TBMathM1co PDF

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9eo;o.f|bj’ lk,kf0Pogxao8q;g]dS 8q;|a’ln X7evjko?D
dD dko0Po9eo;o.oI6[c[[dt9kpD
8q;1jk’G 41 375 = 41×1 000 + 3×100 + 7×10 + 5
vjko;jkG ljuly[gvafraolk,Ihvpg9afly[shkD
9qj’vu’.lj8q;1jk’c]h;0Po9eo;o]5j,oU.oI6[c[[dt9kp c]h;vjkorhv,D
507; 2532; 137 065; 45 700; 3 512 415; 25 718 272; 3 125 637 542.
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8q;1jk’G lujraogdQkIhvpshkly[g9af = 4 ×1000 + 9 ×100 + 5 ×10 + 7 = 4957
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dyf9tdemu #
dkoxP[mP[9eo;o3fpoe.=-hg7njv’\kp <F >F =
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4 × 1000 + 9 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 6 = 4956
2 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 5 < 2 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 7
9qj’vu’.lj8q;1jk’c]h;xP[mP[9eo;o]5j,oU 3fp0Pog7njv’\kp <F >F = .lj[jvo

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dD 2 ×1000 + 4 ×100 + 3 ×10 + 1 ....... 2430
0D 2 ×1000 + 5 ×100 + 7 ×10 + 5 ....... 2575
7D 4 ×1000 + 9 ×100 + 5 ×10 + 6 ....... 5 ×1000 + 9 ×100 + 5 ×10 + 6
’D 6 ×1000 + 2 ×100 + 5 ×10 + 8 ....... 6 ×1000 + 2 ×100 + 4 ×10 + 8
2
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572 = 5×100 + 7×10 + 2

vjko;jkG shkIhvpg9afly[lv’
4 765 = 4×1000 + 7×100 + 6 ×10 + 5
vjko;jkG lujraog9afIhvpsqdly[shk
43 896 = 43 ×1000 + 8 ×100 + 9 ×10 + 6
vjko;jkG lujly[lk,raocxfIhvpgdQkly[sqd s^n luj\njolk,raocxfIhvpgdQkly[sqdD
2 596 800 = 2 +1000 000 + 596 ×1000 + 8 ×100
vjko;jkG lv’]hkoshkIhvpgdQkly[sqdraocxfIhvp
3 072 008 045 = 3×1000 000 000 + 72 × 1000 000 + 8 × 1000 + 4 × 10 + 5
vjko;jkG lk,8Ng9afly[lv’]hkocxfraolujly[shk
4
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8q;1jk’G !W c]t _ S !W ,ulv’8q;g]d c]t _ ,u|bj’8q;g]d ltoAo !W > 9
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c,jo ( c]t & g-yj’;jk ( > &F ltoAo ()$& > 5987D
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gIqkmP[8q;g]dmuluj gsao;jk 7 < 9 ltoAo @ #)( *&W < @ #)_ !(&D
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8q;1jk’G gryjo0v[0Ao _ ()# 16jsâd8jk’M faj’oUG
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{ 8q;g]d I , X, C s^n M muj0Po]Po8yfdaos^kpgmnjvc,jo[;dg0QkdaoD
g-jaoG II; III; XX; XXX; CC; CCC; MM; MMM.
vjko;jkG @S #S @WS #WS @WWS #WWS @WWWS #WWWD
{ m5d8q;g]dmuj,u7jk|hvp0Po16jg[Nv’0;k0v’8q;g]dmuj,u7jks^kpd;jkc,jo[;dg0Qk
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g-jaoG VI; VII; VIII; XI; XII; XIII: XVII; LX; LVII; CCCXXI; MCCLXV
vjko;jkG 6 ; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 17; 60; 57; 321; 1265
{ m5d8q;g]dmuj,u7jk|hvp0Po8yf16jg[Nv’-hkp0v’8q;g]dmuj,u7jks^kpd;jk,aoc,jo]q[
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dD lk,]hkolujIhvplv’rao|bj’Ihvp-k;gvafD
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7D lk,8N|bj’Ihvp-k;]hko|bj’Ihvply[raog9afIhvp-k;shkD
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dD 9eo;o,ushk8q;g]d,u7jks^kpl5fD
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pD # V !W WWW + & V !WW + !W + ) c]t #W &!@D
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_D 9qj’djkp7no9eo;o8+wxoU3fpgvqk8q;g]d W muj16jsâd[+,u7;k,\kpvvdF c]h;9af]Po
9eo;ofaj’djk;c8j|hvpsks^kpD
dD _WWS WW_S _W!S !_WS W_!S WW!_S !WW_S _W!WS _!WWS _WW!D
0D WW#W$!S WW#$!WS W#!WW$S WW$!#WS W$#!WWS WWW$#!S $WWW#!D
!WD 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o]5j,oUc8js^kpsk|hvpD
dD ( *$@S * (@$S $ (*@S * ($@S @ $*(S $*@(S ( $*@S $ @*(S @ ($*S $ @(*D
0D @* W#&S *# &W@S @* &#WS @# *&WS @# &W*S @# &*WS &W *#@S &* W#(D
8
!!D 9qj’0v[0Ao9eo;o]5j,oU fh;p7jk.dh7P’s^5f c]t 7jk.dh7P’]njo16jsâd8jk’MD
dD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD < ()$# < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 16jsq;|j;pD
0D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD < !()&W < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 16jsq;IhvpD
7D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD < _)!(# < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 16jsq;ly[D
’D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD < ! @)( *WW < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 16jsq;raoD
9D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD < ! @)( *WW < DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 16jsq;\njoD
!@D w,h]e|bj’pk; &_#( mm. 9qj’0v[0Ao];’pk;0v’w,h]eoUfh;psq;|j;p m c]t cmD
g]d39fG
!#D I6h;jk ! xu ,u #*& ;aoS ! ;ao ,u @$ -qj;3,’S ! -qj;3,’ ,u # *WW ;yokmuD 4k,;jk 7qomuj,u
vkp5 (& xu ,uvkp5pnog4y’8N;yokmu s^n [+ L
!$D w]ptsjk’c8j|hk3]dsk8kg;ao,u !&W ]hkody3]c,af c]t 7;k,w;0v’cl’ c,jo
#WW WWW km /s. 4k,;jk cl’8kg;ao.-hg;]k9ad;yokmugrnjv,kg4y’|hk3]d L
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!&D .shI6h ! 38ogmqjk !WWW kg c]t ! kg gmqjk !WWW gD [=]ylafzt]yf1kltzq,csj’
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|bj’.-hw0jgs^nv’ #WW g 8+1kltzq, ! 38oD 9qj’7yfw]j,;olko0v’w0jgs^nv’.o1k
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ltzq, @W kgD ວ
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ຫງ
!*D ;af45vao|bj’|ad (& g S ;af45-toyffP;daooU]hkovao9t|adgmqjk.f mg L
!(D w,h0ufw2vao|bj’pk; & cmD 4hkgryjogvqkw,h0ufw2-toyffP;daooU8+dao3dfvao9tpk;
9addy3]c,af L
!)D g]d3ic,’D
dD 9qj’0Po9eo;o]5j,oUfh;pg]d3ic,’D
*_S (!S _(S #$(S *&(S )_$S # (*$S ! &@_S *W(S ! !W)D
0D 9qj’0Po9eo;o]5j,oUfh;pg]dvkia[D
CXLIX; CDLXXVIII; MCDLXIV; MMCCCXLIV; MMMCMXCIX;
ICVIII; CVI; MI; MXIII; MVII.
9
[qfmu @ 9eo;o4h;o
! dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
mhk; 7e g9Qk0v’Ihko0kpvkskol5dcsj’|bj’ wfh[aombd]kpIa[ { ]kp9jkpxt9e
;ao0v’]k;.o|bj’vkmyffaj’oUD
,N 0kpwfhma’\qf ]kp9jkpma’\qf zqolts^5[xt9e;ao
Xdu[? Xdu[? Xdu[?
;ao9ao )(& W&W *#W W(W + @$$ _)W
;aova’7ko &W_ &)& &)( W&W – (( $*&
;aor5f &@# &&W &@! W#W
;aortsaf *$& &(W *&@ (WW
;aol5d (#W &(& &$# (@&
ະ ສດິ
;aoglqk ! W#& ()W )#* (_W
ສະ .ສ
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ວນ
;aovkmyf ! WW( )&W )W_ &$W ວ
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wfh7yfw]jzqolts^5[xt9e;ao faj’oUG ຫງ
;ao9aoG 0kpwfhs^kpd;jk]kp9jkpF ]k;wfhdew]D zqolts^5[\kp[;d 16j|hkzqo]q[
]ts;jk’9eo;og’yo0kpwfhma’\qf .sh9eo;og’yo]kp9jkpma’\qfD
;aova’7koG 0kpwfh|hvpd;jk]kp9jkpF ]k;0kfmboF zqolts^5[\kp]q[ 16j|hkzqo]q[
]ts;jk’]kp9jkpma’\qf .sh9eo;og’yo0kpwfhma’\qfD
dD 9qj’djkp7no8k8t]k’gmy’oU c]h;8nj,.lj.sh4nd8hv’D
0D vu’.lj8k8t]k’mujwfh9kd0=h Xd? c]h;[vd;jk ,u;ao.fcfjmujmhk; 7e wfhdew]D
7D le]a[dko7hk0kpF wfhdew] s^n 0kfmbo c,jolv’gsfdkodq’dao0hk,dao.o
lt4kotdkofP;daoD grnjv[aombdlv’gsfdkofh;p9eo;o gryjodeoqfgvqkg7njv’
\kp[;d <+< -uh[vd;jkwfhdew] c]t g7njv’\kp]q[ <–< -uh[vd;jk0kfmboD
10
9eo;omuj,ug7njv’\kp <+< 16j8+|hkc,jo9eo;o[;d c]t 9eo;omuj,ug7njv’\kp
<–< 16j8+|hk c,jo9eo;o]q[D
8q;1jk’G + !W vjko;jk [;dly[ c]t – !@ vjko;jk ]q[ly[lv’D
9qj’[vd9eo;o8=jwxoUF 9eo;o.fgxao9eo;o[;d c]t 9eo;o.fgxao9eo;o]q[D
+ &S + $S –13; + *; +!(S + 84; – 135; – 7; + 92; – 191; + 207;
+ 539; – 26; – 413D
dyf9tdemu @
ok’ f;’fu pjk’8k,glAo-njfh;p[kfpjk’lt\jeltg\u3fpg]uj,8Qo9kdg,af o.
dD 4hkgryjo\kpIvp8uo0v’]k;.ljglAo-njoAo fh;p8q;vadlvofaj’oUG
pjk’wx|hk \kpfh;p A; B; C;……. ; 10 [kfdhk;D
pjk’4vpsâ’ \kpfh;p A'; B'; C';……. ; 10 [kfdhk;D
9qj’ln[8+\kpIvp8uo0v’ ok’ f;’fu 16jglAo-njoAo.sh7q[4h;o.oc8j]tmyfmk’D
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0D grnjv-U[vdmyfmk’.odkopjk’ gryjo.-h9eo;o\kp]efa[Ivp8uo faj’oUG
ຫງ
\kp W 16j95fg]uj,8QoF + ! 16j95fIvp8uopjk’wx|hk dhk;mu|bj’F + @ 16j95f[kf
dhk;mujlv’ c]t 8+M wxD \kp –! 16j95fIvp8uopjk’4vpsâ’dhk;mu|bj’F –@ 16j95f
Ivp8uopjk’4vpsâ’dhk;mulv’ c]t 8+MwxD
9qj’ln[8+deoqfIvp8uo0v’ ok’ f;’fu fh;p9eo;oD
7D gIqkla’gdfgsao;jkg,af A dq’da[ + !D faj’oAogryjo;jkg,af A 4nddeoqffh;p + !
gryjogvUo + ! ;jk< va[-yf < 0v’g,af A 0Posp=h A (+1).
9qj’[vdva[-yf0v’g,af8jk’M mujgIqk\kp16jglAo-njoAoD
# .97;k,
!D 9eo;o4h;o
9eo;ome,t-kfmuj,ug7njv’\kp < + < 16j8+|hkgvUo;jk 9eo;o4h;o[;dF sn^ 4hk[+,u
g7njv’\kpd=gvUo;jk 9eo;o4h;o[;dF faj’oAo 9eo;o4h;o[;dc,jo 1; 2; 3; 4; DDD
11
d5j,9eo;o4h;o[;dlaopt]adfh;p ]+ D
]+ = { 1; 2; 3; 4; DDD }
9eo;ome,t-kfmuj,ug7njv’\kp < – < 16j8+|hkgvUo;jk 9eo;o4h;o]q[F faj’oAo
9eo;o4h;o]q[c,jo –1; –2; –3; –4; DDD d5j,9eo;o4h;o]q[laopt]adfh;p ]− D
]− = { –1; –2; –3; –4; DDD }
9eo;o W gxao9eo;o4h;o c8j[+gxao9eo;o4h;o[;d c]t [+gxao9eo;o4h;o]q[D
9eo;o4h;omuj[+gxao9eo;o4h;o]q[ c,jo 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; DDD
9eo;o4h;omuj[+gxao9eo;o4h;o[;d c,jo 0; –1; –2; –3; –4; DDD
9eo;o4h;oma’\qf3I,g0Qkdaogxaod5j,|bj’,u-nj;jkdj5,9eo;o4h;o c]t laopt]ad
fh;p ] D
] = {DDD – 4; –3; –2; –1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; DDD }
m5dM9eo;ome,t-kf c,jo9eo;o4h;o c]t laopt]adfh;p ` ⊂ ] D

ສດິ
@D cdo9eo;o4h;o
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glAo-njmujc8j]tg,af,uva[-yfgxao9eo;o4h;o gvUo;jk cdo9eo;o4h;o
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g-ajo glAo-nj]5j,oUG
ຫງ
E C O I A B D
9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −
{ g,afg7Qk O ,uva[-yf W 0Po OXW?

{ g,af I ,uva[-yf ! 0Po ; I (1)
g,af A (+3) c]t C (– 3) 16jc8j]trkd0v’g,afg7Qk c]t ,uw]ptsjk’ltg\umP[
.ljg,afg7Qk O faj’oAo9eo;o +3 c]t 9eo;o – 3 c,jolv’9eo;odq’dao0hk,daoD
.sh a ∈ ] F −a c,jo9eo;odq’dao0hk,0v’ a D
8q;1jk’G − ( −3) = 3, − ( +3) = −3
lv’9eo;o4h;odq’dao0hk,daoc,jo9eo;ofP;daoc8j,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daoD
12
#D dkoxP[mP[9eo;o4h;o
I6h;jk 9eo;o4h;o[;d c]t 9eo;ome,t-kfc,jo9eo;ovaofP;daoF dkoxP[
mP[9eo;o4h;o[;dd=7nda[dkoxP[mP[9eo;ome,t-kfD
9eo;o[;ds^kpd;jk9eo;o]q[g]NvpMD
le]a[lv’9eo;o4h;o]q[F 9eo;o4h;o]q[.fmuj,uw]ptsjk’9kdg,afg7Qks^kpd;jk
9t,u7jk|hvpd;jkD
8q;1jk’G – & ,uw]ptsjk’9kdg,afg7Qk & sq;|j;p c]t – # ,uw]ptsjk’9kdg,af
g7Qk # sq;|j;pD
gIqkg;Qkwfh;jkG – & ,u7jk|hvpd;jk – #
0Pofh;pxt3pdlaopt]adG – & < – #
la’gdfwfh;jkG 16jcdo9eo;oF lv’9eo;o4h;o8k,.9F 9eo;o4h;omuj16jg[Nv’-hkp
9t,u7jk|hvpd;jk9eo;o4h;omuj16jg[Nv’0;kD
8q;1jk’G – * 16jg[Nv’-hkp0v’ – & faj’oAo – * < – &D
ສດິ
* 16jg[Nv’0;k0v’ & faj’oAo * > &.
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zqogonjv’G ວ
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{ m5dM9eo;o4h;o]q[16jg[Nv’-hkp0v’ WF ltoAo m5dM9eo;o4h;o]q[9t,u7jk
|hvpdj;k WD
{ m5dM9eo;o4h;o[;d16jg[Nv’0;k0v’ WF ltoAo m5dM9eo;o4h;o[;d9t,u7jk
s^kpd;jk WD
$ [qfg/ydsaf
!D dD 9eo;o4h;o8+wxoUF 9eo;o4h;o.fgxao9eo;o4h;o[;d s^n 9eo;o4h;o]q[ L
– 7; – 21; 19; – 15; – 23; 15; 9; 8; 12; 2; 0; 3; – 1; – 6
0D [aofk9eo;o4h;omuj.sh.o0=h Xd? 9eo;o4h;o.fgxaovq’xtdv[0v’ ]+ s^n ]–

8q;1jk’G + #∈]+ c]t − &∈]−
13
@D 9qj’8nj,g7njv’\kp ∈ s^n ∉ .lj[jvo9Eg,af.sh4nd8hv’D
+ # DDDD ]+ S + (DDDD ]+ S –!W) DDDD ]+ S −$ DDDD ]–S
+ * DDDD ]+ S – 67 DDDD ]+ S − & DDDD ]– S + ) DDDD ]– S
–13 DDDD ]+ S + @$ DDDD ]+ S + !@_& DDDD ]+ ; − #(DDDD ]–S
+ @(DDDD ]– S − &(DDDD ]– S − @W(DDDD ]– S +!W$ DDDD ]–
#D 9qj’[vdva[-yf0v’g,af A; B; C; D; E; F c]t G D
H E C O I A F B D G
−4 −2 0 2
$D dD 9qj’c8h,cdo9eo;o4h;o 3fp;jk OI =1cm F O(0) c]t I(1)D

0D 9qj’;k’g,af A; B; C; D; E; F c]t G muj,uva[-yf + 5; –3; +7; +2; – 4;
– 6; +8 8k,]efa[D
7D 9qj’;k’g,af A' , B' , D' c]t F' muj,uva[-yfgxao9eo;odq’dao0hk,da[va[-yf0v’
ະ ສດິ
g,af A; B; D; c]t F 8k,]efa[D
ສະ .ສ
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&D 9qj’[vdva[-yf0v’[aofkg,af]5j,oUD ວ
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C D B A
dD
−15 −10
N M P F
0D
103 108
7D M D C E A
−4 3
9qj’;k’ O(0) c]t I(1) 16j0=h 7D
14
*D .sh O(0)F I(1) c]t g,af9eo;o|bj’]5j,oUG
M D A O I F B G E
dD 9qj’[vdva[-yf0v’[aofkg,afgmy’oUD
0D 9qj’[vdlv’g,afmuj,uva[-yfdq’dao0hk,daoD
7D 9qj’[vdg,afg7yj’dk’0v’ [AB]; [DI].
’D 9qj’;k’g,afg7yj’dk’0v’mjvo-nj8+wxoUrhv,ma’deoqfva[-yf0v’,aoG
[AD]; [IE]; [MI].
(D dD 9qj’xP[mP[9eo;o4h;o.oc8j]t76j8+wxoUG
−( c]t + @S @$& c]t @&!S #W( c]t − * !*_S
− _ c]t −!#S −( c]t +@S − ( c]t + (S
) c]t &S − _) &$@ c]t − _) #$@S − _!$ c]t − _!$S
# c]t *S )! #(& c]t )! !_&S @ $*) c]t @ &!& D
ະ ສດິ
0D 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o4h;o.o0=h d 8k,]efa[0Bo X c8j|hvpsks^kp ?D
ສະ .ສ
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)D dD 9qj’8nj,g7njv’\kpG < ; >; = .lj[jvo9Eg,af.sh4nd8hv’D ວ
ສ.
−!# DDDDD −!@S !! DDDDD !#S −!W DDDDD #S ຫງ −(#@ DDDDD −(#&S
!& DDDDD −!(S !W* DDDDD !*WS − $&#* DDDDD − $&#*S −_#* DDDDD −*#_S
−#& DDDDD − #&S −!$_ DDDDD − $!_S −)$@ DDDDD (@&S &(@! DDDDD− &(@!D
0D 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o.o0=h d 8k,]efa[cI, X c8js^kpsk|hvp ?D
_D dD9qj’deoqf7jk0v’9eo;o4h;o a; b; c; d; e 8k,]efa[ c]t 16j]ts;jk’ − # sk + @
0D 9qj’deoqf7jk0v’9eo;o4h;o x; y 3fp;jk −7 < x ≤ −6 c]t 25 > y > 23
7D 9qj’deoqf7jk0v’9eo;o4h;o m; n; p mujgxaova[-yf0v’g,af.ocdo9eo;o4h;o
]5j,oUG
P −16 −15 m n
15
!WD dD 9qj’0Po8nj,.lj8k8t]k’]5j,oUD
–@ W + (
c,jo9eo;odq’dao0hk, –!_ + &
c,jo9eo;odq’dao0hk, – ) +#
0D 9qj’la’gdfzqowfhIa[.oc4;mu ! c]t c4;mu # r;dohv’gsao;jkco;.fL

gIqk4vowfh75o]adltot0v’9eo;odq’dao0hk,7nco;.fL
!!D dD 9qj’[vd9eo;o4h;o x muj16j]ts;jk’ – # c]t &D
0D 9qj’[vd9eo;o4h;o y 3fp;jk –!$ ≤ y < −12 D
7D 9qj’[vd9eo;o4h;o z 3fp;jk 8> z > 4.
’D 9qj’[vd9eo;o4h;o P 3fp;jk 0 < P ≤ 6 D
ະ ສດິ
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16
[qfmu # dko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;ome,t-kf
! dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
dD 9qj’0ufvhv,7e8v[muj4nd8hv’D
7e8v[.shg]nvd
0=h,6o s^n 7e4k,
A B C
zqo[;d 4825 + 25196 gmqjk 29911 30021 29121
4 . 1+ 27 = 518 8q;g]dmuj0kf
wx16j[jvo9Eg,af0v’rqfmu|bj’ 9 1 0
c,jo
2 . 6 − 79 = 137 8q;g]dmuj0kf
wx16j[jvo9Eg,af0v’rqfmu|bj’
ສດິ
9 1 0
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0D 9qj’fafcx’zqo0v’dko7yfw]jg]d]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D ຫງ
2609 4725 2961 8632
+ + − −
352 3907 2609 4725
2591 7732 0362 4917
7D 9qj’la’gdfzqowfhIa[9kd0=h 0 c]h;xtdv[xt3spd]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
.shlv’9eo;ome,t-kf8k,.9 a c]t b ; a > b F
a − b c,jo9eo;omujgvqk,kDDDDDDDDX[;dF ]q[F 76oF sko? da[ b c]h;gmqjkda[ a D
ltoAo le]a[9eo;ome,t-kf a , b c]t c g-yj’ a > b g,njv a − b = c
c]h; a = DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
17
dyf9tde @D
mhk; mv’ |ad 47 kg F ok’ [5o,u |ad 45 kg c]t dtgxqJkg7njv’0v’mhk; mv’
|ad 8 kg D
dD 4hkmhk; mv’ gxhdtgxqJkg7njv’0v’]k;0Bo-aj’F c]h;oE|ad];,mujxtdqf16j|hk9=-y’
-aj’faj’djk; c,jogmqjk.fL
0D ok’ [5o,u gxhdtgxqJkg7njv’0v’]k; c]h;0Bo-aj’F oE|ad];,xtdqf16j9=0v’-y’-aj’
c,jo 50 kg D 9qj’7yfw]joE|addtgxJqkg7njv’0v’ ok’ [5o,uD
dyf9tde #D
lk,vhkpohv’G mhk; 7erk ,u\kd[uj 38 |j;pF mhk; 7erPo ,u\kd[uj 35 |j;p
c]t ok’ ,vo]u ,u\kd[ju|hvpd;jkmhk; 7erPo 7 |j;pD
dD 9qj’7yfw]j9eo;o\kd[uj0v’ok’,vo]uD
0D grnjv7yfw]j9eo;o\kd[juma’\qf0v’lk,vhkpohv’gryjogIafco;.fL
7D 9qj’xtdv[xt3spd]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
• dko[;d c,jodko7eo;ogrnjv7yfw]j DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 0v’lv’9eo;omuj,usq;|j;p
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vaofP;daog0qhkdaogxao9eo;ofP;D
ສະ .ສ
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• dko]q[ c,jodko7eo;ogrnjv7yfw]j DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 0v’lv’9eo;omuj,usq;|j;p
ສ.
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vaofP;dao3fp;jk 9eo;omu|bj’8hv’s^kpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[9eo;omulv’D
@D .97;k,
dD dko[;d9eo;ome,t-kf
dko[;d9eo;ome,t-kf c,jodko7eo;omuj7yfw]jzqo[;d Xs^n 7yfw]jdko3I,
gvqklv’ s^n s^kp9eo;o ? g0Qkgxao9eo;ofP;D laopt]adfh;pg7njv’\kp < + <
8q;1jk’G
2609 + 352 = 2961 • 2961 gvUo;jk<zqo[;d0v’ 2609 da[ 352 <
• 2609 c]t 352 gvUo;jk<rqf< 0v’zqo[;d

rqf0v’zqo[;d zqo[;d
18
75o]adltot
• zqo[;d0v’lv’ s^n s^kp9eo;ome,t-kfc,jo9eo;ome,t-kfD
\kp7;k,;jkG .sh a ∈` c]t b∈` gIqkwfh a + b ∈`
s^n g;Qkvudco;|bj’;jkGdko[;d.odj5,9eo;ome,t-kf gxaodqfdko7eo;orkp.oD
• zqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;ome,t-kf[+xjPocx’ 4hk;jkgIqkla[xjPo[jvorqf8jk’MD
\kp7;k,;jkG .sh a ∈` c]t b∈` gIqkwfh a + b = b + a
8q;1jk’G 7 + 5 = 5 + 7 = 12
s^n g;Qkvudco;|bj’;jkG dko[;d.odj5,9eo;ome,t-kf ,u75o]adltotla[xjPo

[jvowfhD
• zqo[;d0v’s^kp9eo;ome,t-kf[+xjPocx’F 4hkgIqk3I,gvqk[k’rqf0v’r;d
,aog0Qkdaodjvo c]h;cmofh;pzqo[;d0v’r;d,aoD
\kp7;k,;jkG .sh a ∈` , b∈` c]t c∈`
ສດິ
gIqkwfh a + b + c = ( a + b ) + c = a + ( b + c )
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
s^n g;Qkvudco;|bj’;jkG dko[;d.odj5,9eo;ome,t-kf ,u75o]adltot3I,\6jwfhD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
8q;1jk’G ຫງ
( 7 + 5) + 8 7 + ( 5 + 8)
12 + 8 7 + 13
20 20
faj’oAo 7 + 5 + 8 = ( 7 + 5 ) + 8 = 7 + ( 5 + 8 ) = 20
g8adoyddko[;d
• djvovnjo oadIPo8hv’[;dlv’9eo;omuj,u|bj’8q;g]dwfh1jk’vaf8t3o,af c]t
xklt9kdg7njv’7yfw]jD
8q;1jk’G
7 + 5 = 12 ;
9 + 9 = 18 ;
6 + 8 = 14 .
19
• zqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;omuj0Pofh;ps^kp8q;g]dD
8q;1jk’G dko7yfw]j
6 + 9 = 15
2+19+17 +16
+ 70 + 40 = 110
5 8 4 9
900 + 800 = 1700
8 8 2 5
2000 + 5000 = 7 000
2976 + 5849 = 8875
0D dko]q[9eo;ome,t-kf
• dko]q[ g-yj’laopt]ad fh;pg7njv’\kp< − < c,jodko7eo;omuj7yf w]j7;k,c8d
8jk’ Xzqo]q[? 0v’lv’9eo;oD
• lv’9eo;ome,t-kf8k,.9 a c]t b 3fp;jk a > b S a − b c,jo9eo;omuj
gvqk,k[;dda[ b c]h;gmqjkda[ a D
4hk a − b = c c]h; b + c = a D
8q;1jk’G
ສດິ
• 3907 gvUo;jk zqo]q[0v’ 8632 da[ 4725 D
ະ
8632 − 4725 = 3907
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
• 9eo;o 8632 c]t 4725 gvUo;jk rqf 0v’
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
zqo]q[D
rqf0v’zqo]q[ zqo]q[ ຫງ
• 8632 gvUo;jk 8q;8ah’]q[F 4725 gvUo;jk 8q;
]q[D
75o]adltot
• zqo]q[lv’9eo;ome,t-kf3fpgvqk9eo;os^kpd;jk ]q[9eo;o|hvpd;jk
c,jo9eo;ome,t-kfD
\kp7;k,;jkG .sh a ∈` c]t b∈ ` , a > b gIqkwfh a − b ∈`
• zqo]q[lv’9eo;ome,t-kfF ]efa[rqf,u7;k,le7aoF gIqk[+lk,kfla[xjPo
[jvowfhD
\kp7;k,;jkG .sh a ∈` ; b∈` F gIqkwfh a − b [+gmqjk b − a .
laopt]ad a − b ≠ b − a F
8q;1jk’G 9 − 5 ≠ 5 − 9 grkt;jk 9 − 5 = 4 S c8j;jk 5 − 9 [=jlk,kf7yfw]jwfh.od5j,
` grkt;jk 5 < 9 D
20
g8adoyddko]q[G
d;f7noG
8 2 9 5 4588
− +
4 +15 8 +18 37 0 7
3 7 0 7 8 295
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo[;d c]t zqo]q[]j5,oU X[+.-hg7njv’7yfw]j?D
dD 439 + 257 S 0D 1986 + 734 S 7D 984 + 3976 S
’D 7849 + 251 + 9090 S 9D 15 + 2895 + 357 S lD 4075 + 318 + 1482
-D 357 − 153 S pD 4910 − 254 S fD 4583 − 956 S
8D 13548 − 8937 S 4D 47201 − 28795 S mD 107 − 59 D
@D 9qj’oe.-h75o]adltotdkola[xjPo[jvowfh c]t dko3I,\6jwfh 0v’dko[;d grjnv,k
7yfw]jg]d]5j,oU.sh’jkp0bhoD
ະ ສດິ
dD 24 + 13 + 16 + 17 S 0D 25 + 39 + 75 + 85 + 61 S
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
7D 438 + 247 + 192 + 62 + 153 S ’D 131 + 547 + 53 + 70 D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
#D 9qj’gvqk8q;g]d8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af grnjv.shdko7yfw]jgxaowxwfh c]t 4nd8hv’D ຫງ
16 0. 387 2 .
+ +
438 .27 .. 8 . 659 7.5 90 . 4
+ + + + + +
. 5. 10 3 54. 8. . 2.99 ... 70
7.9 7. . 973 2.63 .4 41 64 6 3 9
. 5 3 . 4 9 6. . . 6 91 30. 2
− − − − −
. . 15 . . 87 1. 2 . . 386
222 3 . 6 16 4 6 6 . 6 7. 7.
21
$D 9qj’gvqk8q;g]d8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afgrnjv.shdko7yfw]jgxaowxwfh c]t 4nd8hv’D
dD .386 + 45 . + 6 .97 = .16 . 2 S 0D 38. + 6.3 + .85 = 1547
7D .362 + 45.0 + 80. = 6.59 S ’D 997. + 3.96 + .537 = .04.6
9D ..79 + 90.2 + 63. = .4428 S lD .987 − ..3 = 633.
-D .38. − 2.6 = 5.08 S pD .367 − ..9 = 388. S
fD .34.0 − 68.98 = 2.61 S 8D .38. − 42.4 = 2.91 S
&D 9qj’-vdsklv’9eo;ome,t-kf]Po4afdaoF I6h;jkzqo[;d0v’r;d,aogmqjk 1275 D
*D 9qj’-vdsklk,9eo;ome,t-kf]Po4afdao x, y c]t z F I6h;jk x < y <z c]t
x + y +z = 435 D
(D xB,sq;|bj’,u 146 |hkD 4k,;jkgrnjv0PooEg[uh|hk0v’xB,Ivf|hkmu 146 gryjo8hv’

0Po8q;g]d9adgmjnvL XI6h;jk0Po|bj’gmnjvwfh|bj’8q;g]d?D
)D gryjo0PooEg[u|hk0v’xB,sq;|bj’3fpg]uj,9kd|hk 1, 2,3, 4,..., gryjowfh0Po8q;g]d
ສດິ
8jk’M 516 gmnjvD 4k,;jkxB,sq;faj’djk;,u9ad|hkL XI6h;jk0Po|bj’gmnjvwfh|bj’8q;g]d?D
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
_D ວ
lt|k,dy]kcsj’|bj’[ao95wfh 10 000 7qoF 4hk,uz6hg0Qk-q,dy]k 7875 7qoD 4k,;jk
ສ.
,u9ad[jvooaj’mujgxqjks;jk’L ຫງ
!WD 3I’IPo,afmtpq,csj’|bj’,uoadIPoma’\qf 1522 7qoD .ooU 0Ao ,D! ,u 439 7qoF 0Ao
,D@ ,u 413 7qo c]t 0Ao ,D$ ,u 295 7qoD 4k,;jkoadIPo0Ao ,D# ,u9ad7qoL
!!D xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf |bj’sq; c]t xB,c[[IPorklk]k;lv’sq; ]k7k];,
dao17 000 du[D xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf lv’sq; c]t xB,c[[IPorklk]k;lk,
sq; ]k7k];,dao 29 000 du[D
dD 4k,;jk xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf @ sq; c]t xB,rklk]k; 4 sq; ,u]k7k];,dao
gmqjk.fL
0D 4k,;jk xB,c8j]t-toyf,u]k7ksq;]tgmqjk.fL
22
!@D mhk; 7es^hk ,ug’yo 3550 du[F r+0v’]k;gvqk8jn,.shvud 4850 du[D mhk; 7es^hk [vd;jk
.og;]koU]k;,ug’uos^kpd;jk ok’ pvf2hk gvNvp0v’]k; 1700 du[D 4k,;jk ok’
pvf2hk ,ug’yogmqjk.fL
!#D ok’ mjP’me wfhltlq,ltc8,ma’\qf 1253 vaoD .ooU,u 357 vao c,joltc8,gxao
I6[laf8jk’MD 4k,;jk ltc8,0v’ ok’ mjP’me muj[+c,joI6[laf ,u9advaoL
!$D 4a’|j;p|bj’[ao95oEwfhs^kpd;jk75 3 ]yf c]t |hvpd;jkws 15 ]yfD .sh I6h;jk
ws[ao95oEwfh 25 ]yfD 4k,;jk 4a’|j;poAo[ao95oEwfh9ad]yfL c]t 75[ao95wfh9ad]yfL
!&D 3I’IPo,afmtpq,csj’|bj’F 0Ao ,D! ,ulv’shv’7nG shv’,!Dd c]t shv’,!D0F shv’
,!Dd ,uoadIPopy’ 23 7qo c]t oadIPo-kp 20 7qoD shv’,!D0 ,uoadIPoma’\qf
39 7qoD .olv’shv’0Ao ,D! ,uoadIPopy’ma’\qf 41 7qoD
dD 4k,;jk 9eo;ooadIPoma’\qf0v’0Ao ,D! ,u9ad7qoL
0D 4k,;jk 9eo;ooadIPopy’.oshv’,!D0 ,u9ad7qoL
ສດິ
!*D mhk; 7volts;ao wfh9af’ko;aogduf0v’]k;7q[Iv[12 xu .o,N;aomu 15 85]kF r+0v’
ະ
ສະ .ສ
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]k;wfhg;Qkda[]k;;jk xuoUg9Qk,uvkp5|hvpd;jkvhkpdqd0v’g9Qk 25 xur=fuD 4k,;jk xu
ວນ
ວ
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oUvhkpdqd0v’ mhk; 7volts;ao ,uvkp59adxuL
ຫງ
!(D ok’ ;aofu wx8ts^kfF ]k;,ug’yo16j.odtgxqJk .[ 50 000 du[ |bj’.[ c]t .[ 5000 du[
lk,.[D g,njvda[,kIvfgInvo g’yo0v’]k;pa’gs^nv16j.odtgxqJk ,u.[10 000 du[ |bj’
.[F .[ 2 000 du[ ,uluj.[ c]t .[1000 du[ ,ulk,.[D 4k,;jk ]k;9jkpg’yo16j8ts^kf
ma’\qfgmqjk.fL
!)D ]qfg,7ao|bj’ ,uz6h3fplko 40 7qo vvd9kd8ts^kfg-QkD g,njvwxIvfxhkp9vf[jvo|bj’
z6h3fplkowfh]q’]qf9eo;o|bj’ c]t 0Bovud 20 7qoD djvovvd9kdxhkp gryjooa[z6h3fp
lko.o]qf,u 36 7qoD 4k,;jk z6h3fplko]q’]qf9ad7qoL
23
!_D gryjo.-h8q;g]d 1,3 c]t 5 grnjv0Po9eo;omuj,ulk,8q;g]d8jk’daoD
3 5 gIqkwfh 135
1
5
3
dD 9qj’xtdv[Ijk’’jkw,hgmy’oU.sh7q[4h;oD
0D 4k,;jk gryjolk,kf0Powfh9ad9eo;o L
7D 9qj’9af]Po]efa[9eo;owfh,kc8j|hvpsks^kpD
’D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo[;d9eo;omuwfh,kma’\qfD
9D 9qj’7yfw]j7;k,s^5f]jno]ts;jk’9eo;os^kpl5f c]t 9eo;o|hvpl5fD
@WD dD 9qj’xtdv[ c]t 7yfw]jdko7eo;o]5j,oUD
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
S = 10 + 9 + 8 + ............................ + 1
S +S = 11 + 11 + ................................ + 11
ະ ສດິ
2S = 11× ..................
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
S = .........................
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
0D oe.-hdko7yfw]j.o0=h Xd? grnjv7yfw]jzqo[;d]5j,oUG ຫງ
a. S = 1+ 2 + 3+ 4 + 5 +...+ 99
b. S = 1+ 2 + 3+ 4 + 5 +...+ 200
@!D 9qj’xtdv[8k8t]k’]5j,oU.sh7q[4h;o c]t 4nd8hv’ 3fp.shzqo[;d8k,4aoF c4; c]t

8k,glAogoaj’9v,gmqjkdaoD
dD 0D
2 7 6 18
13 15 17
3 8
24
[qfmu $ dko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;o4h;o
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
mhk; 7e pjk’8k,cdo9eo;o4h;o d fh;p[kfdhk;lt\jeltg\umuj,u7;k,d;hk’
OA g-yj’ O(0), A(1) c]t g]uj,8Qo9kdg,af O.
d
C' B' A' O A B C
dD 4hkmhk; 7e pjk’wx|hk & [kfdhk;9kd O c]h;wx|hk8nj,vud # [kfdhk;F

gsao;jk mhk; 7e wxg4y’95f HX)?D ltcf’;jk w]pt mk’wxwfh ) sq;|j;p s^n
(+5) + (+3) = +8 D
ະ ສດິ
4hk]k; 4vpsâ’9kd O luj [kfdhk; c]t 4vpsâ’vud shk [kfdhk; c]h;9twx16j
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
J' ( −8 ) D ltcf’;jk (−4) + (−5) = −9 D ວ
ສ.
9qj’xtdv[8k8t]k’]5j,oUD ຫງ
dkog7njvomuj9kd O muj8A’l5fmhkpmujwxg4y’mP[.lj ltcf’dkog7njvo
g,af O mujfh;p9eo;o
wx|hk & [kfdhk; 8k,fh;p wxg4y’g,af HF ltcf’;jkwx (+5) + (+3) = +8
wx|hk8nj,vud # [kfdhk;D |hk ) sq;|j;psjk’9kd O D
4vpsâ’ $ [kfdhk; c]t wxg4y’g,af J′F ltcf’;jk4vp (−4) + (−5) = −9
4vpsâ’vud & [kfdhk;D sâ’ _ sq;|j;psjk’9kd O D
wx|hk @ [kfdhk; 8k,fh;p
wx|hk8nj,vud * [kfdhk;D
4vpsâ’ # [kfdhk; c]t
4vpsâ’vud ( [kfdhk;D
25
wx|hk _ [kfdhk; c]t
4vpsâ’vud $ [kfdhk;D
wx|hk # [kfdhk; c]t
4vpsâ’vud & [kfdhk;D
4vpsâ’ # [kfdhk; 8k,
fh;pwx|hk _ [kfdhk;D
4vpsâ’ ) [kfdhk; c]t
8k,fh;pwx|hk $ [kfdhk;D
7D 3fpla’gdf9kdzqowfhIa[.o4aomulk,0v’8k8t]k’gmy’oUF 9qj’4vogvqksâddko
0v’dko[;d9eo;o4h;o .od=]tou8jk’MD
dyf9tdemu @
g-ajofP;daoda[16j.o ` F .o ] 4hk a− b = c c]h; c c,jo9eo;o4h;omuj[;dda[ b
gmqjkda[ a \kp7;k,;jk b+ c = a.
ະ ສດິ
8q;1jk’G
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
dD (+3) + (+1) = +4 ltcf’;jk (+4) − (+3) = +1 s^n (+4) − (+1) = +3
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
0D (−3) + (+5) = +2 ltcf’;jk (+2) − (−3) = +5 s^n (+2) − (+5) = −3
9qj’xtdv[8k8t]k’]5j,oU8k,8q;1jk’gmy’oUD
a b a−b= a+ X−b? =
+4 +3 (+4) − (+3) = +1 (+4) + (−3) = +1
+4 +1
+2 +5
+2 −3
+7 −4
−5 +8
−9 +6
−4 −4
−3 −7
26
−8 −4
−12 −9
9qj’xP[mP[zqowfhIa[.o4aomulk, c]t luj c]h;4vogvqksâddko0v’dko]q[9eo;o

4h;oD
@D .97;k,
!D w]ptsjk’9kd 0 D
.sh A; B; C; D gmy’cdo9eo;o4h;o O ( 0 ) , I (1) :
B C O I A D
−6 −3 +4 +6
g,af D ( +6 ) F faj’oAo ];’pk;0v’mjvo-nj [OD] c,jo OD = 6 gryjogvUow]ptsjk’

0v’9e o;o4h;o +6 9kd W c,jo *D g,af C ( −3) F faj’oAo w]ptsjk’0v’9eo;o
ສດິ
4h;o –3 9kd W c,jo];’pk;0v’ mjvo-nj [OC] c,jo OC = 3 D
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
4hk g,af M ,uva[-yf x, w]ptsjk’0v’9eo;o4h;o x 9kd W c,jo];’pk;0v’
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
mjvo-nj [OM] D
w]ptsjk’9kd W 0v’9eo;o4h;o8jk’Mgxao9eo;o[;dg]NvpMD
@D dko[;d9eo;o4h;oD
grnjv7yfw]jzqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp7ndaoF gryjoxt8y[affaj’oUG
[;dw]ptsjk’9kd W 0v’r;d,ao c]h;gvqkg7njv’\kp7ndao0v’r;d,ao.lj8+|hk
0v’zqo[;dD
8q;1jk’G
dD (+3) + (+7) = +10 S grkt;jk +3 ,uw]ptsjk’9kd W gmqjk # c]t +7 ,uw]ptsjk’
9kd W gmqjk ( c]t 3 + 7 = 10 D
0D (−8) + (−12) = −20 S grkt;jk − 8 ,uw]ptsjk’9kd W gmqjk ) c]t − 12 ,uw]pt
sjk’9kd W gmqjk !@ c]t 8 + 12 = 20 D
27
grnjv7yfw]jzqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daoF gryjoxt8y[affaj’oUG
gvqkw]ptsjk’0v’9eo;omujsjk’9kd W s^kpd;jk ]q[w]ptsjk’0v’9eo;omujsjk’
9kd W |hvpd;jk c]h;gvqkg7njv’\kp0v’9eo;omujsjk’9kd W s^kpd;jk.ljD
8q;1jk’G
dD (−6) + (+8) = +2 S grkt;jk 8 − 6 = 2 c]t g7njv’\kpc,jog7njv’\kp0v’ + )
grkt + ) 16jsjk’9kd W s^kpd;jk − *D
0D (−7) + (+4) = −3 S grkt;jk 7 − 4 = 3 c]t g7njv’\kpc,jog7njv’\kp0v’ −7
grkt −7 16jsjk’9kd W s^kpd;jk + 4 D
75o]adltotD
dko[;d.odj5,9eo;o4h;o gxaodqfdko7eo;orkp.oD
dko[;d.od5j,9eo;o4h;o ,u75o]adltotla[xjPo[jvowfh c]t 3I,\6jwfhD
8q;1jk’G
dD (−7) + (+4) = (+4) + (−7) = −3 Xla[xjPo[jvo?
ະ ສດິ
0D (+8) + (−6) + (−5) = [(+8) + (−6)] + (−5) = +8 + [(−6) + (−5)] = −3 X3I,\j6?
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dko[;ds^kp9eo;o4h;o7yfw]jwfhfh;plv’;ymufaj’oUG ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
;ymumu !G gryjo7yfw]jzqo[;dgmnjv]tlv’rqfc8j-hkpsk0;k9qog4y’rqfl5fmhkpD
8q;1jk’G A = (+7) + (+4) + (−3) + (−4) + (5)
A = +11 + (−3) + ( −4) + ( +5)
A = +8 + ( −4) + ( +5)
A = +4 + ( +5)
A=9
;ymumu @G [;d9eo;omuj,ug7njv’\kp7ndaodjvo 9kdoAo9bj’[;dzqo[;dmujwfh,k.ljdaoD

8q;1jk’G A = (+7) + (+4) + (–3) + (–4) + (+5) + (–2)
A = (+ 7) + (+4) +(+5) + (–3) + (–4) + (–2)
A = (+ 16) + (–9)
A=7
28
zqo[;dlv’9eo;odq’dao0hk,daogmqjkl6og]NvpMD
xUo7noG4hkzqo[;dlv’9eo;ogmqjkl6oc,jolv’9eo;ooAogxao9eo;odq’dao0hk,daoD
8q;1jk’G dD X–5) + (+5) = 0
0D 7 + x = 0 gIqkwfh x c,jo9eo;odq’dao0hk,0v’ 7 F faj’oAo x = –7.
#D dko]q[9eo;o4h;oD
gIqkI6hc]h;;jkG 9eo;odq’dao0hk,0v’ x c,jo −x
grnjv7yfw]jzqo]q[0v’lv’9eo;o4h;oF gryjo7yfw]jzqo[;d8q;8A’]q[da[9eo;odq’dao
0hk,0v’8q;]q[D
.shlv’9eo;o4h;o8k,.9 a c]t b ; a − b = a + (−b).
8q;1jk’G
dD 7 − 5 =7 + (−5) = 2 S 7D −3 − (−9) = −3 + 9 = 6 S
0D 3 − (−5) =3 + 5 = 8 S ’D −12 − (−5) = −12 + 5 = −7
9D −13− 9 = −13 + (−9) = −22.
ະ ສດິ
$D dko7yfw]j\;f7eo;o0v’9eo;o4h;oD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
dD \;f7eo;omuj[+,u;q’g]a[D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
\;f7eo;omuj[+,u;q’g]a[lk,kf7yfw]jwfhfh;plv’;ymufaj’oUD
ຫງ
8q;1jk’G A = −14 − (−8) + 15 − (−7) + (−8) −9.
;ymumu!G 0Po\;f7eo;o A gxaozqo[;d c]h;7yfw]j7nda[dko[;ds^kp9eo;o4h;o
A = −14 − (−8) + (+15) − (−7) + (−8) −(+9).
A = −14 + 8 + 15 +7 + (−8) +(−9).
A = −14 + 15 +7 +(−9).
A = −14 +(−9) + 15+7
A = −23 +22
A = −1
;ymumu @G 0Po\;f7eo;o A gxaoI6[0Posp=hc]h;3I,gvqkrqfmuj,ug7njv’\kp16j|hk7n
dao,kw;hoedaoF 7yfw]j7nda[dko[;ds^kp9eo;o4h;oD
8q;1jk’G A = −14 − (−8) + 15 − (−7) + (−8) −9
A = −14+ 8+ 15+7 + (−8) +(−9).
A = 30+(−31)
A = −1
29
0D \;f7eo;omuj,u;q’g]a[D
\;f7eo;omuj,u;q’g]a[F gIqk7yfw]j.o;q’g]a[djvoD
8q;1jk’G A = (− X!+)−!@? +X−_ + !!?
A = (− X−#? +X+@?
A = (+#+@
A = !@
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’7yfw]jg]d]5j,oUG
A = (−6) + (+11); B = (−11) + (+12);
C = (+12) + (−5); D = (+4) + (+15);
E = (−6) + (−11); F = (−18) + (+7);
G = (−15) + (−12); H = (−18) + (+15);
I = (−19) + (−18); J = (−6) + (+6);
K = (+18) + (−24); L = −23 + 28;
M = 53 + 76; N = −17 + (−21);
ສດິ
P = (−127) + (+161); S = (−601) + (−11)
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
2D 9qj’7yfw]jg]d]5j,oUG
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
A = X−16) − (+11); B = X+12) − (−5);
C = X−6) − (−15);
ຫງ
D = X−14) − (+21);
E = X−12) − (−12); F = X+13) − (+15);
G = X+7) − (−18); H = X+25) − (+11);
I = X+16) − (−71); J = X+96) − (−101);
K = X−167) − (+311); L = X−9) −(+21);
3D 9qj’8nj,9eo;omuj4nd8hv’.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
dD DDD+ (+7) = −11 0D DDD + (−12) = 15
7D (−3) + DDD = −6 ’D (−18)+ DDD = 2
9D DDD − (+7) = −12 lD DDD − (−3) = −6
-D DDD − (−15) = +27 pD DDD − (+16) = 18
fD 7 + DDD = −3 8D (−13) − DDD = −5
4D 18 − DDD = 11 mD 3 − DDD = 8
30
$D 9qj’7yfw]j\;f7eo;o]5j,oUG
A = (−18) +(−15)+ (+12)+ (−7)+ (+15);
B = (−26) +(−4)+ (+17)+ (−3)+ (−15)
C = (+16) +(+11)+ (−5)+ (−13)+ (+2)
D = (−3) −(+12)+ (+18)− (−7)+ (+17)
E = 12 − (−15)+ (−6)− (−9)− (+12)
F = (−5) −(−6)+ 16− (+12) −15
G = (−18) −[(−15)+ (+12)+ (−7)]+ (+15)
H = (−18) +[(−15)− (+12)]−[−7+ 15]
I = [(−18) +(−15)]−[(+12)+ (−7)]+ 35
J = (−18) −[(−15)+ (+12)]+ [(−47)+ (−15)]
&D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ x ]5j,oUG

dD x + (−7) =15; 0D (−8)− x =2;
7D x −(−9) = −4; ’D x+ (+14) = −5);
9D (−15) −x= 8; lD (+13) −x= −1
-D x− (+3) = −15; pD x+(−9) =18;
ສດິ
fD (19−3) + x=(25−18); 8D 3+(x−6) = 3−(−4);
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
*D 9qj’8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D ວ
ສ.
a) ຫງ
x –6 5 4
y –7 –3 –2
x+y 8 12 –11 –9 7 –16
b)
x 12 −12 17
y –9 8 5
x−y −16 5 –7 3 –5 –1
c)
x 1 3 5 7
y –3 –4 4 9
z –1 20 0 –5
x+y+z 5 4 –10 1 0 –1
31
(D 9qj’8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oUfh;p !* 9eo;o4h;oc8j −(
6 –7 4
sk ) 3fp;jk9eo;o|bj’.-h wfh7A’fP; c]t zqo[;d
0v’9eo;o16j8k,c8j]t4aoF c8j]tc4; c]t c8j]t –4 –2 7
glAogoaj’9v, gmqjkdaoD 5 3
–3
)D 9qj’xtdv[I6[fk;]5j,oU3fp.shzqo[;d8k,c8j]tc4;gmqjkda[ @D
6
−4
−7
4 7 −3
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
0 ວ
ສ.
_D
ຫງ
9kdI6[]5j,oUF gryjog7njvomjuwx8k,mk’]6dlvo3fpdko[;d.sh9eo;omujrq[D
+8 −3 −6
−1 + 2 = .........
+12 − 9 −1
dD ,u9admk’g]nvdg,njvg7njvomuj9kd −1 wxsk +2D

0D 9qj’deoqfglAomk’ g-yj’zqo[;d9eo;omjurq[ma’\qfgmqjkda[l6oD
7D glAomk’.fmuj.shzqo[;d9eo;omujrq[s^kpl5fD
’D glAomk’.fmuj.shzqo[;d9eo;omujrq[|hvpl5fD
9D ,uglAomk’mujuzqo[;d9eo;omujrq[gmqjklk, s^n[+L 4hk,u 9qj’[vdglAomk’oAoD
32
[qfmu & dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;ome,t-kf
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
!D mhk; lk]u -NxB,0Posqdsq;M]t !&WW du[D g9Qk0v’Ihko7yfw]j]k7kxB,0Posqdsq;
fh;pdko[;d !&WW -Edaosqdgmnjvfaj’oUG
!&WW + !&WW + !&WW + !&WW + !&WW + !&WW = _WWW
dD 4k,;jkovd9kd;ymuoUgryjolk,kf7yfw]j]k7kxB,sqdsq;wfhfh;p;ymu.fvudL
0D !&WW + !&WW + !&WW + !&WW + !&WW + !&WW = _WWW
gmnjv0v’ 1500 = 9000
×1500 = 9000 D
7D 9qj’4vogvqkdkorq;rao]ts;jk’dko[;d c]t dko76o3fpdkoxtdv[xt3spd

]5j,oUG
dko76o !&WW da[ * c,jodko[;d DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD -Edao DDDDDDDDD gmnjvD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
@D xB,7toyflkf ,D! lk,sq;]k7k];,dao @!WWW du[D 9qj’7yfw]j]k7kxB,7toyflkf
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
faj’djk; 9eo;oly[shksq;F ly[sqdsq; c]t -k;sq;fh;ps^kp;ymu8jk’daoD
ຫງ
dyf9tdemu @
gryjowfhc8h,I6[ltcf’dkocpd @$ vvdgxaozqo76o0v’lv’9eo;ome,t-kffaj’oUG
)
+
) 3×8= 24
)+
3 + 3+ 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3

8×3
dD 9kdzqodko7yfw]jwfh,k ltcf’.shgIqkgsao;jkdko76o0v’lv’9eo;ome,t-kf
,u75o]adltotco;.fL
33
0D 3fpoe.-h;ymufP;da[0=h dD 9qj’8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af.sh4nd8hv’D
2 x 4
+
2 x 4 …..x…..= 24
+
2 x 4
(3 x 2) + (3 x 2) + (3 x 2) + (3 x 2)
….x…..= 24
dyf9tde #
mhk; ]ugIu c]t ok’ [5o rhv,da[\6j];,ma’\qf _ 7qo c[j’xao\kd[uj !W) |j;p g-yj’
m5d7qo8hv’wfhgmqjkdaoD mhk; ]ugIu wfhgvqk\kd[juma’\qf,k1kpgxaogdQkdv’3fpgvqk
\kd[ju8nj,.ljc8j]tdv’gmnjv]t|j;pF ok’ [5o g;Qk;jkc[j’c[[oU,aopkd c]t glpg;
]kS r;dgIqkrhv,dao7yfw]jdjvo c]h;9bj’c[j’dao8k,zqodko7yfw]j faj’oUG
ສດິ
... × 9 = 108 108 9
ະ

... = 108 ÷ 9 ...
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
9eo;omuj4nd8hv’16j[jvo9Eg,af c,jozqo0v’dkoc[j’xao s^n zqosko 108 .sh 9 D
9qj’1A’1nodko7yfw]j7no;jk4nd8hv’fh;pdko]q[ !W) vvdgmnjv]t _ 8yf8+dao9qowfh
zqoIa[gmqjkl6oF g-ajoG !W) − _ = 99S __ − _ = _WS _W − _ = )!S DDD
4k,;jkG
gIqk]q[8yf8+dao9adgmnjvF zqo]q[9bj’gmqjkl6oL
gIqk4vowfhdkorq;rao]ts;jk’dko]q[ c]t dkoskoco;.fL
@D .97;k,
!D dko76o9eo;ome,t-kfD
.sh9eo;ome,t-kf a c]t n S dko76o a da[ n laopt]adG n× a
c,jodko7yfw]j0v’dko[;d a -Edao n gmnjvD
\kp7;k,;jkG a + a + a + a + … + a = n× a.
n gmnjv
34
laopt]adG n ×a vjko;jk n 76oda[ a F zqowfhIa[gvUo;jk zqo76o n da[ a. lj;o;jk n
c]t a mujgvqk,k76odaogvUo;jk lj;o76oD
dko76oc,jodko7eo;omuj.-hcmodko[;d9eo;o.f|bj’muj-EdaoD
8q;1jk’G
138
×
24
552
gIqkwfhG !#) × @$ = ##!@
276
3312
s^n 138
+ 138+
138 + ... + 138

= 3312 lj;o76o zqo76o
24 gmnjv
@D 75o]adltot
dko76ola[xjPo[jvowfh \kp7;k,;jk le]a[m5dM9eo;ome,t-kf a c]t b
ສດິ
gIqkwfh a × b = b × a
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dko76o3I,\j6wfh \kp7;k,;jk le]a[m5dM9eo;ome,t-kf a; b c]t c ວ
ສ.
gIqkwfh Xa×b?×c = a×(b×c) = a×b×c. ຫງ
.sh9eo;ome,t-kf a 8k,.9S gIqkwfh a × ! = a.
8q;1jk’G dD )×( = (×) = 56

0D (2× (?×# = !$ ×# = $@ ( 2 × 7) ×3 = 2 ×(7×3)
2×X(×#? = @×@! = $@ = 2 × 7 × 3 = 42
7D 7 ×1 = 7
#D dkosko9eo;ome,t-kf
.sh9eo;ome,t-kf a c]t b 8k,.9 3fp;jk a > bF zqosko a .sh b laopt]ad
a ÷ b c,jodko7yfw]jcmodko]q[ b vvd9kd a 8yf8+dao9qozqo]q[gmqjk r
3fp;jk r < b.
35
a − b − b − … − b = rF g-yj’ r < b. ltcf’;jk a b
q gmnjv r q
gryjogvUo q ;jk zqosko c]t r ;jk 8q;glf 0v’ a sko.sh b D
8q;1jk’G 23 − 7= 16; 16 − 7= 9; 9 − 7= 2 c,jo @# (
@ #
s^n 23 − 7
7 −
7 = 2 < 7 D
− # c,jozqpsko c]t @ c,jo38glfD
3gmnjv
dkoskoc,jodko7eo;omuj.-hgrnjv-vdskzqosko c]t 8q;glfD
# [qfg/ydsafD
!D 9qj’8A’[A’g]dc]h;7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oUD
dD !(& × !&S 9D *() × *_S fD # (W! × !WWS
0D @$)# × _&S lD )(_ × )(S 8D *W& × !W × !WWS
7D _* @@( × !&*S -D _*_ × _(*S 4D $ WW$ × !WW × ! WWW × !WS
ສດິ
’D (&# × *!)S pD *#& × ! WWWS mD $!( × ! WWW × !WW × !WD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
@D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oU X[+.-hg7njv’7yfw]j?D ວ
ສ.
dD X!@ × &? × (S 7D @& × !@ × )S ຫງ
9D X) × $ × &? × *S
0D *W × X!W × (?S ’D (× _ × & × !WS lD X!& × *? × X@& × $ × )?D
#D 3fpoe.-hdkorq;rao]ts;jk’dko76o c]t dkosko 9eo;ome,t-kf aF b c]t c,
a = b × c gIqkwfh a ÷ b = c s^n a ÷ c = b.
9qj’-vdsk7jk0v’ x ]5j,oUD
dD * × x = $@S lD *W ÷ x = &S
0D x × @! = @!WS -D x ÷ @& = $S
7D !@ × x = $)S pD x ÷ !! = !$S
’D #& × x = !W&S fD !@* ÷ x = !)S
9D & × x = (&S 4D !#* ÷ x = !(D
36
$D 9qj’cmo[jvo9Eg,affh;p8q;g]dF grnjv.shdko7yfw]jzqo76o c]t zqosko]5j,oUgxao9y’D
dD 0D 7D ’D
691 • • •1 •357
× × •••• ×
••• ••• × 7 •8
•3
•••5 • • • •8 34 • 56
7611
•••3 19743 •••4
• • • •8
• • •2 ••••5 ••••9
••••••
•••••• 3 • 4 • •7 • •••••••
9D lD -D
653 2 2 7548
173 2.2 416 48 54 2 . .
58 0 19 .
.. . .
&D 76o9eo;o|bj’da[ !WF zqoIa[gruj,0Bo !#& 9kd9eo;ooAoD 4k,;jk9eo;ooAoc,jo
gmqjk.fL
*D 9qj’-uhc9’;jk @ $&( × $W( = 2849 × #&! X 3fp[+.sh7yfw]jzqo76o0v’r;d,ao ?D
ສດິ
(D mhk; [q;7e ,uglNvlk,zno c]t 3lh’luj38D 4k,;jk]k;,u9admk’g]nvdgrnjvo5j’g7njv’
ະ
faj’djk;3fp[+.sh-EdaoL
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
)D ວ
l;o8vo|bj’gxaoI6[lujc9lkdF ,ugoNvmju &&#& m2 c]t 0hk’d;hk’cmdwfh $& mD
ສ.
4k,;jk];’pk;0v’l;o8vooAo,u9adc,afL ຫງ
_D ok’ [5o,u 9af\kddhP’ #*W |j;p.lj !@ cdafF 3fp.shc8j]tcdaf[ao959eo;o
\kddhP’gmqjkdaoD 4k,;jkc8j]tcdaf,u\kddhP’9ad|j;pL
!WD dq[8q;|bj’g8Aolt\jeltg\u !@ gmnjv 8k,mk’-njF 9kd95f Ο g4y’95f Α muj16jsjk’
)$W cm 9kd Ο D 4k,;jkdq[g8Aogmnjv|bj’wxwfhwd9ad-a’8uc,afL
!!D xB,0Po _ sq; ]k7k !#&WW du[ c]t xB,0Po-toyffP;dao * sq; ]k7k _ WWW du[D
9qj’7yfw]jj]k7kxB,0Po-toyffP;daooU !& sq;D
!@D g0Qk[kg] !WW dy3]dik, zt]yfcxh’wfh (& dy3]dik,D cxh’g0Qk[kg] @& dy3]dik,
zt]yfg0Qk9ujwfh #W dy3]dik,D 4k,;jkgrnjvzt]yfg0Qk9uj $&W dy3]dik,9t8hv’.-hg0Qk
[kg]9addy3]dik,L
!#D ]qf9ad7ao|bj’]k7k @@ (&W WWW du[F xtdkf0kpzjvofaj’oUG 9jkp,N,kIa[]qf
$ WWW WWW du[F lj;opa’gs^nv9jkpzjvoc8j]tgfnvogmqjkdao rkp.o|bj’xuD 4k,;jk
c8j]tgfnvo9jkp8nj,gmqjk.fL
37
[qfmu * dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;o4h;o
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
9eo;o4h;o[;d c]t 9eo;ome,t-kfc,jo9eo;ofP;daoF gryjo7yfw]jzqo76olv’
9eo;o4h;o[;d7nda[7yfw]jzqo76olv’9eo;ome,t-kffaj’oUG
5 × 3 = 5 + 5 + 5 =15 D
dD 9qj’xtdv[[A’l6f[A’ # ]5j,oUD
3 × 5 = 15 –#
3 × 4 = 12 –#
3× 3 = 9
3× 2 =
3 ×1 =
ະ ສດິ
3× 0 =
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
3 × ( −1) = ວ
ສ.
3 × (−2) =
ຫງ
3 × (−3) =
0D gIqk7yfw]jwfhvudco;|bj’faj’oUG X−#? × # = X–#? + X–#? + X–#? = – _

9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oUG
a. X−#? × $ = DDDDDDDDDD S c. 6 × X–$? = DDDDDDDDDDD S
b. X−&? × $ = DDDDDDDDDDDD S d. ( × X–5? = DDDDDDDDDDDD
7D gIqkla’gdfgsaozqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daogxao7nco;.fL
38
dyf9tdemu @ dD 9qj’xtdv[[A’l6f[A’ X−#? ]5j,oUD
(−3) × 4 = −12 +#
(−3) × 3 = − 9 +#
(−3) × 2 = − 6
(−3) × 1 =
(−3) × 0 =
(−3) × (−1) =
(−3) × (−2) =
0D gIqkla’gdfgsaozqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o4h;o]q[gxao7nco;.fL
7D 9kdzqowfhIa[.odyf9tde ! c]t @ 9qj’xtdv[xt3spd]5j,oUD
zqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kpfP;daogxao DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
zqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daogxao DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
dyf9tdemu #
!D gIqkI6hc]h;;jkG !& = & × # 4vowfh !& ÷ & = # s^n !& ÷ # = &
ສດິ
9qj’8nj,9eo;omuj4nd8hv’.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
ະ
dD !@ = # × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh !@ ÷ # = DDDDDDDDDDDD s^n !@ ÷ DDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
0D @& = & × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh @& ÷ & = DDDDDDDDDDDD ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
7D !@ = X−#? × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh !@ ÷ X− #? = DDDDDDDDDDDD s^n !@ ÷ DDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD
’D @W = X−&? × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh @W ÷ X− &? = DDDDDDDDDDDD s^n @W ÷ DDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD
9D X−!@? = $ × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh X−!@? ÷ $ = DDDDDDDDDDDD s^n X−!@? ÷ DDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD
lD X−!)? = _ × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh X−!)? ÷ _ = DDDDDDDDDDDD s^n DDDDDDDDDD ÷ DDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD
-D X−#*? = X−$? × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh DDDDDDDDD ÷ X− $? = DDDDDDDDD s^n DDDDDDDDDDD ÷ DDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDD
pD X−@$? = X−)? × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh DDDDDDDDDD ÷ X− )? = DDDDDDDDDDDD s^n DDDDDDDDDD ÷ DDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD
fD X−@(? = −# × DDDDDDDD 4vowfh DDDDDDDDDD ÷ DDDDDDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD s^n DDDDDDDDDD ÷ DDDDDDD = DDDDDDDDDD
@D 9qj’xtdv[xt3spd ]5j,oUD
zqoskolv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kpfP;daogxao DDDDDDDDDDDD
zqoskolv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daogxao DDDDDDDDDDDD
39
@D .97;k,
!D dko76o9eo;o4h;o
sâddkoG grnjv7yfw]jzqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o4h;oF gryjo76ow]ptsjk’9kd W 0v’r;d
,aoc]h;deoqfg7njv’\kp0v’zqo76ofaj’oUG
zqo76olv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kpfP;daogxao9eo;o[;dD
zqo76olv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daogxao9eo;o]q[D
8q;1jk’G a. 7 × 5 = 35; b. (−8) × (−3) = 24
c. 9 × (−3) = − 27; d . (−4) × 6 = − 24
zqogonjv’D
zqo76o9eo;o4h;o|bj’.sh8q;,aogv’gvUo;jk < de]a’lv’< 0v’9eo;ooAoD
.sh9eo;o4h;o a, zqo76o a × a 0Posp=h a × a = a2 vjko;jk < a de]a’lv’ <
8q;1jk’G dD )@= ) × ) = *$S 0D X−&?@ = X−&? × X−&? = @&D
m5dM 9eo;o4h;o a gIqkwfh a2 ≥ 0 D
ະ ສດິ
@D 75o]adltot
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
dko76o9eo;o4h;o,u]adltotla[xjPo[jvowfh c]t 3I,\6jwfhD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
.sh9eo;o4h;o8jk’l6o8k,.9 a; b; c gIqkwfhG ຫງ
a × b = b × a.
a × b × c = a × ( b × c) = (a × b ) × c
8q;1jk’G
dD !& × @ = @ × !& = #WS
0D X− )? × $ = $ × X− )?= − #@D
7D & × X− #? × * = [& × X− #? ] × * = & × [X− #? × *]
= X− !&? × * = & × X− !)? = − _WD
’D & × $ × ( = X& × $? × ( = & × X$ × (?
= @W × ( = & × @) = !$W
9D X−!W? × X− #? × X−$? = [X−!W? × X− #? ] × X−$? = X−!W? × [X− #? × X−$?]
= #W × X−$? = X−!W? × !@ = − !@WD
40
#D dko76o0v’s^kp9eo;o4h;o
zqo76o0v’s^kp9eo;o4h;o8jk’l6ogxao9eo;o[;dF 4hkskd;jk9eo;olj;o76o]q[
gxao9eo;o76jD
zqo76o0v’s^kp9eo;o4h;o8jk’l6ogxao9eo;o]q[F 4hkskd;jk9eo;olj;o76o]q[
gxao9eo;o7udD
grnjv7yfw]jzqo76o0v’s^kp9eo;o4h;o8jk’l6oF 7;odeoqfg7njv’\kpdjvoc]h;7yfw]j
zqo76o w]ptsjk’9kd W 0v’m5dlj;o76oD
8q;1jk’G
A = (−20) × 3 × (−2) × (−4) × 5 S ,ulk,lj;o76o]q[7nG − @WS − @S − $F
= − (20 × 3 × 2 × 4 × 5) g-yj’ 9eo;olj;o76o]q[gxao9eo;o7ud faj’oAo
= − 2 400 zqo76ogxao9eo;o]q[D
B = 3 × (−2) × (−5) × (−4) × (−1) × 6 S ,ulujlj;o76o]q[7nG − @S − &S −$S −! g-yj’
= 3 × 2 × 5 × 4 × 1× 6 9eo;olj;o76o]q[gxao9eo;o76j faj’oAo
zqo76ogxao9eo;o[;dD
ສດິ
= 720
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
$D dkosko9eo;o4h;o
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
sâddkoG grnjv7yfw]jzqosko0v’lv’9eo;o4h;oF gryjoskow]ptsjk’9kd W 0v’
r;d,ao c]h;deoqfg7njv’\kp0v’zqoskofaj’oUG ຫງ
zqosko0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kpvaofP;dao gxao9eo;o[;dD
zqosko0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp8jk’dao gxao9eo;o]q[D
\kp7;k,;jkG m5dM9eo;o4h;o8k,.9 a c]t b 3fp;jk b ≠ 0 S
4hk a c]t b ,ug7njv’\kpfP;dao (a ÷ b) ≥ 0
4hk a c]t b ,ug7njv’\kp8jk’dao (a ÷ b) ≤ 0 .
8q;1jk’G dD @) ÷ ( = $S 7D X− @$? ÷ # = − )S
0D X− @(? ÷ X− _? = #S ’D !@ ÷ X− $? = − #D
41
&D dkoskogvu d]uf (Euclide)
dkosko gvu d]ufc,jodkoskolv’9eo;ome,t-kf g-yj’zqosko c]t 8q;glf
gxao9eo;ome,t-kf s^n l6oD
.sh9eo;ome,t-kf a c]t b, a > b gIqkwfh a = b×q + r 3fp;jk r < b.
8q;1jk’G 342 16 gIqkwfh 342 = 16 × 21+ 6
22 21
6
*D dkosko0kfD
4hk8q;glf.odkosko gvu d]uf a .sh b skdgmqjkl6oD gryjog;Qk;jk a sko0kf.sh b
c]t gIqkwfh a = b×qD
8q;1jk’G #* $ gryjog;Qk;jk 36 sko0kf.sh 4 c]t gIqkwfh 36 = 4×9D
0 9
\kpgsfG 4hk a sko0kf.sh b gryjog;Qk;jk < a c,jomt;u76o0v’ b < c]t
< b c,jov5xt76o0v’ a <
ສດິ
faj’oAogIqklts^5[wfhdkorq;raofaj’oUG
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
a c,jomt;u76o0v’ b mP[gmqjk b c,jov5xt76o0v’ a ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
,ao,u9eo;ome,t-kf8jk’l6o k 3fp;jk a = b × kD
9eo;ome,t-kf|bj’sko0kf.sh @ wfhd=8+g,njv8q;g]dsq;|j;p0v’,aoc,joG
WS @S $S *S )D
9eo;ome,t-kf|bj’sko0kf.sh & wfhd=8+g,njv8q;g]dsq;|j;p0v’,aoc,joG
W c]t &D
9eo;ome,t-kf|bj’sko0kf.sh # wfhd=8+g,njvzqo[;d8q;]dma’\qfmuj.-h0Po9e
o;ooAosko0kf.sh #D
9eo;ome,t-kf|bj’sko0kf.sh _ wfhd=8+g,njvzqo[;d8q;g]dma’\qfmuj.-h0Po9e
o;ooAosko0kf.sh _D
9eo;ome,t-kf|bj’sko0kf.sh $ wfhd=8+g,njv9eo;omujxtdv[fh;plv’8q;g]d
l5fmhkpsko0kf.sh $D
42
8q;1jk’G dD !#!* sko0kf.sh $ grkt !* sko0kf.sh $D
0D !#!$ sko.sh $ [+0kf grkt !$ sko.sh $ [+0kfD
sâdgdoG
9eo;ome,t-kf|bj’sko0kf.sh a c]t b 8hv’sko0kf.shzqo76o0v’r;d,aoD
8q;1jk’G ()* sko0kf.sh @ grkt;jk8q;g]dsq;|j;pc,jo *D
()* sko0kf.sh # grkt;jk ( + ) + * = @! c]t @! sko0kf.sh #
phvo;jk @ + ! = #D
ltoAo ()* sko0kf.sh * grkt @ × # = *D
#D [qfg/ydsafD
!D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oUG
dD & × X−*?S 9D X−!@? × _S fD X−*? × X−@&?S
0D X−(? × X−_?S lD ( × !!S 8D (× X−&? × X−)? × $ × X−!W?S
7D X−#? × #S -D X−!)? × X−*?S 4D X−$?@ × X−#?S
ສດິ
’D W × X−(?S
ະ
pD ) × X−@&?S mD X−@? × X−*? × @W × X−&? × X−_?S
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
@D 9qj’xtdv[8k8t]k’dko76o]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
× −* −$ −! @ ຫງ &
−# !)
−@
#
$
#D 9qj’xtdv[8k8t]k’]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
X Y Z A=X×Y B=Y×Z C=A×Z D=X×B
& −@ −!# −!W
−_ * −!$
−$ −# −&
# $ )
43
$D .sh 2 −3 vu’8k,dko7yfw]j0hk’oUF 9qj’xtdv[I6[]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
−6
dD 0D 7D ‐3 5 ‐2 ‐1
1 ‐1 2 ‐2 5 ‐6
&D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oU
A = (−8) × (−2) × (−5) × 4 [
D = (−4) 2 × (−3) × 2 2 × 6 ]
B = [(−25) × 4 × (−2)]× 5 [ ]
E = 5 × 8 × (−1) × (−2) × (−4) 2
2 2
C = 5 × (−3) × [(−2) × (−10) × (−4)] F = (−2) × 3 × [4 × (−11)]

2 2
*D 9qj’xtdv[ltg\uzqo]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
dD # V DDDDDDDDD = − *S 9D X−$? V DDDDDDDD = WS
0D X−@? V DDDDDDDDDD = −#WS lD $ V DDDDDD V X−)? = *$S
ະ ສດິ
7D DDDDDDDDDD V X−#? = @(S -D X−$? V X−#? V DDDDDDD = (@S
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
’D X−&? V DDDDDDDDDDDD = − @&S pD X−!#? V #& V DDDDDD V !! V X−(? = WS
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
(D .sh a×b ຫງ
vu’8k,dko7yfw]j0hk’oUF 9qj’xtdv[I6[]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
a b
−80 50
8 15
−2 4 −3
)D 9qj’7yfw]jzqosko]5j,oUD
dD X−!W? ÷ @S lD !@ ÷ X−!?S
0D @$ ÷ X−)?S -D #* ÷ !@S
7D X−!*? ÷ X−)?S pD X−$&? ÷ X−&?S
’D # ÷ X−#?S fD W ÷ X−(?S
9D X−@(? ÷ X−_?S 8D W ÷ _D
44
_D 9qj’xtdv[ltg\uzqo]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
dD DDDDDDDD ÷ # = −_S 9D DDDDDDD ÷ X−$? = −#S fD $_ ÷ DDDDDDDD = −(S
0D X−@@? ÷ DDDDDDDD = !!S lD DDDDDDDDDD ÷ X−#?= &S 8D DDDDDDDD ÷ $ = −!@S
7D X−)? ÷ DDDDDDD= $S -D DDDDDDDD ÷ $ = −&S oD X−&*? ÷ DDDDDDD = (S
’D X−!@? ÷ DDDDDDD =−@S pD −#* ÷ DDDDDD = _S [D $@ ÷ DDDDDDDD = −*D
!WD 9qj’xtdv[8k8t]k’]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
x − &* −!* $& *W #@
y −( $ −!! −@ −!@
x÷y −_ # _ −)
!!D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ x le]a[ltg\uzqo]5j,oUD

dD X−@*? ÷ x = !#S 9D x ÷ (−6) = 6;
0D x ÷ 8 = −3; lD @W ÷ x = −5;
7D !$ ÷ x = @S -D x ÷ (−8) = −3;
ະ ສດິ
’D X−$_? ÷ X−(? = x S pD −#* ÷ x = 3
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
!@D 9qj’7yfw]jzqosko]5j,oUD ວ
ສ.
dD !&WW ÷ !WS ຫງ
9D #W$WW ÷ X−!WW?S
0D # $W@ WWW ÷ ! WWWS lD X−#@WW? ÷ X−!W?S
7D !W WWW ÷ ! WWWS -D X−&WWW? ÷ X−!W?@S
’D @WW WWW ÷ !W@ S pD X−#$ WWW? ÷ !WW
!#D 9qj’8A’[A’g]dc]h;7yfw]jzqoskoc[[gvud]yfD
dD $@)$ ÷ *S ’D _* @@( ÷ (_S -D * *#W ÷ )&S
0D !@ &(@ ÷ !@S 9D *# W$# ÷ !_S pD !@ (*& ÷ **S
7D #&($ ÷ #&S lD (! W&W ÷ _@S fD $@ &)$ ÷ !*D
!$D 3fp[+8hv’7yfw]jdkoskoF 9qj’[vd;jk9eo;o]5j,oU,u9eo;o.fsko.sh @S #S $S &S
*S ) s^n _ 0kfD
!$$S *WS !_#@S @@ &@*S $$#S &@&S !!(*S $&_S
!) W!&S !@S @#S @$&WS !@ &$*S @$&S #$#D
45
[qfmu ( mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f
0v’9eo;ome,t-kf
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
dD 9qj’8nj,.lj8k8t]k’]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
! @ # $ & * ( ) _ !W …
* #W
9eo;o.oc4;mu @ wfh,kco;.fL 9eo;ofaj’djk;gvUo;jkco;.fL
0D 9qj’0Po9eo;ome,t-kfc8j ! g4y’ $@ c]h;0ufvhv,9eo;omujgxaomt;u76o0v’ $D
7D 9qj’0Po9eo;omujgxaomt;u76o0v’ $ sqd9eo;o8k,.9D
’D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo]q[lv’mt;u76o0v’ $ 4afdao8k,]efa[ 8k,.9,kluj76jF
ະ ສດິ
la’gdfzqowfhIa[gxao7nco;.f L
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dyf9tdemu @ ວ
ສ.
dD 9qj’0ufvhv,9eo;o]5j,oUmujgxaomt;u76o0v’ (D ຫງ
@!S @&S @)S @_S #&S #(S $@S $&S $)S *#S _!S _#S !$WS !$#D
0D 9qj’0Po9eo;omujgxaomt;u76o0v’ ( sqd9eo;o8k,.9 D
7D 4hk9eo;ome,t-kf a c,jomt;u76o0v’ (F gIqk0Po a gxaozqo76o0v’ ( faj’oAoG
a = 7V DDDDD
4hk9eo;ome,t-kf a [+c,jomt;u76o0v’ (F gIqk0Po a gxaozqo76o0v’ ( faj’oAoG
a = 7 V DDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDD
8q;glfgxao9eo;ome,t-kf|hvpd;jk (D
d=]toumqj;wxG
.sh9eo;ome,t-kf a c]t bF gIqkwfhG
a c,jomt;u76o0v’ b 4hk;jk ,u9eo;ome,t-kf q g-yj’;jk a = bq.
4vowfh a ÷ b = q c]t 8q;glfgmqjk WD gryjog;Qk;jk a sko0kf.sh b
46
@D .97;k,
dD mt;u76o0v’9eo;ome,t-kfD
mt;u76o0v’9eo;ome,t-kf a c,jozqo76o0v’ a da[9eo;ome,t-kf !S @S #S DDD
8q;1jk’G d5j,mt;u76o0v’ # c,jo {#S *S _S !@S DDD} = 3 `
d5j,mt;u76o0v’ $ c,jo {$S )S !@S !*S DDD} = 4 `
0D mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f 0v’ a c]t b 0Posp=h mI|l ( a, b ) s^n LCM ( a, b ) D
gIqk,uG
d5j,mt;u76o0v’ # c,jo {#S *S _S !@S !&S !)S @!S @$S @(S DDD}= 3 `
d5j,mt;u76o0v’ $ c,jo {$S )S !@S !*S @WS @$S @)S #@S #*S DDD}= 4 `
d5j,mt;u76oIj;,0v’ # c]t $ c,jo {!@S @$S #*S $)S *WS DDD}= 12 `
mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ # c]t $ c,jo !@ 0Posp=h LCM ( 3, 4 ) = 12 D
gIqk,uG
d5j,mt;u76o0v’ * c,jo {*S !@S !)S @$S #WS #*S $@S $)S DDD} = 6 `
ະ ສດິ
d5j,mt;u76o0v’ ) c,jo {)S !*S @$S #@S $WS $)S &*S *$S DDD} = 8 `
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
d5j,mt;u76oIj;,0v’ * c]t ) c,jo {@$S $)S (@S _*S DDD}= 24 `
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’ * c]t ) c,jo @$ 0Posp=h mI|lX*F )? = @$ s^n
LCM ( 6,8 ) = 24 D
7D v5xt76o0v’9eo;ome,t-kf
.shlv’9eo;ome,t-kf a c]t bF 4hk a sko0kf.sh b D gIqkg;Qk;jk b c,jo
v5xt76o0v’ aD
8q;1jk’G
#* sko0kf.sh $F gIqkwfh $ c,jov5xt76o0v’ #*D
9qj’-vd9eo;ome,t-kfma’\qfmujgxaov5xt76o0v’ #*D
gIqk,uG #* = ! V #*S #* = @ V !)S #* = # V !@S #* = $ V _S #* = * V *
faj’oAo v5xt76o0v’ #* ,u G !S @S #S $S *S _S !@S !)S #*D
d5j,v5xt76o0v’ #* c,jo {!S @S #S $S *S _S !@S !)S #*}
47
sâdgdoG
m5dM9eo;omujgxaov5xt76o0v’9eo;o a c,jov5xt76o0v’m5dM9eo;omujgxao
mt;u76o0v’ a.
m5dMmt;u76o0v’ a sko0kf.shv5xt76om5dM8q;0v’ a.
8q;1jk’G
{ mt;u76o0v’ * c,jo *S !@S !)S @$S #WS DDD c]t v5xt76o0v’ * c,jo !S @S # c]t *.
{ mt;u76o0v’ * c,jo *S !@S !)S @$S #WS DDD ]h;oc8jsko0kf.sh !S @S # c]t * g-yj’
c,jov5xt76o0v’ * D
75o]adltot
m5dM9eo;ome,t-kf nF gIqkwfh n sko0kf.sh ! c]t 8q;,aogv’ ltoAo
v5xt76o|hvpl5f0v’ n c,jo ! c]t v5xt76os^kpl5f0v’ n c,jo8q;,aogv’7n nD
m5dM9eo;ome,t-kf nF 4hk b c,jov5xt76o0v’ n gIqkwfh 1 ≤ b≤ n D
ltoAo 9eo;ov5xt76o0v’9eo;ome,t-kf n oa[wfh XlYol5f?D
ະ ສດິ
dko-vdskv5xt76o0v’9eo;ome,t-kfgIqkxt8y[affaj’oUG
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
8q;1jk’G -vdskv5xt76o0v’ !@D ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
!@ = ! V !@ = @ V * = # V $D gIqk15fdko7yfw]j 4hkgsao;jklj;o76oxUoda[7noD
gIqkwfh v5xt76o0v’ !@ c,jo !S @S #S $S * c]t !@
g-ajofP;dao le]a[ !)D
!) = ! V !) = @ V _ = # V *D
gIqkwfh v5xt76o0v’ !) c,jo !S @S #S *S _ c]t !)
’D v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f 0v’ a c]t b 0Posp=h vIs^l ( a, b ) s^n GCD ( a, b ) D
gIqkI6h d5j,v5xt76o0v’ !@ c,jo {!S @S #S $S *S !@ } c]t d5j,v5xt76o0v’ !)
c,jo {!S @S #S *S _S !) }
gIqkgsao;jkG
v5xt76oIj;,0v’ !@ c]t !) ,uG !S @S # c]t *D le]a[ * c,jov5xt76oIj;,muj
s^kpd;jk\6j0v’!@ c]t !)D gryjogvUo * ;jk v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’!@ c]t !)
0Posp=h vIs^lX!@F !) ? = * s^n GCD (12,18) = 6 D
48
gIqkI6hG d5j,v5xt76o0v’ @$ c,jo {!S @S #S $S *S )S !@S @$}D
d5j,v5xt76o0v’ #* c,jo {!S @S #S $S *S _S !@S !)S #*} c]t d5j,v5xt76o0v’
$) c,jo {!S @S #S $S *S )S !@S !*S @$S $)}
d5j,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ @$S #* c]t $) c,jo {!S @S #S $S *S !@ }D
ltoAo GCD ( 24,36, 48 ) = 12 D
sâdgdo !
.sh9eo;ome,t-kf a, b c]t cF 4hk;jk GCD ( a, b ) = t c]h;
GCD ( a, b, c ) = GCD ( t , c ) .
sâdgdo@
.sh9eo;ome,t-kf a, bF b < a c]t r c,jo8q;glf0v’dkosko gvu d]uf a .sh bD
4hk;jk r = W c]h; GCD ( a, b ) = b .
4hk;jk r ≠ W c]h; GCD ( a, b ) = GCD ( b, r ) .
ສດິ
9D dko-vdskv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’lv’ s^n s^kp9eo;ome,t-kfD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
sâddkoG v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’lv’9eo;ome,t-kf a, b c]t b < a, c,jo
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
8q;glf8jk’l6o 8q;l5fmhkp0v’dkoskogvud]yf8+gonjv’dao0v’ a .sh bD
ຫງ
g-ajo;jkG a sko.sh b c]h;glf r ≠ WS gIqksko b .sh r c]h;glf r′ ≠ WS
gIqksko r .sh r′ c]h;glf r″ ≠ WS gIqksko r′ .sh r″ c]h;glf r′′′ = W D
gIqkwfhG GCD ( a, b ) = GCD ( b, r ) = GCD ( r , r ') = r " D
8q;1jk’G
!D -vdsk GCD (12,18) D
!) !@ !@ * gIqkwfh GCD (12,18) = 6.
6 1 0 2
@D -vdsk GCD ( 24,32, 48) D

gIqk-vd GCD ( 24,32 ) D gIqkwfhG #@ @$ c]t @$ ) F faj’oAo GCD ( 24,32 ) = 8.
8 1 0 3
gIqk-vd GCD ( 8, 48 ) gIqkwfhG $) ) faj’oAo GCD ( 8, 48 ) = 8 D
0 6
ltoAo GCD ( 24,32, 48 ) = GCD ( 8, 48 ) = 8 D
49
lD 9eo;o,6o
9eo;ome,t-kfmuj,uv5xt76orP’c8jlv’8q; 7n ! c]t 8q;,aogv’gmqjkoAo gvUo;jk
9eo;o,6oD
8q;1jk’G !# ,uv5xt76o ! c]t !# gmqjkoAoD ltoAo !# c,jo9eo;o,6oD
& ,uv5xt76o ! c]t & gmqjkoAoD ltoAo & c,jo9eo;o,6oD
$ ,uv5xt76o !F @ c]t $. ltoAo $ [+c,jo9eo;o,6oD
!@ ,uv5xt76o !F @F #F $F * c]t !@. ltoAo !@ [+c,jo9eo;o,6oD
9eo;o,6omuj|hvpd;jk !WWD
gryjo-vdsk9eo;o,6omuj|hvpd;jk !WW faj’oUG
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0Po9eo;ome,t-kfc8j !
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sk !WW .lj8k8t]k’10 ×10 F
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0hk !F 0hkmt;u76o0v’ @F #F &F
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 ( c]t !!D
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 9eo;omujgs^nv.o8k8t]k’
ສດິ
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
c,jo9eo;o,6o c8j ! sk !WW
ະ
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
g-yj’c,jo @F #F &F (F !!F !#F
ວນ
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
ວ
ສ.
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 !(F !_F @#F @_F #!F #(F $!F
$#F $(F &#F &_F *!F *(F (!F(#F (_F )#F )_ c]t _(D
ຫງ
75o]adltot
m5d9eo;ome,t-kfmuj[+c,jo9eo;o,6o,u1jk’|hvpv5xt76ogxao9eo;o,6o|bj’8q;D
grnjvd;fg[yj’9eo;ome,t-kf|bj’c,jo9eo;o,6o s^n [+F gryjosko9eo;ooAo.sh
9eo;o,6o]Po8yfdaoD 4hkdkoskoskd[+0kf c]t gryjo9t15fdkoskog,njvwfh
zqoskogmqjkda[ s^n |hvpd;jk8q;sko c]t gIqkwfh;jk 9eo;ooAoc,jo9eo;o,6oD
g;Qkvud1jk’|bj’G 1kdI6h;jk9eo;ome,t-kf A gxao9eo;o,6o s^n [+F gryjosko
A .sh9eo;o,6o]Po4afdao 4hkskdsko[+0kfIvf9eo;o,6o P c]t P2 > A
c,jo A gxao9eo;o,6oD
8q;1jk’G
_( sko.sh @S #S & [+0kfD gIqksko.sh (S !!S !#D gIqkwfhG _( = ( V !# + *
_( = !! V ) + _S _( = !# V ( + *D ltcf’;jk _( c,jo9eo;o,6oD
50
-D dko0Po9eo;ome,t-kfgxaozqo76o0v’9eo;o,6oD
9eo;ome,t-kfm5dM8q;lk,kf0Pogxaozqo76o0v’9eo;o,6owfhD c8j]trqf
0v’zqo76ofaj’djk; gvUo;jk lj;o76o,6oD
8q;1jk’G !& = # V &S
@! = # V (S
#!& = !& V @! = # V& V# V(= #@ V & V (S
#* = $ V _ = @@ V #@D
;ymu-vdlj;o76o,6o0v’9eo;ome,t-kfF gryjosko9eo;ooAo.sh9eo;o,6o3fp
g]uj,9kd9eo;o,6o|hvpl5fmujsko.sh9eo;ooAo0kf c]t skozqoskowfh,k8+wx
g]NvpMD
8q;1jk’G dD #!& # gIqkwfhG #!& = #@ V & V (D 0D #* @ gIqkwfhG #* = @@ V #@D
105 3 18 2
35 5 9 3
7 7 3 3
1
ສດິ
1
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
dkooe.-hlj;o76o,6ogrnjv-vdsk
v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f c]t mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5fD
ວນ
ວ
8q;1jk’G #!& = # V & V ( c]t !W) = @@ V ##
@
ສ.
ຫງ
mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c,jozqo76o0v’lj;o76o,6omuj8jk’daoma’\qf.shlj;o76o,6o
mujIj;,daoD le]a[lj;o76o,6omujIj;,dao .shgvqklj;o76omuj,ude]a’.spjd;jk\6jD
LCM ( 315,108 ) = 22 × 33 × 5 × 7 = 3780.
v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f c,jozqo76o0v’lj;o76o,6omujIj;,daoma’\qf0v’r;d,ao
Xc8jgvqklj;o76o,6oIj;,daomuj,ude]a’|hvpd;jk\6j?
GCD ( 315,108 ) = 32 = 9.
pD lv’9eo;o,6o8+daoD
lv’9eo;ome,t-kfmuj,uv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5fc,jo ! gvUo;jk lv’9eo;o
,6o8+daoD
\kp7;k,;jk a c]t b gxao9eo;o,6o8+dao g,njv GCD ( a, b ) = 1.
8q;1jk’G GCD (8,13) = 1 F ltoAo 8 c]t 13 gxao9eo;o,6o8+daoD
51
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’d;fg[yj’9eo;o]5j,oU;jk9eo;o.fgxao9eo;o,6oD
$#S $(S $_S *#S *(S *_S (&S (_S )(S )_S _(S _)S !!#S !!(S @!(S #((S !#(_S $#(#D
@D dD 9qj’[vd9eo;o,6omuj|hvpd;jk #WD
0D 9qj’0Po9eo;o]5j,oUgxaozqo76o0v’9eo;o,6oD
)$S !@!S @&WS @_$S !)WS @$_S )*$S @&@WS (_@WS )WWWS &($WS
#* V $@S (@ V((S !W) V(&S )$ V@& V!@!S #* V @( V!$@S *& V $_ V@$D
#D dD 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, !W 8q;mevyf0v’ *S ) c]t !WD
0D 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;,!W 8q;mevyf0v’ * c]t ) rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,|hvp
l5f0v’r;d,aoD
7D 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;,!W 8q;mevyf0v’ * c]t !W rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,|hvp
l5f0v’r;d,aoD
’D 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, !W 8q;mevyf0v’ !W c]t ) rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,
|hvpl5f0v’r;d,aoD
ະ ສດິ
9D 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, & 8q;mevyf0v’ *S ) c]t !W rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
|hvpl5f0v’r;d,aoD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
$D dD 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, !W 8q;mevyf0v’ &S ( c]t !&D
ຫງ
0D9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, !W 8q;mevyf0v’ & c]t !& rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,
|hvpl5f0v’r;d,aoD
7D 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, !W 8q;mevyf0v’ & c]t ( rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,
|hvpl5f0v’r;d,aoD
’D 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, !W 8q;mevyf0v’ !& c]t ( rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,
|hvpl5f0v’r;d,aoD
9D 9qj’[vdmt;u76oIj;, & 8q;mevyf0v’ &S ( c]t !& rhv,ma’[vdmt;u76oIj;,
|hvpl5f0v’r;d,aoD
&D 9qj’-vdskG
LCM ( 36, 42 ) F LCM (120,96 ) F LCM (18, 22 ) F LCM ( 82,52 ) F
LCM ( 250,150 ) F LCM ( 254, 672 ) F LCM ( 720,900 ) F LCM (14, 26,32 ) F
LCM (15, 75,36 ) c]t LCM ( 84, 62,56, 42 ) D
52
*D 9qj’0Pod5j,v5xt76o0v’9eo;o]5j,oUG
(@S $)S @*S )$S *_S *WS !@WS !#*S @!@S _*S &*S !W)D
(D dD 9qj’0Pod5j,v5xt76o0v’ *$S #* c]t $@D
0D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ *$ c]t #* rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
r;d,aoD
7D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ *$ c]t $@ rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
r;d,aoD
’D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ $@ c]t #* rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
r;d,aoD
9D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ *$S $@ c]t #* rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
r;d,aoD
)D dD 9qj’0Pov5xt76o0v’ @$S &*S )@ c]t *WD
0D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ )@ c]t *W rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
ສດິ
r;d,aoD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
7D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ @$ c]t &* rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
r;d,aoD
ຫງ
’D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ @$S )@ c]t &* rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
r;d,aoD
9D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ *WS )@ c]t &* rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’
r;d,aoD
lD 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,0v’ @$S *WS )@ c]t &* rhv,ma’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f
0v’r;d,aoD
_D 9qj’[vdv5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’9eo;o]5j,oUG
d !*) c]t #*WS 9D *_# c]t _$&S
0D ##* c]t $*@S lD *)S _@ c]t (@S
7D @&@ c]t *)$S -D #*S *W c]t )WS
’D !@W c]t @$@S pD #)WS $@& c]t &WW
53
!WD 9eo;ome,t-kfc8j]t76j]j5,oU ,u76j.fgxao9eo;o,6o8+daoL
dD !(! c]t _!S lD (& c]t @)S
0D (& c]t )WS -D $# c]t #*S
7D !* c]t )!S pD !& c]t #@S
’D @!) c]t !*@S fD #@( c]t !@(S
9D @! c]t !)S oD @_( c]t!!(D
!!D dD 9qj’-vdsk LCM ( 576,360 ) c]t GCD ( 576,360 ) D
0D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o 576 × 360 c]t LCM ( 576,360 ) × GCD ( 576,360 )
c]h;xP[mP[D
!@D dD 9qj’-Uc9’;jk __ c]t !$W c,jolv’9eo;o,6o8+daoD
0D 9qj’-vdsk LCM ( 99,140 ) c]t GCD ( 99,140 ) D
7D 9qj’xP[mP[]ts;jk’ LCM ( 99,140 ) c]t 99 ×140 D
’D 9qj’xP[mP[]ts;jk’ LCM ( a, b ) c]t a × b g,njv a c]t b gxaolv’
ະ ສດິ
9eo;o,6o8+daoD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
!#D dD 9qj’-Uc9’;jk #(& c,jov5xt76o0v’ *#(&D ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
0D 9qj’-vdsk LCM ( 375, 6375 ) c]t GCD ( 375, 6375 ) D
7D gIqkg;Qkwfhco;.fdjP;da[ mI|l c]t vIs^l 0v’lv’9eo;omujsko0kf
.shdaoL
!$D gryjox6d8Qow,hvhv,l;o8vo|bj’mujgxaoI6[lk,c9muj,u0hk’cmdwfh !$$ mS !)W m
c]t @$W m. .og’njvow0c8j]t9v,8hv’,u8Qow,h c]t w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’8Qow,h
lv’8Qo]Po8yfdao gmqjkdao g-yj’sjk’ 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m s^n !W m.
9qj’7yfw]j9eo;o8Qow,hmuj8hv’x6d.sh4ndda[g’njvow0muj;k’w;hD
!&D de,tdvoz6h|bj’Ia[g’yo7jkcI’’kolk,gfnvo]Podaofaj’oUG $*@ WWW du[S
&@) WWW du[ c]t &_$ WWW du[D
dD9qj’7yfw]j7jkcI’’koxt9e;ao0v’de,tdvofaj’djk;D .shI6h;jkg’yo7jkcI’’ko
xt9e;ao0v’]k;16j]ts;jk’ @W WWW du[ sk #W WWW du[D
0D9qj’7yfw]j9eo;o,NgIaf;Pd0v’]k;c8j]tgfnvoD
54
!*D gryjox6rNoshv’ovogInvosâ’|bj’mujgxaoI6[lujc9lkd c]t ,u0t|kf#*Wcm×@@&cm
fh;pczjodk3iD .shI6hczjodk3igxaoI6[9t85]afmuj,u0hk’cmdwfh.o]ts;jk’ !W cm
sk @& cmD
dD 9qj’7yfw]j];’pk;0hk’0v’czjodk3imuj.-hgrnjv[+.shwfh8afczjodk3ig;]kx6D
0D 9qj’7yfw]j9eo;oczjodk3i|hvpl5fmuj8hv’-Ng,njvx6c]h;8hv’.shr=fuda[rNomuj0v’
shv’faj’djk;L
!(D dD 9qj’-vdskmt;u76oIj;,0v’ *S ) c]t !W muj16j]ts;jk’ &WW sk !WWWD
0D 4k,;jk 9eo;omujwfh,kc,jomt;u76o0v’9eo;o.fL c]t 9eo;ooAogxaospa’
0v’ *S ) c]t !WL
!)D mhk; fu wfhltlq,ltc8,lv’xtgrf7nG ltc8,]k7k #WW du[ ,u $& vao c]t
ltc8,]k 7k &WW du[,u #* vaoD ]k;wfh9af;k’.ljxB,sq;|bj’muj,u _ |hkF
.og’njvow0c8j]t|hk8hv’,ultc8,xtgrffP;dao c]t ,u9eo;ogmqjkdaoD
dD 9qj’-vdsk vIs^l 0v’ $& c]t #*D
ສດິ
0D 9qj’7yfw]jc8j]t|hk,ultc8,9advaoL
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
7D 4k,;jk,u9ad|hkmuj[ao95ltc8,]k7k #WW du[L ,u9ad|hkmuj[ao95ltc8,]k7k
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
&WW du[L
ຫງ
!_D grnjvv;prvo76.o,N;ao76csj’-kfmu ( 85]kF z6hveo;pdko3I’IPocsj’|bj’wfh-N
fvdd5s^k[ lk,-toyf7nG fvdd5s^k[lucf’ !@W fvdF fvdd5s^k[lu0k; )W fvd
c]t fvdd5s^k[lugs^nv’ *W fvd ,v[.shshv’dko[=]ysko9afgxao-+D .og’njvow0
c8j]t-+8hv’ ,u9eo;ofvdd5s^k[gmqjkdao c]t c8j]t-toyfd=.sh,u7ndaoD
dD 4k,;jkgryjo9t9af.shs^kpl5f9ad-+ grnjv.shfvdd5s^k[\qfr=fuL
0D c8j]t-+,ufvdd5s^k[c8j]t-toyf9adfvdL
@WD gryjo9afl=lucf’9eo;o @!* glAo c]t l=lugs^nv’9eo;o !&@ glAo.ljda[.sh\qfr=fu
.og’njvow0F c8j]tda[.sh,ul=lufP;dao c]t ,u9eo;ogmqjkdaoD
dD 4k,;jk9eo;ol=16j.oc8j]tda[,ugmqjk.fL
0D 4k,;jk9eo;oda[l=ma’\qf,u9adda[ c]t c8j]t-toyf,u9adda[L
55
[qfmu ) 9eo;o.orNo4ko8jk’M
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
dD .og,njvdjvo-k;3ic,’wfh.-hg7njv’\kp9advao grnjv0Po9eo;oL 9qj’0Poc8j
]tg7njv’\kpD
0D c8j]tg7njv’\kp,u7jkgmqjk.f.o9eo;ome,t-kfL
7D gryjowfhdeoqfsâddko0Po c]t vjko9eo;omuj0Pofh;pg]d3ic,’7nco;.fL
’D 9qj’0Po9eo;o8+wxoUgxao9eo;ome,t-kffh;p8q;g]dvkia[G
a. MDXXXVII; c. MMCMVI; e. MDLXXVIII;
b. CDLXXIII; d. CCCXL; g. MCII;
f. MMMCMXCIX.
9D 9qj’0Po9eo;o8+wxoUfh;pg]d3ic,’G
ະ ສດິ
a. @WW(S b. !W(&S c. _)$S d. !$*#S e. #_)@
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
dyf9tdemu @
grnjv0Po9eo;ome,t-kfF gryjo.-hg7njv’\kpgvUo;jk g]dvkia[D ຫງ
dD 9qj’0Po8q;g]dvkia[,k.sh\qfD
0D 15 = 10 + 5,
203 = 2 ×100 + 0 ×10 + 3 = 2 × 102 + 0 × 10 + 3,
4530 = 4 ×1000 + 5 ×100 + 3 ×10 + 0 = 4 × 103 + 5 × 102 + 3 × 10 + 0
dko0Po0hk’gmy’oUc,jodko0Po9eo;ome,t-kfc[[dt9kp.orNo4koly[D
9qj’0Po9eo;o]5j,oUc[[dt9kp.orNo4koly[ c]h;0Po9eo;ooAofh;p8q;|a’lnD
a. 18; d. 158; g. 37 500; j. 82 004 612;
b. 27; e. 368; h. 257 901; k. 3 400 783 256;
c. 94; f. 2 586; i. 7 403 179; . 132 785 912.
56
dyf9tdemu #
.op5dltw\gvg]ad38ioydF gryjowfhoe.-hg7njv’7yfw]jgvg]ad38ioydX7v,ru;g8u?
g0Qk.odko7eo;o8jk’MD c8jg7njv’gvg]ad38ioydlk,kfvjko8q;g]dwfhlv’8q;
gmqjkoAo7nG W c]t ! Xdtclw2[+zjkoc,jo WF dtclw2zjkoc,jo !?D
9eo;omuj0Poc[[dt9kp3fp.-h W c]t ! gvUo9eo;ooU;jk 9eo;o.orNo4ko
lv’ g-ajoG
9eo;o.orNo4kolv’ 9eo;o.orNo4koly[
11 = 1× 2 + 1 = 3
101 = 1× 2 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 = 5
1101 = 1× 23 + 1× 22 + 0 × 2 + 1 = 13
9qj’8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’c]t7q[4h;o
9eo;o.orNo4kolv’ 9eo;o.orNo4koly[
ສດິ
111 …
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
1111 …
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
110111 …
0=h7;ogvqk.9.ljG
ຫງ
.orNo4kolv’G
♦ !W [+vjko;jk ly[ c]t vjko;jk < |bj’l6o < grkt,ao\kpg4y’ @ .o9eo;o
me,t-kfD
♦ !! [+vjko;jk ly[gvaf c]t vjko;jk < |bj’|bj’ < grkt,ao\kpg4y’ # .o9eo;o
me,t-kfD
dD 8k8t]k’]5j,oU c,jo8k8t]k’-Ao0v’dko0Po c]t dkovjko9eo;o
.orNo4kolv’D
DDD @*= *$ @& = #@ @$= !* @# = ) @@= $ @! = @ @W= !
! W
! !
! ! W ! !
57
8q;1jk’G .orNo4koly[
2 = 1× 2 + 0 mP[gmqjkda[ 10 .orNo4kolv’
3 = 1× 2 + 1 mP[gmqjkda[ 11 .orNo4kolv’
27 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 1× 24 + 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 1× 2 + 1 mP[gmqjkda[ 11011
.orNo4kolv’
9qj’0Po9eo;o.orNo4koly[]5j,oUgxao9eo;o.orNo4kolv’D
a. )S cD !#S eD @!S gD !W!W
bD _S dD @WS f D !WWS hD !W!!W
0D 9qj’la’gdf[aofk8q;glf.odkoskogvu d]uf9eo;o8jk’M .sh @ 8+gonjv’dao9qo
.shwfhzqoskogmqjk ! faj’]5j,oUG
!D @ @ gIqkwfh @ = ! V @ + WD
0 1
faj’oAo 9eo;ome,t-kf @ 0Pogxao9eo;orNo4kolv’c,jo !WD
@D # @ gIqkwfh # = ! V @ + !D
11 faj’oAo 9eo;ome,t-kf # 0Po.orNo4kolv’c,jo !!D
ສດິ
#D !@ @ gIqkwfh !@ = ! V @#+ ! V @@+W V @!+ W V !
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
0 6 2 faj’oAo !@ 0Po.orNo4kolv’c,jo !!WWD
ວນ
0 3 2 ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
1 1
3fp.-hdkoskogvu d]ufF 9qj’0Po9eo;ome,t-kf8+wxoUgxao9eo;o.orNo4kolv’D
*S _S )S !#S @$S !!S *WS #&S $@S !)S @&S @!)S !&WS @WWS )(S *$D
dyf9tdemu $
gryjo0Po9eo;o.orNo4ko a, ( a ∈ , a ≥ 2) muj.-h8q;g]d WS !S @S # c]t $ gmqjkoAoD
dD 4k,;jk 9eo;omuj0Po0Bo.\joUgxao9eo;o.ornho4ko.fL
0D 9qj’0Po9eo;ome,t-kf]5j,oU gxao9eo;o.orNo4ko a faj’djk;D
@S #S $S *S (S )S !WS !@S !(S @)S (*S !W@S @!(S &#@S *WWS $&#D
7D 9qj’0Po9eo;o.orNo4ko a ]5j,oUgxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
@S !S #S !WS !@S @$S #@!S $$W@S !#$W!S ##@S #WWS $W#D
’D 9qj’0Po9eo;o.orNo4ko & ]5j,oUgxao9eo;ome,t-kf c]h;0Pogxao9eo;o.o
rNo4kolv’D
@S #S $S !#S $@S @#S !@S #$S @#$S #W@S !!!S $WWS !W#!S @!$@D
58
@D .97;k,
dD 9eo;o.orNo4ko8jk’MD
gryjogvUo;jk 9eo;o.orNo4ko a, (a ∈ c]t a ≥ 2) c,jo9eo;omuj0Pofh;p
8q;g]d WF !F @F DDD F a − 1 D
9eo;o.orNo4kolv’F gryjo.-hrP’c8jlv’8q;g]d7n W c]t ! grnjv0Po c]t oa[
faj’oUG
W S ! S !W S !! S !WW S !W! S !!! S DDD
7evjkoG l6oS |bj’S |bj’l6oS |bj’|bj’S |bj’l6ol6oS |bj’l6o|bj’S |bj’|bj’|bj’S DDD
8k8t]k’-Aodko0Po c]t dkovjko9eo;o.orNo4kolv’D
DDD @*= *$ @& = #@ @$= !* @# = ) @@= $ @! = @ @W= !
9eo;o.orNo4koshkF gryjo.-hrP’shk8q;g]dvkia[mevyf7nG WF !F @F # c]t $

grnjv0Po c]t vjkoF g-ajoG
ສດິ
!WS !!S !@S @@S @#S @$S #WS DDD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
7evjkoG |bj’l6oS |bj’|bj’S |bj’lv’S lv’lv’S lv’lk,S lv’lujS lk,l6oS DDD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
8k8t]k’-Aodko0Po c]t vjko9eo;o.orNoshkD
DDD &* && ຫງ
&$= *@& &#= !@& &@= @& &! = & &W= !
0D dkoxjPorNo4ko0v’9eo;oD
xjPo9eo;o.orNo4kolv’gxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
8q;1jk’G 9eo;orNo4kolv’ A = 111011; Β =1001111 c]t C = 10111111.
xjPogxao9eo;ome,t-kfG
& $ # @
A=!V@+!V@+!V@+WV@+!V@+!
= #@ + !* + ) + W + @ + ! = &_
* & $ # @
B=! V @ + W V @ + W V @ + ! V @ + ! V @ + ! V @ + !
= *$+ W + W + ) + $ + @ + ! = (_
( * & $ # @
C = ! V @ +W V @ + ! V @ + ! V @ + ! V @ + ! V @ + ! V @ + !
= !@) + W +#@ + !* + ) + $ + @ + ! = !_!
59
xjPo9eo;o.orNo4koshkgxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
8q;1jk’G .sh9eo;o.orNo4koshk A = @!#S B = !!W#$ c]t C = @$!W# 9qj’xjPo
gxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
A= @ V &@+!V & + # = &W + & + # = &)
$ # @
B = ! V & + ! V & + W V & + # V & + $ = *@& + !@& + W + !& + $ = (*_
$ # @
C = @ V & + $ V & + ! V & + W V &+# = !(()
xjPo9eo;ome,t-kfgxao9eo;o.orNo4kolv’D
;ymumu !G .-h8q;glf.odkoskogvu d]uf 9eo;omuj.sh sko.shlv’8yf8+dao9qozqosko
wfh,kgmqjk !D
8q;1jk’G
xjPo9eo;ome,t-kf A = !#S B = (S C = @) gxao9eo;o.orNo4kolv’D
!# @ ( @ @) @
ສດິ
2 0 14 2
ະ
1 6 2 1 3
1 1 0 7 2
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
0 3 2 1 3 2
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
1 1 1 1
A= !!W! B= !!!
ຫງ
C = !!!WW
;ymumu @G 0Po9eo;omuj.shgxaoI6[dt9kp0v’g]dde]a’rNolv’D
8q;1jk’G
A = !# = )+$ +! = ! V @#+ ! V @@+ W V @ + !F faj’oAo A = !!W! .orNo4kolv’D
@
B = ( = $ + @ + ! = ! V @ + ! V @ + !F faj’oAo A = !!! .orNo4kolv’D
$ # @
C = @) = !* + ) + $ = ! V @ + ! V @ + ! V @ +W V @+ WF faj’oAo C = !!!WW .o
rNo4kolv’D
60
g-ajofP;dao le]a[9eo;o.orNo4koshkD
8q;1jk’G xjPo9eo;ome,t-kf A = !#@ S B = !( S C= @)W gxao9eo;o.o
rNo4koshkD
!#@ & !( & @)W &
2 26 5 2 3 0 56 5
1 5 5 1 11 5
0 1 1 2
A= !W!@ B = #@ C= @!!W
s^n
A = !#@ = !@& + & + @ = !V&#+ WV&@+!V&+ @F faj’oAo A = !W!@ .orNo4koshkD
B = !( = !& + @ = # V & + @F faj’oAo A = #@ .orNo4koshkD
# @
C = @)W = @&W + @& + & = @ V & + ! V & + ! V & + WF faj’oAo C = @!!W .orNo
4koshkD
xjPo9eo;o.orNo4ko a gxao9eo;o.orNo4ko b Xa∈ , a ≥ 2; b ∈ , b ≥ 2) D
ະ ສດິ
grnjvxjPo9eo;o.orNo4ko a gxao9eo;o.orNo4ko bF gIqkxjPo9eo;o.orNo
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
4ko a gxao9eo;ome,t-kfglpdjvo c]h;9bj’xjPome,t-kfoUgxao9eo;o.o
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
rNo4ko b. ຫງ
8q;1jk’G
9qj’xjPo9eo;o.orNo4koshk8+wxoU A= @!$S B = !W$ gxao9eo;o.orNo4kolv’D
{ xjPo9eo;o A c]t B gxao9eo;ome,t-kf faj’oUG
@
A = @ V & + ! V & + $ = &W + & + $= &_S
@
B = ! V & + W V & + $ = @& + $= @_S
{ xjPo9eo;ome,t-kf &_ c]t @_ gxao9eo;orNolv’D
&_ = #@ + !* + ) + @ + ! = ! V @& +! V @$ +! V @#+ ! V @ + !F faj’oAo
A=!!!W!! .orNo4kolv’D
@_ = !* + ) + $ + ! = ! V @$ +! V @# + ! V @@+ W V @ + !F faj’oAo
B = !!!W! .orNo4kolv’D
61
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’xjPo9eo;ome,t-kf8+wxoUG #S $S &S (S _S !@S !&S !!WS !&*S @!_S _)D
dD gxao9eo;o.orNo4kolv’ 7D gxao9eo;o.orNo4koluj
0D gxao9eo;o.orNo4kolk, ’D gxao9eo;o.orNo4koshk
@D 9qj’xjPo9eo;o.orNo4ko8jk’M8+wxoU gxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
dD 9eo;o.ornho4kolv’G
A = !W!W!WS B = !W!!!WS C = !WWWW!S D = !W!!!!!S E = !!!!WW!D
0D 9eo;o.ornho4kolk,G
A = !@S B = !W@S C = @@!WS D = @W!!!S E = !W@!@D
7D 9eo;o.ornho4kolujG
A = #!WS B = !@W#S C = @WW!#S D = #WWWS E = !WW!@D
’D 9eo;o.ornho4koshkG
A = !!WS B = !W!@S C = #$@!$S D = $$$##S E = #$@W!D
#D dD 9qj’xjPo9eo;o.orNo4kolv’8+wxoUgxao9eo;o.orNo4kolk,F gxao9eo;o.o
ະ ສດິ
rNo4koluj c]t gxao9eo;o.orNo4koshkD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
A = !!!!!!W!S B =!!!S C = !WS D =!W!W!!!S E = !!!WW!!D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
0D 9qj’xjPo9eo;o.orNo4kolk,8+wxoUgxao9eo;o.orNo4kolv’F gxao9eo;o.o
rNo4koluj c]t gxao9eo;o.orNo4koshkD ຫງ
A = !W@S B = @!!!S C = @@!WS D = !@!W!S E = !!@W@D
7D 9qj’xjPo9eo;o.orNo4koshk8+wxoUgxao9eo;o.orNo4kolk,F gxao9eo;o.o
rNo4koluj c]t gxao9eo;o.orNo4kosqdD
A = #$!S B = $W!@S C = ##!WS D = @$W#S E =!!@W#D
$D 9eo;o.orNo4kolv’ wfh9af]Po8k,]efa[0Bofaj’oU W<1<10<11<100<101...
dD 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o.orNo4kolv’]5j,oU8k,]efa[0BoD
!!!!S !W!!S !WS !!WS !W!WS !!!S !!W!!S !WWS !WW!!S !!!!!D
0D 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o.orNo4kolv’]5j,oU8k,]efa[cI,D
!!S !WW!S !!!!!S !WWW!S !!!W!S !W!S !S !WWWWS !!W!!S !W!!!D
62
&D 9eo;o.orNo4koshkwfh9af]Po8k,]efa[0Bofaj’oU W<1< 2< 3< 4 < 10< 11<12...
dD 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o.orNo4koshk]5j,oU8k,]efa[0BoD
###S @$$S @$S #!WS @WWS !$!S @$#S $S #W!S @W!S @#!D
0D 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o.orNo4koshk]5j,oU8k,]efa[cI,D
!W!S $W!S #@S @@!S #$S !!@S @#!S !!$S #W!S #$!D
*D gryjo.shrkdlj;o|bj’0v’8k8t]k’dko[;d c]t 8k8t]k’dko76o9eo;o.orNo
4kolv’D
+ W ! !W !! × W ! !W !!
W W ! !W !! W W W W W
! ! !W !! !WW ! W ! !W !!
!W !W !! !WW !W! !W W !W !WW !!W
!! !! !WW !W! !!W !! W !! !!W !WW!
dD9qj’7yfw]jzqo[;d]5j,oU rhv,ma’d;f7nozqowfhIa[3fpdkoxjPogxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
ສດິ
a.!!W!! + !!W!S b.!!!WW! + !!!WS c. !WW!+ !!!S
ະ
d. !!!!+ !!!S e.!W!!!+ !W!!
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
0D9qj’7yfw]jzqo]q[]5j,oU rhv,ma’d;f7nozqowfhIa[3fpdkoxjPogxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
ສ.
a. !!W!! – !!W!S b. !W!W! – !WW!S ຫງ
c. !WW! – !!!S
d. !WW!W – !WW!S e. !!WW!!– !WW!W!
7D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oU rhv,ma’d;f7nozqowfhIa[3fpdkoxjPogxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
a. !!W!!×!WS b. !!WW!×!!S c. !W!W×!W!S d. !W!!×!!WS e.!!!!!× !!!D
(D dD9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’dko[;d c]t 8k8t]k’dko76o 0v’9eo;o.orNo4kolk,
]5j,oUD
+ W ! @ !W × W ! @ !W
W W
! !
@ @
!W !W
63
0D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo[;d]5j,oU.orNo4kolk, rhv,ma’d;f7nozqowfhIa[3fpdkoxjPogxao
9eo;ome,t-kfD
a. !@@W + !!@S b. @!W@! + !@@!@S c. !WWW! + @@@@@S
d. @!!@W + !@@!S e.!!@@W!+ !@!!@@
7D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo]q[]5j,oU.orNo4kolk, rhv,ma’d;f7nozqowfhIa[3fpdkoxjPogxao
9eo;ome,t-kfD
a. @@W – @!S b. @!W@! – !@@!@S c. @@@@ – !W!@S
d. @W!WW! – @@!@@S e. @!@W!W – !!@@@
’D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oU.orNo4kolk, rhv,ma’d;f7nozqowfhIa[3fpdkoxjPogxao
9eo;ome,t-kfD
a. @@W×@!S b. !W@×!@S c. !W@@!×@!WS d. @@!W!@×@W@S e. @@@@×@@D
)D 9qj’d;fg[yj’;jkzqo[;d]5j,oU7yfw]j.orNo4ko|hvpl5frNo4ko.fD
a. @@!W@ + @@@@ = #W##WS d. #$& + @@$ = !W!#S
b. @@!W@ + @@@@ = @$#@$ e. &#$ + @*& = !W@!S
ສດິ
c. @@!W@ + @@@@ = #@!W!S f. @!@ + !W! = #!#D
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
_D 9qj’7yfw]j7jk\;f7eo;o]5j,oU X r4 = .orNo4ko ?D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
i. X$W*?r4( − X@!&?r4(
a. X!!!?r4@ + X!!?r4@S
ຫງ
b. X!W@?r4# + X@@W?r4#S j. X$#@?r4) − X!*&?r4)S
c. X!#@?r4$ + X!#?r4$ k. X$!$?r4& + X@!!?r4& + X#@@?r4&SS
d. X!$@?r4* + X@$#?r4*S . X$!$?r4* + X@!!?r4* + X#@@?r4*S
e. X#!&?r4) + X$(#?r4)S m. X$!$?r4( + X@!!?r4( + X#@@?r4(
f. X!@@?r4# − X!@?r4# n. X@!#?r4& + X!WW?r4& + X@@!?r4&S
g. X#@#?r4$ − X@@!?r4$S OD X@!#?r4* + X!WW?r4* + X@@!?r4*S
h. X@!@?r4* − X!W&?r4*S p. X@!#?r4$ + X!WW?r4$ + X@@!?r4$S
!WD dD 9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’0v’dko76o9eo;o.orNo4koluj c]h; 7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oUD
a. X#!#?r4$ × X@@?r4$S b. X@#!?r4$ × X!#@?r4$ S c. X@W!?r4$× X#@?r4$
0D 9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’0v’dko76o9eo;orNo4koshk c]h; 7yfw]jzqo76o]5j,oUD
a. X#$?r4&× X@#?r4&S b. X@#$!?r4&× X#$?r4& S c. X@$!?r4&× X$@?r4&D

64
[qfmu _ 7jkle[6o
I6[rk[oadIPovvdde]a’dkp
w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’9eo;o
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
ສດິ
dD .sh7yfw]j − (+3) = DDDDDD ; − (−5)=…..;
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
0D 9qj’la’gdf9eo;o]5j,oU c]h;-vdsk
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
w]ptsjk’c8j W sk $S −@ sk #S
−$ sk !S −# sk @S −@ sk #D ຫງ
$ sq;|j;p
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
& sq;|j;p
65
dyf9tdemu @
9qj’8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oUD
a b a−b b−a w]ptsjk’c8j a sk b
15 10 15 − 10 = 5 10 − 15 = − 5 5
− 12 −7
− 10 0
7 −12
−3 2
9qj’.sh0=hla’gdfzqomujwfhIa[
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
@D .97;k,
ະ ສດິ
w]ptsjk’]tsj;k’9eo;o a c]t b gmqjkda[ a−b 4hk;jk a≥ b
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
b−a 4hk;jkວ b≥ a
ສ.
8q;1jk’ !D 9qj’-vdskw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’ 7 c]t 35; −8 c]t – 2. ຫງ

;ymucdhG
35 > 7, ltoAo w]ptsjk’]tsj;k’ 7 c]t 35 c,jo 35 − 7 = 22 sq;|j;pD
−2 > −8, ltoAo w]ptsjk’]tsjk’ − 2 c]t − 8 c,jo − 2 − (−8) = 6
8q;1jk’ @D vksko9ko|bj’16j4hkooEdhvo,uv5ostr6, −5D C . g,jnvgvqk,k;k’16j

°
ovdw]ptg;]k.f|bj’ v5ostr6,wfhgruj,0Bogxao 20D C . 4k,;jk
20
v5ostr6,gruj,0Bo9kd]tfa[g]uj,8QoIvf]tfa[l5fmhkpgmqjk.fL
°
0
−5
°
;ymucdhG
v5ostr6,wfhgruj,0BoG 20D C − ( −5D C ) = 25D C
66
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D .sh-vdskw]ptmk’ c8j[hkofvo|6o XKm 10) skg0fmjk’jvo XKm 28)F glAo
mk’wx mjk]kfD
@D Ihko7hkcsj’|bj’lts^5[]kpwfhxt9egfnvoly’sk gsao;jk0kfmbo $ ]hkodu[D

,kIvfgfnvodaopk.oxufP;dao lts^5[wfhdew] !W ]hkodu[D c8jgfnvo ly’sk
ສດິ
,kIvf gfnvodaopk wfhdew]gmqjk.fL
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
7jkle[6o ວ
ສ.
!D dyf9tde ຫງ
9qj’-vdskD
dD w]ptsjk’c8j W sk −$ c]t c8j W sk $D
0D w]ptc8j W sk −# c]t c8j W sk # c]h;.sh0=hla’gdfzqomujwfhIa[D
@D .97;k,
oypk,G 7jkle[6o0v’ a g-jy’gryjo.shlaopt]adfh;p a c,jow]ptsjk’c8j a sk WD
mk’fhkorbf-t7toyfgryjo0PoG a =a 4hk;jk a≥0

a = −a 4hk;jk a≤0
\kpgsfG le]a[m5dM9eo;o a, a ≥0
67
8q;1jk’ !D 9qj’-vd7jkle[6o0v’9eo;o8+wxoU: −3; 5; −5 ; 2.
;ymucdhG −3 = − (−3)= 3; 5 = 5; −5 = −(−5) = 5 ; 2 =2
8q;1jk’ @D 9qj’7yfw]jleo;o]5j,oUG
a. −5 ; b. 4 ; c. −7 ; d. 5 − −8 ;
e. − 7 +2 f. 8 − − 6 ; g. 4 − 3 +5
;ymucdhG
a. −5 = − (−5) =5 ; b. 4 = 4 ; c. −7 = −(−7) = 7 ;
d. 5 − −8 = 5 − 8 = −3 ; e. − 7 +2 = 7 + 2 = 9
f. 8 − − 6 = ) − X*? = 2; g. 4 − 3 +5 = 4 × 3 +5 = 17
8q;1jk’ #D 9qj’[vd;jk ,u9eo;o.fcfjmuj,u7jkle[6ogmqjk #S $ c]t ( 8k,]efa[D

c]h;ltcf’9eo;ofaj’djk; c]t 7jkle[6o.ljcdo9eo;oD
;ymucdhG
ະ ສດິ
9eo;omuj,u7jkle[6ogmqjk # ,uG − 3 c]t 3.
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
9eo;omuj,u7jkle[6ogmqjk $ ,uG − 4 c]t 4.
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
9eo;omuj,u7jkle[6ogmqjk 7 ,uG −7 c]t 7 .
ຫງ
- # sq;|j;p # sq;|j;p
−7 −4 -−-3 −1 0 1 3 4 7
$ sq;|j;p $ sq;|j;p
( sq;|j;p ( sq;|j;p
8q;1jk’ $D 9qj’[vd7jk0v’ x 8k,g’njvow0]5j,oUG
a. x = 5, 9eo;omuj,u7jkle[6ogmqjk & ,uG −5 c]t 5.
b. x − 5 = 1, gIqklk,kf0Po x = 6, x ,u7jkgmjqk −6 c]t 6.
c. x − 2 = 3, mk’fhkog]0k7toyf leo;ofaj’djk;\kpg4y’w]ptc8j x
sk 2 gmqjk 3.
68
mk’fhkorbf-t7toyf leo;ofaj’djk;\kpg4y’ x – 2 gmqjk −3 s^n 3 (8k,oypk,?
gIqklk,kf0PoG
x −2=−3 s^n x−2 =3
x = −3 + 2 s^n x =3+2
x = −1 s^n x =5
# sq;|j;p # sq;|j;p
−1 0 2 5
8q;1jk’ &D -vd7jk0v’ x muj8v[lt|v’g’njvow0]5j,oUD

a. 5 − x = 3 b. 2 x = 8 c. 3 − x = −1 d. x = x
e. x + 1 = 0 f. 2 x = 0 g. x + x = 0
;ymucdhG
ະ ສດິ
a. grkt;jk 5 − 2 = 3 wfh x = 2 D 9kdoU 7jk0v’ x c,jo −@ c]t @D
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
b. grkt;jk 2 × 4 = 8 wfh x = 4 D 9kdoU 7jk0v’ x c,jo −$ c]t $D
ສ.
ຫງ
c. grkt;jk 3 − 4 = −1 wfh x = 4 D 9kdoU 7jk0v’ x c,jo −$ c]t $D
d. grkt;jk x = x, x ≥ 0 9kdoU 7jk0v’ x c,jo [+c,jo9eo;o]q[D
e. grkt;jk x ≥ 0 9kdoU x + 1 ≥ 1 ≠ 0 faj’oAo 9bj’[+,u7jk x .fmuj8v[lt|v’
x + 1 = 0D
f. grkt;jk 2 × 0 = 0 faj’oAo x = 0 9kdoU 7jk0v’ x = 0 D
g. grkt;jkzqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;omuj[+gxao9eo;o]q[ gmqjkda[ 0 d=8+g,njvlv’
9eo;ooAo]h;oc8jc,jo 0 D faj’oAo x = 0 9kdoU 7jk0v’ x = 0 D
8q;1jk’ *G dkooe.-h7jkle[6oD
lq,,5f;jk 76.shoadIPolhk’I6[c[[9e]v’0v’0q;muj,u];’pk; 100 cm 3fp
vto5pkf.sh,u 7jkzyffjP’[+gduo 1cm . mk’fhko7toyflkf gIqklk,kf0Po7jkzyf
fjP’gmqjkda[ 1 = 101 − 100 = 99 − 100 . 9qj’[vd];’pk;0v’0q;muj76Ia[wfhD
69
;ymucdhG 4hk7jkzyffjP’[+gduo 1 ];’pk;0v’0q;9t16j]ts;jk’ 99 cm sk101 cm.
75o]adltot
!D le]a[m5d9eo;o x, x = 0 mP[gmqjkda[;jk x = 0
2. le]a[m5dM9eo;o x c]t y gIqk,uG x. y = x . y
3. le]a[m5d9eo;o x c]t y gIqk,uG x + y ≤ x + y
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
8q;1jk’G
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
a. x = −2; y = 5 b. x = −3; y = −4
xy = ( −2 )( 5) = −10 = 10, xy = ( −3)( −4 ) = 12 = 12,
x y = −2 5 = 2 × 5 = 10. x y = −3 −4 = 3 × 4 = 12.
c. x = −2; y = 5 d. x = −3; y = −4
x + y = ( −2 ) + 5 = 3 = 3, x + y = ( −3) + ( −4 ) = −7 = 7,
x + y = −2 + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7, x + y = −3 + −4 = 3 + 4 = 7,
x+ y < x + y . x+ y = x + y .
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oU c]h;d;f7nofh;pdkooe.-hcdo9eo;oD
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x
70
2. 9qj’[vd7jk0v’ x c]t y grnjv.sh x + y = x + y c]t grnjv.sh
x+ y ≤ x + y.
#D 9qj’;k’ $ 9eo;o X-bj’gxao7jk0v’ x ? muj8v[lt|v’g’njvow0 x − 2 ≤1
.ljcdo9eo;o c]h;mklug0fmuj9eo;o8v[lt|v’g’njvow0faj’djk;D
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
dkooe.-h7jkle[6og0Qk.odko-vdskw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’9eo;o
!D dyf9tde
dD 9qj’8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
a b a−b a −b w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’ a c]t b
ະ ສດິ
15 10 15 − 10 = 5 15 − 10 = 5 5
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
−12 −7
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
−10 0
ຫງ
0D 9qj’xP[mP[zqomujwfhIa[G
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
@D .97;k,
w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’9eo;o a c]t b gmqjkda[7jkle[6o a −b
8q;1jk’ 1. w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’9eo;o −172 c]t 38 c,jo:

(−172) − 38 = −210 = 210 .
8q;1jk’ @D w]ptmk’c8jsâd $W (km 40) 4t|qog]dmu !# .8h sk3ro3I’ sâd 70

(km 70) 4t|qog]dmu !# g|nv c,jo 70 − (−40) = 110 = 110 km.
71
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’7yfw]jG
dD 2 + 3 lD 7− − 3
0D − 2 + 3 -D − 5 × 2
7D − ( − 2 + 3 ) pD −5( − 5 − − 2 )
’D − ( − 2 + 3 ) fD − 3 − 2
9D − 7 − (5 − 7) 8D − 2 + − 3
@D 9qj’-vdlv’9eo;omuj,uw]ptsjk’gmqjkG
dD !@S 0D !&S 7D 4 S ’D 32 D
#D 9qj’-vd7jk0v’ x muj8v[lt|v’g’njvow0]5j,oUG
dD x = 2; 0D x +1 = 4;
7D x = 3; ’D 6 − x = 2.
$D 16jgmy’cdo9eo;o 9qj’mklug0fmuj8v[lt|v’g’njvow0]j5,oUG
ະ ສດິ
dD x < 2
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
−4 −3 −2 −1 ວ
ສ.
0 1 2 3 4 5
ຫງ
0D x > −2 c]t x < 2
−1 0 1
7D x >2
−1 0 1
’D x < −2 s^n x > −2

−1 0 1
&D .sh[vd7jk0v’ x + 2 c]t x +2 g,njv x = −# c]h;xP[mP[zqomujwfhIa[D

g,njv x = −# 9tgxaoco;.fL
72
[qfmu !W leo;og]d7toyf
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !D
9qj’8jn,9eo;omuj4nd8hv’.lj8k8t]k’8+wxoUG
dD
( 9 x 1 ) + 2 =
( 9 x 1 2 ) + 3 =
( 9 x 1 2 3 ) + 4 =
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 ) + 5 =
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 ) + 6 =
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) + 7 =
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ) + 8 =
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ) + 9 =
0D
ສດິ
( 8 x 1 ) + 1 =
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
( 8 x 1 2 ) + 2 =
ວນ
( 8 x 1 2 3 ) + 3 = ວ
ສ.
(
(
8
8
x
x
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
)
)
+
+
4
5
=
=
ຫງ
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) + 6 =
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ) + 7 =
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ) + 8 =
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ) + 9 =
dyf9tdemu @D
9qj’djkp7no c]t 8nj,;q’g]a[.ljleo;o]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’
dD 8 + 6 × 2 = 28 0D 7 + 8 ÷ 8 = 8
7D 20 + 12 ÷ 3 = 24 ’D 13 − 1 ÷ 4 = 3
9D 10 + 2 × 6 − 4 = 18 lD 6 − 3 + 9 × 0 = 0
-D 12 + 4 ÷ 24 ÷ 3 = 2 pD 2 × 6 − 4 + 4 = 4
73
dyf9tdemu #D
dD 9qj’0Poleo;og]d7toyf g-yj’7jk0v’,aogmqjkda[ ! 3fp.-hdt8ydk8+wxoUG
D .shg]nvd.-hg7njv’\kp +F –F ×F ÷ c]t ;q’g]a[F
D .shoe.-h8q;g]dm5d8q; !F @F # c]t $ 3fp;jkc8j]t38g]d.-hwfhrP’7A’fP;
g-ajoG ( 3 × 2 ) − ( 4 + 1) = 1
0D .shoe.-hdt8ydk0hk’gmy’F 0Poleo;og]d7toyfmuj7jk0v’,aoc,jo @D
7D ln[8+F -vdskleo;o g]d7toyfmuj7jk0v’,aoc,jo #F $F DDD F!@D
dyf9tdemu $D
dko7yfw]j8+wxoUF g7njv’\kp0v’dko7eo;o c]t ;q’g]a[4ndskpwxD
9qj’7Qo7yfc]h;8nj,.lj grnjvIadlkxt3spdlaopk]ad]j5,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
dD ! @ # $ & = !) 0D ! @ # $ & = @*
7D ! @ # $ & = @& ’D ! @ # $ & = &$
9D ! @ # $ & = @_ lD ! @ # $ & = !@W
ສດິ
dyf9tdemu &D
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
I6[7k’\6G
ວນ
rNoohvp b ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
];’l6’ h
rNo.spj
dD l6f7yfw]jgoNvmujD R
b a F
9qj’la’gdfI6[8+wxoUD
h
T a b C
!D 9qj’-vd0t|kf0v’I6[lujlkd RECT 8k, b, a c]t h c]h;7yfw]jgoNvmuj0v’,aoD

74
@D 9qj’xP[mP[goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd RECT c]t goNvmuj0v’I6[7k’\6 RNPQ
#D 9qj’4vogvqkl6f7yfw]jgoNvmuj0v’I6[7k’\6D
0D .shI6[7k’\6 muj,u7jk;afcmd8+wxoUG ];’l6’ $ cmS rNo.spj ) cmS rNoohvp # cmD
!D 9qj’7yfw]jgoNvmuj0v’I6[7k’\6oUD
@D 4hk;jk0t|kf0v’I6[7k’\64ndxjPocx’8k,c8j]td=]tou]5j,oU goNvmuj0v’,ao
9txjPocx’co;.fL
{ rNoohvpgruj,0Bogxaolv’gmnjv
{ rNoohvpgruj,0Bo @ cm
{ rNo.spjs]5f]q’ ! cm
{ ];’l6’gruj,0Bogxaolk,gmnjv
{ ];’l6’gruj,0Bo # cm
dyf9tdemu *D
dD mhk; lu;ao -Nl=fe $ glAoM]t !WWWdu[S 4 1000 3 1500 2000
xB,0Po # sq;M ]t !&WW du[ c]t
ະ ສດິ
x x
[aomaf ! vao]k7k @WWW du[D grnjv7yfw]j
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
]kp9jkpma’\qf mhk; lu;ao wfhc8h,I6[ ວ
ສ.
dko7yfw]jc[[’jkfaj’I6[0hk’oUD ຫງ +
9qj’8nj,9eo;o.lj .oI6[faj’djk;
c]t 0Poleo;o7yfw]joUgxaoc4;D
0D .shI6[lujc9lkd CHOU ]5j,oUD
!D 9qj’0Poleo;o7yfw]jgoNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd CHOU D
@D 9qj’8nj,9eo;o.lj .oI6[dko7yfw]jc[[’jk8+wxoUD
C 40
H
– +
40
15 11
U O
75
dyf9tdemu (D
9qj’8nj,g7njv’\kp + ; − ; × .lj.o;q’,qo c]t 8nj,9eo;o.lj.oI6[lujc9lkd.oI6[
dko7yfw]jc[[’jk8+wxoUD
dD
4
50 x 0
50
9
0D
9
−
6
3
+ 84
ະ ສດິ
75
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
@D .97;k, ວ
ສ.
dD dko7yfw]j\;f7eo;omuj,u;q’g]a[.sh7yfw]j.o;q’g]a[djvoD ຫງ
8q;1jk’D
1. 2 × ( 3 − 5 ) = 2 × ( −2 ) = −4
2. ( 5 × 3 − 4 ) × 2 = (15 − 4 ) × 2 = 11× 2 = 22
3. ( 4 × 3 ) − ( 2 × 5 ) + (2 × 3) = 12 − 10 + 6 = 8
0D dko7yfw]j\;f7eo;omuj,u;q’g]a[-hvoF .sh7yfw]j\;f7eo;omuj16j;q’g]a[.ol5f
djvo c]h;9bj’7yfw]jvvd,kmk’ovd8k,]efa[D
8q;1jk’G
a = [ 25 − ( 3 × 2 )] − ( 5 − 1 ) b = ( 3 × 9 ) − [( 4 × 5) + 8]
= ( 25 − 6 ) − 4 = 27 − ( 20 + 8 )
= 19 − 4 = 27 − 28
= 15 = − 1.
76
#D [qfg/ydsafD
!D 9qj’7yfw]j7jk0v’leo;o8+wxoUG
dD (3 + 2) × 5 -D 5 + [(3 × 4) × 2]
0D ( 2 × 15 ) − ( 3 × 9 ); pD 2 + [ 3 × ( 5 + ( 4 × 9))];
7D (3 + 2) × ( −2 ) fD 5 + [(3 × 7) × 5]
’D (4 × 7) − (4 × 3) 8D (5 + 6) × (2 × 4)
9D 7 × (3 − 9) 4D (9 × 2) + (9 × 3)
lD (7 ×1505) × 2010 mD (21 + 1999) × (2555 − 2011)
∗ le]a[[qfg/ydsaf0=h @ sk 0=h $F 9qj’.lj;q’g]a[grnjv.shwfhdko7yfw]j4nd8hv’8k,zqoIa[
muj.shD
@D dD 5 + 3 × 4 = 32 7D 19 − 3 × 5 = 4
0D 6 × 5 − 3 = 27 ’D 7 + 1 ÷ 3 + 5 = 1
#D dD 4 + 4 × 0 = 0 7D 9 × 8 + 4 × 7 = 100
ະ ສດິ
0D 36 − 16 ÷ 4 + 8 = 40 ’D 1 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 5 × 6 + 7 = 73
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
$D dD 18 + 3 − 7 ÷ 7 = 2 7D 13 − 1 ÷ 4 = 3
0D 15 − 3 + 4 = 8 ຫງ
’D 9 − 2 × 0 = 9
9D 6 + 2 − 6 + 2 = 0
&D 9qj’0Po9eo;o8nj,.lj grnjv.sh4nd8hv’8k,zqoIa[muj.shD
dD ( + 20) × 2 = 60 7D 25 + (4× ) = 37
0D ( − 3) × 25 = 100 ’D (3 × )−8 = 7
*D de,tdvozh6|bj’gIaf;Pd !& -qj;3,’F wfh7jkcI’’ko $&WW du[8+ ! -qj;3,’ c]t
[=]ylafwfhsad )W du[8+ ! -qj;3,’ grnjvg0Qk7a’lts;affudkoD 4k,;jk]k;wfhIa[g’yo
lqfgmqjk.fL
(D ok’ pvfgraf 4ng’yo *&WWW du[ wx8ts^kfF ]k;-NoExk ! d;f (WWW du[F -Nxkoyo
@ dy3]dik,M ]t !)WWW du[ c]t |kdok; ! dy3]dik, g,njvda[g,nvg4y’gInvo
g’yo0v’]k;pa’gs^nv 1j6 !$WWW du[D 4k,;jk ]k;9jkpg’yoma’\qfgmqjk.fL 9jkpgrnjv
-N\kdok;gmqjk.fLD
77
)D ok’ l5fmyfk wfh-N\kdoaf @W dy3]dik, grnjvgIaf\kdoafd;oS g,njvxkfgxnvd
vvd,;olko0v’\kdoafglpwxma’\qf @ )WW dik,D faj’oAoF ]k;8hv’8jn,oE
8ko.ljg-yj’,uxt]y,kogmqjkda[,;olko0v’\kdoafmujglpwxD g,njv0Q;0hP;c]h;
,;olkoma’\qfwfhglpwxvud ! *WW dik,D 4k,;jk ok’ l5fmyfk 9twfh\kdoaf
d;o9addy3]dik,L
_D mhk; l5]ypk -N]qf9ad|bj’7ao wfh9jkpg’yolqf & (&W WWW du[F sâ’9kdoAo]k;8hv’
9jkpzjvo8nj,vud !W gfnvoM]t (&W WWW du[D 4k,;jk ]k7k]qf9ad7aooUc,jogmqjk.fL
!WD 7totveo;pdko3I’IPo,afmtpq,csj’|bj’8hv’dko1kpxB,.shoadIPolujshv’
.shzh6]t * sq;grnjv.sh1n, c]h;lqj’7no.omhkpxuD 9eo;ooadIPoljushv’,ufaj’oUG #WF #@F
@_F #* 7qoD 4k,;jkxB,muj1kp.sh,uma’\qf9aadsq;L
!!D 3I’]t7vocsj’|bj’F ,u[jvooaj’lk,xtgrffaj’oUG [jvooaj’]k7k &WWW du[ ,u @WW
[jvoD [jvooaj’]k7k (WWW du[,u !WW [jvoS [jvooaj’]k7k _WWW du[,u *W [jvoD
4hk,u7qog0Qk-q,]t7vog8a,[jvooaj’ 9twfhIa[g’yoma’\qf9addu[L
ະ ສດິ
!@D zhkcrlv’w,hF w,hmu ! ,u]k7k @@&WWWW du[D w,hmu @ ,u]k7k @@WWWWWD 4k,;jk
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
crma’ @ w,h];,dao,uma’\qf9adc,af L I6h;jk]k7kc,af]t &WWWW du[Dວ
ສ.
ຫງ
!#D \;ddaodtmq[ (@ |j;p ,u]k7k];,ma’\qf &(*WWWW du[D 9t8hv’0kp\;d
|j;p]t gmqjk.f grnjv1kdwfhdew]ma’\qf #*WWWW du[L
!$D .shltg\uzqo 3 × (4 + x) = 12 + (3 × x)
dD 9qj’d;f7no;jkltg\uzqofaj’djk;4nd8hv’le]a[ x = 7 S x = 3 S x = 11.
0D 9qj’-Uc9’;jkltg\uzqooU4nd8hv’le]a[m5dM7jk0v’ x D
!&D .shltg\uzqo 4 × (5 + y) = 30 + (2 × y ) D 9qj’d;f7no ;jkltg\uzqooU 4nd8hv’ s^n[+
le]a[ y = 5 c]t y = 2 D
!*D .shltg\uzqo ( g + 10) × 5 = ( g × 5) + 50 D 9qj’d;f7no ;jkltg\uzqooU 4nd8hv’ s^n[+
le]a[ g = 5 c]t g = 18.
!(D .shltg\uzqo (t + 20) × 3 = (t × 2) + 80 D 9qj’d;f7no ;jkltg\uzqooU 4nd8hv’ s^n[+
le]a[ t = 20 c]t t = 10 D
78
!)D I6[fhko0hk’oUgxaog7njv’.-h.o 45000 200 000
7q;gInvo9eo;o|bj’g-yj’,uG
8aj’s;kp8je @ |j;pF 8aj’s;kp 90 000
l6’ ! |j;p c]t rkg0Qk ! rkD
4hk,ug’yo $WW WWW du[ 9tlk,kf
-Ng7njv’.-h.ogInvo7q;ma’\qfgs^qjkoU 35000 35000
wfh[=L
!_D 9qj’8v[7e4k, 3fpoe.-h.[[yolqj’g7njv’]5j,oUD

]af;ylkstdyf3I’ry,lbdlk
[D lultgdf 4t|qo ,t3slqf g]dmu DDD}Irl
,D 9aomt[6]uF ot7vos^;’;P’9ao .[lqj’g7njv’
Fax: 219527, Box: 7409 g4y’G DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
3mG W@! @!@_)# muj16jG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ະ ສດິ
9e 9eo;o
]kpdkort]yf8trao}lyo7hk ]k7k \kpgsf
ສະ .ສ
]}f
ລຂິ
o;o g’yodu[
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
! rklk]k; xD! @ !W &WW
ຫງ @! WWW
@ 7toyflkf xD@ # _ &WW DDDDDDDDDDDD
# 7toyflkf xD& & * &WW #@ &WW
$ 75olq,[aflbdlk{3]dvhv,
8q;gIqk xD # ! & WWW DDDDDDDDDDDD
& rklk]k; ,D# ! & &WW DDDDDDDDDDDD
* -u;tlkf ,D& @ _ WWW !) WWW
( g7,ulkf ,D$ @ ) &WW !( WWW
];,ma’\qf !@( &WW
9eo;o0Pogxao8q;|aa’ln DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
muj DDDF ;aomu DDD ot7vos^;’;P’9aoF ;aomu DDD
z6hIa[g7njv’ z6hveo;pdko ]af;ylkstdyf3I’ry,lbdlk
79
dD 9eo;omujltcf’.o4aomulk,\kpg4y’spa’L
0D 9eo;omujltcf’.oc4;l5fmhkp\kpg4y’spa’L
7D 9eo;omuj4nd]n[wx.o4aomushkc,jo9eo;o.fcfjL
@WD 9qj’la’gdf.[[yo]5j,oU c]h;7yfw]j c]t 8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
Ihko7hkg]d &
]6d7hkG mhk; lul5rao
4t|qo G xk’7e [yo]k7k
!@}& g,nv’9aomt[6]u ;aomu @W}!W}@WW_
]kpdkoluo7hk 9eo;o ]k7k 9eo;og’yo}du[
3lh’0kpk; @ && WWW du[ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD du[
3lh’0klAo ! !) WWW du[ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD du[
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
glNoc0opk; # $! WWW du[ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD du[
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
glNv1nf3x3] @ #@ WWW du[ ຫງ
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD du[
];,ma’\qfG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD du[
80
[qfmu !! 7;k,leob
7 ddjP;daa[g,af c]t glAo-nj
!DD dyf9tdee
dyf9tdemumu !
.shhoadIPPola’gdfg,afcdj c ozadF cdjo\kdw,h \ muj,u0t| |kfohvpMF 7yfg4y f ’vao.f.o
ະ ສດິ
;y-kg]00k7toyf L
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
.o-u;yfxxt9e;ao .shpqd8q d ;1jk’vnjoMlylyj’mujgIaf.shgIqk,u7;k,leobddjdP;da[g,afD
ຫງ
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
.o;y-kgg]0k7toyf gryoltcf’g,a j f1j1k’.f L
9qj’la’gddfI6[8+wxoU c]h]h;,u,t3ork[[spa’cfj.o;y-kkg]0k7toyf L
I6[oaadIPo , 1 ltcf’,t3ork[0v’g,af I6[8kltt,ksko16jvyogfp ! .o

. ( ,tsaflt9ao0v’’3]d
81
B
A C
D
D
ສດິ
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dyf9tdemumu @ ວ
ສ.
dD 9qj’la’ggdfg[yj’lt4kootdko]5j,oU c]]h;leobdg4y’vao.f.o;y-kg]00k7toyfD ຫງ
{ oE16jrk-totX g;]]koE16j.omjk[+8u8u’?F rkdlj;o8afdao]ts;jk’|h
’ k0hk’0v’
rk--tot c]t |hkoED
{ g,njvoadIPolv’7qovvd,kfb
o ’g-nvvd.shg7aj’D
0D 9qj’la’ggdfg[yj’I6[8kllt,ksko1j6vyogfp0h
o k’gmy’ rkdlj;o|hkoE c]t 0v[llt
8afdaoF gIqk;kfrk[[g4y’spa’.o;y-kg]0k7toy
- fL
dyf9tde #
!D 9qj’c8h,,g,af A c]h;0ufglAo-nj ! glAoF o @ glAoF
# glAoF DD. zjko AD gIqIqklk,kf0ufwfh9adglAoL
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD A
82
@D .shglAo-nj d c]t d’D r;d,ao8afdao16j9adg,afL X.sh[vdd=]tou8jk’M?
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
#D .shc8h,glAo-njzjko g,af A c]t BD gIqklk,kfc8h,wfhma’\qf9adglAoL

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
B
A

@D .97;k,G
.o;y-kg]0k7toyf gryjoltcf’ g,af fh;pdko9E .ljczjog9hpF dtfkoF D D

3fp.-h8q;vadlvocmo g-ajo A, B, C, D, E. . .
ສດິ
\kpgsfG g,af[+,u0t|kfD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
glAo-njD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
glAo-nj c,jod5j,0v’[aofkg,afmuj]Po8yfdao8k,c4;-nj[+lYol5fD ຫງ

-
gryjo,adcmoglAo-njfh;p8q;|a’ln g-ajo d, A , .. , a, b, c…

4hk;jkglAo-njzjkog,af A c]t B gIqkg;Qk;jkglAo-nj AB c]t gIqk0Po (AB)
B
x
A
mjvo-nj AB XI6[ !?
\kpgsfG glAo-nj[+,u7;k,0t|kfD
83
mjvo-njD
mjvo-nj AB c,jorkdlj;o|bj’0v’glAo-nj (AB) xtdv[fh;pm5dg,afmuj16j]ts;jk’ A
c]t B g-yj’gvUo;jk lQo0v’,aoF laopt]adfh;p [AB] XI6[ ! 0hk’gmy’?D
mjvo-nj AB
g7yj’glAo-njD
4hk;jk g,af A c[j’glAo-nj xy gxaolv’rkdlj;oD c8j]trkdlj;ogvUo;jk g7yj’glAo-nj
g-yj’gIqk.shlaopt]ad [Ax) c]t [Ay). g,af A gvUo;jk g,afg7Qk XI6[]5j,oU?D

y

x A
ະ ສດິ
g7yj’glAo-nj [Ax) g7yj’glAo-nj [Ay)
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
w]ptsjk’c8j A sk B c,jo];’pk;0v’mjvo-nj [AB] g-yj’gIqklaopt]adfh;p AB.
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
laopt]ad vjko I6[g]0k7toyf ຫງ

A B
(AB) glAo-nj AB
[AB] mjvo-nj AB A B
[Ax) g7yj’glAo-nj Ax
A x
AB ];’pk; AB 9eo;o

8q;1jk’G
gIqk;k’ # g,af A, B c]t C 16jgmy’glAo-nj xy 3fp;jk AB = 5 sq;|j;pF
BC = 3 sq;|j;p c]t AC = 8 sq;|j;pD
x 1 sq;|j;pF

y

A B C
84
sâdg7QkG
{ zjko|bj’g,af gIqklk,kflhk’wfhglAo-nj1jk’[+lYol5fD
{ zjkolv’g,af8jk’dao gIqklk,kflhk’glAo-nj8jk’daowfhrP’glAofP;gmqjkoAoD
{ lv’glAo-nj8jk’dao8afdaowfhrP’g,affP;gmqjkoAoD
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’[vdglAo-nj16jdE0;koUfh;plv’ x
v
;ymug-ajo xy s^n (AC) D A F
@D 9qj’[vdm5dg7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo t B E

-nj16j.oI6[dE0;kX9qj’[vdg7yj’glAo C
z
-njmjudq’dao0hk,dao?D u D
#D gIqklk,kf0ufglAo-njwfh9adglAozjko
ສດິ
y
g,af16jI6[dE0;k,n 8k,c8j]td=]tou
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
]5j,oUG A
ວນ
dD zjkog,af A
ວ B
ສ.
0D zjkog,af A, B c]t C

C
ຫງ
D
7D g,af A c]t B
’D zjkog,af A, C c]t D

$D 9qj’;k’g,af A, B c]t C [+16glAo-njfP;dao.ljg9hp c]h;-vd,afg7yj’dk’0v’
[AB], [BC] c]t [AC] fh;pdkora[g9hpD
&D 16jgmy’cdo9eo;o]5j,oU 9qj’[vd s^n \kp8nj,G
dD g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ BF c]t 0v’ BE
0D g,aflQo0v’mjvo-njmuj,u];’pk;gmqjk $ 4hk;jkg,aflQomulv’c,jo G.
7D g,afmuj,uw]ptsjk’9kd B gmqjk 3AC.
−1 0 1

A C E G
B D F
85
*D 16jgmy’cdo9eo;o]5j,oU 9qj’[vd s^n \kp8nj,G
dD g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ AE.
0D g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ CF.
7D g,aflQo0v’mjvo-njg-yj’];’pk;gmqjk # 4hk;jkg,aflQomulv’c,jo F.
1
’D g,afmuj,uw]ptsjk’9kd E gmqjk BD.
2

−1 0 1

A C E G
B D F
(. 9qj’la’gdfI6[]5j,oU c]h;8nj,g7njv’\kp ∈ s^n ∉ .lj[jvo9Eg,af.sh4ndD
−1 0 1

A B C D E F G H

M
ະ ສດິ
G….[AE]; F…(AB); E….(BC); D….(EG); B….[EG);
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
F….[CF); H….[DG); M….[AE]; C….[EG); ວ M….[EG)
ສ.
ຫງ
)D 9qj’;k’g,af L, A, O, P, D, R 3fp.shwfh # g,af]Po-njdao X.sh[vdc8j & d=]tou
8jk’dao?D
_D 9qj’c8h,I6[9t85]afmuj,u0hk’gmqjk 10 cm. \kpg,afg7yj’dk’0v’c8j]t0hk’D
0uf8+g,afg7yj’dk’0v’I6[9t85]afmujwfh.\jD ln[8+0ufg,afg7yj’dk’0v’I6[9t85]af.\j
c]t 0uf8+g,afg7yj’dk’ grnjv.shwfhI6[9t85]af.\jvud9qo d;jk9twfhI6[9t85]af muj,u
0hk’gmqjk 1 cm. c]h;mklu.sh’k,D
!WD dD zjko # g,af[+]Po-nj gIqklhk’wfh9adglAo-nj L
0D zjko $ g,af[+]Po-nj gIqklhk’wfh9adglAo-nj L
7D zjko & g,af[+]Po-nj gIqklhk’wfh9adglAo-nj L
’D zjko ) g,af[+]Po-nj gIqklhk’wfh9adglAo-nj L
9D zjko n g,af[+]Po-nj gIqklhk’wfh9adglAo-nj L
86
[qfmu !@ glAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkd
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !D 9qj’la’gdfg[yj’I6[rk[]5j,oU c]t lyj’16jvhv,8q;gIqk c]h;lqomtok
djP;da[[aofksâdm5’F glqk0q;F lkpw2F 0v[mk’F glAo0k;c[j’g]o16jdk’4t|qoF
0v[dt fkoF 0v[38tD c8j]t1jk’gIqk,u7;k,leobd ;jkr;d,ao 8A’lkddao s^n
0t|kodaoD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
0q;mjk]kf c0;’;P’9ao Xglqk0q;F sâd8k,0v[0q;0t\kodaoFDD?
4t\qowxxt86w- ot7vos^;’;P’9ao 4t\qowdlvorq,;ysko9kdxt86w-wx3rog7a’
87
dyf9tdemu @D 9qj’lqomtokdjP;da[g,afIj;,dao0v’lv’glAo-nj.oI6[]5j,oUG
d′
d d′
d
d d′
I6[ ! I6[ @ I6[ #

16j6I6[ ! ,u 1j6I6[ @ [+gsaog,afIj;,dao 1j6I6[ # ,ug,afIj;,dao[+L

|bj’g,afIj;,dao c8j4hk;jkln[8+0uf8+wx
9tgxaoco;.f L
dyf9tdemu #D 9qj’lqomtokdjP;da[I6[]5j,oU ;jk,uglAo-nj.f0t|kodaoD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ ! I6[ @ I6[ #
dyf9tdemu $D 9qj’la’gdfI6[]5j,oU;jklv’glAo-jn d c]t d’ 0t|kodaos^n[+ c]h; d;f
lv[fh;pdko;afcmdD

d d’
88
dyf9tdemu &D
.shmjvo-nj AB c]t g,af OD 9qj’0uf AO c]h;0uf OA′ 8+ AO 3fpj;k OA′ = AO.
g-ajofP;dao.sh0uf BO c]h;0uf OB′ 3fp;jk OB′ = OB. 9qj’d;fg[yj’;jk [AB] c]t
[AB′] gmqjkdao c]t 0t|kodaoD
dyf9tdemu *D
9qj’0ufglAo-njzjkog,af A c]t B .ljg9hpD c]h;ra[g9hp3fp.shg,af A ,kg8a’g,af BD
rng9hpvvdc]h;0ufglAo-nj8k,Ivpra[ c]h;0ufIvpra[wfhglAo-njD lv’glAo-nj8afdao
16jg,af H X.sh\kpg,af H?D .-h[aomafcmd,5, c]h;xP[mP[,5,ma’lujD 9qj’.sh0=hla’gdfD
dyf9tdemu (D 16jI6[0hk’]5j,oU .sh\kpglAo-nj 8k,.93fp.sh-njg-ajo a, b, c,… c]h;[vd
;jkglAo.f0t|koda[glAo.f s^nglAo.f8A’lkdda[glAo.f 8k,c8j]t76j3fp.sh.-hg7njv’
\kp ⊥ s^n // D
dyf9tdemu )D 9qj’la’gdfI6[]5j,oU c]h;8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af3fp.-hg7njv’\kp ⊥ s^n // D
ະ ສດິ

ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ

ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ

d1 d1
d 2 d 3
d 2

d3

d 1 D D d 2 d 1 D D d 2
d 2 . . .d 3 d 2 . . .d 3
d 1 D D D d 3 d 1 D D D d 3

89
dyf9tde _D 9qj’la’gdfg[yj’I6[ c]h;8nj,
.lj[jvo9Eg,affh;p7e;jk< 8A’lkd< s^n
<0t|ko<
{ lv’glAo-nj DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD da[glAo-njfP;dao
8hv’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD daoD
{ g,njvlv’glAo-nj0t|kodaoF m5dglAo-njmujD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD da[glAomuj|bj’ 8hv’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
da[glAomulv’D X,us^kp7e8v[?
dyf9tde !WD 9qj’c8h,I6[lujc9lkd READ 3fp;jk RE = 7 cm c]t EA =4 cm.
glAogoaj’9v,0v’r;d,ao8afdao1j6g,af O F c]h;0ufglAo-njzjko D 8A’lkdda[ (RO),
0ufglAo-njzjko O 8A’lkdda[ (AE) c]t 0ufglAo-njzjko A 8A’lkdda[ OD.
dyf9tde !!D 9qj’c8h,glAo-nj d zjkog,af A F g,af M c]t N 16jovd dD .sh.-h[aomaflkd
grjnvlhk’glAo-njzjko M c]h;0ufglAo|bj’vudzjko N 8A’lkdda[ dD
ສດິ
•M
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
d
ວນ
•A ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
• N

gIqklk,kfg;Qkco;.fdjP;da[ # glAo-njmujwfh,kL
\kpgsfG 4hk;jklv’glAo-n j d 1 c]t d 2 8A’lkdda[glAo-njfP;dao d 3 c]h;r;d,ao
8hv’0t|kodaoD

d1
d2
d 3
90
@D .97;k,
{ g,njvlv’glAo-nju,ug,afIj;,daorP’g,affP; gryjog;Qk;jk r;d,ao8afdaoD
{ g,njvlv’glAo-nj d c]t d’ g4y’c,jo;jk9t0uf8+wx1jk’[+lYol5f d=[+,ug,afIj;,daoD
gryjog;Qk;jkr;d,ao0t|kodaoF gIqk0Po d // d' D
xt3spdlaopt]ad vjko I6[g]0k7toyf d
d // d' d 0t|ko d’
d’
lv’glAo-nj d c]t d’ 8A’lkddao g,njvr;d,ao8afdaowfh,5,gmqjkdaoma’lujD

gIqk0Po d ⊥ d’
xt3spdlaopt]ad vjko I6[g]0k7toyf

d
d ⊥ d' d 8A’lkdda[ d'
ສດິ

ະ

ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ d’
ສ.
ຫງ

75o]adltot
d 1 ⊥ d 3
4hk;jk c]h; d1 // d 2
d 2 ⊥ d 3
4hk;jklv’glAo-nj d 1 c]t d 2 0t|kodaoc]h; m5dglAo-nj d 3 muj8A’lkdda[glAo-nj.f|bj’

.olv’glAomuj.shdjvooAo 8hv’8A’lkdda[glAomulv’D
d 3 d 1 d 2 d1//d 2

4hk;jk c]h; d1 ⊥ d 2
d1 ⊥ d 2
91
#D [qfg/ydsaf a
b c
d
!D 16jI6[0hk’0;hkoUF 9jq’[vd;jkG
{ @ glAo-nj0t|kodaoS e
{ @ glAo-nj8A’lkddaoS
{ @ glAo-nj8afdaoc8j[+8A’lkddaoD
@D 9qj’.-hg7njv’|kp // c]t ⊥ ln[8+0Po a // b , b ⊥ c, …
b d e
b
a c d a
c

e f

g
I6[ !
I6[ @
ະ ສດິ
#D 9qj’c8h,I6[7no.\j.ljg9hpmuj,u8kdk3iD c]h;;k’g,af N grnjv.sh (MN) 0t|koda[
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
glAo-nj dD ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
d
M
;k’g,af C grnjv.sh (MC) 8A’lkdda[ dD X[+.sh.-h;q’;Po?D
$D 9qj’.-h;q’;Pogrnjvlhk’g,afg7yj’dk’0v’mjvo-nj AB D
&D 9qj’;k’g,af A 16jovdglAo-nj d c]h;.-h[aomaflkdc8h,glAo-nj d’ c]t d” zjko A
0t|ko c]t 8A’lkdda[ d 8k,]efa[D
*D dD 9qj’;k’g,af M 16jovdglAo-nj d.
0D 9qj’0ufglAo-nj d’ zjko M c]t 8A’lkdda[ d.
7D 9qj’\kp N 16jovd d c]t d’.
’D 9qj’0ufglAo-nj d” zjko N 8A’lkdda[ d’.
9D gIqkg;Qkwfhco;.fdjP;da[ d c]t d”?
92
)D dD 9qj’;k’g,af A, B c]t C [+]Po-njS
0D 9qj’0ufglAo-nj (AB) c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdda[ (BC) 16jg,af M zjkog,af P;
7D 9qj’c8h,I6[lk,c9 ABC c]h;0uf];’l6’ h zjko A.
’D gIqkg;Qkwfhco;.f8+glAo];’l6’ c]t glAo-nj (MP) ?
_D 16jg9hpmju,u8kdk3iG
dD 9qj’c8h,I6[lk,c9 ABC lkd16 j B, AB = 3 8kdk3i c]t BC = 2 8kdk3iD
E
D
A B
0D 9kdI6[lk,c9 ABC .shc8h,I6[faj’0hk’gmy’oU9qoIvfg,af M.
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
93
[qfmu !# dkoc8h,glA
, o-nj0t|koo{glAo-nj8A’lkkd
!DD dyf9tdee
dyf9tdemumu ! Xlhk’lv’glAo-nj0t|kodadaofh;p[aomafllkd?
9qj’xt8y[aff8k,0Ao8vo8+wxoUgrnjvlhk’gllAo-njzjkog,af A c]t 0t\koda[glAo-n j d D
ສດິ
{ ;k’g,a,af A 1j6ovdgglAo-nj d faj’I6[mu
[ !D
ະ
{ gvqk[aoomaflkd,kcoo[da[glAo-nj d, 0ufglAo-nj d′ cc]h;g]njvo[aomaflkd8k,my
f f0v’
0
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
]6dlvvo.oI6[ @ 9qod;j ວ
d k]jP,0v’[a[aomaflkd-bj’g[N[Nv’8Qo8yfda[glA
g o-n j d ,kzjko
ສ.
g,af A. ຫງ
{ 0ufglAoo-njzjkog,af A F gIqkwfhglAo-nj d′′ faj’I6[ # D

I6[ ! A I6[ @ I6[ #

A d’’

A
d’
d
d
d’
d

gIqklk,,kfg;Qkwfhco;;.fdjP;da[glAo-n
o jmujwfh.\j mP[[da[glAo-nj d L gxa
g ospa’L
94
dyf9tde mu @ Xoe.-h;q’;Po; c]t [aomaf.odkolhk’glAo0t|ko?D
dD 9qj’oe..-h;q’;Po c]tt [aomafgrjnvc88h,I6[lk,c9mmjP’ ABC g-y’;j j’ k BA=AC.
0D lv’0hkk’g-yj’|hk0v’’I6[lujc90hk’00t|ko,u];’ppk; DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD c]t DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
7D 9qj’c8h,,I6[ljuc90hk’00t|ko ABCCD ]5j,oU7no c]h]h;8nj,.lj[jvo9E9Eg,affh;pg7njv’
\kp < // s^n = <
A B
(AB) DDDDDDDDDD (DC)
(BC) DDDDDDDDDD (AD)

AB DDDDDDDDDD DC
AD DDDDDDDDDD BC
D C
D

dyf9tdemumu #
9qj’lhk’I6[[lujc90hk’0t\
\ko ABCD g,j g nvI6h # 9v, A A, B, C c]t 0h 0k’ AB= 4,5 cm;
BC = 6,,8 cmF 3fpxtt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo8+8 wxoUG
ະ ສດິ
{ 0ufmjvoo-nj [AB] c]t mjvo-nj [BC] 8k,g’n
8 jvow0muj..shF c]h;0ufmjvodq
v j’muj,u.9dk’’ A
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
c]t ]afflt\ugmqjk BC
C. ວ
ສ.

ຫງ

D

C
B
{ 0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’’ C c]t ]aflt\ugmqjk AB.

D

B C

95
{ lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af D. l5fmhkp.sh0umjvo-nj [ AD] c]t [CD]
A D

B C
I6[lujc9 ABCD gxaoI6[-toyf.fL .sh-Uc9’
dyf9tde $
9qj’oe.-h;q’;Po c]t [aomafgrjnvlhk’glAo-nj d’ zjkog,af A c]t 0t|koda[glAo-nj d
muj.shdjvo 3fpxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo]5j,oUG
{ ;k’g,af A [+16jglAo-nj d A
{ ;k’g,af B c]t C 8jk’dao16jglAo-nj d.
ສດິ
{ 0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ C c]t ]aflt\u ABD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
{ 0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\u BCD
ວນ
{ \kpg,af D -bj’gxaog,af8afdao0v’lv’mjvodqj’mujwfhoAoD
ວ
ສ.
{ 0ufglAo-nj AD. ຫງ
D
B
d
gIqklk,kfg;Qkwfhco;.fdjP;da[glAo-nj (AD) c]t d? gxaospa’ X.sh-Uc9’?L

{ l5fmhkp AD = ………...D
96
lts^5[
!D grnjvlhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCD g,njvI6hlk,g,af A, B, C F gryjo0ufmjvo-nj AB
c]t BCF 9kdoAogryjo0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ C c]t ]aflt\ugmqjk AB c]h;0ufmjvo
dqj’mulv’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\ugmqjk BCD lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af DD gryjo0uf
mjvo-nj [AD] c]t [CD] c]h;wfhI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCD D
@D grnjvlhk’glAo-nj|bj’zjkog,af A muj.shdjvo 0t|koda[glAo-nj d gryjo;k’lv’g,af8jk’
dao B c]t C 16jglAo-nj dD c]h;0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ C c]t ]aflt\ugmqjk AB 9kd
oAo0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\ugmqjk BC lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af DD
l5fmhkpgryjo0ufglAo-nj AD muj0t|koda[ dD
dyf9tdemu & X dkooe.-h;q’;Po c]t [aomafgrnjvlhk’glAo-nj8A’lkddao?

!D 9qj’;k’g,af M 16jovdglAo-nj dD c]h;.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;Pogrnjv0ufglAo-njzjko M
c]t 8A’lkdda[ d 3fpxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo8+wxoUG
dD
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ສະ .ສ
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M

d
0D
M
97
7D M
@ D9qj’0ufgllAo-nj8A’lkdda[ d zjko A 1j6I6I[]5j,oU.

d
A

lts^5[
grnjvc8h,gglAo-nj|bj’zjkog,af M muj.shdvo8A
jv ’lkdda[glAlAo-nj d muj.shdvoD
jv gryjoc8h,
ະ ສດິ
mjvodqj’mu,j,u.9dk’c,jog,a jv oD mjvodqj’’wx8af d 16jlv’g,af A c]t BD
g f M muj.shdvooA
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
c]h;gryjocc8h,lv’mjvodqdqj’mu,u.9dk’cc,jo A c]t B c]t ,u]aflt\ \ufP;daoD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
lv’mjvodqdqj’8afdao16jg,af M c]t vudg,a,af|bj’16j7qo]tgg[Nv’mP[da[ d c]h;0ufglAo
-njzjko M c]t zjkog,af8a f fdao0v’lv’mjvodqj’ oAo -bj’gxaoglAo-nj8A’lkdda[ d D ຫງ
\kpgsfGG glAo-njmujwfhoAowx8A
w ’lkdda[ d 16jg,afg7yj’dkk’0v’ A c]t BD
dyf9tde * Xdkolhk’glAlAo-nj8A’lkdfh;p;y; muvnjo?

16jshv’ ,!/d 76wfh.shoadIPoc8h,glAo-n8A8j A’lkdda[glAo-nj d zjkog,af C .o0v[g9hpmuj
.shfaj’I6[]5j,oUD [a’gvuo mhmk; 7e,u ]n,[a[omaflkd ,ucc8j[aomaf c]t ;q’;PoD
C

B
A
d
dD mhk; 7e
7e,u ]k;.-h;ymumu0hk’gmy’wfh[+L 4hk;jk[+wfh]vv’7yfg[yj’;jk ]k;9tgIaf;ymu.f L
98
0D 9qj’c8h,,glAo-nj8A’lkdda[glAo-nj d zjkog,a
k f C 3fpxxt8y[af8k,7ecotoe]5j,oUG
{ ;k’g,af A c]t B 16jglAo-nj d c]h;0u ; fmjvodqj’ muj,u.9dk’ A c]]t ]aflt\u AC
A .

{ 0ufmjvodqdqj’ mulv’muj,u.9dk’
. B c]t ]aflt\u BCD lv’mjvodqj’8aafdao16jg,af C c]t
c
D. l5fmhkp]k;0ufglAo-no jj (CD).
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
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D
7D 9qj’.-h-h[aomaflkd,kkd;fg[yj’;jkglAlAo-nj (CD) 8A’lkkdda[ d s^n [+ L
@DD [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’c8h,,I6[lk,c9 ABC
A lkd1j6 A, I6h;jk AB = 3 cm c]t BC = 4 cm. c]h;;af
cmd];;’pk; AC.
@D9qj’c8h,I6[7k’\6lkdd ABCD (lkdd16j A c]t D?F I6h;jk AB = 3cm, CD = 4,55cm
c]t AAD = 3,8 cm.
99
#D9qj’\kpg,af A, B c]t C [+]Po-nj16jglAo-nj dD .shlhk’glAo-nj8A’lkdda[ d zjko A, B
c]t C. la’gdfgsaoco;.fL
$D9qj’lhk’I6[lujc9lkd ABCD muj,u0hk’gmqjk 4 cm c]t glAogoaj’9v,gmqjk 5 cm.
&D9qj’lhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|komuj,uglAogoaj’9v,gmqjk 6cm c]t ];’pk;gmqjklv’lj;o
lk,0v’glAogoaj’9v,D
*D9qj’\kpg,af A c]t B .ljglAo-nj|bj’3fp;jk AB = 4 cmD ,uma’\qf9adg,afmuj16jsjk’ 3cm
9kd A c]t 7cm 9kd B L
(D9qj’la’gdflv’glAo-nj d c]t d’ muj16j.o0v[I6[D r;d,ao9twx8afdao16jsjk’9kd0v[
I6[s^kpxko.f X[+.sh0uf8+vvdwx9kd0v[I6[?L
d
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d’
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le]a[0=h ( vkf9t.-h7;k,lk,kf g]njvoglAo-nj
,kdE-hkp s^n mq[lj;o muj16jovd0v[.sh,k16jdE
-hkp c]h; ;afcmd s^n 7yfw]jvkfg\ktda[zj6gdaj’

)D9qj’la’gdfI6[]5j,oU c]h;9af]Po0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[8k,]efa[.sh4nd8hv’D
dD 0ufglAo-njzjko K c]t 8A’lkdda[ (DC). B
0D;k’lujg,af A, B, C, D. T
7D glAo-jnoAo8af XBC) 1j6 T. A C
’D 0ufglAo-njzjko L c]t 0t|koda[ (DB). K
9D mjvo-nj AC c]t BD 8afdao1j6g,af k
L
lD glAo-njoAo8af (DC) 16j L.
-D 0ufmjvo-nj AC c]t BD. D
100
[qfmu !$ dko[;d];’pk;mjvo-nj c]t dko76o9eo;o.f|bj’
da[];’pk;0v’mjvo-nj
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu ! Xdko[;d];’pk;mjvo-nj?
mjvo-nj AB g-yj’gIqklaopt]ad DDDDDDDDDD c,joDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
!D 9qj’xP[mP[];’pk;lv’mjvo-njXI6[ !? c]t XI6[ @? ]5j,oUfh;plkp8k c]h;d;f
g[yj’fh;pdko;afcmdD
XI6[!? XI66[ @?
@D 9qj’xP[mP[];’pk;0v’mjvo-nj ! c]t @ fh;plkp8k c]h;d;f7nofh;pdko
;afcmdD
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1
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2
#D .shg,af A c]t B 1j6glAo-nj dF c]h;;k’g,af M .lj]ts;jk’g,af A c]t B faj’I6[

]5j,oUD d
B
M
A
gIqkwfh @ mjvo-nj.\j DDDDDDDDDDDDc]t DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD gIqklk,kf0Po];’pk; AB 8k,
];’pk;0v’ @ mjvo-njmujwfhoAo1jk’.f L
AB = ……….. + ……….
101
4hk;jk M 1j6g7yj’dk’0v’ [AB] lv’mjvo-njoAo9tgxaoco;.fL
………. = …………
AB = …. × AM = … ×………

$D 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj [CD] 16jovd dF c]h;;k’g,af E 1j6lj;o0uf8+[AB] gmy’glAo-nj d
3fp;jkG BE = CD. .shgvqk [CD] ,k;k’g8a’ [BE]D gIqklk,kfdeoqf
AE = …….. … ………

D
C

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A B E
ະ
dyf9tdemu @ Xdko76o];’pk;mjvo-jjnda[9eo;o.f|bj’?
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ວ
!D 9qj’.-h;q’;Poc8h,mjvo-nj AE 7no3fpcmdgvqk];’pk;mjvo-nj [CD] c]h;,k\kp
ສ.
.ljg7yj’glAo-nj [Ax) .shwfhh AE = 3CD. ຫງ
C

A
102
@D 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj MN = 4,5 AB 7no3fpoe.-h;q’;PoD

M
M N
xa[0k;q’;Pog0Qk.sh4nd8hv’

A B

#D 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj EF = 3 AB 7no3fpoe.-h;q’;PoD
4
A B

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E F
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$D 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj GH = 3× 3 PQ 7no3fpoe.-h;q’;Po.
4 ຫງ
P Q

3
PQ
4
G H
3
3 × PQ
4
103
@D .97;k,
{ 4hk;jklk,g,af A, B c]t C 16jglAo-njfP;dao8k,]efa[F gryjolk,kfdeoqf
zqo[;d];’pk;0v’lv’mjvo-nj [AB] c]t [BC] faj’oUG
AC = AB + BC
{ gryjo76o];’pk;mjvo-nj AB da[ k fh;pdkooe.-h;q’;Pogrjnjvgvqk];’pk;

faj’djk;,k8+.ljdao8k,glAo-nj k gmnjvD
8q;1jk’G
!D .sh AB = 6,7 cm, BC = 4,6 cm. 9qj’7yfw]j];’pk; AC I6h;jk A, B c]t C 1j6glAo-nj
fP;daoD
[qfcdhG gIqk,u AC = AB + BC Xgrkt A, B c]t C 1j6glAo-njfP;dao8k,]efa[?F
gIqkcmo7jjkwfhG
AC = 6,7 cm + 4,6 cm = 11,3 cm.
ສດິ
@D .o]t[q[dko;afcmdvkg,]ydk gryjo.-h 25fgxaosq;|j;p;afcmd];’pk;D
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! 25f(foot) = !@ oU;X inches)F 4hk;jk AB = 18 oU;F CD = 1,5 25f
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X]kp]tvPf9tltg|u.o[qf8+wx?D 9qj’xP[mP[];’pk; AB c]t CD. ວ
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[qfcdhG gIqkxjPo CD = 1,5 25f gxaooU; wfh CD = 1,5 25f ×!@ = 18 oU;
gIqklts^5[wfh;jk AB = CD.
#D .shg,af M 16j mjvo-nj AB. 9qj’-vdsk];’pk; MB Ih6;jk AM = 5 sq;|j;p c]t
AB = 8 sq;|j;pD
& sq;|j;p

A M B
) sq;|j;p
[qfcdhG phvo;jk A, M c]t B 16jglAo-njfP;dao 8k,]efa[ gIqk,uG AB = AM + MB,
ltoAo MB = AB – AM
gIqkcmo7jk wfhG MB = ) sq;|j;p – & sq;|j;p = # sq;|j;pD
104
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’;k’g,af K 16jmjvo-nj MNF c]h;-vdsk];’pk; KN I6h;jkG MN = 9,35 cm c]t
MK = 5,6 cm.

M N
@D .shg,af A, B, C, D, E c]t F 16jglAo-nj d 3fp;jk AB = CD = DE = 2,8 cm,

AF = 10,2 cm; BC = EF. 9qj’-vdsk];’pk; BC.
#D 9qj’-vdsk];’pk; NP 8k,I6[muj,u0=h,6o]5j,oU G
MN = PQ = QR
ສດິ
9cm
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ວນ
M N P Q R ວ
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2,6cm
$D 9qj’xP[mP[];’pk;0v’glAomk’ AEFGHIJB c]t AMB fh;plkp8k

X3fp[+.sh7yfw]j? G H

E F I J

M

A B
c]h;.sh7yfw]jzqo[;d0v’];’pk;mjvo-nj [AE], [EF], [FG], [GH], [HI], [IJ] c]t

[JB]F c]t zqo[;d];’pk;0v’ [AM] c]t [MB]. c]h;d;fg[yj’7e8v[
0hk’gmy’D
105
&D 9qj’la’gdfI6[]5j,oU c]h;[vd;jkglAomk’.flAod;jkF glAomk’ A s^n glAomk’ B?

A B

*D 9qj’7kf7tgofh;plkp8k ;jk];’pk;0v’glAosad16j]5j,oU |hvpd;jk s^n s^kpd;jk

15 cm.
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(D9qj’xP[mP[];’pk;glAosad I6[ ! c]t ];’Iv[0v’I6[ @ fh;plkp8k F c]h;
d;f7nofh;pdko;afcmdD
I6[! I6[ @
)D 9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’c8j]tI6[]5j,oU 8k,0=h,6omuj.sh.

7,2 sq;|j;p
10,3 sq;|j;p 7 sq;|j;p 6 sq;|j;p
106
_D 9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’I6[fyol;o]5j,oUX.shsq;|;jp8q;9y’gxao hm)

2,5 1,5

3,5
4,5
7,5
!WD 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj AB c]h;c8h,G
{ mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;gmqjk 5 AB
3
{ mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;gmqjk AB
5
3 3 3
{ mjvo-njmuj,u];’pk;gmqjk 5 ABX5 = 5 + ).
4 4 4
!!D dD 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj AB muju ,u];’pk;gmqjk 6 cm.
ະ ສດິ
4
0D c8h,mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;gmqjk AB;
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
3
ວນ
3 ວ
ສ.
7D c8h,mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;gmqjk
ຫງ
AB.
2
!@D9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj MP muj,u];’pk;gmqjk 7,6 cm. c]h;\kpg,afg7yj’dk’ N 0v’
mjvo-njfaj’djk;D
9qj’[vd];’pk;0v’ NP. c]h;8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afgrnjv.shgxaoxt3spd3fpoe.-h
7e;jk “ gxaog7yj’|bj’” s^n “gxaolv’gmnjv” G
MN……………. 0v’ MP ; MP…………………..0v’ NP
MP…………….. 0v’ MN ; NP…………………...0v’ MP.

!#D 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj AB c]h;oe.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;Pogrnjvc8h,mjvo-nj BC XA, B c]t C
[+]Po-nj? muj,u];’pk;gmqjklv’gmnjv];’pk;0v’ ABD 9kdoAo.shc8h,mjvo-nj CD
muj,u];’pk;gmqjklk,gmnjv];’pk;0v’AB (B, C c]t D [+]Po-nj?
107
[qfmu !& dko;afcmd];’pk;0v’mjvo-nj
!D dyf9tde
dyf9edemu !D
dko;afcmd];’pk;c,jodkoxP[mP[];’pk;oAo.ljsq;\j;p;afcmdmujg]nvdw;hD
sq;|j;p.odko;afcmd];’pk;c,joG c,af (rklk/âj^’G mètre; rklkva’dyfG metre
s^n meter) g-yj’gmqjkda[|bj’lj;oly[]hko0v’|bj’lj;oluj0v’glAoc;’X!W WWW km?
g-yj’gxaoglAoIv[|j;p3]dmujzjkoma’lv’0;Ao3]d Xg[yj’I6[?D
ະ ສດິ
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ຫງ
dD grnjv;afcmd];’pk;muj|hvpd;jkc,af gryjogIafco;.fL
gryjo.-hhc,af;afcmdlyj’muj,u];’pk; |hvpd;jk ! c,afwfh s^n [+L 4hk;jk[+gryjo
cdhw01jk’.f L
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
gryjo[+lk,kf.-h c,afgrnjv;afcmd];’pk;muj|hvpd;jk ! c,afwfhD
ltoAogryjo9bj’c[j’ ! c,afvvdgxao !W lj;ogmqjkdaoD c8j]tlj;ogvUo;jk
108
! gf-uc,af Xdm sp=h,k9kd decimeter).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I6[0v’w,hc,afsp=h];’pk;]q’ !W gmnjv X,kf8klj;o ! G !W?

w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’0ufltcf’g4y’ ! gf-uc,af g-yj’sp=h ! c,af]q’ !W gmnjvD

1
! dm = m = 0,1 m; s^n 1 m = 10 dm
10

0D grnjv;afcmd];’pk;muj|hvpd;jk ! gf-uc,afgryjogIafco;.fL
gryjoc[j’ ! gf-uc,afvvdgxao !W lj;ogmqjkdaoD c8j]tlj;ogvUo;jk ! -a’8uc,af
(cm, sp=h,k9kd centimeter)D

1
1 cm = dm=0,1 dm s^n 1 dm = 10 cm
ສດິ
10
ະ
1cm
ສະ .ສ
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ວນ

ວ
ສ.

ຫງ

1dm
g-ajofP;dao grnjv;afcmd];’pk;|hvpd;jk ! -a’8uc,af gryjoc[j’

-a’8uc,afvvdgxao !W lj;ogmqjkdao c8j]tlj;ogvUo;jk ! ,yo]uc,af (mm, sp=h,k9kd
millimeter) 1cm

1
1 mm = cm = 0,1 cm s^n 1cm =10 mm
10

1mm
109
dyf9edemu @ D
dD 9qj’;afcmdmjvo-nj]5j,oU c]h;gvqk7jk;afcmd8nj,.lj8k8t]k’D
F
E
A
C
D
H
B G
I J
mjvo-nj ];’pk;1j6]ts;jk’ ];’pk;cmdgxao mm

…..cm c]tDDDDDDDDcm
AB 5 cm c]t 6 cm 52 mm
ສດິ
3 cm c]t 4 cm
ະ
CD 33,3 mm
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
EF
ວນ
ວ
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ຫງ
GH
IJ
0D 9qj’c8h,mjvo-njg-yj’];’pk;wfhdeoqfw;h16j8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
mjvo-nj ];’pk; mjvo-nj ];’pk;16j]ts;jk’

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD c]t DDDDDDD
AB 5 cm KL 0,8 dm c]t 0,9 dm
CD 145 mm MN 4,6 cm c]t 5,7 cm
EF 4,5 cm PQ 0 dm c]t 0,8 dm
GH 0,8 dm RS 56 mm c]t 57 mm
IJ 38 mm TU 6 cm c]t 7cm
110
8q;1jk’D B
5 cm
A 0,8 dm < KL<0,9 dm
K L
\kpgsfG le]a[]t[q[vkg,]ydk gryjo.-h25f Xmt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’25f?

gxaosq;|j;p ;afcmd];’pk;D
! 25f(foot) = 12 oU; Xvyo-% inches)
! 1kf(yard) = 3 25f = 0,9144 c,af

@D .97;k,
dD sq;|j;p;afcmd];’pk;
ສດິ
ະ
ສະ .ສ
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sq;|j;p;afcmd];’pk;c,joG c,afF v5xt76o c]t mt;u76o0v’c,afD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
gf-uc,af Xdm), -a’8uc,af (cm) c]t ,yo]uc,af (mm) gxao v5xt76o0v’c,af (m)D
gfdkc,af (dam), gIad38c,af(hm) c]t dy3]c,af(km) gxao mt;u76o0v’ c,af(m)D
1 dam = 10 m; 1 hm = 10 dam; 1 km = 10 hm

8hv’9njG

1 km = 10 hm 1 m = 10 dm
1 hm = 10 dam 1 dm = 10 cm
1dam = 10 m 1 cm = 10 mm

1 km = 1 000 m 1 m = 100 cm
1 hm = 100 m 1 m = 1 000 mm

1 m = 0,001 km 1 mm = 0,001 m
1 m = 0, 01 hm 1 cm = 0,01m
1 m = 0,1 dam 1 dm = 0,1 m
111
0D dkoxjPosq;|j;p;afcmd
dkoxjPosq;|j;p,ulv’;ymuG
;ymumu ! dkooe.-h8k8t]k’
grnjv7;k,ltf;d.odkoxjPosq;|j;pgryjogvqksq;|j;pfaj’djk;.lj.o8k8t]k’faj’oUG
×1000
×100
×10
km hm dam m dm cm mm
÷10
÷100
8q;1jk’G ÷1 000
xjPo 74,5703 dam gxao cm:
gIqkla’gdfgsao;jk 4 gxao8q;g]dsq;|j;p0v’ 74,5703 dam. gIqk;k’,ao.lj4ao dam
ສດິ
9kdoAo gIqkgvqk 8q;g]dc8j]t8q;]q’.lj8k,c8j]tsq;|j;pmujdq’daoD
ະ
gIqkphkp95fwx.lj4ao cm: 74,5703 dam = 745 7,03 cm
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
km hm dam m dm cm mm
7 4 5 7 0 3
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
le]a[8q;1jk’]5j,oU gryjod=xt8y8k,;y[af;ymufP;daoG
xjPo 1km gxao m; xjPo 1m gxao km,
xjPo m gxao cm; xjPo 1cm gxao m;
xjPo m gxao mm; xjPo 1 mm gxao m D
7e8v[G
1 km = 1 000 m 1 m = 0,001 km
1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 0,01 m
1m = 1 000 mm 1 mm = 0,001 m
112
;ymumu @
gryjo76o s^n sko.sh !WF !WWF !WWWF D D D
8q;1jk’ D 9qj’xjPo 3,4 km gxao m, c]h;xjPo 250 m gxao hm.

× 1 000 ÷100

km = m m hm
=

3,4 km = 3 400 m 250 m = 2,5 hm

#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’\k[g,af A, B, C, c]t D 8k,]efa[.ljglAo-nj d 3fp;jk AB = 7,4 cm:
125
CD = 0,3 dm; AD = dmF c]h;-vdsk BC gxao dam.
100
ະ ສດິ
@D 9qj’xjPo9e8+wxoUgxao c,af (m), gf-uc,af(dm), -a’8uc,af(cm) c]t ,yo]uc,af(mm)G
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dD 5 hm 40 dam 3 m; 0D 25 m12 cm 7 mm; ວ
ສ.
7D 1,2 km 5 dam 13 m; ’D 139,5 hm;
ຫງ
9D 2 dm 13 cm; lD 28,016 km;
-D 7m 1,3 dm 7 mm; pD 0,07103 dam.
#D 9qj’8nj,8q;g]d s^n sq;|j;p;afcmd];’pk;mujug\ktlq,.lj[jvo9Eg,afG

dD 3,7 m = .... cm 0D 52 cm = 0,052….
7D 12,4 hm 07 dam = …m; ’. 205 m = 0,205….
9D 712 mm = …….dm lD 5,74 dam = 5740…..
3
-D m = …..mm pD 25 dam 08 cm = … … m
100
$D 9qj’xP[mP[];’pk;]5j,oUG
dD 518,03 cm c]t 51,31dm; 0D 10 000 dm c]t 10,1 km
7D 453,7 dm c]t 4,5 dam ; ’D 2,01 hm c]t 30,1 m
113
&D 9qj’xjPo];’pk;8+wxgxao,yo]uc,af Xmm):
dD 15 cm; 1 cm; 12,7 cm; 0,35 cm
0D 21 m; 0,27 m; 0,0019 m; 5,0014 m.
7D 4 dm; 1,72 dm; 0,365 m; 0,6501 dm.
*D 9qj’xjPo];’pk;8+wxgxao-a’8uc,af(cm):
dD 1 400 mm; 100 mm; 0,1 mm; 1 219 mm.
0D 9 dm; 0,001 dm; 3,104 dm; 0,00347 dm.
(D 9qj’xjPo];’pk;8+wxoUgxaody3]c,af (km):
dD 26 790 m; 3 087 m; 102 m; 42 m.
0D 420 dam; 32,49 dam; 398,002 dam; 23,1 hm; 0,54 hm.
)D 9qj’7yfw]jfh;plv’;ymu8jk’daoG
875m × 3 2943cm× 7 235,718cm × 7
dD S 0D S 7D
5 9 11
ະ ສດິ
XcotoeG ;ymu ! 0Po 875 = 175x5 c]h;xt8y[afdkoIvo?
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
_D dD grjnvgIaf\a’lnzjkocfo dt-;’8jk’xtgmfwfhcotoe.shxtdv[7eIhv’7af8yfwx ວ
ສ.
fh;pI6[ 4x6, gryjo\kp7;k,;jkgryjo .-hvao.fgxaosq;|j;p 0v’0t|kfI6[ L ຫງ
0D 16jIhko0kpg7njv’o5j’ gryjowfh8yfg]d ## .ljlj;ocv;0v’3lh’D gryjo\kp7;k,;jk
## sq;|j;pvao.f L
!WD ’66 @W ;kg0QkI6,N]tlvd vvdI6,N]t7n[D 4k,;jk9ad,N,ao9bj’g0QkI6s;yfL
X! ;k = $ lvdS ! lvd = @F& 7n[?
!!D ok’ ok]u ,uvkp5gmqjk @ gmnjvvkp50v’ok’ ]yofkD mhk; mv’ ,uvkp5]jon ok’ ok]u
!& xu c]t ]njo mhk; 7e @W xuD ma’ $ 7qo,uvkp5];,dao !(W xuD
dD 9qj’c8h,mjvo-njltcf’g4y’vkp5c8j]t7qoX gvqk0=h,6oc8j]t7qo]q’.ljI6[?D
0D -vdskvkp50v’]yofk c]h;-vdskvkp5zh6vnjoMD
vkp50v’ ok]u
vkp50v’ ]yofk DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
114
!@D mhk; lad ,uvkp5gmqjklv’gmnjvvkp50v’mhk; [5o g-yj’gxaorujohv’fP;daoD mhk; [5o vjvo
d;jk ok’ [q;lu mujgxaogvNvp0v’]k; * xuD r;dg0qkma’lk,,uvkp5];,daogmqjkda[
vkp5c,j8h60v’ r;dg0qkG )@ xuD
dD 9qj’c8h,mjvo-njltcf’g4y’vkp50v’ma’lk,7qoS
0D 9qj’-vdskvkp50v’mhk;ladS
7D 9qj’-vdskvkp50v’ok’ [q;lu c]t mhk;[5oD
!#D dD 9qj’c8h,I6[|hk8+wxoU7noS
0D 9qj’;afcmd0hk’ c]t glAogoaj’9v,D
ະ ສດິ
!$D 16jg9hpmuj,u8kdk3iG
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
dD 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nj AB muj,u];’pk;gmqjk ) 8kdk3iS c]h;c8h, mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;
ສ.
gmqjk $ 8kdk3ig7yj’ c]tmjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;gmqjk * dk3iS ຫງ
0D 9qj’;afcmd];’pk; AB, CD c]t EF gxao,yo]uc,af(mm )S
7D 9qj’;afcmd];’pk;8kdk3ivao|bj’ c]h;7yfw]jsk];’pk; AB, CD c]t EF.
XxP[mP[zqomujwfhIa[da[zqo0v’0=h 0?D
!&D 9qj’c8h,I6[lk,c9 ABC lkd1j6 A I6h;jk AB = 3 cm c]t BC = 4 cm c]h;afcmd
];’pk; AC.

16. 9qj’c8h,I6[7k’\6lkd ABCD(lkd16j A c]t D ?, I6h;jk AB = 3 cm, CD = 4,5 cm c]t
AD = 3,8 cm.
!(D .shg,af A, B c]t C [+]Po-nj16jglAo-nj dD 9qj’lhk’glAo-nj 8A’lkdda[ d zjko A, B c]t C.

la’gdfgsaoco;.fL
!)D 9qj’lhk’I6[lujc9lkd ABCD muj,u0hk’gmqjk 4 cm c]t glAogoaj’9v,gmqjk 5 cm.
115
[qfmu !* dko;afcmd];’pk;
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !G v5xtdvo;afcmd];’pk;
dD v5xtdvomujgryjo.-hgrnjv;afcmd];’pk;,uspa’cfjL
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
0D .oltw\djvo s^n 16jg0fsjk’wdlvdsûdmju[+,uv5xtdvo;afcmd];’pk; gryjo.-hspa’
grnjv;afcmdL
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
v5xtdvo;afcmd];’pk;
I6[ !
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ &
I6[ *
I6[ @
I6[ (
I6[ #
I6[ $ I6[ )
116
7D 9qj’0Po8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
]}f lyj’muj;afcmd v5xtdvo.-h;afcmdmujg\ktlq,
! 0t|kf0v’dtfko w,hc,af
@ ];’pk;vk7ko3I’IPo
# ];’pk;F ];’d;hk’ 0v’mqj’ok
$ ]aflt\u0v’glAozq,
& 0t|kf0v’c[dg8gip
* Iv[cv;
( ];’pk;czjocr
) ];’pk;0v’glAo37h’
_ glAozjko.9dk’]6d7ezkp
dyf9tdemu @ D
ສດິ
ະ
9qj’lhk’I6[lk,c9 ABC; Ih6;jk AB = 6 cm; AC = 4 cm; BC= 3cm. 3fp.shxt8y[af8k,
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
0Ao8vo]5j,oUG
ວນ
ວ
ສ.

{ c8h,mjvo-nj AB = 6 cm;
ຫງ

A B

{ 0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]afl\u gmqjk AC ;

117
{ 0ufmjvodqj’0v’;q’,qomu,u.9dk’ B c]t ]aflt\ugmqjk BC.

c]h;0ufmjvo-nj AC c]t BC
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
dyf9tdemu # ຫງ
dD 9qj’la’gdfI6[w,h[aomaf]5j,oU c]h;8v[7e4k,DD

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I6[0v’w,hc,afsp=h]q’ !W gmnjv X,kf8klj;o ! G !W?
{ 16j.oI6[w,h[aomaf,uma’\qf9ad0uf L
{ ,uma’\qf9ads;jk’X[+oa[lv’s;jk’ohvp1j6lv’lQo?L
{ 9qj’xP[mP[9eo;os;jk’da[9eo;o0ufma’\qf c]h;0Po8nj,.lj[jvo9eg,afD
9eo;o0uf = DDDDDDDDDD
9eo;os;jk’ = DDDDDDDDDD
9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’ + D D D D = D D D D + D D D D
118
0D 9qj’la’gdfI6[]5j,oU c]h;0Po8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
A B
16j]ts;jk’ A c]t B ,uma’\qf9ad0uf L D D D

,uma’\qf9ads;jk’L D D D
7D 9qj’la’gdfI6[]5j,oUD
oa[9kd A wxmk’g[Nv’0;k,n ,uma’\qf9ad0ufL c]t ,uma’\qf9ads;jk’L
9qj’.sh0=hlts^5[3fp0Po8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
A
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
’D 9qj’la’gdfc8j]tI6[]5j,oU ,uma’\qf9adg,af L c]t ,uma’\qf9ads;jk’L 9qj’.sh0=h
lts^5[3fp0Po8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
I6[ ! I6[ @
1j6I6[ ! ,uma’\qfDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDg,af c]t ,uma’\qfDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDs;jk’D
1j6I6[ @ ,uma’\qfDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDg,af c]t ,uma’\qfDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDs;jk’D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
dyf9tdemu $
!D 9qj’xP[mP[];’Iv[0v’lv’I6[]5j,oU Xfh;plkp8k c]h;d;ffh;pg7njv’,n?
4hkgIqk.shI6[gs^qjkoU8yf.oI6[9t85]af
9tlk,kfxP[mP[wfh]aflt\u0v’
;q’,qo c]t mjvodqj’K
I6[ ! I6[ @
119
@D 9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’I6[8+wxoUD
1cm 5 cm

9 cm
cotoeG { g7jy’;q’,qoc8j]tvao,u];’pk;gmqjkdaoD
{ ];’Iv[0v’;q’,qogmqjk 2π r X r c,jo]aflt\u?
ສດິ
#D 9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’I6[]j5,oUD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
6,35 cm
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ

3,65 cm 3,02 cm

1 cm
2 cm
$D I6[lujc9lkd]5j,oUwfhlhk’0Bo3fpdko0uf8+I6[9t85]af-bj’,u0hk’gmqjk !W sq;|j;pD
9qj’la’gdfg[yj’];’d;hk’ c]t ];’pk;0v’I6[ lujc9lkdfaj’djk; c]h;-vdsk];’
Iv[0v’,aoD

!W sq;|j;p

120
@D .97;k,
dD v5xtdvo;afcmd];’pk;
7qoltw\djvo s^n -k;[hkomuj[+,uv5xtdvo;afcmd];’pk; gryjo,ad.-Gh ;kF lvdF
8uoF 7n[ s^n oU; XoU;3xh? grnjv;afcmdD
ltw|xt95[aogryjo.-hG w,hc,afF c,afd=h3]F c,afd=hzhkF dhv’95]tmafF c,afra[F
[aomafXf6[gf-uc,afX@W cm?F g7njv’;afcmdI6[-q’dq,F c]tvnjoMDDDDDDDDDDDDD
0D w]ptsjk’
4hk;jk,u0uf16jlv’lQo F 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’ + !

4hk;jk[+,u0uf16jlv’lQo F 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’ − !
4hk;jk,u0uf16jlQofP; F 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’
d=]touglAo;q’9vovaf F 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’
ສດິ
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
8q;1jk’ D ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
16jc7,4t|qocsj’|bj’ Xlq,,5f;jk-jn? gryjox6d8Qow,h lv’8Qo.fsjk’dao & c,afD
];’pk;0v’4t|qogmqjk @ dy3]c,af. Ih6;jk16jlv’lQo[+,u8Qow,h?
dD 9qj’xP[mP[9eo;o8Qow,h c]t 9eo;os;jk’S
0D 9qj’-vdsk9eo;o8Qow,hma’\qfD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
[qfcdhG
xjPo 2 km gxao 2 000 m
9eo;os;jk’G 2 000 m ÷ 5 m = 400 s;jk’
phvo;jk [+,u8Qow,h16jlv’lQo 9eo;os;jk’ = 9eo;o8Qow,h + ! s^n
9eo;o8Qow,h = 9eo;os;jk’ – 1 = 400 – 1= 399 8QoD
121
7D dko-vdsk];’Iv[
dko-vdsk];’Iv[,u @ ;ymuG
!D le]a[I6[s^kpc9 gryjo[;d];’pk;0v’0hk’D
D
@! sq;|j;p
8q;1jk’D
!WF& sq;|j;p
A
AB = 5 sq;|j;pS B
BC = 11 sq; |j;p
C
CD = 10,5 sq;|j;p & sq;|j;p !! sq;|j;p
AD = 21 sq; |j;p
];’Iv[ = ( 5 + 11 + 10,5 +21 )sq;|j;p = 47,5 sq;|j;p
@D le]a[I6[czjo,qo s^n glAo;q’,qo gryjo.-hl6fD
ະ ສດິ
C
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
AB gxaoglAozjkodk’ gryjo,adcmofh;p d. A
O ວ
ສ.
B
OC gxao ]aflt\u gryjo,adcmofh;p r s^n R ຫງd
];’Iv[0v’czjo,qo = 2πr s^n πd

8q;1jk’D 9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’czjo,qomuj,uG
dD ]aflt\ugmqjk 8,7 cm;
0D glAozjkodk’gmqjk 104 cm;
[qfcdhG XgIqkgvqk7jkxt,ko0v’ π = 3,14 ?
d Doe.-hl6f 2πr = 2 x 3,14 x 8,7 cm = 54,636 cm;
0D oe.-hl6f πd = 3,14 x 104 cm = 326,56 cm
122
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D oadIPo shv’,!} d 9eo;o $! 7qo]Poc4;dP,vvdde]a’dkpD I6h;jklv’7qo.f
1nosjk’dao 0,8 m. 4k,;jkw]ptsjk’c8jz6hmu|bj’wxskz6hl5fmhkp,ugmqjk.f L
@D 9eo;o4h;ome,t-kfXoa[ma’g]d W ? muj,u ! 8q;g]d,u9ad9eo;o L @ 8q;g]d,u9ad
9eo;oL # 8q;g]dF $ 8q;g]d ,u9ad9eo;oL
#D gryjo.-h8q;g]d WF !F @F #F $F &F *F (F )F _ c8j]t8q;9adgmnjv grnjv0Po9eo;o G
dD c8j ! Ivf __ L
0D c8j !WW sk !__ L c8j @WW sk @__ L
$D ,Ng-QkoU,usvp8q;|bj’8qdlhk’-bj’,u7;k,g]yd
!W c,afF 8vodk’g;ao,ao0Bo $ c,afF
c8j;jk8vodk’7noraf]q’7no @ c,afD
4k,;jkfqoxko.f,ao9bj’9t0Bos;yfxkdlhk’L
ະ ສດິ
&D xB, @! sq; 4nd;k’g8a’daow;hD ];’l6’0v’dv’xB,oU,u 89 cm D Ih6;jkxB,[k’-toyf
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
,u7;k,|k 5 cm, 9eo;o|bj’,u7;k,|k 3 cm. 4k,;jkxB,c8j]t-toyf,u9adsq;
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
Xxt8y[af8k,;ymu]5j,oU?L
ຫງ
dD lq,,5f;jk .o @! sq;oAo,uxB,c8j-toyfmuj,u7;k,|k 3 cm. dv’xB,9tl6’GD D D D D D
c]t ,ao9ts^5f];’l6’gfu,G D D D D D D D D
0D 7;k,|k0v’xB,ma’lv’-toyf9ts^5fdaoG D D D D D
7D 4hkgvqk7;k,s^5f]njodaomujwfh.o0=h d ,ksko.sh7;k,s^5f]njomujwfh.o0=h 0 9twfhG
D D D D D D g-yj’c,jo9eo;oxB,-toyfmuj|k 5 cm D
’D lts^5[G D D D D
123
*D wdjxts^kf8q;|jbj’;k’w0j !_ |j;p8k,c4;-njnF lv’|j;p.fsjk’dao # c,afD
4k,;jk w]ptsjk’c8j[jvo,aovvdw0j|j;pmevyfwxsk|j;pl5fmhkp,ugmqjk.f L
(D 9qj’xP[mP[];’pk;0v’lv’glAosad]5j,oU3fp[+.sh.h-hv5xtdvoD c]h;d;f7no
fh;pdko;afcmdD

)D .shI6[9t85]af WORK

muj,u];’Iv[gmqjk 32 m. W O
gryjoc[j’I6[faj’djk;vvd gxao
ສດິ

# I6[lujc9lkd gmqjkdao
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
XI6[g[Nv’0;k?D 9qj’-vdsk
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
];’Iv[0v’I6[lujlkd c8j
]tvaoD K ຫງR
_D 9qj’8nj,8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
];’d;hk’0v’I6[lujc9lkd ];’pk;0v’I6[lujc9lkd ];’Iv[0v’
I6[lujc9lkd
15,2 cm 28,4 cm
24,5 cm 32,8 cm
8,06 cm 25,5 cm
16,9 cm 27,4 cm
8,07 cm 10,7 cm
124
!WD 9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’I6[]5j,oU8k, a c]t b :

1,3 cm

b

a

!!D I6[;q’,qo|bj’,uglAozjkodk’gmqjk 12 cmD9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’I6[9t85]af D

ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
!@D I6[lk,c9 TEA ,u];’Iv[ D9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’I6[lujc9lkd TEAK
ລຂິ
12 cm
ວນ
I6h;jk AT = 5 cm.
ວ
ສ.
T K
ຫງ
!#D 9qj’lhk’I6[ ( c9D E A
dD ,uglAogoaj’9v,ma’\qfgmqjk.fL
0D ,uI6[lk,c9ma’\qf9adI6[L
7D 9qj’xP[mP[9eo;oI6[lk,c9 da[9eo;o0hk’0v’I6[s^kpc9D
!$D dD 9qj’lhk’I6[ # c9mjP’ ABC, Ih6;jkG AB = BC = 4,5 cm.
0D 9qj’lhk’I6[ # c9ltg\u ABC muj,u0hk’gmqjk 4,8 cm.
7D 9qj’lhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCD 3fp;jk AB = 6,5 cm c]t BC = 4 cm.
’D 9qj’lhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko MNPQ 3fp;jk NP = 5,8 cm c]t glAogoaj’9v,
NQ = 4 cm.

125
!&D 8k,czomuj]5j,oU w]ptmk’c8js^;’rt[k’wxsk-eg|nvc,jo 1,6 cm. c8jot7vo
s^;’;P’9aowxsk -eg|nvc,jo 2,6 cm. 9qj’oe.-hv5xtdvo mujg\ktlq,grjnv\kp
muj8A’0v’-eg|nv.ljczomuj]5j,oUD

ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
!*D l;o8vo|bj’gxaoI6[ $ c9lkd ,u];’pk;cmdwfh 36 m. ];’d;hk’cmdwfh
25 m gryjoxadsâdIQ;vhv,l;o sjk’dao]ts;jk’lv’sâd 1,5 m. 4k,;jkgryjo8hv’
dkosâdIQ;ma’\qf9adsa^dL
!(D dD 9qj’c8h,;q’,qomuj,u];’Iv[gmqjk 12 cm .shgvqk π = 3
0D 9qj’c8h,I6[lujc9lkdmuj,u];’Iv[gmqjk 12 cm.
7D 9qj’c8h,I6[9t85]afmuj,u];’Iv[gmqjk 12 cm.
!)D 9qj’;k’g,af A, B c]t C .ljglAo-nj8k,]efa[ 3fp;jk AB = 42 cm c]t BC = 58 cm.
.shg,af I gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’ mjvo-n j AB c]t J gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’ mjvo-n j BC.
9qj’7yfw]j ];’pk; IJ.

126
!_D svp $ 38wx8k,mk’mujx6fh;p8kdk3imuj,u0t|kfgmqjkdaoD glAomk’gfuoc8j]t
38wfhltcf’faj’I6[]5j,oUG G
38mu ! wxwfh 36 cm
38mu @ wxwfh 48 cm
38mu # wxwfh gmqjk.dL
38mu $ wxwfhgmqjk.f L
X4vf9kd[Aoc0j’0ao7toyflkf 9y’39h @WW#F Kangaroo 2003)

@WD 9qj’-vdskw]ptmk’c8j A sk B -bj’ltcf’fh;pI6[]5j,oUX\kpgsfG .oI6[oU[+
c,jo];’pk;8q;9y’?G
100cm
ສດິ
ະ
A
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
1 cm
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
100cm
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
B
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dD 0ufglAo-nj ( xy ) , \kpg,af B v
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146
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147
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148
0D g,afg7yj’7n0v’g,af A mP[.ljglAo-nj Δ D
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X A∈ Δ ? X A∉ Δ ?
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{ 0v’;q’,qo c,jo;q’,qomuj,u]aflt\ugmqjkdaoD
149
dD lv’I6[g7yj’7ndao
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n
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151
8q;1jk’G lhk’g,afg7yj’7n0v’g,af M mP[.ljglAo-nj d fh;p;q’;PoD
I6[ dD I6[ 0D M
M
B d
B d A
A
M'
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I6[ 0D 0ufmjvodqj’0v’;q’,qomuj,ug,af.9dk’ A g-yj’zjkog,af M c]t 0ufmjvodqj’
muj,ug,af.9dk’ B g-yj’zjkog,af MD lv’mjvodqj’8afdao1j6g,af
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#D [qfg/ydsafD
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d
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0D E c,jog,afg7yj’dk’0v’mjvo-nj [HI] le]a[g,af F lk,kflts]5[wfhco;.f L
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152
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153
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154
0D .-hj;q’;Polhk’g,af A′, B′, C′ g7yj’7nda[g,af A, B, C mP[.ljglAo-nj dD
0ufI6[lk,c9 A′B′C′D
7ecotoeG .shoe.-hg,af I c]t J 0v’glAo-nj dD
)D oe.-h[aomaf,u0uf\kp c]t [aomafcmd,5,grnjvG
dD ]vdc[[I6[muj1j60hk’0;koU8k,0t|kf8q;9y’.lj
g9Ap0k;D
0D lhk’g,af B g7yj’7n.shg,af A mP[.ljglAo-nj dD
4 cm
_D lhk’I6[fhko0hk’oU7no8k,0t\k,8q;9y’g,af
.ljg9Ap0k;0ufglAo-nj d 7nda[38mujltcf’.oI6[F 40D
9kdoAo lhk’I6[mujg7yj’7n.sh,5,muj,u1j60hk’oU3fp
d
mP[.ljglAo-nj d D
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155
[qfmu @W cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[F glAodk’lkdF glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,
7;k,leobd djP;da[cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[D I6[lv’vao1j6]j5,oUwfhlhk’0Bo fh;pc,jc[[ μ
vaofP;daoF μ 4nd]vd8q;c[[lv’gmnjv1j6.oc8j]tI6[D g,af A dq’daoda[g,af A′ D
1 2 1 2
A A' A
A'
I6[mu ! c,jc[[ μ I6[mu @
.og,njvra[czjog9Ap.sh A wxg8a’da[A′S .og,njvra[czog9Apgrnjv.sh A wfhg8a’da[A′S
lj;omu X!? c]t X@? 0v’I6[ ! g8a’dao lj;omu X!? c]t lj;omu X@? 0v’I6[ @
r=fuD [+g8a’daoD
glAo-nj d 0v’Ivpra[c,jocdog7yj’7n I6[ @ [+,ucdog7yj’7nD
0v’I6[ !D
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dD .oc8j]td=]touF .shoe.-hg9hp0k;F [aomaf,u0uf\kp c]t [aomaflk,c9lkdF 9kd
oAod;fg[yj’fh;pdkora[D
{ 0ufglAo-nj dF \kpg,af M 3fp;jk M∉dD gfqk X dt ? ;jkg,njvgryjora[ c]t gryjog9kt
I61j6g,af M g\nvoda[0= Xd?G lhk’ N g,af8yf8+daoD
{ \kpg,af M c]t N 3fp;jk MN = 8cm D Ivd7noIvpra[oAoD
0D 8afg9hp]vdc[[.shgxaoI6[9t85]af,u0hk’ $ cm .shwfh @ czjoD
czomu|bj’.sh]vdc[[I6[F! c]t glAo-nj d1D ra[g9hp]vdc[[8k,glAo-nj d1D
la’gdfgsaospa’L d1 c,jocdog7yj’7n0v’ F! [+L
156
g-ajofP;daoda[0hk’gmy’oUF le]a[I6[ F@
c]t glAo-nj d2D 4k,;jk I6[F@ ,ucdo
g7yj’7n[+L
@D glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj
dD oe.-hg9hpdkogd 0ufmjvo-nj [AB] muj,u];’pk; 6cm S \kpg,afg7yj’dk’ ID
{ .-h[aomaflk,c9lkdF 0ufglAo-nj d 8A’lkd.shda[mjvo-nj1j6g,af ID d gvUo;jk
glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj [AB]D
{ fh;pdkora[g9ApdkogdF d;fg[yj’;jk
d c,jocdog7yj’7n0v’mjvo-nj [AB] [+ L
{ \kpg,af M .ljglAo dD 9qj’djkp7no c]h;
8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af.sh4nd8hv’G
cdog7yj’7n0v’mjvo-nj [MA] .od=]toumP[
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.lj DDD c,jomjvo-njD D D F g-yj’ MA=. . . ..
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gIqkg;Qk;jkg,af M sjk’ltg\u9kdg,af A c]t g,af BD ຫງ

{ 3f[oe.-h;q’,qoF lhk’g,af N, P, R 3fp;jkG NA=NB=5cm, PA=PB=5cm,
RA=RB=7cm, SA=AB=7cmD [aofkg,af N, P, R, S 9t1j6glAo-njspa’ L
0D dkolhk’c8h,glAomk’lkdfh;p;q’;PoD
oe.-hg9hp0k;F 0ufmjvo-nj [AB] muj,u];,pk; *cmD vhk0k;q’;Po.shwfh7;k,
d;hk’ (cm \kpg,af M, P sjk’ltg\u9kd A c]t 9kd BD
0ufglAo-nj XMP?D d;f7no;jk,ao8af c]t 8A’lkd1j6g7yj’dk’0v’mjvo-nj [AB] [+ L
glAo-njfaj’djk;gxaospa’0v’mjvo-nj [AB] L
157
#D glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’
dD .-hg9hpw0,aoF 0ufg7yj’glAo-njlv’glAo [ox) c]t [oy )D ra[g9hp3fp.sh [ox) c]t
[oy ) g8a’dao 9kdoAoc[g9hpvvdF 0ufglAo-nj d 8k,Ivpra[D
x
x y
O
O
y
0D glAo-nj d c,jocdjog7yj’7n0v’I6[mujxtdv[fh;pg7yj’glAo-njlv’glAo [ox) c]t [oy )D

m c]t Ioy
I c,jog,af0v’glAo-nj dF gIqkgvUo ,5, xoI m ;jk DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
9qj’xP[mP[7jk0v’,5,faj’djk;D
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2D .97;k,
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!D cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[ ຫງ
glAo-nj d c,jocdog7yj’7n0v’I6[F gIqkwfh I6[g7yj’7n0v’ F mP[.lj d c,joI6[ F
oAogv’D
8q;1jk’G glAo-nj d c,jocdog7yj’7n0v’I6[D gryjolk,kfd;f7nofh;p
g9hp]vdc[[I6[c]h;ra[D
d d
158
@D glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj
glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj|bj’ c,joglAo-njmuj8af c]t 8A’lkd 1j6g,afg7yj’dk’0v’
mjvo-njoAoD
M M
A B A B
Δ Δ
M c,joglAodk’lkd0v’ [ AB] AM = BM
75o]adltotG
{ 4hk;jkg,af|bj’1j6glAodk’lkdF .o0totoAog,affaj’djk; c,josjk’ltg\u9kdlv’
lQo0v’mjvo-njD
ສດິ
{ 4hk;jkg,af|bj’sjk’ltg\u9kdlv’lQo0v’mjvo-nj|bj’F g,afoAo 1j6glAodk’lkd0v’
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Â dkolhk’c8h,fh;p;q’;PoD
g8addoyd ! g8addoyd @ ຫງ
B
A
dkoc8h,glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj|bj’F lk,kflhk’fh;plv’g,afmujsjk’ltg\u9kd
lv’lQo0v’0v’mjvo-njoAoD
159
#D glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’glAo x
c[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’c,joglAo-nj
mujc[j’,5,oAovvdgxaolv’,5,gmqjkdaoD glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5, n
xOy
O
n = 1 BAC
n = xAC
BAx n d
2
\kpgsfG glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’
y
c,jocdog7yj’7n0v’,5,oAoD
7ecotoe.odkolhk’c8h,
dD lhk’c8h,glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-njD
8q;1jk’G .-hg9hp0k;F 0ufmjvo-nj [AB]F .-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;PoF lhk’c8h,glAodk’
lkd0v’mjvo-njD
!D @D
I I
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{ 0uflv’mjvodqj’muj,ug,af.9dk’16j A c]t B fh;p]aflt\us^kpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[ [ AB]
Xma’lv’mjvodqj’ 8hv’,u]aflt\ugmqjkdao?D lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af I c]t JD
{ 0ufglAo-njzjko I c]t J gIqkwfh glAodk’lkd XIJ? 0v’mjvo-nj [AB].
0D lhk’c8h,glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’D
8q;1jk’G .-hg9hp0k;F 0ufg7yj’glAo-njlv’glAo [ox) c]t [oy)D
oe.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;Polhk’c8h,glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,
!D @D
y y
J J r M
O O r
I x I x
160
{ 0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ O c]t lt\u r muj8afdao [ox) 1j6 I c]t [oy) 1j6 JD
{ 0uflv’mjvodqj’mujg,af.9dk’16j I c]t J fh;p]aflt r vaofP;daoD
{ lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af MD
{ 0ufglAo-njzjkog,af O c]t M. gIqkwfh glAo-nj XOM? c,joglAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,
nD
xoy
#D [qf/bdsaf
!D I6[1j60hk’0;koU ,ucdog7yj’7n[=L
4hk,uF .sh]vdc[[I6[oU7no c]t
0ufcdog7yj’7nD4hk[+,uF .shfafcdh
I6[oU grnjv.shI6[,ucdog7yj’7nD
@D dD .sh]vdc[[I6[oU7no3fp.-h8kdk3i
0v’xN,0PoD 1. 2. 3.
0D -vdsk;jkI6[faj’djk;F ,u|bj’Xs^ns^kp?
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cdog7yj’7nD 4hk,uF 9qj’0ufcdofaj’djk;
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4. 5.
#D 9qj’\kp9eo;ocdog7yj’7nle]a[xhkplao
pko9k]t9vo0v’I6[]j5,
$D dD .-hczog9Apmuj,u8kdk3i 0ufmjvo-nj [AB] 3fp;jk AB=10cmD \kpg,af C

.ljmjvo-njfaj’djk;3fp AC=6cmD
161
0D oe.-h[aomaf c]t [aomaflkd lhk’glAodk’lkd0v’ [AB] c]t [AC]D
&D 9qj’c8h,mjvo-nnj [AB] c]t glAodk’lkd0v’,ao \kpg,af I .ljglAodk’lkdoAo
vud3fp.shglAo AB gxaoglAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj [IH]D
*D 9qj’c8h,I6[lk,c9 ABC. .lj;q’;Poc8h,glAodk’lkd0v’0hk’ AB, AC, BC
gIqkla’gdfgsaoco;.fL
(D .shI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCDF glAo-nj d! c]t d@ gxaoglAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj
[AB] c]t [CD]D 9qj’xP[mP[muj8A’0v’lv’glAo-njfaj’djk;D
)D .shlk,g,af A, B, C [+1j6glAo-njfP;daoD 9qj’c8h,glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj [AB]
c]t [AC]D lv’glAodk’lkd8afdao1j6g,af ID 9qj’-Uc9’;jkG I 1j6glAodk’lkd
0v’mjvo-nj [BC]D 4hk;jk A, B, C 1j6glAo-njfP;dao9tgxaoco;.fL
_D lhk’c8h,glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’D
dD lhk’,5, xoyn 3fp;jk xoy n = 70D
0D .-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;Po lhk’glAoc[j’g7yj’,5, d 0v’,5,faj’djk;D
7D .-h[aomafcmd,5, d;f7no;jk d c[j’ xoy n gxaolv’,5,muj,u7jk;afcmd 35D D
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-nj [BC] 1j6g,af ID 9qj’;afcmd BI c]t ICD g,af I gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’mjvo-nj
[BC] [+L
7ecotoe G le]a[g,af.shg[yj’7ecotoe.odkolhk’c8h,glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,
|bj’zjko,kD
!!D dD lhk’c8h,I6[lk,c9 ABC 3fp;jkG BAC n = 110D , AB=6cm, AC=10cmD
0D oe.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;PoF lhk’glAo-nj d mujgxaoglAoc[j’g7yj’,5, BACn ,ao8af

nD
mjvo-nj [BC] 1j6g,af ID 9qj’7yfw]j7jk;afcmd0v’ BAC
7D oe.-h[aomaf,u0uf\kpgmqjkoAoF \kpG
{ g,af E g,afg7yj’7n0v’ B mP[.ljglAo-nj dD
{ g,af F’F g,afg7yj’7n C mP[.ljglAo-nj dD
c8h,I6[lk,c9 AEF g-yj’,ao8afda[mjvo-nj [BC] c]t [EF] [+L lhk’c8h,
cdog7yj’7n0v’r;d,aoD
162
!@D I6[8+wxoU AB c,jomjvodqj’0v’;q’,qo,u.9dk’ OD
dD 9qj’]vdI6[oU7no.ljg9hp0k; 3fpgvqk AD=4cmD
0D oe.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;Po lhk’c8h,cdog7yj’7n A 130D B
0v’I6[faj’djk;F cdog7yj’7nfaj’djk;,udkorq;rao
n co;.f L
da[,5, AOB
!#D I6[8+wxoUwfhlhk’0Bofh;plv’mjvo-nj [AB] c]t C
A
[CD] muj,u];’pk;gmqjkda[ c]t gmqjk &cm c]t
B
8afdao1j6g,af I 3fp;jk AI=IC=2cmD C
n
dD 9qj’]vdI6[oU7no.ljg9hp0k;3fpgvqk DIB = 190 DD
0D oe.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;PoD 9qj’lhk’c8h,cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[faj’djk;gryjoIhv’

I6[lujc9 ACBD ;jkco;.fL
!$D 9qj’la’gdf c]t ;yw9D A
C
dD d;f7nofh;p[aomaf c]t [aomaflkdg-yj’glAo-nj
[AB] c]t [CD]D 8A’lkddao c]t glAo-nj XCD? AC = CB D
ສດິ
AD = DB
ະ
8af [AB] 1j6g,afg7yj’dk’D
B
ສະ .ສ
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0D 9qj’djkp7no c]h;xtdv[xt3spd]5j,oU.shlq,[6oD
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4hk|bj’g,af,uw]ptsjk’ltg\u.shlv’lQo0v’mjvo-njF 9twfh D D D D DD D D DDD D D DD DD D DD D
.og,nvj AC=CB, C c,jo D D D DD D D D D D D D D DDD DD DD D D D D
.og,njv DD D DD DD D DDD D DDD DD DDF D c,jo D DD D D D D D D D D DDD DD DD D D D
glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj [AB] c,jo DDD D D D D D D D D D D DD D D DDD D
s]n glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj|bj’ 8af{8A’lkd.sh,ao1j6g,afg7yj’dk’F
faj’oAo XAB?D D D D D DDXCD? c]t XCD?D D D DDD DD DD D
!&D d D oe.-hg9hp0k;F c8h,mjvo-nj [AB] 3fp;jk AB=10cm. \kpg,af C .ljmjvo

-nj3fp;jk AC=6cmD
0D oe.-h[aomaf c]t [aomaflkdlhk’c8h,glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj [AB] c]t glAo
dk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj [AC]D 8+da[glAodk’lkdma’lv’oU gryjolts^5[wfhco;.f L
163
!*D dD oe.-hg9hp0k;F 0uf;q’,qomuj,u.9dk’ O muj,u]aflt\u 4 cm. ;k’g,af A
c]t g,af B .lj;q’,qoD
0D oe.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;Polhk’glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj [AB]D
gxaos[a’glAodk’lkd9bj’zjkog,af.9dk’ O L d
!(D [jvozyf1j6 ( [jvo1j6I6[8+wxoU grnjv.shI6[0hk’
0;klk,kfgxao8q;g7yyj’7n 0v’I6[0hk’-hkp
,nmP[.ljglAo-nj dD
!)D dD c8h,;q’,qo C muj,u.9dk’ O c]t A

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O d
.shglAo C D B
0D \kpg,af A, B, C 3fp;jkG C J
{ XOA? 8af.shglAo-nj dF I
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g,af I, J, K c,jog,af8af8k,]efa[1j6glAo-nj d faj’ltcf’.oI6[c8h,0hk’gmy’oUD
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7D 9qj’lhk’;q’,qo C’ ′ I6[g7yj’7n0v’;q’,qo C mP[.ljglAo-nj dD gIqkgvUo O′ ;jkG .9
dk’0v’ C ′D
’D .odkog7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj dF glAo-nj.fgxao8q;g7yj’7nda[glAo-nj XIO?F XJO? c]t
XKO?L 9qj’lhk’c8h,g,af A′, B′, C′ g7yj’7n A, B,C mP[.ljglAo-nj d 9kdoAo c8h,
I6[lk,c9 A′ B′C′D
!_D oe.-h[aomafc8h,D A
dD 0ufglAo-nj d c]t lhk’lv’g,af A c]t B d
g7yj’7ndaomP[.ljglAo-nj dD C
0D \kpg,af C 3fp;jkglAo-nj XAC? c]t B
XBC? 8afglAo-nj dD lhk’g,afg7yj’7n0v’g,af C mP[.ljglAo-nj d rhv,vtmy[kp;ymulhk’D
@WD I6[lk,c9lkdD
dD lhk’I6[lk,c9 ABC lkd1j6 A 3fp;jk ACB n = 60D c]t CA=3cm D
164
0D lhk’I6[lk,c9 BCE g7yj’7nda[I6[lk,c9 ABC mP[.ljglAo-nj XBC?D
I6[lk,c9 BCE gxaoI6[lk,c9xtgrf.f L
7D lhk’I6[lk,c9 FAC g7yj’7nda[I6[lk,c9 ABC mP[.ljglAo-nj XAC?D
’D la’gdfgsaog,af F, C, E gxaoco;.fL
9qj’djkpxt3spf]j5,oU7noc]h;0Po8nj,.ljgrnjv.shxt3spd]5j,oUlq,[6oD
n c]t BCA
Ih6;jk,5,g7yj’7ndaomP[.ljglAo-nj|bj’ ,u7jkgmqjkdaoD ,5, ECB n g7yj’7ndao
mP[.ljglAo-nj XBC? c,jogmqjkdaoG D D DD DD D = . . . .. . = 60D

g-ajofP;daoF ,5, D D D D DD c]t D D D D D D mjug7jy’7ndaomP[.ljglAo-nj D D D DF c,jogmqjkdaoG
D D D D D DD = ………= 60D
n = ECB
s^nF ECF n + BCA
n + ACF n
n = .. . . ..+ . ….. + .. . .. . .
ECF
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ECF c]t F c,jo D D D D D D D D D DDD D D
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!D 4hk;jklk,g,af]Podao1j6glAo-njfP;daog,afg7yj’7n0v’r;d,aod=1j6glAo-njfP;daoD
@D 4hk;jjklujg,af1j6;q’,qofP;daoF g,afg7yj’7n0v’r;d,aod=16j;q’,qofP;daoD
#D I6[lujc9 c]t I6[g7yj’7n0v’,ao,u];’Iv[gmqjkdaoD
$D mjvo-nj|bj’,uc8j|bj’cdog7yj’7ngmqjkoAoD
&D [aofkglAo-njmujzjko.9dk’0v’;q’,qogxaocdog7yj’7n0v’;q’,qooAoD
*D glAo-nj|bj’,uc8jlv’cdog7yj’7ngmqjkoAoD
(D 4hk;jk MI=MJ \kp;jk M c,jog,afg7yj’dk’0v’mjvo-nj [IJ]D
)D ,aoxkdqf,ulv’g,afmuj1j6w]ptfP;da[g,af A c]t g,af BD
_D glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,lkdwfhc[j’,5,faj’djk;vvdgxaolv’,5,mujgmqjkda[ 45D D
!WD glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’wfhc[j’,5,faj’djk;vvd
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165
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120
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{ ];’pk;8q;9y’76o.sh,kf8klj;o c,jo];’pk; DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ະ
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ລຂິ
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@D .97;k, ວ
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];’pk;.oczoza’ = ];'pk;8;q 9y'× ,kf8kl;j o ຫງ
Xsq;|j;p;afcmdvaofP;dao?
8q;1jk’ !D
w]ptsjk’c8j8ts^kfg-qhkskgfujody]kcsj’-kf,u 15 km 4hkoadIPo c8h,muj8A’0v’
lv’95f.ljg9hp8k,,kf8klj;o 1 4k,;jkoadIPo9tc8h,lv’95foAosjk’dao
100 000
gmqjk.f cm L
cotoedko7yfw]j
.shxjPow]pt8q;9y’ 15 km = .........................cm
vu’8k,l6f7yfw]jG
w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, = w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ × ,kf8klj;o
177
w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, = ........................×
1
100 000
....................×1
=
100 000
= (....................) ÷100 000 = .........................
ltoAo w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h,c,jo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD cm L
8q;1jk’ @D
dD .shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’I6[ X&? .o[qfmuDDDDDDDDDD|hkDDDDDDDDDD I6[fyol;o8vooAosp=hlj;o
,k9kdfyol;o8q;9y’ 5000 gmjnv s^ng;qhk;jk dkoc8h,fyol;oI6[ X&? r;dgIqkwfh
.-h,kf8klj;oG 1
...................
{ .sh.-hw,h[aomafmuj,u1j6cmdc8j95f I sk95f j Xw]ptsjk’8Qow,hlv’8Qo?,u DDDDDDDDDDDD cm
{ 4k,;jk w]ptsjk’8q;9y’0v’lv’8Qow,h,u9ad m L X.sh-vdsk.o8k8t]k’]5j,oU?D
Â 8k8t]k’
• 9qj’8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,af.sh4nd8hv’D
ສດິ
× ........
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fyol;oI6[X&? I6[c8h, ];’pk;9y’ ,kf8klj;o
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ວ
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ຫງ
X cm ? X cm ?
];’pk; 1
10 ............ 5000
];’d;hk’ 1
............ 30 000
...........
w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’ ............ ............ 1

95f I sk95f J ...........
× ........
• w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’95f I sk95f J .oI6[c8h, 5,5cm 76o.sh9eo;oDDDDDDDDDDD c,jo

w]ptsjk’8q;9y’0v’ IJ gmqjkda[DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
• w]ptsjk’ IJ .oI6[c8h, 5,5cm sko.shDDDDDDDDDDDc,jow]ptsjk’8q;9y’0v’ IJ DDDDDDD
178
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1 1 a
5,5 ÷ =a ⇒ × a = 5,5 ⇒ = 5,5
5000 5000 5000
a × 5000 ÷ 5000 = 5,5 × 5000 ⇒ a = 5,5 × 5000 = 27 500
1
faj’oAo a = 5,5 ÷ = 5,5 × 5000 = 27 500
5000
lts^5[
w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ = w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, ÷ ,kf8klj;o
s^n w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ = w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, × 8q;xUo0v’,kf8klj;o
8q;1jk’ #D
.oczomujxqd7v’0v’ lD xD xD ]k;F gryjo.sh,kf8klj;o 1:1500 000 , w]ptsjk’
c8jc0;’s^;’rt[k’skot7vos^;’cmdwfh 14,5cm 4k,;jkw]ptsjk’8q;9y’c8j
s^;’rt[k’skot7vos^;’9t,u9ad km L
ະ ສດິ
cotoedko7yfw]j
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dD w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ = w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, × 8q;xUo0v’,kf8klj;o ວ
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= 14,5cm ×
..............
1 ຫງ
14,5cm × ..............
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1
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= ........................km
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 1j6.oczoza’muj,u,kf8klj;o 1 , w]ptsjk’c8jg,nv’ A skg,nv’ B cmd
5000 000
wfh 134 mm gInv[yo]e|bj’vvd9kdg,nv’ A 8vo!@ 3,’ 20 okmuD 4k,;jkgInv
[yo]eoAo9tIvfg,nv’ B 9ad3,’F 4hkgInv[yo]efaj’djk;,u7;k,w;ltg]jp
134 km 8+ ! -q;3,’D
179
@D 1j695f37h’0v’mk’glAo|bj’gryjowfhxadsâdglqkohvpgrjnvlaopkog8nvozh60a[0uj.sh]t
;a’D w]ptsjk’0v’lv’sâdglqkc,jo 1, 20 m D 1j6.oczoza’muj,u,kf8klj;o
1 , w]pt37h’0v’mk’1j695ffaj’djk;cmdwfh
43, 20 mm .
20 000
dD .sh-vdskw]ptsjk’8q;9y’0v’95f37h’oAo
0D 9eo;osâdglqkohvpmuj9t.-h,u9adsâd L
7D c8j]tglqkohvp,uoE|ad 60 kg . 4k,;jk 9t.-h]qf9ad4hP; grjnvgvqksâdglqkohvp
,k[jvo95f37h’F g,jnvIh6;jk c8j]t4hP;0v’]qf0qolqj’lk,kf0qowfh 3, 6 38oD
#D c];lkpw2cI’l6’csj’|bj’xtdv[fh;plkpw22hklk,lkpmujgoaj’9kd95f A
sk95f B . lkpw22hkfaj’djk;wfh1v’1j6gmy’sâdglqkF w]ptsjk’0v’lv’sâdglqk
c,jo 50 m . gryjowfh8A’sâdglqksâd|bj’1j695f A c]tvudsâd|bj’1j695f B . w]ptsjk’1j6
.oczoza’c8j95f A sk95f B . cmdwfh 239 mm , 8k,,kf8klj;o 1
50 000
dD .sh-vdskw]ptsjk’8q;9y’c8j95f A sk 95f B cmdwfh9ad m L
ສດິ
0D .sh-vdsk];’pk;0v’lkpw22hkma’\qf L
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7D .sh-vdsk9eo;osâdglqkma’\qf L
ສະ .ສ
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$D gryjoc8h,I6[.oczoza’|bj’3fp7yfw]jgvqk];’pk; 1cm mP[gmqkda[];’pk;
1000 m . 4k,;jk ,kf8klj;o0v’czoza’oAo,ugmqjk.f L
ຫງ
&D gryjo8hv’dkoc8h,I6[lk,c9mujc8j]t0hk’cmdwfh 3 m, 4m,5m , 8k,]efa[D 4k,
;jk .oczoza’muj,u,kf8klj;o 1 , c8j]t0hk’0v’I6[lk,c9,u9ad cm L
100
*D czomujmk’csj’|bj’muj,u,kf8klj;o 1 .
200 000
dD 4k,;jk mk’.oczomujcmdwfh 1cm F 5cm 8q;9y’9tcmdwfh9ad m L
0D w]ptsjk’8q;9y’0v’lv’g,nv’,u 15 km D 4k,;jk w]ptsjk’0v’lv’8q;g,nv’
.oczomuj9t,u9ad cm L
(D 1j6g[Nv’]5j,0v’czomujr6,lkf0v’xtgmf gryjogIafg7jnv’\kpfaj’]5j,oUG
150 km
9qj’-vdsk,kf8klj;o0v’czomujoUD
180
)D .shczoza’|bj’muj,u,kf8klj;o 1 .
50 000
dD 9qj’-vdskw]ptsjk’.oczoza’gxao cm mujmP[gmqjkda[w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ 500 m F
4 km; 3,2 km 8k,]efa[D
0D 9qj’-vdskw]ptsjk’8q;9y’gxao km ,mujmP[gmqjkda[w]ptsjk’.oczoza’c,jo
30 mm, 6 cm, 11cm 8k,]efa[D
_D .o|hkg9hp0v’I6[|bj’F gryjocmdwfh 7,5cm mP[gmqjkda[];’pk;8q;9y’ 3mm .
dD 9qj’-vdsk];’pk;.o|hkg9hp mujmP[gmqjkda[];’pk;8q;9y’ 6 mm, 8 mm ,
8k,]efa[D
0D 9qj’-vdsk];’pk;8q;9y’gxao mm , le]a[];’pk;1j6.o|hkg9hp 5cm, 2,5cm
\kpgsfG [qfg/ydsaf[qfoUc,jog;qhkg4y’dko0tspkplj;oD
!WD ,kf8klj;o0v’czoza’|bj’c,jo 1 grjnv.shcmfg\ktda[8q;9y’ gryjo7yf1kd
24
.fhczoza’.\jF 3fpdko8jn,g0qhk.lj 1
0v’czoza’gdqjkD 4k,;jk ,kf8klj;o
3
0v’ czo za’.\jc,jogmqjk.f L
ະ ສດິ
!!D ,kf8klj;o0v’czoza’|bj’c,jo 1
gryjo1kdlhk’czoza’.\jF 3fpdkogvqk
ສະ .ສ
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0v’czoza’gdqjkD 4k,;jk ,kf8klj;o0v’czoza’.\j
4
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c,jogmqjk.f L
60 mm
!@D
dD 9qj’c8h,I6[lujc97no.\j3fp
25 mm
c8h,8k,0t|kfmuj\kpw;h
.oI6[D .shoadIPo.-hw,h[ao
mafcmdsk];’pk;0v’glAogoaj’9v,D
0D I6[lujc9lkdoUwfhc8h,9kdmqj’ok8q;9y’F 8k,,kf8klj;o 1 D 9qj’-vdsk
10 000
0hk’pk;F 0hk’d;hk’ c]t ];’pk;0v’glAogoaj’9v,8q;9y’0v’mqj’okoAoD
!#D .oczomuj|bj’F gryjo.-h,kf8klj;o 1 D
400 000
dD 9qj’-vdskw]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h,0v’lv’g,nv’muj,uw]ptsjk’8q;9y’ 24 km .
0D 9qj’-vdsk];’pk;8q;9y’0v’glAomk’muj4ndc8h,.oI6[c8h,16 cm
181
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8hv’dkoc8h,I6[8k,,kf8klj;o 1 D 9qj’-vdsk0t|kf0v’I6[]qfgda’faj’
100
djk;.oI6[c8h,D
!&D dD 9qj’8jn,.ljj[jvo9Eg,af.sh4nd8hv’0v’xt3spd8+wxoUG
<,kf8klj;o 1 <
200 000
1cm mujcmdwfhDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD mP[gmqjkda[DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD s^n DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD km
0D .o8k8t]k’]5j,oU .sh8jn,.lj0=h,6o.sh4nd8hv’F 3fp7yfw]j8k,,kf8klj;omuj[vd.o
0=h dD gmy’oUD
w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ w]ptsjk’8q;9y’
X cm ? X cm ? X km ?
4 ................. .................
16 ................. .................
ະ ສດິ
................. 2 000 000 .................
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
................. ................. ວ
.................
ສ.
!*D ]qf7ao|bj’mujc]jovvd9kdg,nv’ ຫງ
A skg,nv’ B fh;p7;k,w;ltg]jp 44 h D
.oczomju muj.-h,kf8klj;o 1 w]ptsjk’c8j A sk B cmdwfh 176 cm D

200 000
dD 9qj’-vdskw]ptsjk’8q;9y’c8jg,nv’ A skg,nv’ B D
0D 9qj’7yfw]jskg;]kmuj8hv’w-hc]jo c8jg,nv’ A skg,nv’ B 0v’]qf7aofaj’djk;D
182
[qfmu @# dj5, c]t vq’xtdv[0v’dj5,
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7tot]t7volaf DDD
Â leo;o0hk’gmy’oU\kpg4y’G dko9aflyj’0v’F ;af45F 7qoF laf DDDD 1j6Ij;,daogxao
\;fF \6jF95F r;dF 7totF /6’ DDD -bj’vkf9t,u7;k,leraodao s^n [+,u7;k,lerao
daoD oad7toyflkfwfhg]nvd.-h7emuj,u7;k,\kpdk’7nG d5j,muj16jIj;,daoc8j]tvao.o
dj5,oAogvUo;jk vq’xtdv[ 0v’dj5,D
dyf9tdemu !
dD .shoadIPo8v[7e4k,]5j,oUG
Â lt,k7q, “vk-Po” ,ult,k-yd9adxtgmf L 7nxtgmf.fcfj LDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
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ສດິ
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Â xtgmf]k; c,jogxaolt,k-yd0v’lt,k7q,vk-Po[+ LDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
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gIqkg;hqk;jkG c [+c,joDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD0v’d5j, A D
0D S c,jodj5, g9af;ao.o|bj’vkmyf. 9qj’0Po.lj[jvo9Eg,af]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
;aor5f ( w ) c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ S ; 0Pogxao w ∈S
;aoxn.\j ( n ) [+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ S ; 0Pogxao n∉S
;aovkmyf ( d ) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S ; 0Pogxao d .......S
;aoglqk (a) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S ; 0Pogxao DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
;ao9ao ( m ) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S ; 0Pogxao DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
;aortsaf ( t ) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S ; 0Pogxao DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
gfnvo,a’dvo ( j ) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S ; 0Pogxao DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
183
{ .sh-vdskvq’xtdv[0v’ S muj[+wfhdjk;.o0hk’gmy’oUG c,joDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{ oadIPolk,kf3I,gvqkvq’xtdv[0v’dj5, S 3fp0Pofh;pI6[c[[oUG
S = { rf5F vkmyfF 9aoF l5dF rtsafF glkqF va'7ko }
7D .shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’I6[8+wxoU 9ao DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S
c]h;0Povq’xtdv[0v’dj5,muj
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pa’[+mao7q[D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
dyf9tdemu @
.shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’I6[dj5,lk,I6[8+wxoUD
M C D
dko0Po8+wxoU c,jodko0Po[k’dj5,zyfG
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d5j, M 0Pogxao {a , , , a , U , 2, 2}
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faj’oAo 9qj’d;f7no c]h;0Po.sh4ndG
M = { ................................... }
C = { ................................... }
D = { a , d ,b,c,e,t }
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dD { 9qj’la’gdfg[yj’dj5, A = { 0F lF 4F zF /F s } 8q;vadlvo 0F lF 4F zF /F s
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184
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{ gIqkgvUodj5,9eo;ome,t-kf ` gxao dj5,[+lyhol5f
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185
#D la’gdfg[yj’I6[dj5,8+wxoUD
P S V
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{ dj5, S ,u9ad vq’xtdv[ L S = { ................. } S gvUo;jk dj5,gvd
{ dj5, V ,u9advq’xtdv[ L V = { } V gvUo;jk dj5,gxjqk laopt]adfh;p V = φ
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8q;1jk’ @G G
ະ ສດິ
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ສະ .ສ
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A c,jo9eo;ome,t-kfmujs^kpdj;k 3 c]t |hvpdj;k 13 D
P c,jo9eo;ome,t-kf76jmujs^kpdj;k 3 c]t|hvpdj;k 13
I c,jo9eo;ome,t-kf7ud1j6]ts;jk’ 3 c]t 13
0D .sh\kp4nds^nzyf.ljxt3spd]5j,oUG
{ m5dM vq’xtdv[0v’ P c,jogxaovq’xtdv[0v’ A DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{ m5dM vq’xtdv[0v’ I c,jogxaovq’xtdv[0v’ A DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{ m5dM vq’xtdv[0v’ A c,jogxaovq’xtdv[0v’ P DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
*D { 9qj’0Po d5j,8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;ome,t-kf 72 D
{ .sh0Po d5j,8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;o4h;o 727; 122 436; 2 221435660.
(D { 9qj’-vdsk9eo;ome,t-kfmuj|hvpdj;k 100 g-yj’dj5,8q;g]d.-h0Poc,jo
{ 2;9 } D
{ 9qj’-vdsk9eo;ome,t-kfmuj|hvpdj;k 400 g-yj’dj5,8q;g]d.-h0Poc,jo {2;9} D
186
)D { dj5,gxjqkc,jodj5,muj[+,uvq’xtdv[s^n9eo;ovq’xtdv[0v’dj5,gmqjkl6oxt3spd
oU4nd s^n zyf L
{ dj5,0v’gfnvomuj,ulk,ly[lv’,NFdj5,faj’djk; gvUo;jk dj5,spa’ L
_D { 9qj’0Podj5, A; B;C; D c[[
C A
0tspkpD
{ -vdskvq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ m
D
A c]t B D
a h d
{ -vdskvq’xtdv[Ij;, j
b e
0v’ A c]t C c B
{ -vdvq’xtdv[muj[+gvqkvq’
k
xtdv[0v’ C D
!WD I c,jod5j,9eo;ome,t-kfg-yj’gxao9eo;o7ud|hvpdj;k 15 D 9qj’0Podj5, I
c[[0tspkpD
!!D gryjo.shdj5, T = { 0F lF 4F zF /F s }
ະ ສດິ
W = { dF 9F fF 8F [F xF 1F v }
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
P = { 0, 2, 4, 6,8,10,12 } D 9qj’0Pod5j,g]qjkoUc[[sp=hD
ສ.
ຫງ
!@D 9qj’la’gdfg[yj’I6[dj5, A c]t 8q;vadlvo a, b, c, d , e c]h;[vd;jk8q;vadlvo
c
A
a b
e
d
.fgxaovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A L ,u8q;vadlvo8q;.f[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A L
!#D .sh-vdsk9eo;ome,t-kf muj1j6]ts;jk’ 100 c]t 400 g-yj’dj5,8q;g]d.-h
0Poc,jo { 7;3 } D
!$D { .sh0Podj5,8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;o 52 D
{ 7e4k,fP;daole]a[9eo;o 525 ; 133426 c]t 1112 453606 D
187
[qfmu @$ g7jnv’\kp∈ c]t∉ c]t dj5,gmqjkdao
!D g7jnv’\kp ∈ c]t ∉
dyf9tdemu !
dD xtgmf]k;\kpfh;p A F dj5,vk-Po\kpfh;p A D xtgmf]k;vq’xtdv[0v’ d5j,
vk-Po lk,kf0Pogxaoxt3spdlaopt]adG A∈A
0D xtgmf9uo< c [+gxaovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A <F 0Po laopt]ad " c∉A" D
7D P c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t-kf7j6mujs^kpdj;k 3 c]t |hvpdj;k 13 .sh0Podj5, P c[[
0tspkp P = { 3,..................................,13 }
la’gdfg[yj’xt3spd8+wxoU c]h;.sh\kp 4nd s^n zyf .lj[jvos;jk’
4 ∈ P ......................................... 14 ∉ P .......................................
5∈ P ......................................... 12 ∈ P .......................................

5∉ P ......................................... 24 ∉ P .......................................
0, 34 ∉ P ................................... 16 ∉ P .......................................
ະ ສດິ
’D 9qj’la’gdfg[yj’I6[dj5, T c]t M T M
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
{ la’gdfg[yj’xt3spd8+wxoU c]h;
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
\kp 4nd s^n zyf .lj[jvo9Eg,af d a h
e
m 2
4

e ∈ T ......................................... e ∈ M .......................................
4 ∈ T ......................................... 4 ∈ M .......................................
d ∈ T ......................................... d ∈ M .......................................
a ∈ T ......................................... a ∈ M .......................................
m ∈ T ......................................... m ∈ M .......................................
h ∈ T ......................................... h ∈ M .......................................
2 ∈ T ......................................... 2 ∈ M .......................................
188
{ .o8k8t]k’g[Nv’0;koU 9qj’\kp ! vq’xtdv[ T M
8k,c4; e c]t 4ao T le]a[ e∈T
e 1 0
9qj’\kp 0 8k,c4; e c]t 4ao M
le]a[ e∉M c]t xt8y[affaj’0hk’gmy’ 4 ........ ........
le]a[vq’xtdv[8+Mwx. d ........ ........
a 1 1
m ........ ........
h 0 1
2 ........ ........
9D { dj5,A ,uvq’xtdv[ 4 vao c]t dj5, B ,uvq’xtdv[ 3 vaoF Ih6;jk
, ∈ A; , ∉ B; 4 ∉ A; 4 ∈ B; i ∉ A; i ∈ B; m ∈ A; m ∈ B;
u ∈ A; u ∉ B; 0 ∈ A; 0 ∉ B
{ .sh8jn,.lj A = { .......................... } ; B = { .......................... }
ສດິ
{ .sh8jn,g]d 0 s^n 1.lj8k8t]k’0hk’0;koUD
ະ
vq’xtdv[ A B
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
{ .sh8jn,vq’xtdv[0v’d5j, A c]t dj5, B
ວນ
, ວ 1 0
ສ.
rhv,ma’;jk’vq’xtdv[0v’d5j,.sh4nd8hv’
.oI6[]j5,oUD 4 ຫງ ........ ........
A B i ........ ........
m ........ ........
i u ........ ........
...... ......
0 ........ ........
.97;k,
Â ∈ c]t ∉ gxaog7jnv’\kp7toyflkf7ndaoda[ +; −; =; c]t vjnoMmujoadIPo
g7upIh6,kdjvoD
Â g7jnv’\kp ∈ .-hcmo7e;jk gxaovq’xtdv[0v’D
Â g7jnv’\kp∉ .-hcmo7e;jk [+gxaovq’xtdv[0v’D
189
@D dj5,gmqjkdao
dyf9tdemu !
dD gIqklk,kf0PoG 3 + 7 = 10 S ltcf’;jk 3 + 7 c]t 10 c,jo9eo;ofP;dao
{ xt3spd 3 + 5 = 7 c,joxt3spd 4nd s^n zyf LDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{ gIqklk,kf0PoG 3 + 5 ≠ 7 gxaoxt3spdmuj DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
0D [aofkdj5,8jk’M 8+wxoU]h;oc]h;c8jc,jodj5,muj,uvq’xtdv[ 3 vaoD 9qj’-vdskdj5,muj
,uvq’xtdv[7ndaoG
A = { ; 2; U } ; B = { 2; U; 0 } ; C = { U; 0; } ; D = { 0; 2; U } ;
E ={ ; U; 0 }
8q;1jk’ !D
dj5, B c]t D ,uvq’xtdv[7ndao gryjog;qhk;jk dj5, B gmqjkda[dj5, D gIqkwfh B=D
ovd9kdoU ,udj5,.fcfjmujgmqjkdao L
8q;1jk’ @D
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
dj5, A da[dj5, B ,u9eo;ovq’xtdv[gmqjkdao[+ L
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
c8j gxaovq’xtdv[0v’ A c8j .....................B c]t 0.....................B c8j
ສ.
0
[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ A gryjog;qhk;jk dj5, A 8jk’dj5, B gIqkwfh A ≠ B ຫງ
{ ovd9kdoU ,udj5,.fvudmuj8jk’9kddj5, A L phvospa’ L
{ d5j, C dj5, D 8jk’dao[+ L
dyf9tdemu @
dD lv’dj5,8+wxoU { dF 0F7F 9} c]t { 7F0F 9} [+gmqjkdaophvospa’ LDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
0D dj5, X = { 6, 2, 4 } c]t dj5, U 9eo;o7j6]ts;jk’1 c]t 7 dj5, X c]t U gmqjk
dao[+ L 9qj’vtmy[kpD
7D dj5, A = { dF fF 8F9F[F 1 } c]t dj5, E c,jovadlvodk’.ortpao-tot]k; gmqjk
dao[+ L phvospa’ L
’D dj5, F = { 1, 4, 3, 2 } c]t E c,jodj5,8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;o 142332 gmqjkdao[+L
190
.97;k,
Â m5dM vq’xtdv[0v’d5j, X c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, U c]t m5dMvq’xt
dv[0v’dj5, U c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, X D gryjogvUo dj5, X c]t dj5, U
c,jodj5,vaofP;daoD gryjo0Po X = U s^n U = X D
Â 4hk;jk lv’dj5, A c]t E [+c,jodj5,fP;daoD gryjo0Po A ≠ E
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’8jn,g7jnv’\kp = s^n ≠ .lj.oxt3spd]j5,oUG
{ a, b }.........{ b, a }; { a, b }.........{ c, b }; { 1, 2, 3}.........{ 3, 2, 1};
{ 27, 52 }.........{ 25, 72 }; { a }.........{ a } ,{ a }.........{ b }.
@D .oltg\uzqo]5j,oU .shoadIPo8jn,.lj[jvo0v’vq’xtdv[mujskpwxD
{ 2, 3 } = { 3,....... }; { a, b } = { ....,.... }; { ....,.... } = { 3, 2, 1};
{ u, v, w } = { w,....,.... }
ະ ສດິ
#D dj5, I = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } D oadIPozh6\bj’0Podj5,c[[sph=;jkG I c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
-kf7ud oadIPo7yf;jk 4nd s^n zyf L phvospa’L ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
$D .shoadIPo0Podj5,8+wxouh gxaodj5,c[[sp=hG { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 } S { 5, 13, 9, 7, 11 } D
&D { M c,jodj5,0v’gfnvomuj,u 30 ;aoD 9qj’IPo0Podj5, M c[[0tspkpG
M = { ,u45okFg,lkFDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD }
{ F = { ,a’dvoF ,uokF rnfltrkF d=]tdqfF ly’skFDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD }
9qj’la’gdfvq’xtdv[0v’dj5, F c]h; 0Po8jn,.lj.sh7q[4h;o rhv,ma’de oqfdj5, F
c[[sp=hD
*D{ ` c,jo9eo;ome,t-kfD 4k,;jk gIqklk,kf0Povq’xtdv[0v’dj5, ` c[[
0tspkpwfh\qfm5d8q;[+ L phvospa’ L
{ g-ajofP;daoda[9eo;ome,t-kf7j6 dj5,oU[+lk,kf0Povq’xtdv[0v’dj5,c[[
0tspkpwfh\qf phvospa’ LDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{ g[yj’[qfg/ydsaf0=h 5 9tgsao;jk dj5, F s^n M lk,kf0Povq’xtdv[0v’dj5,wfh7q[
gIqkgvUodj5, F s^n M ;jk dj5,lYol5f phvo;jk DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
191
(D gryjo.shdj5, A = { 2, 5, 13,8, 6, 7, 14, 4 }
A B
s^n dj5, B = { 1, 3, 4, 7, 6, 5, 12, 13 }
{ 9qj’8jn,vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A s^n 0v’
dj5, B .lj.oI6[dj5,muj1j60hk’0;koUD ...... ...... ......
{ dj6, A c]t B gmqjkdao s^n [+ L
)D gryjo.shI6[cxfdj5,faj’oUG
l E
C G
a A f g m n t u
p v
b c h i q r s w
x z
d y
j k D H
F
e B
{ 9qj’\kp 4nd s^n zyf .ljxt3spd8+wxoUG
ສດິ
A = B................; C = D................; E = F................;G = H................
ະ
{ 8q;1jk’ gryjogvqkvq’dv[ A vvd9kddj5, E c]t p, g, w vvd9kddj5, F grjnv.sh
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dj5,.\j E′ = F′ D ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
grjnv.shdj5,.\j C′ = D′ F oadIPo7;ogvqkvq’xtdv[.fvvd9kddj5, C c]t D L
grjnv.shdj5,.\j A′ = B′ F oadIPo7;ogvqkvq’xtdv[.fvvd9kddj5, A c]t B L
grjnv.shdj5,.\j G′ = H′ F oadIPo7;ogvqkvq’xtdv[.fvvd9kddj5, G c]t H L
dj5,.\j G′ = H′ gvUo;jk dj5,spa’ L w
A
_D 9qj’la’gdfg[yj’I6[dj5,0hk’0;koU D
dD 9qj’8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,af b c
a f
{ vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A ,u7n DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD e
{ vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, B ,u7n DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD d k B
0D oadIPo8hv’gvqkvq’xtdv[8q;.fcfjvvd9kddj5, A c]t vvd9kddj5, B grjnv.sh

dj5,.\j A′ = B′
!WD dj5, {a, b, c, d } c]t dj5, {c, b, d } [+gmqjkdao phvospa’ L
dj5, {c, b, d } c]t dj5, {5, b, d } [+gmqjkdao phvospa’ L
192

[qfmu @& vto5dj5, c]t czo;kf0v’dj5,

!D vto5dj5, Xs^n rkdlj;o0v’dj5,?
dyf9tde
dD .shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’I6[dj5, A c]t B
B
{ a c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, B S a d=c,jovq’xtdv[ A
0v’dj5, A g-ajofP;daoD
{ m c,joDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDdj5, B S m d=c,jo b a
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDdj5, A g-ajofP;daoD m d
c
{ d ∈ B; d .................A g-ajofP;daoD n
u
{ m5dMvq’xtdv[0v’ B c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ A
c,jo[+ L
{ gryjogvUo;jkG dj5, B c,jogxaorkdlj;oobj’0v’
dj5, A s^n gvUo;jkG B gxaovto5dj5,0v’dj5, A M P
ະ ສດິ
{ dj6, { c, b, u } c,jo vto5dj5,0v’dj5, A [+ L
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
phvospa’ L ວ
1 8
ສ.
{ dj6, { c, u, h } [+c,jovto5dj5,0v’dj5, A phvo ຫງ 4
spa’L 2
6
5
0D .sh0Podj5, M, P, S, T c[[0tspkp 9
7
M = {...........} ; P = {............} 3
S = { .......... } ; T = { ........... }
{ P gxaovto5dj5,0v’ M [+ L S T
{ T gxaovto5dj5,0v’ P [+ L
{ T gxaovto5dj5,0v’ S [+ L phvospa’ L
193

@D .97;k,
dj5, B c,jovto5d5j,0v’ A d=8+g,njv;jk \qfm5dMvq’xtdv[0v’ B c,jogxaovq’
xtdv[0v’ A D gIqkwfh B c,jorkdlj;o0v’ A D
gryjo0Pofaj’oUG B c,jovto5dj5,0v’ A
s^n B c,jorkdlj;o0v’dj5, A 0Pogxao B ⊂ A D
\kpgsfG
g7njv’\kp ⊂ S E⊂F gIqkwfh E c,jovto5d5j,0v’ F
g7njv’\kp∈ S e∈F gIqkwfh e c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ F
czo;kfI6[dj5,
gryjo.shdj5, E F A c,jovto5dj5,0v’ E c]t B c,jorkdlj;o0v’ E faj’oUD
E = { 3, , 7, a, U, 0, 2, x } ; A = { , a,3, U } ; B = { 0, , U, x,3 }
dD .oI6[mu!ma’lv’c[[.sh A E
ສດິ
A E
ະ
gvqkvq’xtdv[0v’ A
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
a
.......... x c]t0v’ E .lj.oma’ 7
ວນ
7 2
ວ
ສ.
a lv’I6[.sh7q[D
0D .oI6[mu@ma’lv’c[[.sh ຫງ
E
E
gvqkvq’xtdv[0v’ B
7 ...
B ............. c]t 0v’ E .lj.oma’ B
....
........... 7 lv’I6[.sh7q[D
7D3I,gvqklv’I6[g[Nv’
A E A E
gmy’c]h;gvqkvq’xtdv[
B ... 0v’ A F B c]t E .lj.oma’ a ,
.... 0
7 ... lv’I6[.sh7q[4h;o B 7
Xczo;kf0v’ Carroll ? Xczo;kf0v’ Venn ?
Lewis Carroll ( 1832 − 1898 ) c]t John Venn ( 1834 − 1923 ) ma’lv’7qo
gxaooad7toyflkf-k;va’dyfD
194

#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D ` c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t-kf
W c,jodj5,0v’;ao.o|bj’vkmyf
L c,jodj5,0v’rtpao-tot]k;
9qj’8jn,.ljxt3spd8+wxoU3fp.sh.-hg7jnv’\kp∈ s^n ∉ s^n ⊂ D
5............` S 0,72............`
{ 1 }..........` S d..........L
a ............L S ;aor5f ...........w
{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }.............` S 1............`
-6............` S { dF 0F 7 }..........L
;aova’7ko ...........L S {d}............L
@D E = { , U,1 } xt3spd8+wxoU 4nd s^n zyf E ⊂ E............................
gIqkg;qhkwfh;jkG E ............................ E gv’
ສດິ
#D A c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t-kf|hvpdj;k13
ະ
B c,jodj5,9eo;omt;u76o0v' 3 muj|hvpdj;k 13
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
C c,jodj5,9eo;omt;u76o0v’ 6 muj|hvpdj;k 13 ວ
ສ.
Â .sh0Podj5, A, B, C c[[0tspkp ຫງ
A = { 0,1, 2,......................................................13 }
B = { 0,3,.............................................................. }
C = { 0, 6,.............................................................. }
vto5dj5,0v’ A ,udj5,.fcfj L c]t vto5d5j,0v’ B ,ud5j,.fcfj L
$D .shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’I6[dj5,]j5,oUG
E ⎧R ⊂ E R c, jovto5d5j, 0v' E c]t
E=R⎨
⎩E ⊂ R E c, o
j vto5d5j, 0v' R
R
Â R c,jolj;og8a,0v’dj5, E
V Â V c,jolj;ogxqjk0v’dj5, E
.sh\kp 4nd s^n zyf .ljxt3spd8+wxoUG
195

E ⊂ E........................... ; φ ⊂ E.............................
&D I6[dj5,8+wxoU c,jo8q;cmo0v’dj5, A c]t B
A B
Â 4hk;jk A ⊂ B F .shc8h,7no.\j3fp.sh0uf0hkle]a[rNomuj “ gxjqk ”

Â 4hk;jk B ⊂ A F .shc8h,7no.\j3fp.sh0uf0hkle]a[rNomuj “ gxjqk ”
Â 4hk;jk A = B F .shc8h,7no.\j3fp.shj0uf0hkle]a[rNomuj “ gxjqk ”
*D gryjo.shdj5, J = { ;ao9aoF ;aor5fF ;aol5dF ;ao va’7koF;aortsaf }
S = c,jodj5,0v’ ,N.o|bj’vkmyfD
dD .shoadIPodeoqfdj5, J c[[sp=hD
0D dj5, S c]t dj5, J gmqjkdao[+ L 4hk[+gmqjkdao9tgvqkvq’xtdv[.f8jn,.ljdj5, J grjnv
.shgmqjkda[dj5, S L
ສດິ
(D gryjogvUo V c,jodj5,vadlvol6’sqd8q;F W c,jodj5,rtpao-totluj8q;7nG dF7F’F9D
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
dD { .shc8h,czo;kf0v’ Venn dj5, A muj,urtpao-totly[8q;0hk’gmy’D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
{ m5dMvq’xtdv[ V c,jogxaovq’xtdv[0v’ A [+ L gIqklk,kfg;qhkwfhc[[.f]t
s;jk’dj5, V c]t dj5, A L s^n0Po V.........A ຫງ
{ m5dMvq’xtdv[0v’ W c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ A [+ L gIqklk,kfg;qhkwfhc[[.f
]ts;jk’dj5, W c]tdj5, A L s^n 0Po W............A
0D .oczo;kf0v’d5j, A .sh\kpI6[0v’dj5, V c]t W D .sh;k’rtpao-tot
3 8q;7nG fF-F8D .sh4nd[jvoD
)D gryjogvUo;jk dj5, A gxaodj5,9eo;o-bj’ A = { 6,14, 2,8,10 } D
P c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t -kf76j|hvpdj;k 16 F E c,jod5j,9eo;ome,t-kf|hvp
dj;k 16 D gryjolk,kf0Powfhco;.f]ts;jk’dj5, A c]t dj5, P S A c]t E S
P c]t E L
_D dD gryjo.shc8h,czo;kf0v’ venn le]a[dj5,]5j,oUG
` c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t-kf F I c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t-kf7ud c]t D c,jo
dj5,9eo;ome,t-kf-bj’sq;|j;pc,jo 5 D
196

0D r;doadIPolk,kf.-hg7jnv’\kpspa’]ts;jk’ D c]t I F]ts;jk’ I c]t `

c]t ]ts;jk’ D c]t ` D
!WD L c,jodj5,rqo]tg,nv’xtgmf]k;F V dj5,rqo]tg,nv’ot7vos^;’;P’9aoF
S c,jodj5, rqo]tg,nv’c0;’lts;aootg0fF X d5j,rqo]tg,nv’0v’c0;’-P’
0;k’D
dD { 4hk;jk a c,jo7qoot7vos^;’;P’9aoX a∈V ?F gIqk9tg;qhk.fhco;.f]ts;jk’
a c]t L L gIqk0Powfhco;.f]ts;jk’ V c]t L L
{ g-ajofP;daoF 4hk m∈S F gIqk0Powfhco;.fS ]ts;jk’ m c]t L............. DDDDDDDDS
]ts;jk’ S c]t L D
{ gIqklk,kf0Powfhco;.fF ]ts;jk’ X c]t L L
0D .shc8hh,I6[dj5,c[[ Venn le]a[dj5, L c]t lk,vto5dj5, V; S; X.
7D V ∩ S ∩ X = ................................. L
!!D gryjo.shdj5, U = {2, 6,8, 7,1, 5} ; E = {1, 2, 6} ; F = {8}
G = {1, 2} ; H = {7, 5, 6, 2,1} ; K = {9, 2, 3}
ະ ສດິ
dD .o[aofkdj5, E, F, G, H, K ,udj5,.fcfjgxaovto5dj5,0v’ U D
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
0D 4hk[+c,jovto5dj5,0v’ U 9qj’.shgsfzqoD
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
!@D dj5, A wfh4nddeoqfc[[0tspkpfaj’oUG
ຫງ
A = {a, b, c, m, n, u} S B = {a, d , m} S C = {b, c, n, u}
dD 8k8t]k’]5j,oU gryjo\kp 1 le]a[ a ≠ C . .sh8nj,.lj[jvosj;k’.sh4nd8hv’D
0D .sh0Povq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A, B c]t C .oczo;kf0v’ Venn c]t czo
;kf0v’ Caroll .
A B C
a 1 0
b
c
d
m
n
u
197
[qfmu @* dko8af0v’dj5,{dko3I,0v’dj5,
!D dyf9tde
dD dko8af0v’dj5,
dyf9tdemu !
.shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’czo;kfc;o muj16j0hk’0;koUD E
Â c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A [+ L c]t c,jo
vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, B [+ L
gIqklk,kfg;qhkwfh;jk c,jovq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ 7 A
a
A c]t B D B
ovd9kd ,uvq’xtdv[8q;vjno[+mujgxaovq’xtdv[ 0
Ij;,0v’ A c]t B L 3 x
Â gIqk,uvq’xtdv[0v’ A c8j[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’
ສດິ
B g-ajo a c]t ,uvq’xtdv[0v’ B [+c,jovq’xt
ະ
ສະ .ສ
dv[0v’ A g-ajo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ລຂິ
ວນ
Â gIqk,uvq’xtdv[muj[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ A c]t [+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ B g-ajo
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
Â faj’oAo dj5, { , U , 3 } c,jodj5,vq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’dj5, A c]t B gvUo;jkG
rkdlj;o8afdao0v’dj5, A c]t dj5, B laopt]ad A ∩ B = { , U , 3 }
dyf9tdemu @
.shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’czo;kf0v’ c;oX Venn ? djP;da[lj;o8af0v’dj5,
A B F A B F A B F
XI6[!? XI6[@? XI6[#?

.sh.ljlulj;o8afdao0v’ .sh.ljlulj;o8afdao0v’ .sh.ljlulj;o8afdao0v’
198
A c]t B .oI6[! A c]t B .oI6[@ A c]t B .oI6[#
A ∩ B = .................. A ∩ B = .................. A ∩ B = ..................
.97;k,
vq’xtdv[0v’rkdlj;o8afdao0v’dj5, A c]t B c,jodj5,0v’vq’xtdv[Ij;,
daoma’\qf0v’ A c]t B . laopt]ad A ∩ B vjko;jk A 8af B D \kp;jk
a ∈ A ∩ B c,jo a ∈ A c]t a ∈ B
dyf9tdemu #
.shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’czo;kf0v’ dj5, A, B, C
C
9
3 5
1
6 8
2 0
7
ະ ສດິ
A
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
4 B
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
Â .sh0Podj5, A, B, C c[[0tspkp ຫງ
A = { 1, 2,........................................ }
B = { 0,............................................ }
C = { ................................................ }
Â .sh-vdskvq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ A c]t B c]h;0Po A ∩ B = { ............... }
c]t vq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ B c]t A c]h;0Po B ∩ A = { ............... }
gIqkg;qhkwfhco;.f]ts;jk’ A ∩ B c]t B ∩ A ltoAo A ∩ B..................B ∩ A
Â .shdj5, M = A ∩ B F.sh-vdsklj;o8afdao0v’ M c]t C s^n
M ∩ C = { ............ }
ltoAo M ∩ C = ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = { ........................ }
Â .shdj5, P = B ∩ C = { .................. } F c]t A ∩ P = { .................. } D
ltoAo A ∩ P = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = { ........................................... }
199
Â la’gdfgsao;jk ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C ........... A ∩ ( B ∩ C )
Â 9kddko7yfw]j0hk’gmy’r;dgIqklts^5[wfh;jkG
75o]adltot
!D m5dM dj5, A, B S A ∩ B = B ∩ A dko8af0v’dj5,gxaodko7eo;omuj

la[xjPo[jvo wfhD
@D m5dM dj5, A, B, C S A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = A ∩ B ∩ C dko8af
dao0v’dj5,gxao dko7eo;omuj 3I,\j6 wfhD
0D dko3I,0v’dj5,
dyf9tdemu $
Â .shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’ czo;kfc;o c]t czo < A 3I, B <
;kf0v’dk3io 0hk’g[Nv’0;koUDglAolufe[yd0uf 7nrkdlj;ooEg[uDDDDDDDDD
ະ ສດິ
vhv,dj5, A c]t B -bj’xtdv[gxaodj5,.\jmujwfh,k9kd DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
dj5, A 3I,d5j, B D
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
Â vq’xtdv[0v’dj5,.\j A 3I,da[ B wfh,k9kd
lk,rkdlj;o7nG
ຫງ 2 3
1
rkdlj;omuj,uvq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ A c]t B c,jo
A ∩ B 7nrkdlj;ooEg[uDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
A
rkdlj;omuj,uvq’xtdv[0v’ A c8j[+,uDDDDDDDDD0v’ B
7nrkdlj;ooEg[uDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD B
rkdlj;omuj,uvq’xtdv[0v’ B c8j[+,uDDDDDDDDDD0v’ A
7nrkdlj;ooEg[uDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
dj5,.\j A 3I, B laopt]adG ''A ∪ B'' gvUo;jkG
E
Â le]a[1j6.oczo;kf0v’dk3io A ∪ B c,jolj;o.f0v’I6[ L
200
.97;k,
{ vq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ ( A ∩ B )
{ vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A c8j[+c,jovq’xt
vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A ∪ B c,jo dv[0v’dj5, B
{ vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, B c8j[+c,jovq’xt
dv[ 0v’ dj5, A
dyf9tdemu &
gryjo.shdj5, A = { 1, 4, 6, 8 } ; B = { 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
{ .sh0Poc[[0tspkp A ∩ B = { ...................... }
{ .sh0Povq’xtdv[0v’ A c8j[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ B : ....................................
{ .sh0Povq’xtdv[0v’ B c8j[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ A : ....................................
{ ltoAo A ∪ B = { ........................ } c]t B ∪ A = { ......................... }
ສດິ
{ la’gdfwfhco;.f]ts;jk’dj5, A ∪ B........................B ∪ A
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
75o]adltot
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
m5dMdj5, A, B S A ∪ B = B ∪ A dko3I,dj5,c,jodko7eo;o
ຫງ la[xjPo[jvo wfhD
dyf9tdemu *
.shoadIPo0Poc[[0tspkpdj5, A, B, C faj’czo;kf0v’c;o]j5,oUD
{ A = { m, c .............................. }
A 4 B
B = { ..................................... } a 5 c
2
C = { ..................................... } 9 m n 8
7
{ E = A ∪ B = { a,.................... } C d
{ S = E ∪ C = { a,.................... }
{ F = B ∪ C = { a,.................... }
{ P = A ∪ F = { a,.................... }
201
{ .shlq,mP[dj5, P da[d5j, S S P.............S gIqkwfh A ∪ F.......E ∪ C
{ oadIPola’gdfco;.f]ts;jk’ ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C...............A ∪ ( B ∪ C )
75o]adltot
m5dMdj5, A, B, C S A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C = A ∪ B∪C dko3I,

dj5, c,jodko7eo;omuj 3I,\j6 wfhD
@D [qfg/ydsaf
!D .shoadIPo0uf0hklj;omuj3I,dao0v’dj5, M c]t N 8k,c8j]tI6[D
M N F
M N F M N F
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
0uf0hklj;o M ∪ N 0uf0hklj;o M ∪ N 0uf0hklj;o M ∪ N
ຫງ
c]t M ∪ N = .................
@D oadIPo 23 7qo 0v’shv’,! lk,kfsÛody]kwfh1jk’|hvp|bj’xtgrf.olv’xt
grf7n [kog8t c]t [kolqj’D Ih6;jk18 7qo sÛody]kg8t[ko c]t 15 7qo sÛo[ko
lqj’D 4k,;jk ,uoad IPo9ad7qo mujsÛowfhma’dy]kg8t[ko c]t [kolqj’D
#D 3fpoe.-hsâddkomuj;jkdko8afdao0v’dj5,c,jo la[xjPo[jvowfh c]t 3I,\j6wfhD
9qj’-Uc9h’;jkG ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∩ B D
$D gryjo.shdj5, A rtpao-tot]k;S dj5, B vadlvol6’S dj5, C vadlvodk’ c]t dj5,
D vad lvo8OD
{ .sh0Podj5, A S dj5,S B Sdj5, C c]t D c[[0tspkpD
{ .sh8jn,dj5,.lj[jvo9Eg,af]5j,oUG
dD A ∪ B = ................... ; A ∪ A = ...................
0D B ∩ C = ................... ; C ∩ D = ...................
202
7D D ∩ A = ................... ; A ∩ C = ...................
’D B ∪ C ∪ D = ................... ; B ∪ D = ...................
&D .shdj5, E = { 3, , 7, a,U, 2, x } c]t vto5dj5, C = {3, , 2} F D = {U, 7} D
dD .shc8h,czo;kf0v’ carroll dj5, E c]t C, D
0D .sh-vdskdj5, C ∩ D = ....................; C ∪ D = { ....................... }
*D dD I6h;jk B ⊂ A gIqkwfh A ∪ B = A
0D 9kdzqoIa[0hk’gmy’Fc]h;gvqk,koe.-hdko7yfw]j8+wxoUG
A ∪ A = A ; A ∪φ = A ; φ ∪φ = φ
(D3fpoe.-hsâddkomuj;jk<dko3I,dj5,<0v’dj5,c,jodko7eo;omujla[xjPo[jvowfh
c]t 3I,\j6wfhF.shryl6f;jkG
( A∪B )∪C = ( A ∪C )∪B L
)D oadIPoshv’,! csj’|bj’F wfhrkdaowxmjv’mjP;8k,[jvo8jk’MF .olk,[jvofaj’
oUS zklkfsuo;afr6F oE8qd8kf7v’rtgra’ c]t 8kfgspbv’D r;dg0qkg9qhkwfh
c[j'daofaj’oUG 9 7qowxmjP;;afr6rP’csj’fP;F 3 7qowxmjP;;afr6 c]t 8kfgpbv’F
ະ ສດິ
5 7qo wxmjP;;afr6 c]t 7vortgra'F 7 7qowxmjP;8kfgpnv’rP’csj’fP;F 6 7qo
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
wxmjP;7vortgra’ c]t 8kfgpbv’D oadIPowx7vortgra’ma’\qf17 7qo .ooAo,u
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
4 7qo wx7vortgra’rP’csj’fP;D
dD .sh0Pogxaoczo;kf0v’c;o dj6, P 9eo;ooadIPowxmjP;;afr6
dj5, C 9eo;ooadIPowxmjP;7vortgra’
dj5, M 9eo;ooadIPowxmjP;8kfgpbv’
0D ,uoadIPo9ad7qomuj,u3vdkfwfhwxmjP;\qfma’lk,[jvo L ,uoadIPo9ad7qomujwfhwx
mjP;rP’c8j 2 [jvogmqjkoAo L
7D oadIPomujwxmjP;;afr6,u9ad7qo L wxmjP;8kfgpbv’,u9ad7qo L c]t oadIPoma’
\qf0v’shv’ ,! csj’oaho,uu9ad7qo L
_D czo;kf0v’ mujgsaooU c,jodj5,
E: oadIPo0v’3I’IPocsj’|bj’ c]t vto5dj5,
A: dj5,oadIPomujIPorklkva’dyf
B: dj5,oadIPomujIPorklk/ia’
C: dj5,oadIPomujIPorklk9uo
203
dD .sh.ljlucf’dj5,oadIPomujIPorklkva’dyf c]t B A
rklk9uoc8j[+wfhIPorklk/ia’
0D le]a[oadIPomuj\kpfh;p m F gIqklk,kfg;qhk
m
wfh;jk oadIPo m IPorklkva’dyfrP’rklk n
h
c
fP;D gIqklk,kfg;qhkwfhco;.fle]a[oadIPo d
mju\kpfh;p n, c, h, d , j, i i
j
C
7D .shc8h,.\jle]a[c8j]t7e4k,]j5,oUG
{ .shmkludj5,0v’oadIPomujIPorklk9uo c8j[+wfhIPorklkva’dyf
{ .shmkludj5,0v’oadIPomujIPoma’lk,rklk
{ .shmkludj5,0v’oadIPomuj[+wfhIPorklkva’dyf c]t [+wfhIPorklk/ia’D
!WD .shdj5, E = { a, b } X gvUo;jk dj5,7j6 ?D
ສດິ
dD .sh-vdsk 4 vto5dj5,0v’dj5, E : P = { φ , { a } ,.............................}
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
0D 8q;1jk’ φ ∩ { a } = φ ; { a } ∩{ a, b } = { a }
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
{ a } ∩ { b } = φ c]t 8+MwxD .sh3I,gvqk7e8v[8jk’M g0qhk.o8k8t
]k’ dko8afdao0v’dj5,faj’]j5,oUG
∩ φ {a} {b} E
φ φ
{a} φ φ {a}
{b} φ
E {a}
204
7D 8q;1jk’ φ ∪ { a } = { a } ; { a } ∪{ a, b } = { a, b }
{ a } ∪ { b } = E c]t 8+wxoU .sh3I,gvqk7e8v[8jk’M g0qhk.o8k8t
]k’dko3I,dao0v’dj5,]j5,oUD
∪ φ {a} {b} E
φ {a}
{a} {a} E E
{b} E
E E
’D 8q;1jk’ ltg\uzqo { a } ∩ X = φ g[yj’8k,8k8t]k’dko8afdao0v’dj5,r;d

gIqk9trq[
{ a } ∩ φ = φ S gIqkwfh7jk X = φ
ສດິ
{ a } ∩ { b } = φ gIqkwfh7jk X = { b }
ະ
faj’oAo X ,ulv’7jk7n φ s^n { b }
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
.sh-vdsk7jk0v’ X .oltg\uzqo8+wxoUG
Â { b } ∩ X = { a } ; gIqkwfh X = ..........................ຫງ
Â E ∩ X = E gIqkwfh X = ..........................
Â X ∩{a} = {a} gIqkwfh X = ................; X = ................
Â X ∪{b} = E gIqkwfh X = ................; X = ................
Â X ∪ {a} = {a} gIqkwfh X = ................; X = ................
Â E∪X = E gIqkwfh X = ................; X = ................
X = ................; X = ................
Â X ∪ {b} = {b} gIqkwfh X = ................; X = ................
205
[qfmu @( vaf8klj;o
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
Â dv’\kdxulv’dv’F dv’mu|bj’,u 7 |j;p c]tdv’mulv’,u12 |j;p 4k,;jk
dv’.f|hvpdj;kdao L DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
4hkgvqkdv’mu|bj’Xmuj,u9eo;o\kdxu 7 |j;p?mP[.lj dv’mulv’ Xmuj,u\kdxu12
|j;p? \kp7;k,;jk 7yfsk7jk0v’dv’mu\bj’3fpgvqkdv’mulv’gxaosq;\j;pD
oadIPo 7yf ;jk zqoIa[9ts^kpdj;k 1s^n |hvpdj;k1 L 8A’[A’g]dc[[.f L DDDDDDDDDDDDD
ltoAo vaf8klj;o9eo;o0v’dv’muobj’mP[.lj9eo;o0v’dv’mulv’gxaog]d
lj;oc,jo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Â 4hkgvqkdv’mulv’mP[.ljdv’mu|bj’\kp7;k,;jkG 7yfsk7jk0v’dv’mulv’
3fpgvqkdv’mu|bj’gxaosq;|j;pD
ສດິ
oadIPo7yf;jk zqoIa[9ts^kpdj;k1s^n |hvpdj;k 1 L 8A’[A’g]dc[[.f L
ະ
ltoAo vaf8klj;o9eo;o0v’dv’mulv’mP[.lj9eo;o0v’dv’mu|bj’gxaog]d
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
lj;oc,joG DDDDDDDDDDDD ວ
ສ.
dyf9tdemu @ ຫງ
Â vaf8klj;o9eo;ooadIPopy’ mP[.lj 9eo;ooadIPo-kp.o3I’IPocsj’|bj’
gmqjkda[ 3
5
Â \kp7;k,;jkG 9eo;ooadIPopy’ sko.sh DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
9tgmqjkda[ 3 ÷ 5
Â s^n 0Pogxaog]dlj;oG 9eo;ooadIPopy' = DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
9eo;oodaIPo-kp
4hk;jk 9eo;ooadIPo-kp,u 105 7qoF 4k,;jkG 9eo;ooadIPopy’,ugmqjk.f L
206
;ymucdh
9eo;ooadIPopy’cmofh;p a c]t 9eo;ooadIPo-kpcmofh;p b D
a 3 a 3
= b cmofh;p 105 gIqkwfh =
b 5 105 5
a 3 105 3× ........
×105 = × ..............; a × = = ..............
105 5 105 5
faj’oAo a = .................. 9eo;ooadIPopy’c,jo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
.97;k,
gryjogvUo;jkG vaf8kljj;o0v’xt]y,ko a mP[.ljxt]y,ko b -bj’
b≠0
c,jozqosko4nd0v’ a .sh b s^n ( a ÷ b ) s^n gxaog]dlj;o a g-yj’

b
a gvUo;jkG rqfmu|bj’ c]t b c,jorqfmulv’D
ສດິ
\kpgsf
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
vaf8klj;o0v’lv’xt]y,ko-toyffP;daoF c,jo9eo;o|bj’mujltcf’;jkG xt]y
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
,kooYUmq[9adgmnjvxt0v’xt]y,kooAo Xs^n xt]y,kooUgmqjk9adgmjnv0v’xt]y,kooAo?D
8q;1jk’G vaf8klj;o0v’lv’9eo;o15 c]t 3 c,jozqosko4nd0v’15 .sh 3 g-yj’ ຫງ
c,jo |bj’7n 5 × 3 = 15 D
15
= 5 grkt;jkG 15 = 5 × 3
3
dyf9tdemu #
5 15 1
Â gryjo.shzqosko s^n Xg]dlj;o? ; ; .shoadIPo0Pog]dlj;o8+wxoU gxao
20 60 4
9eo;omqfltoupq,D gIqkg;qhkwfhco;.f]ts;jk’g]dlj;ofaj’djk; L
9qj’.sh0=hla’gdf]ts;jk’zqoskoma’lk, s^n Xg]dlj;oma’lk,? 0hk’gmy’G
Â faj’oaho
× ........... ÷ ..........
5 ........... 1
= =
20 60 ...........
× ........... ÷ ..........
207
dyf9tdemu $
9qj’0Po9eo;o8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
÷ .......... × 10
15 ........... ...........
=
27 = ........... ...........
÷ 3 × ...........
75o]adltot
Â 8k,dyf9tde 3 ; 4 0hk’gmy’gIqklts^5[wfh;jkG
a a×n a:m
= = X g-yj’ b , n , m , ≠ 0 ?
b b×n b:m
Â zqoIa[0v’lv’9eo;o a -bj’ b ≠ 0 [+xjPocx’G

b
{ 4hkgryjo76or6fc]t9eo;or6fda[9eo;o8jk’l6ovaofP;dao
{ s^n 4hkgryjoskor6fc]t9el;or6f.sh9eo;o8jk’l6ovaofP;dao
@D [qfg/ydsaf
ະ ສດິ
!D gryjoc[j’fyox6d/a’mqj’|bj’gxaolk,rkdlj;o7nG rkdlj;omu|bj’c,jox6dg0qhkF rkd
ສະ .ສ
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15
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2
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7
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208
#D 9qj’8jn,.ljltg\uzqo8+wxoUG
1 .......... .......... 15 .......... 15
dD = 0D = 7D =
4 80 50 25 5 25
60 3 35 .......... 242 11
’D = 9D = lD =
.......... 5 50 50 .......... 5
$D vaf8klj;o 0v’oadIPofugfajomhkpxu 8+oadIPoma’\qf0v’shv’,! 0v’3I’IPo

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4 4
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&D goNvmujgfujog8t[ko0v’3I’IPocsj’|bj’,u 10800 m 2 F ovdoAogryo9afgxaogoNv
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9
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7D 9eo;oI6[fvd9ao mP[.lj 9eo;oI6[lk,c9 c,jo G DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
’D 9eo;oI6[lk,c9 mP[.lj 9eo;oI6[fvd9ao c,jo G DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
9D 9eo;oI6[lujc9lkd mP[.lj 9eo;oI6[fvd9ao c,jo G DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
lD 9eo;oI6[fvd9ao mP[.lj 9eo;oI6[7k’\6lkd c,jo G DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
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209
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1 5 2
2 6 3
Â rkdlj;omujmkluc8j]tI6[,u9ad8kdk3i L
1 1
0v’I6[ = ........................... 8kdk3i s^n × 24 ...................
2 2
5 5
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6 6
2 2
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3 3
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=
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210
[qfmu @) vaf8klj;orq;rao
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
];’pk;gxao ( km ) G 1, 24 0,35 105
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dyf9tdemu @
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ສດິ
dyf9tdemu #
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DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
32 16 40 4
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8 4 10 1
dyf9tdemu $
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0hk’0v’I6[9t85]af ( cm ) 8 4 10 2
goNvmuj0v’I6[9t95]af ( cm 2
) ........... 16 ........... 4
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211
64 16 100 4
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8 4 10 2
dyf9tdemu &
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[=]y,kfoE,ao
1 2 .......... ......... 15
÷.... cvaf-a’ X]yf? × ...
9eo;og’yo8hv’
6050 ....... 30 250 60500 .........
9jkp Xdu[?
Â-vdsk9eo;o8jk’M .oc4;mulv’0v’8k8t]k’ 3fpvu’.lj9eo;o.oc4;

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Â-vdsk9eo;o8jk’M .oc4;mu|bj’0v’8k8t]k’ 3fpvu’.lj9eo;o.oc4;mu
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ສດິ
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0=hla’gdfG
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rq;raoD
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212
dyf9tde *D
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8k8t]k’ !G
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15 18 21 24 27 30
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213
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214
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{ ]k7kczjocr1m c,jo 100000 ÷ 20 = ................... du[D
Â -vdsk]k7kczjocr 7 m D
{ ]k7kczjocr 7 m c,jo 5000 ×............. = .............. du[
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c]jowfh 495km + 165km = ...
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215
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× ..... +
8k8t]k’ # −
g;]kX-qj;3,’ 12 9 .......
w]ptmk’ ( km ) ....... ....... .......
−
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• = s^n 165 = 495 X9kd8k8t]k' !?
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#D dko7yfw]3fpoe.-h8q;lextlyfD
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9eo;oxN,
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216
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gvUo ;jk lextlyf 0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoD
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#D [qfg/ydsaf
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217
8k8t]k’ @D
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c4; DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD da[9eo;o7q’7jkDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Â.oc8j]t4aoF9eo;o0v’c4;mu|bj’wfh,kfh;pDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD9eo;o
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@D I6[lujc99t85]afF-bj’0hk’cmdwfh 5 cm D ];’Iv[0v’I6[c,jo 5cm ×... = ...cm ວ
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c]t goNvmujc,jo 5cm ×... = ...cm2 D ຫງ

dD.shoadIPo7yfw]jsk];’Iv[ c]t goNvmuj0v’I6[9t85]affaj’[vd.o8k8t]k’]5j,
oUG
8k8t]k’ #D
0hk’X cm ? 2 3 4 5 7 6 1 0,5
];’Iv[X cm ? 8 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
gonhvmju X cm2 ? 4 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
Â 9qj’la’gdfg[yj’.oc8j]t4aoF9eo;o0v’c4;mulv’wfh,kfh;pDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
9eo;o0v’c4;mu|bj’da[DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Â s^n 9eo;o8jk’M 0v’c4;mu|bj’wfh,kfh;p DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 9eo;o
8jk’M 0v’c4;mulv’.shDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Â .oc8j]t4ao9eo;o0v’c4;mulk, c,jowfh,k7hkp7ndko7yfw]j0v’c4;mulv’
218
s^n [+ L phvospa’ L DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
#D .shoadIPo8jn,.lj8k8t]k’ 4 sk 7 ]5j,oU grjnv.shlv’9eo;o s^n Xlv’xt]y,ko?
gxao vaf8klj;orq;raoD
8k8t]k’ $D 8k8t]k’ &D
16 8 5 0,3 3 .... .... 4
×9 × ....
.... .... .... .... .... 0 15 6
8k8t]k’ *D 8k8t]k’ (D
0, 2 1000 .... 0,003 2 0,1 .... ....
× .... × 0,1
.... 2000 40 .... .... .... 2 0,1
$D 8k8t]k’ 8 Ivf11 c,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;rao s^n [+ L 4hkc,jo.sh[vdlext
ສດິ
lyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao0v’c8j]t8k8t]k’]5j,oU Xrhv,ma’vtmy[kp?G
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8k8t]k’ )D 8k8t]k’ _D
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ວ
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5 0,5 0 7 1 2 3 4
35 3,5 0 49 3 6 9 14
8k8t]k’ !WD 8k8t]k’ !!D

10 20 100 5 2 3 4 5
5 10 50 2,5 3 4 5 6
&D 8k8t]k’]5j,oU c,jodjP;da[D w]ptmk’muj]qfc]jo8k,g;]kD

mn 3 6 7
× ....
km 4,5 9 10,5
219
dD w]ptmk’muj]qfc]jogxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[g;]k s^n [+ L
0D .sh-vdsk7;k,w;0v’]qf7aofaj’djk;gxaosq;|j;p km mn s^n km h
*D [=]ylafmjv’mjP;csj’|bj’wfh;k’]k7kdkomjv’mjP;gxaod5j,faj’oUG
Â 4hkmjP;1j6xtgmf]k; 11;ao9twfh9jkp 1045000 du[8+ 1 7qo
Â 4hkmjP;1j6,Po,k 18 ;ao9twfh9jkp 1940000 du[8+ 1 7qo
Â 4hkmjP;1j6s;Pfok, 16 ;ao9twfh9jkp 1360000 du[8+ 1 7qo
Â 4hkmjP;1j6dex6g9p 21 ;ao9twfh9jkp 1785000 du[8+ 1 7qo
dD dko.-h9jkp.odkomjv’mjP;gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[g;]kmjv’mjP;s^n[+ L
X.shd;f7no?D
0D gryjogsao;jk dko.-h9jkp dkomjv’mjP;1j6,Po,k,u]k7kl6’s^kpD gryjo9yj’wfh8af
]kpdkoouhvvd c]t wfhxa[dko.-h9jkpdkomjv’mjP; 11;aomujxtgmf]k; 3fp
.shdko.-h9jkp.odkomjv’mjP; gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[g;]kmjv’mjP; 9tgxao
g’yogmqjk.f le]a[dkomjv’mjP; 11;ao .oxtgmf]k; L X0=hcotoeG 7e8v[
0=h d s^n 0=h 0 7;ogIaf8k8t]k’]ts;jk’dko.-h9jkpc]tg;]kmjv’mjP;?D
ະ ສດິ
(D ]6’,u8hv’dkox6dk3i shv’ovolv’shv’ shv’mu|bj’gxaoI6[lujc9lkd ];’pk;
ສະ .ສ
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cmdwfh 4,50 m c]t];’d;hk’ 3m c]tshv’mulv’gxaoI6[9t85]af muj,u0hk’cmd
ວນ
ວ
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ຫງ
wfh 5m D grjnvx6dk3ishv’mu|bj’ ]k;8hv’wfh.-hg’yo-Ndk3i 675000 du[D
dD 4k,;jk ]k7k-Ndk3i8+1m2 gxao]k7kgmqjk.f L
0D ]k;9t8hv’.-h9jkpg’yoma’|qfgmqjk.f grjnvx6dk3ilv’shv’faj’djk; L
)D mhk; vvHf c]t ok’ 8yd lv’vhkpohv’,uvkp5 12 xu c]t 7 xu 8k,]e fa[D
c,jg0qk g9qhkma’lv’wfhgvqkg’yo.sh9eo;o 10545 du[ grjnvc[j’xaodaozh6vhkpwfh
g;qhk;jkG r;d gIqk7;oc[j’xaog’yo9eo;ooU8k,vaf8klj;oda[vkp5c8j]t7qoD
4k,;jk c8j]t7qo 9twfhg’yozh6]tgmqjk.f L
_D lk,ljP;wfh]q’mnogIafm5]tdyfohvpvao|bj’zh6mu19jkp 25000 du[F zh6mu 2 9jkp
15000 du[ c]t zh6mu 3 9jkp 10000 du[Dsâ’9kdoAo |bj’xug0qkg9qhkwfhdew] 20000
du[D ma’ lk, 7qowfh8qd]q’c[j’xaodew]faj’djk; 8k,vaf8klj;orq;raoda[9eo;o
g’yoc8j]t7qomujwfh]q’mnowxc8j8QoD 4k,;jk c8j]t7qo9twfhdew]gmqjk.f L
!WD r;dgryjowfhoe.-h[ks^vfcmdvj5ostr6,gxaolv’c[[F c[[mu|bj’ c,josq;|j;p
gxaovq’lkg-aolyf X celsius : c ?vudc[[|bj’c,josq;|j;pgxaovq’lk2kgiaowI
220
X Fahrenheit : F ? ma’lv’c[[wfh\kp0ufgxaovq’lkfaj’I6[]j5,oUG
100Dc
oE2qf
212D F
x 104D F
0 Dc
oEdhk, 32D F
dD 4hk;jkvj5ostr6,sq;|j;p2kgiaowIX D F ?]q[ 32 vvd zqoIa[9twfhgxaovaf8klj;o

rq;raoda[sq;\j;pg-aolyfX D c ?.sh8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,af0v’8k8t]k’]5j,oU
ະ ສດິ
D
vj5ostr6, D c 0 ....... 100 c
ສະ .ສ
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D
....... 72 180 ....... ວ
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0D .sh0Pol6fdkorq;raodao]ts;jk’sq;|j;p D F da[ D c
!!D Ih6;jk];’Iv[X P ?0v’glAo;q’,qoc,jozqo76o0v’glahozjk.9dk’ X D ? c]t
9eo;o π D Ih6;jk glahozjk.9dk’0v’glaho;q’,ao,u DDDDD gmjnv0v’glaho]aflt\u X R ?D
dD .sh8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,af0v’8k8t]k’]5j,oU.sh4nd8hv’D
glAo]aflt\u R ( cm ) 2, 5 3 7 9
× ....
glAozjk.9dk’ D ( cm ) × ....
....... ....... ....... .......
× ....
];’Iv[ P ( cm ) ....... ....... ....... .......
0D ];’Iv[X P ? gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[glAo]aflt\uX R ? s^n [+ L DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

c]t 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoc,joDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
221
!@D Ihkovaflegoqkgvdtlkocsj’|bj’wfh7yfw]j7jkvafgvdtlkofaj’oUG
Â 1|hksk 200 |hk 7yfw]j7jkvaf 110 du[ 8+ 1|hkD
Â 201 |hksk 300 |hk 7yfw]j7jkvafrP’c8j 80 du[ 8+ 1|hkD
dD .shlhk’8k8t]k’ dko7yfw]jsk7jkvafgvdtlko8k,9eo;o|hk]5j,oUG 15 |h
30 |hkF 45 |hkF 75 |hkF 90 |hkF 180 |hkD
Â ]k7kc,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;rao8+9eo;o\hk s^n [+ L DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
c]t 8q;lextlyfc,jo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
0D .shlhk’8k8t]k’dko7yfw]jsk7jkvafgvdtlko8k,9eo;o|hk]5j,oUD
30 |hkF 75 |hkF 180 |hkF 201 |hkF 225 |hkD
Â ]k7kc,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;rao8+9eo;o\hk s^n [+L phvospa’ L
!#D .sh-vdsk7jk0v’ x c]t y 8k,8k8t]k’]5j,oU gxaolv’;ymuG
9eo;o\kddhP’ 2 4 5 9
X kg ?
]k7k
ະ ສດິ
3600 x 9000 y
Xdu[?
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
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dD fh;p;ymu-vdsk8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao L ຫງ
0D fh;p;ymu dko[;dF dko76oD
222
[qfmu @_ -vdskrqfmuj[+maoI6h0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
,;olko0v’cxh’ 15 22
( kg )
,;olko0v’g0qhk9ju 21 x
( kg )
{ ,;olko0v’g0qhk9uj gxaovaf8klj;orq;rao8+,;olko0v’g0qhkcxh’D gIqklk,kf

21 x
0Poltg\uzqo0v’zqoskofaj’oUG = D 21, 15, x c]t 22 gvUo;jk rqf 0v’
15 22
lv’vaf8klj;orq;raoD
ສດິ
{ -vdsk x rqfmulujg,jnvIh6lk,rqfD
ະ
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15 kg 0v’g0qhkcxh’lk,kf.shg0qhk9ujwfh DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ວນ
ວ
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21
1 kg 0v’g0qhkcxh’lk,kf.shg0qhk9ujwfh 21 ÷15 s^n
15 ຫງ
kg = ...................
21
22 kg 0v’g0qhkcxh’lk,kf.shg0qhk9ujwfh 22 × = ( 22 × 21 ) ÷ 15 = ............
15
21 ..... 22 × 21 = ............. ⎫
= gIqkwfh ⎬ lk,kf0PoG 22 × 21 = ............ ×15
15 22 ..... × 15 = ............. ⎭
21 .....
{ 0h=la’gdf = mP[gmqjk 21 × 22 = 15 × ............... zqo76ow0j;gmqjkdaoD
15 22
dyf9tdemu @
gryjomqf]v’x6dg0qhk.ljok8vo|bj’,ugoNvmuj 3500 m2 lk,kfzt]yfg0qhkwfh 2, 45 t D
.og’jnvow0vaofP;dao gryjowfhmqf]v’x6d.ljok8vomuj.sjpdj;k g-yj’ ,ugoNv muj 1,5ha D
4k, ;jk zqo zt]yf9twfh9ad38o L
223
8k8t]k’
goNvmujok • xjPo 2, 45 t = .....................kg

(m ) 2 3500 15000
• xjPo 1,5 ha = ........................m2
× ... • 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao]t
zqozt]yf x s;jk'zqozt]yfda[goNvmujokc,jo9e
2450
( kg ) o;omuj76oda[ 3500 c]h; gmqjkda[ 2 450
2 450
8q;lextlyffaj’djk;c,jo = ...........................
3500
2 450
x = 15000 × ........................ s^n x = 15000 × = ........................
3500
okgoNvmu 1,5ha lk,kfzt]yfg0qhkwfh ...................kg s^n .......................Τ
2 450 x
0=hla’gdf = mP[gmqjkzqo76ow0j; 3500 × x = ...........×15000
3500 15000
15000 × ...........
ສດິ
x= = ..............
ະ
...............
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dyf9tdemu # ວ
ສ.
]k7k-Uo\6 600 g gxaog’yo 15000 du[F 4hk8hv’dko-N-Uo\6 900 g F 9t8hv’9jkp
ຫງ
g’yogmqjk.fL
9qj’-vdskrqfmulujg,njvIh6lk,rqf ,;olko0v’-Uo ( g) 600 900
djvo g’yomuj8hv’9jkp ( k ) 15000 x
;ymucdhmu ! fh;pdkoskoc]tdko76o fh;pdko[;d

÷2 × 3 +
600 ....... 900 600 ....... 900

15000 ....... x 15000 ....... x
÷2 × 3

+
224
;ymucdhmu @
3fpdko-vdsklextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoD
• lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao
600 900
× ..... c,jo 15000 : 600 = 15000 = ...
600
15000 x
15000
• 900 × = 900 × ... = ... ltoaho]k7k-Uo\6 900 g gxao9eo;o
600
g’yoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD la’gdfgsao;jkG 600 × ... = 15000 × 900 zqo76ow0j; gmqjkdaoD
;ymucdhmu #
fh;pzqo76ow0j;gmqjkdao
600 × x = 900 × 15000
15000
x = ( 900 × 15000 ) ÷ 600 = 900 × = ...................................
ສດິ
600
ະ
]k7k-U\6 900 g c,jo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ສະ .ສ
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@D .97;k, ຫງ
-vdskrqfmuluj0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoF c,jodko7yfw]j-vdsk9eo;omuj[+maoIh6.o8k
8t]k’0v’vaf8klj;orq;raomujdeoqffh;pluj9eo;o Xg-yj’I6hlk,9eo;odjvoc]h;?D
8q;1jk’G
• -vdsk7jk0v’ x 3fp.-hzqo76ow0j;gmqjkdaoD
12 20
36 x
• = gIqkwfh 1 2 × x = 3 6 × 2 0
12 20
36 x • 12 x = 36 × 20
• x = ( 36 ÷ 12 ) × 20
• x = 3× 20 = 60
rqfmuluj x 0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoc,jo 60 D
225
3fpmqj;wxG
a c
gryjo.shlv’vaf8klj;omujgxaovaf8klj;orq;rao = mP[gmqjkda[ a × d = b×c
b d
Xzqo76ow0;jgmqjkdao? a, b, c, d gvUo;jkG rqf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao c]t b, d ≠ 0
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D .sh-vdskrqfmuluj .o8k8t]k’0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao]5j,oU 3fpoe.-hzqo76ow0j;D
dD
35 21 24 y 152 95
25 x 32 64 z 55
0D
12 19 z 56 34 y
72 x 72 84 136 6
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
@D .sh-vdsk7jk x, y .o8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;rao]5j,oUD ວ
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3 x 78
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5 20 y
dD grjnv-vdsk7jk x, y .shcpd8k8t]k’gmy’oUgxaolv’8k8t]k’ 9kdoAo .sh

8jn,9eo;o.lj[jvos;jk’]5j,oUD
0D c]h;.sh7yfw]j-vdsk7jk0v’ x c]t y L
226
#D grjnvc8h,czoza’0v’gInvoFgryjo8hv’sp=hlj;o0t|kf0v’gInvo]q’F0t|kfsp=h
lj;o 0v’gInvo gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[ 0t|kf8q;9y’ 0v’gInvoD
dD lhk’8k8t]k’ c]h;.sh-vdsk7jk0v’ a, b .o8k8t]k’]j5,oU X3fpoe.-h
zqo76ow0j;?D
0t|kf8q;9y’
2 400 1600 a
1 ( cm )
÷x s^n × × x
x 0t|kflj;osp=h
12 b 6
( cm )
12 b
gIqk,u = mP[gmqjkda[ 2 400 × b = ............× ............
2 400 1600
12 × ..........
b= = ..................... gIqkwfh7jk b = ........................
2 400
12 6
c8j = mP[gmqjk 12 × a = 2 400 × ........................
2 400 a
ສດິ
2 400 × ..........
ະ
a= = ..................... gIqkwfh7jk a = .....................
12
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
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0D -vdsk8q;lextlyf x 0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoF x 76oda[9eo;o.oc4;mu|bj’
grjnv.shwfh DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDF x gxaog]dlj;o g-yj’c,jo,kf8klj;ospa’ L ຫງ
÷
......... 1
2 400 × x = ..................... gIqkwfh x= =
2 400 .........
÷
7D -vdsk,kf8klj;osp=hc,joG -vdsk 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao0v’0t

|kfsp=hlj;oda[0t|kf8q;9y’
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
,kf8klj;osp=h =
0t | kf8q; 9y'
’D l6f7yfw]j-vdsk0t|kflj;osp=hc,joG
0t|kflj;osp=h = ,kf8klj;osp==h ×............
227
12
9D zqosko ( 12 ÷ x ) c,jo 2 400 s^n = 2 400
x
12 ×1 1 1
= 2 400 s^n 12 × = 2 400 X c,jo9eo;oxUo0v’ x s^n x c,jo9eo;oxUo
x x x
0v’ 1 ?D
x
l6f7yfw]j-vdsk0t|kf8q;9y’c,joG
0t|kf8q;9y’ = X9eo;oxUo0v’,kf8klj;o? × DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
$D .o8k8t]k’8+wxoUF gryjo.sh9eo;o0v’c4;mulv’ c,jogxaovaf8klj;oda[9e
o;o0v’c4;mu|bj'D
dD .sh8jn,.lj[jvos;jk’0v’8k8t]k’]j5,oU g-yj’dko7yfw]jfh;p ;ymudko76ogmqjkoAo
c]t .sh[vd8q;lextlyfD
3 9 18 54 24 27 48 99 0, 6
× .....
ະ ສດິ
2 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
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0D .sh8jn,.lj[jvos;jk’0v’8k8t]k’]5j,oU g-yj’dko7yfw]jfh;p;ymudko[;d s^n dko
ສ.
]q[ gmqjkoaho c]t .sh-vd8q;lextlyfD ຫງ

0,5 2 3 5 7 8 10 9,5 4,5
× .....
3 12 18 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
&D ]qf3fplko7ao|bj’c]jowfh 260 km F \qfoE,aocvaf-a’13A D

dD 4hk]qf7aofja’djk;9tc]jo.shwfh 550km F 9t.-hoE,aocvaf-a’\qf9ad]yf L
0D ]qf7aofaj’djk;9tc]jowfh9ad km 4hk;jk oE,aocvaf-a’\qf 85A L
X0=hcotoeG .shlhk’8k8t]k’F .sh7yfw]jgxaolk,;ymu7nG fh;pdko76oF fh;p8q;lext
lyf c]t fh;pzqo76ow0j; ?D
228
*D lv’glaholtcf’mujgxaolv’glaho-jn
w]ptmk’Xkm?
d1 c]t d 2 D c8j]tglaho-jngxao8q;-U
[vdg4y’w]ptmk’mujc]jo0v’]qf
lv’7ao3fpvu’.ljg;]kmjuc]jo 6
5
d2
4 d1
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4
g;]k (mn)
dD djkp7no9eo;o9kdI6[ltcf’F c]h;8jn,.lj8k8t]k’]5j,oUG
8k8t]k’ d1 8k8t]k’ d2
g;]k g;]k
ສດິ
0 3
( mn ) 1 2 ( mn ) 0 1 2 3
ະ
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w]mk’ w]mk’
ວນ
0 1,5 .... ....
ວ
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( km ) ( km ) .... 2 .... 6
0D .shd;f7noF 8k8t]k’ d1 c]t8k8t]k’ d2 ;jk gxaovaf8klj;orq;rao 9qj’-vd ຫງ
sk8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao0v’r;d,aoD
7D oadIPorq[lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao0hk’gmy’ 3fpla’gdf9kd glaholt
cf’1j695f.f L
(D .sh-vdsk a, b, c 0v’8k8t]k’8+wxoUF grnjv.shgxao8k8t]k’0v’vaf8klj;orq;
rao 0v’9eo;o.oc4;mulv’da[9eo;o0v’c4;muobj’D .sh-vdsk7jk x, y.
Â x c,jolextlyf0v’vaflj;orq;
rao0v’9eo;oc4;mulv’da[
9eo;oc4;mu|bj’D
7 91 21 c
4 ×y × x
7× x = 4 ; x =
...... 4 a b 51
Â y c,jolextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao 0v’9eo;oc4;mu|bj’da[9eo;o0v’
229
c4;mulv’
.......
4× y = 7 ; y =
4
4
ltoAo a = 91× = .......................
7
b = 21× .......................
c = 51× .......................
)D .shoadIPovtmy[kpc8j]t8k8t]k’]5j,oU ;jkc,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;rao
s^n[+ L
dD fh;p;ymu7yfw]jzqo76ow0j;D
0D fh;p;ymuvjno|bj’;ymuD
9, 6 12 14 16 18 24 12 20
12 15 13 15 12 16 75 125
ະ ສດິ
_D .shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’I6[lv’I6[]j5,oUG
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
I6[X@? ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
B
I6[X!?
B
A C
A C
E F
E
G
F
D
G D
dD .shoadIPo.-hw,h[aomafcmd];’pk;0v’mjvo-jn [ AB] ; [ AC] ; [ BC] ; [CD] ;
230
[ EF] ; [ FG ] 0v’I6[X!?c]tI6[X@? c]t8nj,.lj[jvos;jk’0v’8k8t]k’]5j,oUD
AB AC BC CD EF FG
];’pk;.oI6[ ! ( cm )
];’pk;.oI6[ @ ( cm )
0D oadIPola’gdfgsaoco;.fF le]a[8k8t]k’0hk’gmy’ L
7D .shoadIPo.-h[aomafcmd,5,grjnvcmd,6,8jk’M 0v’I6[ X!? c]tI6[ X@? oadIPo
la’gdfgsaoco;.f L
’D I6[ X@? c,joI6[0tspkp9kdI6[ X!? c,jo s^n [+ L 4hkc,jo.sh[vd,kf8klj;o
0tspkpD
9D I6[ X!? c,joI6[sp=h9kdI6[ X@? c,jo s^n [+ L 4hkc,jo.sh[vd,kf8klj;osp=hD
!WD 8k8t]k’]j5,oU c,jodko-Uogxnv’oE,aocvaf-a’ 8+w]ptmk’muj]qf7ao|bj’c]jo
wfh3fp.-h7;k,w;ltg\u7n 90km h D
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
w]ptmk’ ວ
ສ.
× y
( km ) 100 250 300
ຫງ 450
× x
oE,aocvaf-aa’
8 20 36
(A) 24
8 20 24 36
dD .shd;f7no;jkG = = = = ...........................
100 250 300 450
9eo;ooE,aocvaf-a’gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[w]ptmk’ s^n [+ L .sh-vdsk7jk

0v’ x 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoD 7jk0v’ x ,u7;k,\kpspa’ L
100 250 300 450
0D .shd;f7no;jkG = = = = ...........................
8 20 24 36
w]ptmk’mujc]joc,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;rao8+oE,aocvaf-a’muj\qfwxs^n[+ L
.sh-vdsk7jk0v’ y . 7jk0v’ y ,u7;k,\kpspa’ L
!!D ,;olko0v’3]stmujgxaomv’ c,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[[=]y,kf0v’,aoD
231
[=]y,kf0v’mv’
8 12 17 50
( cm3 )
× y × x
,;olko0v’
447
mv’ ( g )
dD 7yfw]j7jk0v’ x , lextlyf0v’vaflj;orq;rao0v’,;olkomv’da[[=]y,kf0v’
,aoD 7jk0v’ x ,u7;k,\kpspa’ L -vd8jn,9eo;o.lj[jvos;jk’3fpoe.-hzqo
76ow0;jD
0D 7yfw]j7jk0v’ y lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao 0v’[=]y,kfmv’8+,;olko0v’
mv’D 7jk0v’ y ,u7;k,\kpspa’ L
!@D .sh-vdsk7jk0v’ x ]j5,oU g,jnvIh6;jk lv’vaf8klj;o]5j,oUgxaovaf8klj;orq;
raodaoD
x 8
dD 0D 108 ÷ 9 = 42 ÷ x
ສດິ
=
ະ
15 24
ສະ .ສ
36 54
ລຂິ
7D = ’D 8 ÷12 = x ÷ 3
ວນ
x 3 ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
75 x
9D = lD x ÷ 54 = 12 ÷ 36
35 14
156 26
-D = pD 180 ÷ x = 8 ÷ 5
288 x
232
[qfmu #W dko7yfw]jlj;oIhvp
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
g9hplts^kdmuj8yf1j6dhvogoupc0’ -U[vdw0,ao 45 : D 9qj’-vdsk,;olko0v’w0,ao
.ogoupc0’ 280g F c]h;0Po8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
\kp7;k,;jkG
Ð .o 100g 0v’goupc0’,uw0,ao1j6 45g
45
Ð .o 1g 0v’goupc0’,uw0,ao1j6 45 ÷ ............ = = ............
......
45 280 × 45
Ð .o 280g 0v’goupc0’,uw0,ao1j6 280 × = = ............
......... ............
\kpgsfG
45 : vjko;jk 45 gxug-ao
ສດິ
45
ະ
45 : 0Pogxaog]dlj;oc,jo
100
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
dyf9tdemu @ ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
Ihko0kpg7jnv’o5j’sqj,csj’|bj’ wfhxtdkfs^5f]k7k0kpg7jnv’o5j’8jk’M ]q’15 :
dD 9qj’djkp7nolhk’8k8t]k’ c]t 8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
3lh’ glNv dt3xj’ glNvdao|k;
]k7kgfu, 24000 32000 28000 41000
Xdu[? ×.....
lj;os^5f15 : ×.....
3600 ......... ......... .........
Xdu[?
]k7kmujs^5fc]h;
20 400 ......... ......... .........
Xdu[?
0D lj;os^5f0v’c8j]t]kpdko c,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[]k7kgfu,[+L 9qj’vt
my[kp c]t -vdsk8q;lextlyf rhv,ma’0Pogxaog]dlj;oIhvpD
7D ]k7kmujs^5fc]h; c,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[]k7kgfu,[+L 9qj’vtmy[kp c]t
-vdsk8q;lextlyf rhv,ma’0Pogxaog]dlj;oIhvpD
233
@D .97;k,
x
grjnv7yfw]j x : 0v’9eo;o|bj’F gryjo76o9eo;ooAoda[
100
8q;1jk’G
30 250 × 30
7yfw]j 30 : 0v’ 250 c,jo 250 × = = 25 × 3 = 75
100 100
faj’oAo 30 : 0v’ 250 c,jo 75
#D [qfg/ydsaf
!D 9qj’7yfw]j c]h;0Po8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
25
25 : 0v’ 520 kg c,jo 520 × = ........... S
100
Ð 10 :0v’ 200 du[ = ................ Ð 30 : 0v’ 100 7qo = ................
Ð 50 : 0v’ 24 7qo = ................ Ð 90 : 0v’ 1000 m = ................
ສດິ
Ð 15 : 0v’ 40 kg = ................ Ð 125 : 0v’ 200g = ................
ະ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
@D .og]dlj;o8+wxoU c,jog]dlj;o.fmP[gmqjkda[ 75 :G ວ
ສ.
50
;
75
;
7
;
4
;
3 ຫງ
200 100 5 3 4
#D 7yfw]jg]dlj;ogxaog]dlj;oIhvpD
9qj’-vdsk[=]y,kf0v’oEmuj1j6.oc8j]ts^vfcdh;F 7yfw]j.shgxaog]dlj;oIhvpD
XI6[!? XI6[@? XI6[#?
8q;1jk’G -vdsk[=]y,kf0v’oE.os^vfcdh; XI6[@?D

;ymucdhmu !
1
oE.os^vfcdh; XI6[@? ,u 0v’[=]y,kfs^vfcdh; mP[gmqjkda[ x :D
4
234
1 x
ltoAo = s^n 4 × x = 1 × 100 gIqkwfh x = (1×100) ÷ 4 = ...................
4 100
1 25 1
faj’oAo = s^n mP[gmqjkda[ 25 :
4 100 4
;ymucdhmu @
×.....
1 ........ 1 ........ 1
= s^n = faj’oaho mP[gmqjkda[ 25 :
4 100 4 100 4
×.....
;ymu-vdskg]dlj;oIhvp0v’oE.os^vfcdh; XI6[! c]t I6[#? c,jo7yfw]j7hkp7nda[

0hk’gmy’D
$D 7yfw]jg]dlj;oIhvp.shgxaog]dlj;o c]t .shgxaog]dmqfltoypq,D
9qj’8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,af.o8k8t]k’]5j,oUD
g]dlj;o g]dlj;o 9eo;omqf ;ymucdhG
ະ ສດິ
Ihvp ltoypq, 35 : c,jo
35
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
100ວ
7
ສ.
35 :
ຫງ
0,35 ÷5
20
35 7
50 : .......... .......... =
100 ........
÷....
125 : .......... .......... faj’oAo 35
=
7
c]t
100 ........
25 : 35
.......... .......... = 35 ÷100 = 0,35
100
&D .sh8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,af8+wxoU.sh4nd8hv’D
dD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD : 0v’ 350 gmqjkda[ 280,
0D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD : 0v’ 91 gmqjkda[ 9,1,
7D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD : 0v’ 200 gmqjkda[ 600.
235
*D xt3spd]j5,oU 4nd s^n zyf c]t 9qj’d;f7no4hkzyfD
dD !W : 0v' $ WWW du[ c,jo ! WWW du[ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
0D 7yfw]jsk @& : 9eo;o|bj’ c,jo gvqk9eo;ooAo sko.sh $ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
7D 7yfw]jsk ! : 9eo;o|bj’ c,jo gvqk9eo;ooAo sko.sh !WW DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
’D 7yfw]jsk & : 9eo;o|bj’ c,jo gvqk9eo;ooAo sko.sh !W c]t zqoIa[sko
.sh @ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
9D 7yfw]jsk _W : 9eo;o|bj’ c,jo gvqk9eo;ooAo 76oda[ WF_ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
lD!WW : 0v' & WWW du[ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
(D .shoadIPola’gdfg[yj’0=h,6o.o8k8t]k’]5j,oU
dyf9tdemujoadIPo9eo;o 40 7qo0v’ ,D! wfhxt8y[af
dy]k0v’3I’IPo s^yhovyog8ugof fqo8u{Ihv’gra’
60 : 30 : 25 :
dD 9qj’-vdsk9eo;ooadIPo mujxt8y[afc8j]tdyf9tdeD
ະ ສດິ
0D 8q;g]d0hk’gmy’X.o0=hd? gxaowxwfh s^n [+ L phvospa’ L
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
)D
lt4u8ydkolv[4k,7;k,gsao0v’zh6g[yj’3m]trk[9e ຫງ
o;o 1 500 7qo wfhzqolts^5[faj’oU
,adg[yj’gxaoxt9e ,adg[yj’gxao7ah’7k; [+,adg[yj’
39 : 51 : 10 :
dD 4k,;jk ,u9ad7qo,adg[yj’gxaoxt9eF ,adg[yj’gxao7A’7k; c]t [+,adg[yj’D

0D zqoIa[0hk’gmy’gxaowxwfh s^n [+ L .shgsfzqoD
_D dD g7jnv’.-h-toyf|bj’ ,u]k7k.og,jnvdjvo 12000 du[F c8jxt95[ao,u]k7k
10000 du[D |kp7;k,;jk ]k7kwfhs^5f]q’ 20 :F 4nd s^n zyfL 9qj’d;f7noD
0D g7jnv’.-h,u]k7k.og,jnvdjvo 9 000 du[F c8jxt95[ao,u]k7k10 000 du[D |kp
7;k,;jk ]k7kwfhgryj,0Bo 10 :F 4nd s^n zyf L 9qj’d;f7noD
236
!WD "g0qhk|q,dhvo|bj’ [ao95oE8ko 12 : " D 9qj’vtmy[kpxt3spdfaj’djk;D
dD 9qj’-vdsk,;olko0v’oE8komuj1j6.og0qhk|q,g-yj’,uoE|ad 100g F 150g F
200g c]t 145g D
0D grjnv-vdsk,;olko0v’oE8ko muj[ao951j6.og0qhk|q, g-yj’,uoE|ad 265g F
gryjo8hv’76o 265×.....................
!!D.opk,radc]h’F gryjola’gdfgsao;jkoadIPowfhwxmafltotlbdlkfja’oUG 24 : wx
8k,sh;p|v’7v’[b’F 15 : wx8k,r6 c]t -qoot[qf 16 : wx8k,my;mafxjkw,h
c]t oE8qd8kf 8jk’MF ovdoAoc,jo[+wfhwxmjP;D
dD 9qj’c8h,7no.\jI6[8kdk3i0hk’oU rhv,
ma’mklu8jk’dao8k,9eo;o X:? 0v’
oadIPomujwxmafltotlbdlkc8j]t[jvoD
0D ,uoadIPo9adgxug-aoX:?muj[+wfhwxmjP;D
!@D c8j]tI6[]j5,oUF goNvmuj lufe,u9adgxug-ao X:? 0v’goNvmujma’\qf0v’c8j]tI6[D
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
XI6[ !? XI6[ @? XI6[ #?

!#D 9qj’c8h,7noI6[lujc9lkd]5j,oUD 60 m m
dD9qj’-vdsk];’Iv[0v’I6[D
0D9qj’c8h,I6[.\j -bj’];’pk; 25 m m
0v’c8j]t0hk’,u7;k,pk;
80 : 0v’I6[gfu,c]h;-vdsk
];’Iv[0v’I6[lujc9lkd.\jD
7D 4k,;jk ];’Iv[0v’I6[lujc9lkd.\j9t,u9adgxug-ao0v’];’Iv[gfu,0v’
I6[lujc9lkd L
237
!$D \=hs6’g0qhk|j;p|bj’,u]k7k 200000 du[F 8Qogfnvo,a’dvo]k7kwfhgrY,0Bo 10 :D
8qhogfnvod5,rk]k7kwfhs^5f]q’ 10 : 0v’]k7k.ogfnvo,a’dvoF 8Qogfnvo,uok
]k7k wfhgrY,0Bo10 : X3fpvu’.lj]k7k0v’gfnvo d5,rk?D c]t s^5f]q’F
grY,0Boc[[fP;daooU9qoIvfgfnvo,u45okD 4k,;jk 8Qogfnvo,u45ok ]k7k
\=hs6’g0qhk|j;poAo 9tgxaog’yogmqjk.f L
X0=hcotoeG 9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’dkorq;rao]ts;jk’]k7k8qhoF lj;os^5fF lj;o
gruh, c]t ]k7kmujs^5fc]h; { gryh,c]h;?D
!&D goNvmuj0v’fyo.o3]doU,u 125 000 000 km2 D 28 : 0v’goNvmujfyoma’\qf gxao
mtg]-kp c]t 50 : 0v’mtg]-kpc,jo8A’1j6mt;u[vk2yiddkD 4k,;jk
goNvmujmtg]-kp 1j6mt;u[vk2yiddk,ugmqjk.f L
!*D mhk; ;P’ 1kdwfhdew] 72 450 du[F le]a[g7jnv’o5j’muj-N,k.o]k7k 345000 du[D
dD 9qj’7yfw]jskgxug-aodew]3fpvu’.lj]k7k-ND
0D .sh-vdsk]k7k0kp c]t gxug-aodew]3fpvu’.lj]k7k0kpD
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
!(D oE|ad 6511g 0v’3]stg’yo mujxqo1j6.oczjo3]stxtlq,]ts;jk’g’yo c]t
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
mv’D -bj’oE\ad0v’3]stg’yofaj’djk;,u 68 : 0v’oE|ad0v’3]stxtlq,D
ຫງ
4k,;jk 9t8hv’ 8jn,3]stmv’9ad g grjnv.shwfhczjo3]stxtlq,faj’djk; L
238
[qfmu #! vaf8klj;orq;raoxUo
!D dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
dD 9qj’0Po8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
Ð oadIPo 3 7qo Ij;,dao05f|kozad|bj’8vo .shc]h;rkp.o 4 ,ND
Ð 4hkoadIPo 1 7qo 9t05f|kozad8vooAo.shc]h; 9t8hv’.-hg;]kgryj,0Bo s^n .-hg;
]ks^5f]q’ L X4hkmP[.lj 3 7qo?DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 4hk.-hg;]kgryj,0Bo9tgryj,0Bo9adgmjnv LDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD c]t.-hg;]k9ad,N L DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Ð 4hkoadIPo 6 7qo 9t05f|kozad8vooAo.shc]h; 9t8hv’.-hg;]ks^5f]q’ s^n .-hg;
]kgryj,0Bo L X4hkmP[.lj 1 7qo? DDDDDDDDDDD 4hk.-hg;]ks^5f]q’9ts^5f]q’9adgmjnv LDDDDDDDDD
c]t .-hg;]k9ad,N L DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
ະ ສດິ
0D 9qj’lhk’8k8t]k’dkorq;rao]ts;jk’9eo;ooadIPoda[9eo;o,NF grjnv05f
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ສ.
|kozad|bj’8vo c]h;8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
ຫງ
÷ .... × .....
.og'jnvow0G
9eo;ooad { 05f|kozad8vofP;daoD
IPoX7qo? 3 1 6
{ oadIPom5dM7qogIaf;Pdwfh
9eo;o,N gmqjkdaoD
X,N? 4 ..... .....
× ..... ÷ .....
8k8t]k’0hk’gmy’oU c,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;rao s^n [+ L oadIPola’gdfgsao

co;.f ]ts;jk’dkoxjPocx’0v’9eo;o,N c]t dkoxjPocx’0v’9eo;ooad
IPo L
239
9qj’7yfw]j G
zqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o.o4aomu 1 3 × 4 = ........................
gIqkla’gdfgsao;jk zqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o.o4aomu 1 F 4aomu 2 c]t 4aomu 3 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
dyf9tdemu @
dD 9qj’0Po 8jn,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD
de,tdvo 3 7qo 05fIjv’oEwfh 12 m rkp.o 1 ,ND
{ rkp.o !,Nde,tdvo1 7qo 9t05fIjv’oEwfhs^5f]q’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD gmjnv s^n 05fIjv’oE
wfh DDDDDDDDD m X4hkmP[.lj 3 7qo?D
{ rkp.o ! ,N4hk8hv’dko9t05f.shwfh 24 m 9t8hv’.-hde,tdvo9ad7qo L
.shoadIPolhk’8k8t]k’dkorq;rao ]ts;jk’9eo;ode,tdvoda[];’pk;
0v’Ijv’muj05fwfhc]h;D
ະ ສດິ
ສະ .ສ
ລຂິ
ວນ
÷3 × ..... ວ
ສ.
de,tdvo ຫງ
X7qo? 3 1 6
× .........
7;k,pk;0v’
Ijv’ X m ? 12 ..... .....
÷3 × .....
{ 8k8t]k’0hk’gmy’ c,jogxaovaf8klj;orq;rao s^n [+ L DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

4hkc,jo.sh-vdsk8q;lextlyf DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
{ oadIPola’gdfgsaogxaoco;.f ]ts;jk’8q;g]d0v’9eo;o];’pk;c,af c]t
8q;g]d0v’9eo;ode,tdvoLDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
240
dyf9tdemu #
oEg8a,4a’F 4hk4vd.ljd;fcdh;0t|kf[ao955 75 cA .shg8a,r=fu9twfh 79 |j;pD
4hkgryjoxjPo,k4vd.ljd;fcdh;0t|kf[ao95 25 cA 9t.-hd;fcdh;9ad|j;pL DDDDDDDD
8k8t]k’
0t|kf[ao95 Ð .og’jnvow0oEg8a, 1 4a’F

75 25
X cA ? Ð 8k8t]k’0hk’-hkpoUc,jo
9eo;od;fcdh; gxao8k8t]k’ vaf8klj;o
79 L
X|j;p? rq;rao [+ L
Ð 4hk4vd.ljd;fcdh;0t|kf[ao95 75 cA 9twfh.-hd;fcdh; DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD|j;pD

Ð 4hk4vd.ljd;fcdh;0t|kf[ao95 1cA 9twfh.-hd;fcdh;gryj,0BoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDgmjnvF
ສດິ
ltoAo 9t8hv’wfh.-hd;fcdh; 75×............ = ............ |j;pD
ະ
ສະ .ສ
Ð 4hk4vd.ljd;fcdh;0t|kf[ao95 25 cA 9twfh.-hd;fcdh;|hvp]q’DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDgmjnvF
ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
ltoAo 9t8hv’wfh.-hd;fcdh; ( 75×............ ) ÷ 25 = ............ |j;pD
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243
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244

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