;
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
3xicdi,rkp.o,udkoxjPocx’ [+;jkw;iafoAo 9t.-h;ymudkoc-d s^n 0Poma[d=8k,F ສ.
ຫງ
9eo;o8q;g]dmujwfh9kddko7eo;o7A’.\j 9txjPowx9kdmuj7eo;owfhdjvo|hkoUD 95ffu0v’
dkod;fdkoxjPocx’d=7nG lk,kfd;f9a[w;iaf.\jMwfh c]t pa’,u7;k,lk,kf.odko
d;f9a[w;iafxtgrf Polymorphic Virus wfhvudfh;p c8jd=pa’pkdle]a[ Stealth. dkod;f
skw;iafpa’0Boda[7;k,lts^kf0v’3xicdi,d;fskw;iaf;jk 9tlk,kf4ndpq;t3fpw;
iafxtgrfoUwfhs^n[+L c]t ,u;ymudkod;fdkoxjPocx’oU 9td;f9a[w;iafwfh d=8+g,njvw;iaf
g0Qkwx8yf16j.og7njv’c]h;gmqjkoAoD ,ao9t0hvo0hk’ljP’.od=]toumujg]uj,,u7eo;osk7jk Check-
sum gxao7A’mevyfF g7njv’muj.-h8hv’coj.9;jk [=]yl5fr= 7nG 8hv’[+,u3xicdi,.fM8yfw;iafD
4hk[+faj’oAoF 7jkmujskwfh9kddko7eo;omujI;,gvqk8q;w;iafg0Qkwxoe 9t]e[kd8k,rkp
sâ’ .odkomuj9td;fskw;iafoU8+wxD

6.4.3 dkog/Qk]t;a’
grnjv9t.sh3xicdi,d;f9a[w;iaf lk,kfg/Qk]t;a’dkogIaf;Pd0v’g7njv’7v,ry;
g8uwfh8ts^vfg;]koAo 9bj’,udkolhk’3xicdi,c[[ gi-ygfo (resident) s^n fuw;wfg;u
(devide driver)D g8adoyd0v’dkog/Qk]t;a’oAo vkf9t.-h;ymudkoltcdo s^n d;flv[
dkoxjPocx’ s^n .-hma’lv’c[[I;,daod+wfhD dkogIaf;Pd3fpmqj;wx7n g,njv-v[c; s^n
3xicdi, d;f9a[w;iafmuj.-h;ymuoU 4ndgvUo0Bo,k.-h;Pd ,aod=9tg0Qkwxd;f.o|j;p7;k,9e
0v’g7njv’djvo;jk ,uw;iaf8yf16js^n[+L 3fp.-h Virus Signature muj,u16j.o4ko0=h,6oD 9kdoAoF
9bj’7jvpoegvqk8q;gv’g0Qkwx/a’16j.o|j;p7;k,9eD 8+,k 4hk,udkogxuf3xicdi,.f0Bo,k
.-h3xicdi,g/Qk]t;a’d=9tg0Qkwxd;f3xicdi,oAodjvo 3fp.-hg8adoyddkoltcdo s^n
d;flv[dkoxjPocx’grnjvskw;iafD 4hk[+,u[aosk d=9tvto5pkf.sh3xicdi,oAo gxuf0Bo
,kgIaf;PdwfhD ovd9kdoUF 3xicdi,d;f9a[w;iaf[k’8q;pa’lk,kfd;flv[ 0totmuj,u
dkolegoqk file wfhvudfh;pD 95ffu0v’;ymuoUd=7nG g,njv,udkogxuf3xicdi,0Bo,k 3xicdi,
ສດິ
oAo9t4ndd;flv[djvom5dgmnjv 3fpvaf8t3o,afD 4hkgxaodko.-hltcdogou 9tlk,kfI6hwfh;jk
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
3xicdi,.f 8yfw;iaf16j .og,njvgxufltcdogou0Bo,k.-hdjvogmqjkoAoD 95fvjvo0v’3xicdi,
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
d;flv[w;iaf c[[g/Qk]t;a’ d=7n,ao9t,ug;]kmujglpwxle]a[dkod;fskw;iafdjvom5d
ຫງ
gmnjv c]t gonjv’9kdgxao3xicdi,c[[ resident s^n devide driver 9bj’9egxao9t8hv’.-h
|j;p7;k,9elj;o|bj’0v’g7njv’8ts^vfg;]k grnjvgIaf.sh|j;p7;k,9e.og7njv’gs^nv|hvp
]q’ c]t g-ajofP;daoda[dkoltcdogou d=7n ,ao9egxao8hv’,udkoxa[x5’0=h,6o0v’ Virus
Signature .shmaoltw\16jltg\uD
6.5 7ecotoe c]t dkoxhv’daow;iaf

x leIv’2kp0=h,6o (data files) mujle7aoD
x le]a[g7njv’muj,uIkfful 1jkgvUo DOS 9kd floppy diskD
x xhv’daodko0Po.shda[ floppy diskD
x 1jkgxuf3xicdi,muj8yfw;iaf,kda[ disk vnjoD

x -vdsk3xicdi,d;fw;iafmuj.\j c]t s^kpd;jk|bj’3xicdi,9kd7qo]t[=]ylaf

Xmk’mujfu c]t Ia[xtdao7;o.-h3xicdi,d;f c]t 0hkw;iafmuj4nd8hv’ c]t
,u]y0tlyf?D
x gxuf.-h3xicdi,d;fskw;iafgxaow]ptD
x gxuf.-h3xicdi,d;fskw;iafc[[g/Qk]t;a’m5dgmnjvD
x legoqk-v[c;ltgrktmuj4ndd;flv[c]h; .o [u[ugvl
x le]v’0=h,6omujle7ao0v’ harddisk wxgda[.o floppy diskD
x dtdP, floppy disk mujw;hle]a[.shgvUo DOS 0Bo,kgIaf;PdwfhD
x g,njvg7njv’8yfw;iaf .shrtpkpk,skmuj,k0v’w;iafoAoD
6.6 dkode9afw;iaf
g,njvcoj.9;jk g7njv’7v,ry;g8u8yfw;iafc]h; .shgIafdkocdhw0fh;p7;k,Iv[7v[
c]t ]t,af]t;a’1jk’s^;’s^kp grkt[k’gmnjv 8q;7qocdhgv’ Xs^n 3xicdi,d;fw;iaf?
9tgxao8q;me]kps^kpd;jk8q;w;iaf8q;9y’vudD dkod;flv[ c]t deoqf[jvo[aombd0=h,6o
ສດິ
.\j (harddisk formating) vudgmnjv|bj’ d=[+c,jo;ymumujfumujl5fltg\uwxF ,ao9tpyj’|adwxd;jkoAo
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
4hkskd;jk gIafwx3fp[+,udkoleIv’0=h,6ow;hdjvoD dkocdhw0oAo 4hkz6h.-h,u7;k,I6hdjP;da[
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
w;iaf muj8yf16j;jk ,aogxaoxtgrf.f d=9t-j;pwfh1jk’s^;’s^kpD 0=hltg|u8+wxoU vkf9tgxao
ຫງ
xt3spf8+dkosûdg;Ao9kddko8yfw;iaf0v’g7njv’ g-ajoG
[5f (boot) g7njv’.\jmaomu g,njvI6h;jk g7njv’8yfw;iafG g,njvI6h;jk g7njv’8yfw;iaf
.shgIafdko[5f (booting) g7njv’.\jmaomu 3fpgvUo.-h DOS 9kd floppy disk mujwfhdtdP,w;hD
4hkgvUo DOS 9kd floppy disk muj16j.og7njv’muj8yfw;iaf gxaowxwfh;jk 8q;w;iafvkf9tda[
g0Qkwx.o|j;p7;k,9ewfhvudD g,njvleg]af0Ao8vodkogvUo.-h DOS c]h; shk,gvUo3xi
cdi,.fM .og7njv’muj8yfw;iaf grkt[+I6h;jk 3xicdi,.fcfjmuj,uw;iaf8yf16jD
gvUo3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf0Bo,kd;fsk c]t me]kpG gvUo3xicdi,d;f
9a[w;iaf grnjvd;fg[yj’;jk ,u3xicdi,.fcfj 8yfw;iafD 4hk3xicdi,d;fskw;iafmuj.-h16j
lk,kfde9afw;iaf8q;mujrq[gsaowfh d=.shmqf]v’g[yj’D c8jdjvo9t]q’,nxt8y[af .shgIafdkole
goqk grnjvleIv’3xicdi,muj8yfw;iafw;hglpdjvoD 3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf[k’vaolk,kf
laj’.shleIv’3xicdi,muj8yfw;iafwxgxaovud-nj|bj’ djvomuj9tde9afw;iaf g-ajoG MSAV 0v’
DOS gv’gxao8QoD

dkolhk’legoqk3xicdi,muj8yfw;iaf gIafw;h d=phvo;jk g,njvw;iaf4ndde9afvvd9kd

3xicdi,wx 3xicdi,oAovkf[+lk,kfgIaf;Pdwfh8k,xqddt8y s^n gIaf;Pd[+wfhg]upd=gxao
wxwfhD ;ymudkod;flv[0Ao8Qo 7n .shmqf]v’xP[mP[0t|kf0v’3xicdi, sâ’9kdmuj4nd
de9afw;iafwxc]h; da[0t|kfgfu,0v’,aoD 4hk,ao,u0t|kfohvpd;jk ltcf’;jk [+leg]afF
skdgxaog-ajooAo .shgvqk3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf8q;vnjo,kd;f3xicdi,muj8yfw;iafleIv’
w;hoAoD c8j4hk,u0t|kf.spjd;jk s^n gmqjkgfu, gxaowxwfh;jk dkode9afw;iafvkfleg]afD
grnjv7;k,cojovo vkf9tmqf]v’gIaf-E7novudgmnjv|bj’D skdzqodkod;flv[vvd,k
xaflt9kdw;iafc]h; d=.shgxuf3xicdi,muj4ndde9afw;iafwxoAovvd,kmqflv[dkogIaf;Pd
vudgmnjv|bj’ c]t la’gdfg[yj’;jk ,aogxaoxqddt8yfus^n[+L .o-j;’faj’djk; 7;ogda[3xicdi,oU
leIv’wxoe 0totmuj8yfw;iaf16jw;h grnjv;jk.o0hk’|hkskdrq[;jk 3xicdi,gIaf;Pd[+gxao
wx8k,xqddt8y d=lk,kfmqf]v’gvUo3xicdi,9afdkow;iaf8q;vnjo 0Bo,kde9af8+wxwfhD 4hk
\Ao.9;jk3xicdi,.-hwfhxqddt8yfu d=lk,kf]b[3xicdi,leIv’mujpa’8yfw;iaf16j4U,wxmaomu
grnjvsûdg;Ao[+.sh,udkogxuf,ao0Bo,k.-h3fp7;k,[a’gvuoD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ

7e4k,7Qo7;hk @
1. 9qj’vtmy[kpsq;0=h8+wxoUG
dD gxaospa’8hv’,u-v[c;]t[q[L
0D -v[c;oe.-h4ndrafmtok0Bo,kgrnjvxt3spfvao.fL
7D g,njvoadIPo8hv’dkos^Yogd,7v,ry;g8u 9t8hv’.-h-v[c;spa’cfjL

2. 9qj’ry9k]tok 0=h7;k,8+wxoU ;jk 7;og\ktlq,da[vao.fL
]efa[
]t[q[xt8y[afdko
-v[c;leg]afI6[
;Pdltgrkt
8q;cxrklk
0=h7;k,
-v[c;.-h
gd,
ດິ
ະສ
1 xkldko
ລຂິ
2
ວ.
g7qkg8ultw8
ວນ
ສ.
ຫງ
3 3xicdi,]t[q[’kod;flyo7hk
4 3vgvlm6
ສະ
5 -v[c;oeltg|u
6 3238-v[
7 -y,-yf8U
8 ]yo5d
9 3xicdi,[ao-u
10 -v[c;xt,;o7ela[

3. 9qj’8v[7e4k,8+wxoUG
dD -v[c;c,jospa’L
0D lnjdk’mujgIaf.shgIqk c]t 7v,ry;g8u8yf8+lnjlkodaowfh c,jospa’L
7D 8q;g]dmuj.-h.o]t[q[g]d4kolv’,uspa’cfjL
’D rklk7v,ry;g8umuj,aovjkoc]h;g0Qk.9maomu c,jorklkspa’L
9D rklk7v,ry;g8uc[j’gxao9adxtgrf c]t 7n xtgrf.fcfjL
lD 4hk8hv’dko.sh7v,ry;g8ug0Qk.9rklk]tfa[l6’ 9t8hv’gIafco;.fL
-D -v[c;muj7v,ry;g8uwfhIa[maomuj.og;]kgxufg7njv’ c,jo-v[c;xtgrf.fL
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8k]t]k’
rafmtokdko0v’ WebBrowsers
Internet Users
Year Web Browsers
(in millions)
Pre-browser: HyperCard, Gopher
1991 WorldWideWeb
1992 ViolaWWW, Erwise, MidasWWW, MacWWW
1993 Mosaic, Cello, Lynx 2.0, Arena, AMosaic 1.0
IBM Web Explorer, Netscape Navigator, SlipKnot 1.0, MacWeb,
1994
IBrowse, Argo, Minuet
Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator 2.0, OmniWeb, WebRouser[2],
1995 16
Internet Explorer 2, Grail
Arachne 1.0, Internet Explorer 3.0, Netscape Navigator 3.0, Opera 2.0,
1996 36
PowerBrowser 1.5[3], Cyberdog, Amaya 0.9[4], AWeb, Voyager
Internet Explorer 4.0, Netscape Navigator 4.0, Netscape Communicator
1997 70
4.0, Opera 3.0[5], Amaya 1.0[4]
1998 Internet Explorer 5.0 Beta 1, iCab, Mozilla 147
1999 Amaya 2.0[4], Mozilla M3, Internet Explorer 5.0 248
ສດິ
Konqueror, Netscape 6, Opera 4[6], Opera 5[7], K-Meleon 0.2, Amaya
ະ
2000 361
3.0[4], Amaya 4.0[4]
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
Internet Explorer 6, Galeon 1.0, Opera 6[8], Amaya 5.0[4]
ວ
2001 513
Netscape 7, Mozilla 1.0, Phoenix 0.1, Links 2.0, Amaya 6.0[4], Amaya ສ.
ຫງ
2002 587
7.0[4]
2003 Opera 7[9], Safari 1.0, Epiphany 1.0, Amaya 8.0[4] 719
2004 Firefox 1.0, Netscape Browser, OmniWeb 5.0 817
[10]
Safari 2.0, Netscape Browser 8.0, Opera 8. , Epiphany1.8, Amaya
2005 1018
9.0[4], AOL Explorer1.0, Maxthon 1.0, Shiira 1.0
SeaMonkey 1.0, K-Meleon 1.0, Galeon 2.0, Camino 1.0, Firefox 2.0,
2006 1093
Avant 11, iCab 3, Opera 9[11], Internet Explorer 7, Sputnik
Maxthon 2.0, Netscape Navigator 9, NetSurf 1.0, Flock 1.0, Safari 3.0,
2007 1262
Conkeror
Konqueror 4, Safari 3.1, Opera 9.5[12], Firefox 3, Amaya 10.0[4], Flock 2,
2008 1565
Google Chrome 1, Amaya 11.0[4]
Internet Explorer 8, Chrome 2, Safari 4, Firefox 3.5, Opera 10, Flock 2.5,
2009
Google Chrome 3
Beta Camino 2, SeaMonkey 2
Alpha Maxthon 3, Google Chrome 4, Firefox 3.6

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I6[ !D! g7njv’7v,ry;g8uDDDDDDDDDD.................................................................................2
I6[ !D@ mjkoJohn von NeumanX9vo ;vo ovpc,o? .oshv’mqf]v’D..................................2
I6[ !D# lj;oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u............................................................3
I6[ !D$ lj;oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u............................................................4
I6[ !D& CPU *&W@F )W)) c]t pentiumXgromP,?.........................................................5
I6[ !D* CPU ) [yfF !* [yf c]t #@ [yf......................................................................6
I6[ !D( CPU 8086 c]t CPU )W@)*........................................................................7
I6[ !D) w,37i3rig-lg-u )W#)* c]t )W$)*...............................................................8
I6[ !D_ w,37i3rig-lg-u )W$)*.............................................................................9
I6[ !D!W rafmtokdko0v’w,37i3rig-lg-u c]t 9eo;omiko-ulg8u c8j xu!_(W{@WWW...............9
I6[ !D!! |j;p7;k,9e ci,................................................................................10
I6[ !D!@ |j;p7;k,9esâd-toyf iv,......................................................................11
I6[ !D!# lj;oxtdv[0v’czjo[aombd c]t 37’lhk’dko9afgda[0=h,6ogmy’czjo[aombd...................12
I6[ !D!$ czjo[aombd fhko|hk c]t sq;vjko{0Po czjoc,jgsâd...........................................13
ສດິ
I6[ !D!& I6[c[[dko[aombd[yf(RecordedBitFormatsFMandMFM).................................13
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I6[ !D!) dko3vophkp0=h,6o]ts;jk’Ikffulda[|j;p7;k,9e............................................18
I6[ !D!_ gma[c,jgsâd(magnetictape)......................................................................20
I6[ !D@W czjo-ufu[aombdwfhgmnjvfP; c]t czjo-ufumujlk,kf[aombdwfhs^kpgmnjv............................21
I6[ !D@! czjo-ufu8k,c8j]t0t|kf.........................................................................23
I6[ !D@@ dkogIaf;Pdgmy’czjo-ufu(CDRorCDRW)......................................................24
I6[ !D@# czjoDVDR c]tDVDRW........................................................................25
I6[ !D@$ |j;p7;k,9ec[[2tc]al mujgvUo;jk g7njv’vjko{0PogIofU (handydrive).....................29
I6[ !D@& cxhory,0t|kf !W$ x5j,...........................................................................30
I6[ !D@* g,qkl.oI6[c[[8jk’M..............................................................................31
I6[ !D@( mtciad[vo.........................................................................................32
I6[ !D@_ ltcdogou c]t g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf.............................................................33
I6[ !D#W c4[]tsaf c]t g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf............................................................33
I6[ !D#! g7njv’vjkovadlvoc,jgsâd c]t .[g-ad (check)...................................................34
I6[ !D#@ 9=leraf..............................................................................................35

I6[ !D## |hk9erk[c[[ -uvkimu c]t c[[ cv]-ufu.....................................................35

I6[ !D#$ g7njv’ry,c[[g,af...................................................................................36
I6[ !D#& g7njv’ry,g]g-u (laserprinter)......................................................................38
I6[ !D#* g7njv’ry,.-h\bd (inkjetprinter)....................................................................40
I6[ !D#( g7njv’ry,c[[[aomaf (lineprinter).................................................................41
I6[ !D#) g7njv’lkp0=h,6o.ovtfuf............................................................................42
I6[ !D#_ g7njv’lkp0=h,6omuj.-h.oxaf95[ao......................................................................42
I6[ @D! 7v,rkpg]u(compiler)c]t vyog8uxiyfg8u(interpreter).........................................49
I6[ @D@ dkoc[j’-toyf-v[c;..............................................................................49
I6[ @D# ,t3ork[djP;da[-v[c;]t[q[ c]t -v[c;oe.-h...............................................50
I6[ @D$ -v[c;oe.-h8jk’M..................................................................................51
I6[ @D& rk[ltcf’|hk9=dko[5fg7njv’7v,ry;g8u fh;p]t[q[xt8y[afdko DOS..........................54
I6[ @D* I6[|hk8jk’0v’3xicdi,3]3d....................................................................64
I6[ @D( 8q;1jk’dko.-h7elaj’[k’vao c]t 7elaj’faj’djk; 9tc8h,gxaoI6[ $ s^jP, 3fp,u];’pk;fhko]t
!WW sq;|j;p c]t g8qjk9tsaoda[wx95fg]uj,8QoD..............................................................66
I6[ @D)MSOfficeWord2007,LotusWordPro c]t OpenOffice.org3Writer..........................72
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I6[ @D_ MSOfficeExcel2007,Lotus123c]t OpenOffice.org3Calc..................................74
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I6[ @D!W 8q;1jk’dkovhk’vu’8ec|j’8k,4ao c]t c4;0v’ MSOfficeExcel2007....................74
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I6[ @D!! |hk8jk’dko.-h-v[c;9afdko4ko0=h,6o0v’MSOfficeAccess2007..........................76
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I6[ @D!@ |hk8jk’dko.-h-v[c;oeltg|u0v’MSOfficePowerPoint2007.............................77
I6[ @D!# Netscape/AOL MailFMicrosoft OutlookFYahoo Mailc]tG Mail..........................80
I6[ @D!$ Microsoft Explorer, Mozilla Firefox c]t Opera Explorer.....................................81
I6[ @D!& g;a[w-7Qosk0=h,6oG www.aol.com c]twww.google.com.......................................82
I6[ @D!* c[[2v,gvg]ad38ioyd le]a[dkolt,adoe.-h[=]ydko vug,; 0v’ yahoo.....................83
I6[ @D!( 3xicdi,dik2ydG PaintF Photoshop c]t CAD...............................................85
I6[ @D!) Same Game gxaomujoypq,dao.od5j,z6h.-h16oyd c]t ]uo5d............................................86
I6[ @D!_ Solitaire gxaogd,9af]P’wrh g-yj’g\ktlq,da[z6hg]uj,8Qo.-h7v,ry;g8u.\j muj8hv’dkog/yd-hv,
dkooe.-hg,qklD..............................................................................................87
I6[ @D@WChess Titans gxaogd,\kdglyd g-yj’g\ktlq,le]a[dkoIPo;ymudko;k’czoD...............87
I6[ @D@! Virus: Trojan Horse................................................................................90
I6[ @D@@ dkod;fskw;iaffh;pdkoltcdo 0v’3xicdi,G Symantec.................................92

cs^j’vhk'vu'
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http://www.curriculum51.net
http://www.kmutt.ac.th/av/HTML/techno/note.htm
http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/ict/definition.htm
http://web.ku.ac.th/schoolnet/snet1/network/it/
http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_viruses_(all)
http://203.172.235.132/technom1/ebook3/page/
http://www.openoffice.org/
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g8ad3o3]-u” 8k,sâdl6fcdodk’dkolbdlk0AorNo4ko rDl @&&!F leoad;y-kdko
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g8ad3o3]-uF dt-;’ lbdlkmydkoF xtgmfwm}ISBN 974-01-3938-8
x xt,;o7ela[;ymtpkdko0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’
dkog8ad3o3]-u0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf}dt-;’lndlkmydko}
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x ;a9oko5dq, rklk]k; 3fp ,tsk lu]k ;uit;q’l%}lt[a[xa[x5’.\j rDl @&$_
x “Office Productivity Tools (Courseware)” Indo-Lao PDR Cooperation on
Information Communication Technology, 2004
x Computer Concepts, Comprehensive Word and the Internet by Ma. Mineva J.
Gorres,Philippines 2007/ ISBN 978-971-37-0308-8

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