Iktcgms gb ]kfhcjd` Kd`ljsc f Bgrkj`d Lfd`uf`k

“ ]kfhcjd` Prjtjd`’

Ey @rgup 8 1

Jdtfd Xkptjfdtfif (608?6?=?5:)

Jsrf Iklmf Dgbjf (608?6?=?85)

Ljljf Dgbjtf _utrj (628?6?=?88)

Ijtsfljdf Fmzcfdj (608?6?=?=?)

Iucfiifm Fttcgrjq (608?6?=?=5)

Durmjfc @ustjnf _utrj (608?6?=?=0)

_utrj Hcfdjf Dfdmg (608?6?=?;8)

Lkhturkr 1

Q[LCKUIJDMUF, I. _M

X]F]K JDX]J][]K BGU JXLFIJH X][MJKX JFJD EF][XFD@NFU

KD@LJXC ]KFHCJD@ MK_FU]IKD]

]FUEJZFC BFH[L]Z

5?6:/5?5?
 

HCF_]KU J

JD]UGM[H]JGD

F. Efhn
Efhn`r
`rgu
gudm
dm
Xtumkdts dkkm tg ek pkrsgdflly jdvglvkm jd wrjtjd` kxkrhjsks jd grmkr tg ifnk
tck lkfrdjd` kxpkrjkdhk gb lfstjd` vfluk. Kdhgurf`jd` stumkdt pfrtjhjpftjgd jd tck
kxkrhjsk, wcjlk ft tck sfik tjik rkbjdjd` fdm kxpfdmjd` wrjtjd` snjlls, rkqujrks f
hkrtfjd prf`iftjh fpprgfhc. ]ck tkfhckr scgulm ek hlkfr gd wcft snjlls ck/sck js tryjd`
tg mkvklgp. Dkxt, tck tkfhckr dkkms tg mkhjmk gd wcjhc ikfds (gr typk gb kxkrhjsk)
hfd bfhjljtftk lkfrdjd` gb tck tfr`kt frkf. Gdhk tck tfr`kt snjll frkfs fdm ikfds gb 
jiplkikdtftj
jiplkikdtftjgd
gd frk mkbjdkm,
mkbjdkm, tck tkfhckr
tkfhckr hfd tckd prghkkm tg bghus gd wcft tgpjh hfd
 ek kiplgykm tg kdsurk stumkdt pfrtjhjpftjgd. Ey prf`iftjhflly hgiejd` tcksk
geakhtjvks, tck tkfhckr hfd kxpkht egtc kdtcusjfsi fdm kbbkhtjvk lkfrdjd`.

E. Bgr
Bgriul
iulft
ftjgd
jgd gb ]ck
]ck _r
_rgel
gelki
ki
6. Pcf
Pcftt frk
frk tc
tckk ]
]kfhc
kfhcjd`
jd` Prjtjd
Prjtjd`7
`7
5. Pcf
Pcftt frk tck
tck _rjdhj
_rjdhjplk
plkss ]kfh
]kfhcjd
cjd`
` Prjtjd`
Prjtjd`77
8. Pcft frk tck
tck _rjdhjpl
_rjdhjplkk gb ]khcdjquk
]khcdjquk ]kfhc
]kfhcjd`
jd` P
Prjtjd`
rjtjd`77
=. Pcft frk tck
tck _rghkmur
_rghkmurkk gb _rghkmurk
_rghkmurk ]kfhcjd`
]kfhcjd` P
Prjtjd`
rjtjd`77
 

HCF_]KU JJ

MJXH[XXJGD

F. ]k
]kfh
fhcj
cjd`
d` Prjt
Prjtjd
jd`
`
6. Mkbjdj
Mkbjdjtjg
tjgd
d gb tkfhcj
tkfhcjd`
d` Prjt
Prjtjd`
jd`

Fhhgrm
Fhhg rmjd
jd`
` tg Er
Erg
gwd,
wd, (5
(5??
??61
6188
88;)
;).. wrjt
wrjtjd
jd`
` js “fs
“fs mj
mjbb
bbkr
krkd
kdtt brgi
brgi
spkfnjd` fs swjiijd` js brgi wflnjd`. ]cjs js suppgrtkm fdm mkvklgpkm ey
Ckm`k, wcg stftks tcft wrjtjd` js igrk tcfd prgmuhjd` fhhurftk fdm hgiplktk
skdtkdhks fdm pcrfsks. Xck stftks tcft wrjtjd` js fegut `ujmjd` stumkdts tg1
“prgmuhk wcglk pjkhks gb hgiiudjhftjgd, tg ljdn fdm mkvklgp jdbgriftjgd,
jmkfs, gr fr`uikdts bgr f pfrtjhulfr rkfmkr gr f `rgup gb rkfmkrs...’ (5??;16?).
Fll tcksk pgjdts ifnk tck tkfhcj
tkfhcjd`
d` gb wrjtjd
wrjtjd`
` f hgipl
hgiplkx
kx ifttkr, sjdhk fll tcjs
scgulm ek tfnkd jdtg hgdsjmkrftjgd bgr kbbjhjkdt lkfrdjd` gb wrjtjd` strftk`jks.

5. _rjdh
_rjdhjpl
jplkk gb tk
tkfhc
fhcjd`
jd` Pr
Prjtj
jtjd`
d`
]ckrk
]ckrk frk tc
tckk prjd
prjdhjp
hjplk
lkss (mksh
(mkshrj
rjek
ekm
m jd ig
igrk
rk mk
mktf
tfjl
jl jd Cg
Cgbbi
bbifd
fd‚s
‚s fd
fdm
m
Pkxlkr‚
Pkxlkr‚ss bgr
bgrtch
tchgij
gijd`
d` eggn,
eggn, ]ck Prjtjd`
Prjtjd` Ukvgl
Ukvglutjgd
utjgd,, Agssky-Efss,
Agssky-Efss, Fu`ust
5?60)1
f.  Kxpljhjt jdstruhtjgd stfrtjd` ygud`
Ekjd` f `ggm rkfmkr js dgt kdgu`c tg ekhgik f `ggm wrjtkr> wrjtjd`
rkqujrks bfr igrk mkhjsjgds. Fdm stumkdts wcg hfd spkfn blukdtly mgd‚t
dkhkssfrjly trfdsbkr tcft tg hgckrkdt wrjtjd`. Xtumkdts dkkm tg ek tfu`ct
cgw
cgw tck hgdvkd
hgdvkdtjg
tjgds
ds gb wrj
wrjttkd
ttkd lfd`u
lfd`uf`k
f`k mjbbkr
mjbbkr brgi
brgi tcg
tcgsk
sk gb spg
spgnkd
nkd
lf
lfd`
d`uf
uf`k
`k,, hgii
hgiiud
udjh
jhft
ftjd
jd`
` wjtc
wjtc iuhc
iuhc ig
igrk
rk pr
prkh
khjs
jsjg
jgd
d fdm
fdm hl
hlfr
frjt
jty,
y,
fdtjhjpftjd` wcft tck rkfmkr dkkms tg ndgw fdm udmkrstfdm, fdm usjd`
 pudhtuftjgd fdm nky wgrms.
wgrms.
 e. Xkdtkdhks fs tck eujlmjd` elghns
Xtumkdts dkkm tg mg plkdty gb skdtkdhk-lkvkl wrjtjd` jd wcjhc tcky
kxplfj
kxplfjd,
d, pfr
pfrfpc
fpcrfsk
rfsk,, gr sui
suiifr
ifrjzk
jzk sgp
sgpcjs
cjstjh
tjhftkm
ftkm hgd
hgdtkd
tkdt,
t, usk hgrrkht
hgrrkht
spklljd` fdm `rfiifr, fdm `kt bkkmefhn gd bgri fdm hgdtkdt. ]ckd tcky
hfd igvk gd tg pfrf`rfpcs fdm kssfys.

 e. @rfiifr tfu`ct jd tck hgdtkxt gb wrjtjd`

Bgr ifdy
Bgr ifdy stustumk
mkdt
dts,
s, lkfrd
lkfrdjd
jd`
` pf
pfrt
rtss gb spkkh
spkkhc
c fd
fdm
m mjmjf`
f`rfi
rfiij
ijd`
d`
skdtkdhks aust fmms tg tck hgdbusjgd, “Eut tcft mgksd‚t ikfd tkfhckrs hfd‚t,
 

Gdk pfrtjhulfrly cklpbul kxkrhjsk js skdtkdhk hgiejdjd`, wcjhc stumkdts

bj
bjdm
dm kd
kd`f
`f`j
`jd`
d` fd
fdm
m `k
`kts
ts ft ifdy
ifdy gb tc
tckk sfi
sfikk snjl
snjlls
ls fs mry
mry `rfi
`rfiif
ifr 
r 
jdstruhtjgd.
h.  _lfddjd` fdm rkvjsjd`
]cjs cklps tcki tcjdn tcrgu`c wcft fmmjtjgdfl jdbgriftjgd tcky dkkm,

hgddkhtt jmk
hgddkh jmkfs
fs gr hlfjis
hlfjis wjtc
wjtc rklkvfd
rklkvfdtt mktfjl
mktfjlss gr kvjmkd
kvjmkdhk,
hk, fdm fvgjm
fvgjm
jrrklkvfdt jdbgriftjgd fdm rkpktjtjgd. ]ckd hgiks rkvjsjd`, wcjhc js wckrk
stumkdts fpply wcft tcky‚vk lkfrdkm jd skdtkdhk-lkvkl kxkrhjsks tg jdskrt
tr
trfd
fdsj
sjtj
tjgd
gd wg
wgrm
rms,
s, vfry
vfry skdt
skdtkd
kdhk
hk st
stru
ruht
htur
urk,
k, fdm
fdm usk
usk su
sueg
egrm
rmjd
jdft
ftjd
jd`
`
hgdaudhtjgds, fppgsjtjvks, fdm gtckr tkhcdjquks sg tck wrjtjd` blgws fdm
ifnks skdsk.
8. Iktcgms/
Iktcgms/]kh
]khcdjqu
cdjquks
ks Gb ]kfh
]kfhcjd`
cjd` Prjtjd`
Prjtjd`
f. Erfjd
rfjdst
stg
grijd
rijd`
`
Erfjd
Erfjdstg
stgri
rijd
jd`
` js fd fh
fhtj
tjvj
vjty
ty wjtc
wjtc wc
wcjhc
jhc igst
igst pkgp
pkgplk
lk frk

bfijljfr. ]ck geakht jd erfjdstgrijd` js tg hgipjlk fs lfr`k f ljst fs

 pgssjelk gb pgtkdtjfl kxfiplks bgr f `jvkd tgpjh. ]cjs js f `rkft fhtjvjty
tg mg jd sifll `rgups gr wjtc tck kdtjrk hlfss. @jvk ygur stumkdts
 pkrijssjgd tg ek fs hrkftjvk fs tcky ljnk. Hcfllkd`k ygur stumkdts tg
hgik up wjtc fs ifdy kxfiplks fs tcky pgssjely hfd bgr wcftkvkr 
tgpjh ygu `jvk tcki.
 e. Brkk wrjtjd`
Brkk wrjtjd` js fd jdmjvjmufl
jdmjvjmufl fhtjv
fhtjvjty
jty bgr `kttjd`
`kttjd` tcgu`cts
tcgu`cts brgi
ygur ckfm gd tg pfpkr. @jvk ygur stumkdts
stumkdts f skt lkd`tc gb tjik bgr tcjs

fhtjvjty. Jb tcky frk ygud` ygu ify wfdt tg ljijt jt tg twg gr tcrkk
ijdutks> glmkr stumkdts hfd prgefely wrjtk bgr bjvk tg tkd ijdutks.
]ckd wckd stumkdts cfvk hgiplktkm tck fhtjvjty, cfvk tcki `g efhn 
fdm rkfm wcft tcky cfvk wrjttkd mj``jd` tcrgu`c tck ijrk bgr tck `kis
cjmmkd wjtcjd.
h. Agur
Agurdf
dflj
ljstj
stjhh Vuks
Vukstj
tjgd
gdss
Agurdfljstjh qukstjgds fpprgfhc f tgpjh jd f igrk struhturkm
ifddkr. Xtfrt ey rkvjkwjd` tck qukstjgd wgrms1 wcg, wcft, wckrk,
wckd, wcy fdm cgw. ]ckd, bgr ygur `jvkd tgpjh, fsn qukstjgds stfrtjd`

wjtc kfhc gb tcksk wgrms. Bgr kxfiplk, jb ygur tgpjh wfs stumy cfejts,
ygu ij`ct fsn, “Pcg cfs `ggm stumy cfejts7 Pcg ekdkbjts brgi `ggm
 

stumy cfejts7 Pcft frk tck `ggm cfejts7 Pckrk mg pkgplk wjtc `ggm
stumy cfejts stumy7 Pckrk tg tcky nkkp tckjr eggns7 Pckrk mg tcky
gr`fdjzk dgtks fdm cgikwgrn7 Pckd mg tcky stumy7 Pckd mg tcky
hgiplktk fssj`dikdts7 ...’ ]ckrk frk fd jdbjdjtk duiekr gb qukstjgds
ygu hfd fsn fegut fdy `jvkd sueakht.

m. Hl
Hlus
ustk
tkrr Ifpp
Ifppjd
jd`
`
Hlustkr ifppjd`, flsg hfllkm jmkf wkeejd`, js f `rkft wfy tg
scgw rklftjgdscjps ektwkkd jmkfs. Hlustkr ifppjd` js flsg pfrt jmkf
`kdkrftjgd fdm pfrt gr`fdjzftjgd, sg stumkdts wjll ndgw kxfhtly cgw tg
`rgup tckjr jmkfs gdhk tcky frk rkfmy tg wrjtk. ]g ek`jd, wrjtk ygur 
tgpjh jd tck hkdtkr gb tck pf`k fdm put f hjrhlk frgudm jt. ]ckd ygu hfd
igvk jd gdk gb twg mjrkhtjgds. Pjtc ygud`kr hcjlmrkd, cfvk tcki tcjdn 
gb qukstjgds fegut tck tgpjh.
k. Bl
Blg
gw Hcf
cfrt
rtjd
jd`
`

Blgw hcfrtjd` js sjijlfr tg hlustkr ifppjd` jd tcft jt scgws

rklftjgdscjp
rklftjgdscjpss ektwkkd
ektwkkd jmkfs. Cgwkvkr
Cgwkvkr,, blgw hcfrtjd` js igst kbbkhtjvk
wckd kxfijdjd` hfusk fdm kbbkht rklftjgdscjps. Pckd wrjtjd`, stumkdts
hfd tckd bghus gd kjtckr cflb gb tck mjf`rfi (hfusks gb mru` feusk gr 
kbbkhts gb mru` feusk) gr bgllgw tck hfusk fdm kbbkht pftcwfy brgi
hfusk tg kbbkht fdm hfusk tg kbbkht. Mkpkdmjd` gd tck tgpjh, stumkdts
ify hrkftk f hcfjd gb hfusk fdm kbbkht rklftjgdscjps fdm hcggsk tg
wrjtk fegut tck skrjks.
=. _rghk
_rghkmur
murks
ks ]kf
]kfhc
hcjd`
jd` Pr
Prjtj
jtjd`
d`

6. _rgs
_rgsks
ks gb wr
wrjt
jtjd
jd`
`
 Jdvkdtjd` Dfikly bjdmjd` fdm kxprkssjd` jmkfs fdm jmkfs gb 
stumkdts, wcft stumkdts wjll wrjtk gr stumkdts hgdvky tck stkps tg bjdm
jmkfs tg`ktckr wjtc fs ifdy wfys fs rkfmjd`, spkfnjd`, erfjdstgrijd`
qukstjgds, ijdmifppjd` fdm plfddjd`, dfikly tck stf`ks gb stumkdts
tryjd`
tryjd` tg mktkrijdk
mktkrijdk cgw tg hgdv
hgdvky
ky jmkfs Ft tcjs stf`
stf`kk stumkdts
stumkdts wjll
kxprkss prgelkis, geakhtjvks, rkfmkrs, tck struhturk gb tkxt fdm tgdk gb 
tck tkxt tg ek wrjttkd. Mrfbtjd` Ft tcjs stf`k stumkdts try tg scfpk
iftkrjfll gr iftkrjfl jdtg tkxt. ]ck mrfbt js wrjttkd hgdtjdug
iftkrjf hgdtjdugusly,
usly, brgi

mrfbt 6, mrfbt 5 fdm mrfbt 8 udtjl jt ekhgiks tck bjdfl rksult. Ukvjsjd`
rkvjsjgds jdhlumjd` fmmjd` dkw jmkfs, gtckr jmkfs kljijdftjd` sgik
 

uddkhkssfry wgrms gr jmkfs gr rkfrrfd`jd` wcft cfs ekkd wrjttkd jd tck

mrfbt. Kmjtjd` Kmjtjd` ikfds pgljscjd` f pjkhk gb wrjtjd`
wrjtjd` fdm vfrjgus
fspkhts suhc fs, spklljd`, tkdsks, hcgjhk gb wgrms kth.
5. Prjt
Prjtjd
jd`
` wjtc
wjtc _gr
_grtg
tgbg
bglj
ljg
g
_grt
_grtbg
bglj
ljgs
gs frk f hg
hgll
llkht
khtjg
jgd
d gb st
stum
umkd
kdtt wgrn
wgrn tc
tcft
ft scgw
scgwss fl
flll

stumkdt kbbgrts, prg`rkss fdm stumkdt lkfrdjd` fhcjkvkikdts jd gdk gr 

igrk frkfs tcft iust scgw tck ekst hgllkhtjgd gb stumkdts' wgrn gr tck
 ekst kbbgrts gb stumkdts, tck ekst kxfiplks gb wgrnjd` kxpkrjkdhk
rklftkm tg tck lkfrdjd` guthgiks tg ek ikfsurkm fdm mghuikdts tcft
frk
frk jd fhhgr
fhhgrmf
mfdh
dhkk wj
wjtc
tc tc
tckk `rgw
`rgwtc
tc fd
fdm
m mk
mkvk
vklg
lgpi
pikdt
kdt tg
tgwf
wfrm
rmss tc
tckk
ifstkry gb jmkdtjbjkm lkfrdjd` guthgiks.
 

HGDHL[XJGD

Efskm gd tck tckgry fegvk, tck purpgsk gb tck hgdvkrsftjgd iust ek tg jiprgvk
stumkd
stumkdts'
ts' hgi
hgiiud
iudjhft
jhftjgd
jgd snjlls,
snjlls, ekh
ekhfus
fusk,
k, jd tcft
tcft wfy,
wfy, stumkd
stumkdts
ts hfd hgi
hgiiud
iudjhft
jhftkk wjtc
wjtc
tcki
tckisk
sklv
lvks
ks fdm
fdm lk
lkfr
frd
d fegu
fegutt fppr
fpprgp
gprj
rjft
ftkk sghj
sghjfl
fl fdm
fdm hult
hultur
urfl
fl jd
jdtk
tkrf
rfht
htjg
jgds
ds jd kvkr
kvkry
y
hgiiudjhftjgd. Prjtjd` js vkry jipgrtfdt jd lkfrdjd`, ekhfusk wrjtjd` js dgt gdly fegut
jdbgriftjgd fegut tck pfpkr eut tckrk iust ek jdbgriftjgd fdm jmkfs jd tck wrjtjd` tcft frk
ifmk
ifmk,, jd grmk
grmkrr tg `k
`ktt fhhur
fhhurft
ftkk jd
jdbg
bgri
rift
ftjg
jgd.
d. jd lk
lkfr
frdj
djd`
d` wr
wrjt
jtjd
jd`
` tc
tckr
krkk frk
frk fl
flsg
sg wr
wrjt
jtjd
jd`
`
 prjdhjplks jdhlumjd` tckrk frk sjx tcft ekhgik tck prjdhjplk gb wrjtjd` lkfrdjd`, dgt gdly tck
 prjdhjplks tcft frk dkhkssfry jd wrjtjd` tckrk js flsg f tkhcdjquk tcft js hfrrjkm gut ey f
stumkdt jd hgdmuhtjd` lkfrdjd` fhtjvjtjks.
 

UKBKUKDHKX

Er
Ergw
gwd,
d, C. M. (5?
(5??6
?6).
). ]kf
]kfhcj
hcjd`
d` ey _rjdhj
_rjdhjplk
plks1
s1 Fd Jdt
Jdtkrfh
krfhtjv
tjvkk Fpprg
Fpprgfhc
fhc tg Lfd`uf
Lfd`uf`k
`k
 _kmf`g`y ‘
 _kmf`g`y ‘ 5dm Kmjtjgd. Dkw Zgrn1 Lgd`ifd.

Cfrikr, A. 6:3=. ]ck _rfhtjhk gb Kd`ljsc Lfd`uf`k ]kfhcjd` . Lgdmgd1 Lgd`ifd.

Ckm`k, ]. (5??;). Prjtjd`.

Prjtjd`. Gxbgrm/Dkw
 Gxbgrm/Dkw Zgrn1 Gxbgrm [djvkrsjty _rkss.

cttps1//cgw-tg-tkfhc-kd`ljsc.gdtksgl.hgi/strftk`jks-tkfhcjd`-wrjtjd`-snjlls/

cttp1//hglljdskm.hgi/thwk/skpt-5?60/2-prjdhjplks-bgr-tkfhcjd`-wrjtjd`%5?-ifrscfll-
ikig.pmb 
 

MGH[IKD]FXJ