SEMESTER V – PROJECT REPORT

MASSIVE ONLINE OPEN COURSE (MOOC)

IN
ORGANIC FARMING

Submitted to
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY
KOTTAYAM
By
Name of student: Saaniya Konnully
Register number: SB21FRE019
Name of the programme: BA French Language and Literature
Department: French

ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), ERNAKULAM,

KERALA, INDIA
2023
 CONTENT

1. Organic Farming
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Location of college and student
2.2 Crops selected
2.3 Source of seed and seedlings
2.4 Area cultivated
2.5 Crop seasons
2.6 Weather conditions
2.7 Agricultural implements and equipment used

3. Manure

3.1 Top dressing

3.2 Basal application
3.3 Bio fertilisers
3.4 Bio slurries
3.5 Bio pesticides
3.6 Bio control agents
3.7 Crop management
3.8 Land preparation
3.9 Liming
3.10 Basal manuring
3.11 Pest management
3.12 Disease management
3.13 Water management
3.14 Harvest

4. Observation and Data Collection

4.1 Germination of a seed

5. Photos
5.1 Grow bag preparation and layout
5.2 Manure
5.3 Flowering stage
5.4 Fruiting stage
5.5 Harvest stage
6. Cost benefit analysis
7. Conclusion
 ABSTRACT

Organic farming is a sustainable agricultural approach that emphasizes natural

and eco-friendly practices. It avoids synthetic chemicals, genetically modified
organisms, and focuses on soil health, biodiversity, and animal welfare. By
promoting the use of organic fertilizers and non-toxic pest management, organic
farming aims to produce nutritious, environmentally friendly, and socially
responsible food while minimizing harm to the planet. This abstract highlights
the core principles and benefits of organic farming in a concise manner.
Organic marketing is a strategy that focuses on promoting products and services
through authentic, ethical, and sustainable practices. This approach emphasizes
transparency, environmental responsibility, and the use of organic and natural
materials. By building trust with consumers and aligning with their values,
organic marketing seeks to create long-lasting and meaningful relationships.
This abstract encapsulates the essence of organic marketing, which centers on
genuine and socially responsible promotion of goods and services.
 CHAPTER 1
ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming is a special way of growing food that's good for the
Earth and for us. In organic farming, farmers take care of the
environment and our health. They don't use synthetic chemicals or
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to grow crops. Instead, they
work with nature to keep the soil healthy and the plants strong.
One of the key things in organic farming is soil. Organic farmers use
things like compost and cover crops to make the soil rich and full of
nutrients. This helps the plants grow big and strong. They also use
crop rotation, which means changing the crops they grow in the same
field each year. This stops pests and diseases from getting too
comfortable and makes the food healthier.
Organic farming is good for the environment too. It uses fewer
chemicals, which means cleaner water and air. It also supports
biodiversity by letting helpful bugs and animals thrive. Bees, birds,
and other creatures love organic farms because there are no harmful
chemicals around.
When we eat organic food, we know it's better for us. It doesn't have
pesticide residues, and it's often more delicious and nutritious.
Organic farmers also treat animals kindly, giving them more space to
roam and not using antibiotics or hormones.
Organic farming isn't without its challenges. It can cost a bit more,
and it takes extra care and time to grow the food. But the benefits are
worth it. It's a way of farming that cares for the Earth and keeps us
healthy. So, when you see that organic label at the store, you know
you're making a choice that's good for you and good for the planet.
 CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Location of college and student

ST. Teresa’s college, Park Avenue, Marine Drive, Ernakulam, Kerala

2.2 Crops selected

Varieties
• Brinjal
• Lady’s finger
• Green chilli
• Cabbage

2.3 Source of seed and seedlings

Bought seeds and saplings from nearby nursery. Checked the label to ensure the
seeds and saplings are organic, as of to ensure the seeds are not of plants that are
grown with the usage of synthetic chemicals.

2.4 Area cultivated

The seeds are grown in grow bags at the backyard of the house.
2.5 Crop season
There are three major cropping seasons in India:
• Kharif: June – early days of November
• Rabi: November – March
• Zaid: March – June

The appropriate season for the selected crops are:

• Brinjal – Kharif / Zaid season
• Lady’s finger – Kharif season
• Green chilli- Kharif / Zaid season
• Cabbage- Kharif / Rabi/ Zaid season

2.6 Weather conditions

• Brinjal : Brinjal is a warm season crop and requires a long warm growing
season. It is very susceptible to frost. A daily mean temperature of 13-
21°c is most favourable for its successful production. The growth of the
crop is severely affected when temperature falls below 17°c.

• Lady’s Finger: Lady’s finger requires a warm climate throughout its

growing period because it cannot bear cold climatic conditions.

• Chilli: They grow best in warm and humid conditions.

• Cabbage: Light showers at planting time and good sunny days at

harvesting stage is best for its high yield and good quality of leaves.

2.7 Agricultural Implements and Equipment Used

Hand trowel, hoe, garden hose

 CHAPTER 3
MANURE

Manure, often underappreciated but vital, is a natural fertilizer derived from the
waste of animals and organic matter. This organic material has been an integral
part of agriculture for centuries, serving as a nutrient-rich source for enhancing
soil fertility and promoting plant growth.
1. Nutrient Enrichment: Manure is a rich source of essential plant nutrients,
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, along with trace elements. These
nutrients are essential for healthy crop development and are released gradually,
ensuring a sustained supply.

2. Soil Health: Beyond its nutrient content, manure plays a crucial role in
improving soil structure. It enhances water retention, aeration, and the
development of beneficial soil microorganisms. This contributes to better soil
health, reduced erosion, and increased crop productivity.

3. Historical Significance: Manure has a long history in agriculture, dating back

to ancient civilizations. It was recognized as a powerful tool for enhancing crop
yields and was instrumental in the rise of complex societies.

4. Environmental Considerations: While manure is a valuable resource, its

management is essential. If not handled properly, it can lead to environmental
issues, including nutrient runoff, Odors, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Responsible practices, such as composting and precision application, help
mitigate these concerns.

5. Modern Agriculture: Manure remains a fundamental component of

sustainable and organic farming systems. It is often used in conjunction with
synthetic fertilizers to provide a balanced nutrient supply while minimizing the
environmental footprint.
3.1 Top dressing

Top dressing in organic farming refers to the practice of applying organic

fertilizers or soil amendments on the surface of the soil, typically around the
base of plants, to provide additional nutrients or improve soil quality. This
method is commonly used to supplement the nutritional needs of crops during
their growing season. Top dressing is especially beneficial in organic farming,
where synthetic fertilizers are not used, and natural methods are favoured.

3.2 Basal application

Basal application is the application of fertilizer to the soil before planting

crops. It is a common practice in agriculture and gardening, and it can help to
improve crop yields and reduce the need for additional fertilizer applications
during the growing season.

3.3 Bio fertilisers

Biofertilizers are substances that include living microorganisms like bacteria,

fungi, and algae that can improve the availability and uptake of nutrients by
plants. Biofertilizers function by developing a symbiotic or associative
relationship with plants and boosting their growth through a variety of
mechanisms, in contrary to chemical fertilisers, which give nutrients directly
to plants.
3.4 Bio slurries

They help in making the soil more fertile, changes the structure of soil etc.
Slurries can be prepared easily by making a pit and adding kitchen waste, cow
dung, soil, food waste, rice, used water etc. After some days, these wastes turn
into slurry which is used for farming. As kitchen waste are ample, they alone
can be used for making slurries. Slurries can be added to pots weekly. These
slurries exert methane and carbon dioxide gas which is needed for the plants.

3.5 Bio pesticides

Biopesticides are environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides in

agriculture. Derived from natural sources like bacteria, fungi, or plant extracts,
these biological agents target pests, diseases, or weeds while minimizing harm
to non-target organisms and ecosystems. Biopesticides are gaining prominence
due to their reduced ecological impact, safety for human health, and
compatibility with organic farming practices. They represent a sustainable
approach to pest management, offering effective solutions while promoting
biodiversity and long-term agricultural sustainability.

3.6 Bio Control Agents

Biocontrol agents are beneficial organisms used in agriculture to manage pests

and maintain ecological balance. These natural enemies, which include
predators, parasitoids, and pathogens, help control pest populations by feeding
on or infecting them. By harnessing the power of biocontrol agents, farmers
reduce the need for chemical pesticides and minimize environmental impacts
while safeguarding crop health. This eco-friendly approach to pest management
aligns with sustainable agriculture, promoting biodiversity and reducing the
risks associated with chemical pesticide use.
3.7 Crop Management

Crop management encompasses a range of practices and strategies aimed at

optimizing crop production while ensuring sustainability and environmental
responsibility. It involves decisions and actions related to planting, irrigation,
fertilization, pest control, and harvest timing. Effective crop management strives
to maximize yields, enhance crop quality, and conserve resources like water and
soil. It also includes practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, and precision
agriculture to maintain soil health and reduce environmental impact. By
combining scientific knowledge and practical techniques, crop management
plays a crucial role in meeting the world's food needs while minimizing
ecological harm.

3.8 Land Preparation

Land preparation is a fundamental step in agriculture that involves the careful

and thorough pre-treatment of soil before planting crops. This process includes
activities like plowing, tilling, leveling, and adding soil conditioners or organic
matter. Proper land preparation is essential for creating an optimal seedbed,
improving soil structure, and ensuring adequate aeration and water infiltration.
It also aids in weed control by burying weed seeds and enhancing seed-to-soil
contact, promoting germination. Land preparation is a critical determinant of
crop success, as it sets the stage for healthy and productive plant growth,
making it an integral part of efficient and sustainable farming practices.

3.9 Liming

Liming is an agricultural practice involving the application of lime, typically in

the form of calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, to soil. This process helps
to raise the soil's pH level, making it less acidic. Liming is essential when soil
pH becomes too low, as acidic soils can hinder nutrient availability to plants and
negatively impact crop growth. By adjusting the pH, liming enhances the soil's
capacity to support healthy plant development, improves nutrient uptake, and
fosters microbial activity.
3.10 Basal manuring

Basal manuring is a common agricultural practice that involves the application

of fertilizers or organic materials to the soil at the time of planting or sowing.
This method provides essential nutrients to the crops during their initial growth
stages, promoting healthy and vigorous root development. Basal manuring is
particularly important because it sets the foundation for the entire crop cycle.
The choice of fertilizers or organic matter, as well as their proper application, is
crucial to ensure that crops receive the nutrients they need for optimal growth
and yield. It is a key aspect of crop management, ensuring that plants get off to
a strong start for a successful growing season.

3.11 Pest Management

Pest management is a crucial aspect of agriculture that involves strategies to

control and mitigate the damage caused by pests, including insects, diseases,
and weeds. It aims to minimize crop losses and reduce the reliance on chemical
pesticides, which can have environmental and health impacts. Integrated pest
management (IPM) is a holistic approach that combines various techniques,
such as biological control, cultural practices, and the selective use of pesticides,
to maintain pest populations at levels that do not harm crops. This sustainable
approach promotes both effective pest control and the long-term health of
ecosystems, making it an essential component of modern agriculture.

3.12 Disease Management

Disease management is a critical component of agriculture and plant health,

focusing on strategies to prevent, control, and mitigate the impact of diseases
that affect crops. It includes a range of practices such as disease-resistant crop
varieties, crop rotation, proper sanitation, and the selective use of fungicides or
other disease-control methods. The goal is to reduce disease incidence and
severity, limiting damage to crops and ensuring optimal yield and quality.
Disease management is an essential aspect of sustainable agriculture, as it
minimizes the need for chemical treatments and promotes the long-term health
of plants and the environment.

3.13 Water Management

Water management is a vital practice that involves the efficient and responsible
use of water resources in various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and
urban areas. In agriculture, water management encompasses strategies for
irrigation, water conservation, and sustainable usage. It aims to optimize water
availability, reduce waste, and enhance crop productivity while minimizing the
environmental impact. Effective water management is increasingly critical as
water resources become scarcer due to population growth and climate change. It
plays a pivotal role in ensuring food security and sustainable development by
balancing the needs of agriculture, ecosystems, and society in a world where
water is a finite and precious resource.

3.14 Harvest

Gathering mature crops from the fields for later processing or sale is known as
harvesting. For many crops, it signifies the end of the farming cycle and is one
of the most important phases in agricultural production. The quality and
quantity of the crop are directly impacted by the harvest's timing, making it a
crucial factor.
• Brinjal: The fruits become ready for first picking in about 120-130 days
of seed sowing depending on the variety.
• Lady’s Finger: It will be ready for harvest within 45-50 days of planting.
• Green chilli: They can be harvested 75 days after transplanting.
• Cabbage: The best time to harvest them is right before flowers appear.
 CHAPTE-4
OBSERVATION AND DATA COLLECTION

The ideal plant population for a crop is influenced by a variety of elements,

including the availability of water, nutrients, and sunlight; the length of the
growth season; the potential size of the plant; and the plant's ability to adapt
to changing environmental conditions.

4.1 Germination of a seed

Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a seedling. It is

the first stage of plant growth. Germination begins when the seed absorbs water
and swells. This triggers the release of enzymes that start to break down the
stored food in the seed. The embryo, or baby plant, then begins to grow.

GERMINATION
Brinjal They germinate within 100%
2-3 weeks
Lady’s finger They would germinate 100%
within 7-15 days.
Green chilli They will germinate 100%
within first 6 – 8 days.
Cabbage They germinate in 7 – 14 100%
days
 CHAPTER 5
PHOTOS

5.1 Grow bag preparation and layout

MANURE
4.3 Planting stage

BRINJAL

LADY’S FINGER

GREEN CHILLI

CABBAGE
4.4 Fruiting stage

BRINJAL

LADY’S FINGER

GREEN CHILLI

CABBAGE
4,5 Harvesting stage

BRINJAL

LADY’S FINGER

GREEN CHILLI

CABBAGE
 CHAPTER 6
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of organic farming is a valuable tool for assessing

the economic viability and sustainability of adopting organic agricultural
practices. a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of organic farming should
weigh the initial investment and ongoing operational costs against the potential
for higher prices, improved soil health, environmental benefits, and long-term
sustainability. It's essential to consider both short-term and long-term impacts,
as well as the broader economic, environmental, and social implications of
transitioning to organic farming.
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Organic farming is a sustainable and environmentally conscious approach to
agriculture that offers several benefits and challenges. It represents a shift away
from conventional farming methods that rely heavily on synthetic chemicals and
instead embraces natural processes to promote soil health, minimize
environmental impacts, and produce healthier food