Cuts Unit 2

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self
(A. Physical Self)
Objectives: Source: all-about-pschology.com
1. Draw out from Filipino students their self-concepts on beauty;

2. Explore the cultural influences on beauty and body image;
3. Develop appreciation and acceptance of the uniqueness of one’s physical
beauty regardless of culture; and
4. Present an advertisement campaign/commercial in enhancing self-esteem.
Introduction
How would you describe a person who is beautiful or handsome? Is being

beautiful/handsome an advantage or disadvantage? Many people especially millennials are
conscious of how they look so they spend a lot just to improve their physical appearance.
You have to accept the fact that when you meet someone for the first time, the looks
retained first rather than the other aspects of personality. It is only after second or many
meetings that the looks become secondary. Honestly, what are your daily routines in
enhancing your physical appearance?
Untangling Meshed Thoughts…
Self Concept and Beauty
Beauty is an asset but it doesn’t define the totality of a person. It is a physical quality
that is pleasing to the eyes of a person possessing it or to others. Self-concept on beauty is
relative. You might say you are beautiful/handsome because of your hair, your curves or
abs, your nose, etc. It is how you believe, feel and think about your outward beauty. Across
culture, self concept on beauty differs as culture and society dictates the standards for
beauty. For example, in China, Thailand and Japan, pale skin denotes
attractiveness and affluence while in Europe, a corset is used to attain an ideal tiny waistline
which depicts beauty among women. How about in the Philippines? What is our own
concept of beauty?
Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-esteem
Source: gethair.co.uk Source: yocee.in
Have you heard that someone was bullied because of his/her physical appearance?
What do you think is its effect to that person? Body image refers on how a person thinks
or feels about his/her physical features which can either be high or low, poor or superior.
Self-esteem is a person’s regards or confidence to his/herself whether satisfied or not and
can also be high or low. Body image and self-esteem are generally being studied together
as the former could either heighten or lessen the latter. Culturally, eastern and western
cultures differ in their perceptions with regards to their physical appearance particularly in
their body ideals. As mentioned, culture sets the practices, but it is the society that shapes
and sets the norms. In Western culture for example, being thin is an attribute. The Barbie
doll figure is aimed by exercising, dieting or yoga. In other countries however, particularly
in Australia, children as young as 6 years old are already conscious of their body size that
dieting is already a part of their daily regime. Many researches show that a poor body
image/self esteem can cause negative effects. In a research conducted by Latner, et al
(2011), it shows that Pacific Islanders were more satisfied than Asians and Whites with
their health and more satisfied than Asians and Whites with their appearance. The research
also concluded that higher body weight and greater satisfaction were found among Pacific
Islanders while lower weight and lower body satisfaction existed among Asians. From that
research, no wonder, that Asian people including the Filipinos really looked at slim body
as sexy and fond of using cosmetics and body shaped enhancer to achieve general physical
body satisfaction. Commercial beauty products mushroomed whether over the counter,
direct selling or through online advertisements and shopping. Are you also a regular client
of such products?
Let’s Think & Try!
A. Finish the lines with honest answers.
1. I am beautiful/handsome because
2. If given a chance to change one of your physical attributes, what would that
be? Why?
B. Test your body esteem by answering the body-esteem scale by Franzoi and
Sheilds at www.yorku.ca/rokada/psyctest/bodest.pdf then share your experience or result
in class.
(B. The Sexual Self)
Source: thethoughtfulcounselor.com
Objectives:
1. Discuss the developmental aspect of the reproductive system;

2. Characterize the diversity of sexual behaviour based on sexual orientations;
3. Analyze the chemistry of lust and love;
4. Identify the different family planning method; and
5. Realize the importance of family planning.
Introduction
Is it okay with your family members at home to talk about sex, sexual parts, sexual
development, love and lust? Historically, some Eastern cultures including Philippine
homes tabooed even just a mere mention of sexual organs in family conversation, as it is
considered as immoral or disgrace to the family especially when a non-family member/s
is/are around. In this modern society however, topics such as sex, gender, sexuality, sexual
identity and other subjects relating to sexual self are gradually becoming an open topic as
such are being discussed in modern homes and in schools. The view that human beings
are sexual beings is gradually accepted with a concept that it is part of our total being who
has the capability to procreate, to get attracted to others be it a desire or love, lust and
sexual attachment. To understand the self through sexual self, this topic will be tackled
in the lens of scientific, psychological, sociological and realistic views.
Biological Sexual Characteristics and Development

Starting from fertilization, the sex of a person is identified based on the sex
chromosomes, followed by the formation and development of different organs including
the sexual reproductive organs. The accompanying sexual functions are in its utmost during
the onset of puberty through the existence of secondary sex characteristics. Puberty occurs
with the production of sex hormones as the sexual reproductive organs developed. Can
you still remember the physical changes you’ve experienced during your puberty stage?
How old were you then?
Sexual Orientations and Behaviour
Are you attracted to opposite sex? Same sex? Or both? That is your sexual
orientation, to whom you are attracted to, and part of your sexual self. You could either
be homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual. On the other hand, sexual behaviour is our actions
with reference to our sexual orientations. Your sexual orientation might be different from
your sexual behaviour. There are people who are attracted to their same sex acquaintances
or friends but prefer not to show it for personal reasons. This is a common behaviour due
to the restraining factors such as family members, peers/friends, society and culture. How
about you, are your actions the same with your sexual orientations? Why or why not?
The Chemistry of Lust and Love
Why are some people so clingy to their former lovers even if they’ve been dumped
already? Maybe you have heard of suicide cases due to failed relationships, crime of
passion, sexual harassment, etc. What leads to love/sex? Sigmund Freud, a
psychologist/psychosexual theorist contends that human beings are sexual beings thus, lust
or sexual libido is present and is triggered by a person’s desire for satisfaction or
gratification. This desire however is controlled by the presence of ego and the superego
hence, the sexual act is a matter of choice. Nevertheless, since sex in its literal definition
refers to sexual intercourse or the mating of two opposite sex (though sexual acts could be
done by same sex), is considered the result of lust and attraction. Biologically according
to Fournier (2013), love and sex starts from a desire/lust and attraction
resulting from the released of responsible sex hormones which will eventually reach
attachment period. The hormones responsible for desire are estrogen and testosterone while
for attractions are dopamine, adrenaline and serotonin. For the attachment during the
consummation of love (sex), vasopressin and oxytocin are the liable hormones. Desire
occurs even during first meeting where the eyes tend to be fixed on somebody with wild
sexual imaginations set in. This is followed by the sudden and continuous thumping of
heart by just the mere mention of that special person’s name which is heightened by the
adrenaline especially during second meeting. Mixed emotions of excitement and
nervousness with euphoric feeling exist as the hormone dopamine is released. The
attraction becomes a deeper love and is addictive for at this time, serotonin is released.
This is accompanied by the unceasing thought of that special person. The deeper love is
magnified by change of mood and appetite and sometimes an obsessive- compulsive
behaviour. When the right time happens, such as after the wedding, the couple expresses
their love through sex. During the climax of the sexual act, the hormone oxytocin is
released, and when the act is over, the hormone vasopressin is produced which prompted
the couple to be attached to each other. Attachment is the last stage which is the first reason
why couple seldom found to be looking for another love. But why do love lasts? For sure,
there are a lot of factors. You can watch a video of the chemistry of lust and love in the
internet for further information.
Family Planning and Population Education
The Philippines is a growing country not only in technology but also in population.
Its population as of July 3, 2019 based on the latest United Nations estimates is
108,103,200 with an equivalent of 1.4% of the total world population. The Philippines
ranks number 13 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. These
information were posted by the Worldometers (2019). Based on the data, there is really a
need according to the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote family planning.
Family Planning (FP) according to the Department of Health (DOH) means having the
desired number of children and when you want to have them by using safe and effective
modern methods. Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years apart which provides
benefits to the mother, child/children and father. The WHO states that
family planning reinforces people’s rights to determine the number and spacing of their
children thus, by preventing unintended pregnancy, it likewise prevents deaths of mothers
and children.
The Department of Health listed some benefits gained by the mother, children and father
from family planning:
Mother
 Enables her to regain her health after delivery.

 Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband
and children.
 Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement.
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.
Children
 Healthy mothers produce healthy children.

 Will get all the attention, security, love, and care they deserve.
Father
 Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.

 Enables him to give his children their basic needs (food, shelter, education, and
better future).
 Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement.
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.
Even with the benefits mentioned, there are still people who prefer not to use
family planning methods due to some social/cultural concerns or might be different
interpretations. The World Health Organizations presented the list of contraceptive
methods which are classified as modern and traditional:
Contraceptive methods
Modern methods
Effectiveness to
How it
Method Description prevent Comments
works
pregnancy
Prevents the >99% with

Combined oral Contains two correct and
release of Reduces risk of
contraceptives hormones consistent use
eggs from endometrial and
(COCs) or “the (estrogen and
the ovaries ovarian cancer
pill” progestogen) 92% as
(ovulation)
commonly used
Thickens 99% with correct

cervical and consistent use
Progestogen- Contains only mucous to Can be used while
only pills progestogen block sperm breastfeeding; must
(POPs) or "the hormone, not and egg from be taken at the same
minipill" estrogen meeting and 90–97% as time each day
prevents commonly used
ovulation
Health-care
Thickens
Small, flexible provider must insert
cervical
rods or capsules and remove; can be
mucous to
placed under the used for 3–5 years
block sperm
Implants skin of the upper >99% depending on
and egg from
arm; contains implant; irregular
meeting and
progestogen vaginal bleeding
prevents
hormone only common but not
ovulation
harmful
Thickens >99% with

Delayed return to
Injected into the cervical correct and
fertility (about 1–4
muscle or under mucous to consistent use
months on the
Progestogen the skin every 2 block sperm
average) after use;
only injectables or 3 months, and egg from
irregular vaginal
depending on meeting and 97% as
bleeding common,
product prevents commonly used
but not harmful
ovulation
Effectiveness to
How it
works
pregnancy
injectables or into the muscle, release of correct and bleeding common,

combined contains estrogen eggs from consistent use but not harmful
injectable and progestogen the ovaries
contraceptives (ovulation) 97% as
(CIC) commonly used
The patch and the

CVR are new and
research on
effectiveness is The Patch and the
Continuously
Combined limited. CVR provide a
releases 2
contraceptive Prevents the Effectiveness comparable safety
hormones – a
patch and release of studies report that and
progestin and an
combined eggs from it may be more pharmacokinetic
estrogen- directly
contraceptive the ovaries effective than the profile to COCs
through the skin
vaginal ring (ovulation) COCs, both as with similar
(patch) or from
(CVR) commonly and hormone
the ring.
consistent or formulations.
correct use.
Copper Longer and heavier

Small flexible
component periods during first
Intrauterine plastic device
damages months of use are
device (IUD): containing copper
sperm and >99% common but not
copper sleeves or wire
prevents it harmful; can also be
containing that is inserted
from meeting used as emergency
into the uterus
the egg contraception
Decreases amount
A T-shaped Thickens of blood lost with
plastic device cervical
Intrauterine menstruation over
inserted into the mucous to
device (IUD) >99% time; Reduces
uterus that block sperm
levonorgestrel menstrual cramps
steadily releases and egg from and symptoms of
small amounts of meeting endometriosis;
levonorgestrel
amenorrhea (no
Effectiveness to
How it
works
pregnancy
each day menstrual bleeding)

in a group of users
Forms a 98% with correct

Also protects
Sheaths or barrier to and consistent use
against sexually
coverings that fit prevent
Male condoms transmitted
over a man's erect sperm and
85% as infections, including
penis egg from
commonly used HIV
meeting
Sheaths, or 90% with correct

Forms a
linings, that fit and consistent use Also protects
barrier to
loosely inside a against sexually
Female prevent
woman's vagina, transmitted
condoms sperm and
made of thin, 79% as infections, including
egg from
transparent, soft commonly used HIV
meeting
plastic film
>99% after 3 3 months delay in

Permanent months semen taking effect while
contraception to evaluation stored sperm is still
Keeps sperm
Male block or cut the present; does not
out of
sterilization vas deferens affect male sexual
ejaculated
(vasectomy) tubes that carry performance;
semen 97–98% with no
sperm from the voluntary and
semen evaluation
testicles informed choice is
essential
Permanent Eggs are

Female Voluntary and
contraception to blocked from
sterilization >99% informed choice is
block or cut the meeting
(tubal ligation) essential
fallopian tubes sperm
Temporary 99% with correct A temporary family

Lactational Prevents the
contraception for and consistent use planning method
amenorrhea release of
new mothers based on the natural
method (LAM) whose monthly eggs from
effect of
the ovaries 98% as
bleeding has not breastfeeding on
Effectiveness to
How it
works
pregnancy
returned; requires (ovulation) commonly used fertility

exclusive or full
breastfeeding day
and night of an
infant less than 6
months old
Emergency
If all 100 women
contraception Pills taken to
used progestin-
pills (ulipristal prevent Does not disrupt an
Delays only emergency
acetate 30 mg pregnancy up to 5 already existing
ovulation contraception, one
or days after pregnancy
would likely
levonorgestrel unprotected sex
become pregnant.
1.5 mg)
Can be used to
identify fertile days
by both women who
want to become
Women track 95% with
Prevents pregnant and
their fertile consistent and
pregnancy by women who want to
periods (usually correct use.
Standard Days avoiding avoid pregnancy.
days 8 to 19 of
Method or unprotected Correct, consistent
each 26 to 32 day
SDM vaginal sex use requires partner
cycle) using
during most cooperation.
cycle beads or
fertile days.
other aids 88% with
common use
(Arevalo et al
2002)
Woman takes her Prevents 99% effective If the BBT has risen
Basal Body with correct and
body temperature pregnancy by and has stayed
Temperature consistent use.
at the same time avoiding higher for 3 full
(BBT) Method each morning unprotected 75% with typical days, ovulation has
before getting out vaginal sex use of FABM occurred and the
Effectiveness to
How it
works
pregnancy
of bed observing during fertile (Trussell, 2009) fertile period has

for an increase of days passed. Sex can
0.2 to 0.5 degrees resume on the 4th
C. day until her next
monthly bleeding.
96% with correct Difficult to use if a

Women track and consistent woman has a
their fertile Prevents use. vaginal infection or
periods by pregnancy by another condition
observing avoiding that changes
TwoDay presence of unprotected cervical mucus.
Method cervical mucus vaginal sex 86% with typical Unprotected coitus
(if any type color during most or common use. may be resumed
or consistency) fertile days, (Arevalo, 2004) after 2 consecutive
dry days (or without
secretions)
Women track 98% with correct

their fertile and consistent
periods by use. May have to be used
observing with caution after an
changes in the Prevents Reported 98% abortion, around
cervical mucus pregnancy by with typical use menarche or
Sympto- (clear texture) , avoiding (Manhart et al, menopause, and in
thermal body temperature unprotected 2013) conditions which
Method (slight increase) vaginal sex may increase body
and consistency during most temperature.
of the cervix fertile
(softening).
There is really a need to educate people with regards to the current status of the
Philippines’ population. As explained by the United Nation’s Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “Population education is an educational programme
which provides for a study of population situation of the family, the community, nation
and world, with the purpose of developing in the students rational and responsible attitudes
and behaviour towards that situation.” It’s more of giving deeper awareness on the
advantages that the nation may benefit from controlled population as it is now a fact that
the Philippine population is increasing and studies shows the effect it entails not only to
the economy but to all aspects including the environment. The diagram below depicts the
challenges brought about by the overwhelming growth in population. It simply shows that
the population affects the many facets of individual’s life.
Source: Nikita Iyer, Population Education: Meaning, Needs and Aims. Available at
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/population/population-education-meaning-needs-and-
aims/84849
From the different concepts you’ve learned about sex and population, hopefully,
you will give in to your emotions, only to the right person and at the right time. This is not
solely for your self but for the country as well. Remember, you can say NO to emotions
if you want to.
A. If you will have your own family someday, are you going to apply family
planning? Why or why not?
(C. The Material/Economic Self)
Source: nytimes.com
Objectives:
1. Identify the role of the consumer culture to self and society;
2. Explain the association of self and possessions; and
3. Appraise one’s self based on the description of the material self.
Introduction
Do you have a very special thing which you can describe it as your life, your
miniature, your treasure, your precious one or something you think you are not comfortable
without it? Are you fond of buying stuff even if you don’t need it much? Have you
experienced having an incessant urge to buy a certain thing but you don’t have enough
money for it? Recall your last shopping spree. What did you feel after? So many
quotations talk about money and it would mean, “money isn’t everything,” but in reality,
“money can do a lot of things.”
In this topic, you will learn how self can be represented by the things you
possessed, the psychology behind shopping, buying compulsively, etcetera.
I Shop, Therefore I Am: I Have Therefore I Am? Consumer Culture, Sense of Self and
Identity
Fashion, trend, vogue, in, craze and fad are examples of modern terms used for
popular items that dominate the advertising arena especially in social media. The
accessibility of ordering online swiftly became a trendy shopping style and online selling
mushroomed around the globe. Not everyone has the luxury to purchase material thing
that is considered “new” but everyone has that urge to possess something new. The impulse
within every human beings to buy things either important or unimportant, intentional or
unintentional is considered a person’s material self. Buying or possessing things as
material self is a consumer behaviour found to be part of human culture. A child who
received something valuable from his/her parents was thought to treasure and keep it well.
Even an infant who used to play with a certain thing developed a sense of possessiveness
for that thing and immediate family members learned to give in to the demand of the infant
by saying to others, “don’t get that, it’s hers/it’s his.”
The concept of possessing things developed through time. The urgency and the
quantity changes with the changing needs plus the wants. Furthermore, the culture of
buying things is influenced by the society. These include the people whom an individual
interact with: immediate family, peers//friends, teachers/mentors; the advertisements and
the role models: actors, politicians/popular characters. The main purpose of buying things
is supposed to meet the needs but it gradually turned into a contagious behaviour that is
continuously spreading and is extended from one person to another. The consumer culture
theory “I shop, therefore I am,” simply shows that buying and possessing things become
an integral part of self. It defines a person’s priorities and source of explicit satisfaction
whether dole out or profound. “I have, therefore I am,” indicates possession as the
trademark or identity of self. The kind of material things a person possessed represents
his/her personality even his/her inner thoughts could be overtly demonstrated, ‘though
unuttered yet manifested, so to speak. Can you think of your great material possession/s at
present? What is your reason for keeping it?
Possessions and the Extended Self
Possessing material things is not bad because it’s a matter of choice and decision.
The practicality of having things is not an issue for a person who used such things according
to its purpose and not only due to mere impulse without a reason. Possessions however are
considered as an extended self. This view is strengthened by the study conducted by Belk
in 1988. According to Belk, possessions follow body parts and mind in the centrality of
self. Study shows that loss of possessions result to lesser regards to self. Belk also pointed
out that a study on materialism as extension of self has negative
consequences when depending to possessions in finding meaning in life, but the construct
of extended self has positive contribution to our identities. The decision lies in every
persons’ choice whether to immerse his/her self solely on material possessions in order to
form a genuine identity, or to become balance with other aspects of his/her personality in
order to produce a better version of his/her self.

Watch the movie “Confession of a Shopaholic” then answer the following
questions:
1. What factors led to the development of Rebecca’s disorder?
2. Describe the effects of disorder to Rebecca’s life.
3. What insights did Rebecca learn from her experience?

(D. The Spiritual Self)
Objectives:
1. Identify various religious practices and beliefs; Source: manyfacetsoflife.com
2. Express one’s self in relation with religious beliefs;

3. Explain ways of finding meaning of life; and
4. Manifest open-mindedness to one’s choice of beliefs and religion.
Introduction
Based on your own faith, what religious practices and beliefs do you follow? Do
you think those practices and beliefs help you to become what you are now? Why or why
not? There are a lot of religions all over the world and each has its own doctrines to be
learned and followed by the members. The faith and engagement however, varies from one
person to another. It could just be an affiliation only to some without deeper commitment,
or a life sustaining inner force to others. The fact that the Philippines is considered as a
religious country, you surely have been affected by the religious celebrations in your own
domicile. As such, what religious activities do you consider greatly influenced your daily
routine? What do you usually feel everytime you are occupied with such activities? Can
your religion helps you attain a satisfying spiritual self?
Religions and Rituals
Ever since the creation of the world from the book of Genesis, humans expressed
great faith and even fear toward the supreme being they called God. Although there’s no
specific religion yet, they already followed some rituals whenever they asked favors or
forgiveness for the things they thought that caused God’s anger, and believed the reason
why some bad luck occurred in their lives. The purposes of the practice of a religion
according to Swineburn (2019) are to achieve the goals of salvation for oneself and others
as well as to render due worship and obedience to God. In the course of attaining salvation,
varied practices or rituals are commended by different religions. A university research
conducted by a cognitive psychologist Pascal Boyer (2008 in Consider the Gospel, 2019)
regarding people’s faith in God’s existence showed that “religious thoughts seem to be an
emergent property of our standard cognitive capacities.” This was based on the result of
the survey where half of the respondents indicated that God was ‘close to them’ and almost
one-fifth showed a desire to know God ‘more’. Boyer also explained that “… humans are
very good at establishing and maintaining relations with agents beyond their physical
presence. From childhood, humans form enduring, stable and important social relationships
with fictional characters, imaginary friends, deceased relatives, unseen heroes and
fantasized mates Indeed, the extraordinary social skills of humans, compared with other
primates, may be honed by constant practice with imagined or absent partners.”
Have you also experienced talking to yourself when you’re just a kid? To Boyer,
it’s the same thing where humans believe even the physical presence of God is absent. He
further stated that human brains are really made to believe when it comes to God’s
existence. The contention of Boyer is supplemented by the teachings of religious sects with
regards to the invisible presence of supreme being. What is in religion that can influence
people? Swineburn (2019) defined religion as a fundamental set of beliefs and practices
generally agreed upon by a group of God’s people with the inclusion of the devotional and
ritual observances. In Anthropology, religious ritual is considered as prescribed,
routinized, and ceremonial action/s which is symbolically significant to the performer and
his/her community. Rituals could either be personal or mediated. It is personal if performed
by an ordinary man or a layman as their everyday religious practice. If it is done by an
assigned person such as an officiating priest, a shaman, monk and other chosen and trained
individuals, the ritual is called mediated because the purpose is for the benefits of others
and which the latter would offer something in exchange. In other religious sects, members
looked upon their leaders as the overseers of both the personal and mediated rituals.
Religious rituals can be done daily such as
prayers or weekly for an assembly or communion, occasional such as wedding,
anniversary, baptism, passage of rites or annually such as pilgrimage, healing rituals (others
do it daily depending on the religious doctrines), etc. The rituals are performed using
chanting, singing, dancing, praying, re-enacting, fasting, and other acts for a specified
period of time. In many places in the Philippines, there are other rituals considered as
religious in nature but with no specific doctrine being followed. These are somewhat
magical to young generations as there are no scientific bases but believed to be effective.
Examples are sorcery or witchcraft, spiritism, folk healing through babaylans or albularyo.
Do you also have similar rituals in your place? Please name some.
World Religious Beliefs and Practices
Different religions with different sects have varied beliefs and practices. The top
three common religions of the world are Christianity, Islam and Judaism. In Christianity,
Christians believe in one eternal God, the creator of heaven and Earth (God the Father)
thus, there is a must that everyone should have a personal relationship with God. The
Christians further believe in the Holy Trinity specifically the Roman Catholics: God the
Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. Religious practices include prayers, fasting,
baptism, attending day of worship, tithing, pilgrimage, communion (eucharist) and
celebrating important religious festivals such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost.
` In Islam, Muslims (followers) believe in one transcendent God called Allah. The
followers are servants to Allah as they believe that everything happens according to Allah’s
will. Reciting the Islam creed, praying five times a day, annual fasting from food, sex,
alcohol and smoking for a month, giving/helping the needy and pilgrimage even once in
a lifetime are some of the duties that Muslims should do in order for them to enter paradise
after death, for if not, they will go to hell. Many festivities are also celebrated by the
followers and communal practices of invocation are accompanied with music and ritual
dance.
Judaism. Judaism as a religious belief is centred in the presence of only one God
who revealed his self through Abraham, the ancestor of Jewish people. The adherents
believe that they should worship God, possess ethical behaviour and perform
rituals in preparation for the coming of their Messiah who will judge the people, rescue the
good, punish the wicked and restore peace to the world. Traditional rituals are observed
and performed by Jewish people throughout their lives. These include the circumcision of
8-day old boys during the day of worship which they called Sabbath held every Saturday.
The Sabbath usually starts at sunset of the sixth day of the week and ends at sunset of the
seventh day, hence Sabbath day. The followers also followed 613 commandments which
if violated, believed to have corresponding punishments. The same with other religions,
they also have set of practices for every special occasions such as during wedding, naming
of newly born babies, burial, worship day, etc.
Finding and Creating Meaning in Life
Have you experienced boredom? Stress? Exhaustion? Have you asked yourself
about life’s in store for you? Or have you tried seeking for the meaning of life as you
suffer from heartbreaks, failures and disappointments? How to find and create meaning of
life despite of challenges? Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist, neurologist and the founder of
logotherapy explained that it’s not a human’s obligation to find the meaning of life in
universal way because it lies in every human’s potential, experiences and ability to discover
one’s self everyday. In short, every human beings have own purpose different from others.
Life’s meaning takes place once a person sets a clear view of what he/she wants for his/her
self, take responsibility of his/her self, and have a strong determination and motivation to
face the what and how of every challenge. Sometimes according to Victor Frankl, life is
not fair but there are two options that one can do: accept that what happened cannot be
changed and should not be a prisoner of the circumstance and; accept that what happened
cannot be changed but one can change his/her attitude towards it. Thus, according to him,
a person should adopt a stronger, resilient and positive attitude in facing life’s challenges
to have a better and meaningful life.
Can your religion helps you to create and find meaning in life? If yes, then can you
say that your spiritual self is based on your religiosity? You have to understand that
religiosity is the person’s inclination and decision to follow the doctrines, practices and
rituals required of being a part of a certain religious sect while spirituality according to
Christina Puchalski, MD, Director of the George Washington Institute for Spirituality and
Health, "…is the aspect of humanity that refers to the way individuals seek and express
meaning and purpose and the way they experience their connectedness to the moment, to
self, to others, to nature, and to the significant or sacred." In short, religion shows the way
but the finality of quest for contentment signifies spirituality. You may always attend
religious gatherings because to you it’s an obligation, it is religiosity, but if your attendance
brings you to unexplainable inner peace and a feeling of secured relationship with God, it’s
spirituality. A person with deep spiritual self can find meaning to life amidst difficulties
and challenges. “Those who have a 'why' to live, can bear with almost any 'how'.” – Victor
Frankl.

I. Explain the rituals or practices you learned from your own faith.
a. baptism
b. burial
I. Place R on the space provided before the item if the statement refers to
religiosity and S if it refers to spirituality.
1. Going to church every day and during Sunday or Sabbath day.
2. Attending Bible service every time there is a schedule near your home/school.
3. Praying with supplication for the strength to overcome frustrations and find joy
in the heart and mind.
4. When one door closes, God will open another door of opportunities.
5. A wedding should take place inside the church in respect to God’s house.
(E. The Political Self and Being a Filipino)
Objectives:
Source: rappler.com
1. Define the Filipino identity;
2. Identify Filipino values and traits;
3. Describe a Filipino’s political self in the lens of indigenous people; and

4. Reflect on selfhood in relation to national identity.
Introduction:
Do you think you can be a politician? Why or why not? Are there specific qualities
a politician should possess? If yes, can you name some? Let’s say, you did not run for any
political post either in your barangay or school but will you believe that you still have a
political self? How is that so? Persuading or influencing someone to do something or act
on something is part of your political self. Maybe you have experienced encouraging your
friends to study instead of going to a mall (or could be the other way), doing a school
project using your own design/concepts or by simply convincing them to be in agreement
with your plans, then, it is your political self at work! How about at home, have you tried
getting your parents’ consent on something through “sweet talks”? In courting, political
self can be of service too. But how do you think political self is developed? Can it be used
to form good values or just a self-fulfilling ability for self- gratification? Continue reading
to be enlightened about your political self.
Political Self, Defined
Literally, political self is derived from politics which Montiel (2017) defined as
involving production, allocation and the use of decision-making powers among large
groups of individuals. At the surface, politics is considered as external world- meaning,
functional outside the person’s psychological realm. How is self then invaded with politics?
You have to remember that politics is created by the society, for the society and composed
of individuals. These individuals have the power to function what the definition above
entail them to do. You may wonder then if what is the involvement of yourself to the
politics which is beyond your control since that you are not engaging yourself in the
political arena. The simpler explanation is that you as part of the society is a recipient of
the products of the decision making powers of other people. In short, your interaction with
other people in the society whether as an initiator or the responder is already an indication
of socialization and unconsciously, your political self is developed. As you grow, you
learned to deal with different kinds of people, shared thoughts with selected acquaintances,
friends and family and even unintentionally influenced them with your convincing appeals.
As you continue to be in touched with the people around you, you are apparently exercising
your political self literally or figuratively depending on your purpose. As observed by Sue
Gertrard mentioned by Tweedy (2017), our emotional development has a role in our
political awareness and our political behaviour in general is not something separate from
other forms of human relationship as this is influenced by the same emotional dynamics.
Simply stated, your political self is your ability to deal with others through your strong
charisma of persuading, trading, influencing, gaining sympathy and other personal
attributes particularly involving emotions related to the Filipino value of pakikisama or any
act leading to having good relationship with others.
Who is a Filipino Through Values and Traits?
Every country has its own identity through its values and traits that serve as
trademarks all over the world. The Philippines with its rich culture due to its historical
native and foreign combination paved and gained the world’s recognition for the so called
Filipino pride through its values and traits. What do you think are the Filipino values and
traits that can be associated with a Filipino’s political self? The political culture in the
Philippines has its foundation from its being collectivist which Montiel (2017) cited that
it provides an avenue for traditional political influence of patronage,
kinship and personalistic leadership. It can be understood then that the Filipino political
culture is more of altruistic motives which favour that of the group particularly the blood
related group. The Filipino values and traits that work on these aspect include but not
limited to: Filipino hospitality, strong family ties, spirituality (faith and religion),
hardworking, humour and positivity, flexibility and adaptability. Do you posses such
values and traits? How can these values affect one’s political self? Because of strong
family ties for example, a family member could easily influence one another such as in
decision making as well as in choosing a leader in their own community. Through
hospitality, a visitor tends to look back for the generosity of the hosts which may return a
favour in the future. Those are situational examples by which the Filipino values and traits
work for the exercise of political self. How about humour and positivity? Have you
experienced, or can you cite a situation where, through positivity and humour, an individual
was able to endure a difficult existence or a trying time?
A Filipino’s Political Self in the Lens of the Philippine Indigenous People
As mentioned, a Filipino‘s political culture is grounded from his/her mixed native

and foreign influences as manifested in well-known values and traits. With the modern
socialization, the political culture is gradually leaning towards the trendy way of being at
par up with the current political style in attracting the society’s sympathy and choice for
political leaders. Even in leading a small group, the strategies are expected to be
psychologically in line with the characters of the members. How about among the
indigenous groups? In the Philippines, the indigenous people (IP) is estimated to take a
slot between 10% and 20% of the country's population. The Republic Law 8371, known
as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), was enacted in 1997 and has been praised
for its support for the cultural integrity of indigenous peoples, the right to their lands and
the right to self-directed development of these lands (IWGIA, 2017). Even with the
implementation of the IP’s rights, they are still observed to live in a geographically isolated
areas, lacking with social and economic access that the non-IP’s are enjoying.
The common characteristics of the IP’s according to Ecoben and Palparan (2015)
that made them socially, culturally and religiously distinct from the mainstream of the
Philippine Society are the following:
1. they are patriarchal;
2. they are marginalized;
3. they are living among themselves;
4. they are poor and less educated;
5. they are fighting to take control over their ancestral land;
6. they are keeping their ancestral worships;
7. their small community is headed by a Datu; and
8. they have their own social control and justice system.
The two main ethnic groups of indigenous people (IP) in the country are those living
in the northern and southern part of the country. Igorots are those found in the northern
part and those non-Muslim indigenous tribes in the south are called Lumad. Varied groups
among Igorots are called the Ifugaos famous for the Banaue Rice Terraces. Also from the
Igorot tribe are the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey and Tinguian groups, Isnag
from Apayao, Gaddang (found between Kalinga and Isabela provinces), and the Ilongots
living within the east mountains of Luzon called the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo
Mountains, and are re known for their intense aggressiveness and cultural conservatism
(Valdeavilla, 2018).
In the southern part of the country, particularly in Mindanao and Western Visayas
are non-Muslim IP known as Lumad and has 13 ethnic groups including the Blaan,
Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen,
Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli. Their tribe is generally known for their tribal
music using their own musical instruments (Valdeavilla, 2018).
Other tribes in the country are the Ati and Tumandok in Panay Island, the Palawan
Tribes, Mangyan and Aetas. What tribe/etnic group do we have here in Aklan? How do
these tribes live their lives and led their groups despite of the known marginalization
confronting them? How can they express their being Filipinos politically? Please go to
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/a-guide-to-
the-indigenous-tribes-of-the-philippines and https://www.iwgia.org/en/indigenous-world
for the readings about IP in the Philippines. You can also read about the indigenous
community in the Philippines from the book Society and Culture with Family Planning by
Ecoben and Palparan (2015) from the university library.
A. Write a poem about being a Filipino. Make your own title.

B. What makes an indigenous people’s political self unique from
yours?/What makes your political self as a member of an indigenous group unique?
(F. The Digital Self)
Objectives:
1. Define online identity and real identity;
2. Describe the influence of internet on sexuality and gender; and
3. Foster a responsible attitude towards the use of social media.
Introduction:
Do you have an FB account? Twitter? Instagram? Surely ,most (if not all) of your
classmates owned a smart phone and are updated with the different apps in social media.
Not only millennials are active in the cyberworld, for people of all ages nowadays are
becoming engaged in the use of internet for different purposes such as in research,
communication, movies, easy access to banking, shopping, etc. The pros and cons of using
online services are publicized, yet, its usage is seemingly unstoppable and inescapable.
There are doubts however if those who are stepping into the cyberspace are showing their
real identity or not. In this digiworld, people may have different identities as showing in
the flesh is no longer necessary as before when socializing or having transactions with
others in any part of the world. How about you? How’s your digital self? Is it false and is
only for online? Or a real one?
Selective Self Presentation and Impression Management
Self presentation can be explained in two sides: the side of the presenter and that
of the viewer or other people. How a person may present his or her self in the social media
is influenced by his thoughts and feeling at the moment. Whether, his or her posts are real
or fictitious, are not exactly reflective of his or her personality. On the contrary,
the viewers’ perception of the post is likewise independent from the thoughts and feeling
of the person who posted it and is, therefore, considered the other people’s side. If the
person wanted to gain positive feedback from what have been posted on line, the details
presented should be selected well as such can be publicly scrutinized at its social
acceptability. Since the purpose is to be liked or shared, depending on the perception of
the other people’s side of the post, the one who posted may got bashed or worst, bullied.
The question now is: “How much should be shared online?”
Alata, et al (2018; Redley 2012; Suler 2004) explained why some social media
users shared and disclosed a lot about their selves online. It is more of expressing “true
self” better online than face-to-face encounter. Sometimes the invisibility of the online
users added the coolness of self-disclosures as viewers become curious to follow and share
what are being publicised. To some, this might be therapeutic but for others, it’s an avenue
to divulge something about personal achievements that could boost self-esteem which is
justified as self-pride for positive emotional well-being. This is also explained by Alfred
Adler, the proponent of the theory Individual Psychology who contends that the feelings
of inferiority play the key role in the behaviour of a person. Inferiority becomes a
motivational force in life to strive for superiority. When a person enters into the
cyberspace, he/she is the manipulator of what to be expressed, thus, having a sense of
superiority. Notwithstanding, reactions from others might become not from what are being
expected. This could result to what online users called as “toxic disinhibition” that triggers
the negative emotions of the viewers. Bashful remarks or below the belt comments may
pop up and are uncontrolled. Varied online impressions may last with a long term traumatic
effect especially the negative ones such as bullying. A lot have been published regarding
the psychological effects of cyber bullying, yet, with the technological environment at
present, it cannot be totally stopped. The responsibility therefore, lies in the sound
judgment and emotional stability of the online users.
Gender Online
Is there a gender disparity online? Which gender used online networks/sites the
most? In a survey conducted in the Philippines in 2019, men and women both used online
platform for different reasons but men still dominates the techno world although
the gap is not a seesaw so to speak. Below is the graph showing the online usage by
gender.
Source: Digital 2019 Philippines (January 2019) v01
The highest disparity in gender online usage is between the age group of 25 - 34
years old where male got 19% compared to the 13% of female. Only during the adulthood
stage where both male and female become more likely to have an equal online usage. What
do you think is the reason for this?
In the research conducted by Fallows (2005), although male and female used
internet with different purpose, it still shows the male’s dominance in the internet
technology.
Setting Boundaries to Your Online Self: Smart Sharing
Time indeed has changed so fast. Technology is part of the growing society that
even kids are not naïve particularly in the use of social media. Individual’s digital self is
inevitably developed as a disguise to get involved in the technological world. Hopefully,
the kind of self that is shaped by this technological advancement is still in line with the real
identity. This identity has an intact integrity and self pride, despite other people’s opinion,
whether gratifying or unscrupulous . With this in mind, can you still have your original
personal identity while having an online identity? Is sharing too much will result to digital
dependency? “Think before you click,” is already a cliché but it’s the smartest way to do
when you want to share something. Posting supposed to be private pictures, memes,
random thoughts, rants and comments solicits feedbacks from the viewers and this happen
right after clicking the share/send button.
Selfies in millennial terms swarmed FBs and with the different apps, much can be
altered but the main purpose is still for sharing. “From a psychological perspective, the
taking of selfies is a self-oriented action that allows users to establish their individuality
and self-importance; it is also associated with traits such
as narcissism”(Griffiths, 2018). To that statement, a research was conducted led by
Griffiths among Indian students (because India has the highest selfie-related deaths in the
world with a reported 76 deaths out of a total of 127 worldwide since 2014), where a data
for “selfitis” was collected and labelled into three as: borderline, acute and chronic. The
study shows that those with chronic selfitis were more likely to be motivated to take selfies
due to attention-seeking, environmental enhancement and social competition. The results
suggest that people with chronic levels of selfitis are seeking to fit in with those around
them, and may display symptoms similar to other potentially addictive behaviours. Some
studies have also suggested that a minority of individuals might have a ‘selfie addiction.’
How about you? Are you also suffering from a selfitis?
If you want to assess yourself towards your selfie behaviour, you can go to a Brief
Overview of Selfitis by Mark Griffith at https://www.psychologytoday.com.
Reflect on your digital self. Is it real? False? Ideal? Support your answer.
UNIT 3: Managing and Caring for the Self
(A. Self-regulated Learning)
Objectives: Source: lplearningcenter.com
1. Explain how learning occurs;
2. Enumerate various metacognition and studying techniques; and

3. Enhance patience in exploring ways to improve learning strategies.
Introduction:
How do you learn? What is the learning style of the new generation? Do you
usually get satisfied with the way you study your lessons in school? The face-to-face
interaction between professors and students is the normal set-up in formal education. The
after class episode however is left for the individual student to decide if how he/she will be
able to retain in the memory the new knowledge transferred during class sessions. This
topic will discuss learning strategies that will help you manage the way you learn.
Metacognition and Study Strategies
Learning can be done in different ways. You can learn by reading, observing,
listening, doing, etc. However, in order to know if learning took place, there should be a
relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience. After observing how to cook
adobo, you were able to cook the same on your own using the process observed. Learning
here occurs if even for years, you still know how to cook adobo. But if after a month, the
process of cooking adobo can no longer be remembered, then, there is no more learning.
The same with studying your lessons. Learning only occurs if what
you’ve observed, read or heard can be applied in your activities simultaneously without
doubt. So how can you be helped?
A learning skill known as metacognition can help in achieving successful learning.
Metacognition as a skill to be mastered is known as “ thinking about thinking.” It is more
of being aware of how to learn and what should be done in order to learn what are supposed
to be learned. The aim here is for a person to self-regulate his/her learning style by thinking,
evaluating and realizing his/her needs through acting out the specific strategy generated.
For example, when you study your lesson in English subject, you usually place your
cellphone beside your notes so as to glance from time to time for new notifications in your
FB account. Based on experienced, you are aware that by doing so, it distracts you from
your focus of studying. You then decided to keep your cp away from you when you are
studying so as to maximize the time allotted for studying your English lessons. When
everytime you do the task of studying and you refrain yourself from being distracted by
anything, then, you have that self- regulation for learning, where you take control and
monitor your study learning practise.
For any study strategy/technique used, metacognition could be of helped. Whether
you study by singing the terms to be memorized or using mnemonics (cues, prompts,
abbreviation), listening to music, etc., the metacognition process could be utilized.
Malamed (2016) listed 6 metacognition skills to be remembered:
1. Knowing the limits of your own memory for a particular task and creating a
means of external support.
2. Self-monitoring your learning strategy, such as concept mapping, and then

adapting the strategy if it isn’t effective.
3. Noticing whether you comprehend something you just read and then modifying
your approach if you did not comprehend it.
4. Choosing to skim subheadings of unimportant information to get to the information

you need.
5. Repeatedly rehearsing a skill in order to gain proficiency.

6. Periodically doing self-tests to see how well you learned something.
Metacognition in summary is a set of skills that facilitate learning by enabling the

learners to become aware of how they learn and evaluate the same so as to adapt new skills
that would enhance learning. Once a new skill is found to be effective, it could motivate
you to continue utilizing it. The self- confidence within you would surely increase your
esteem that you can do a lot more in enhancing your learning.
Fill up the table with appropriate information that would lead you to develop
a metacognition skill.
Study Usual practice in Observation in What should be

Strategy/Technique utilizing such doing such done in order to
strategy practice enhance learning
using such
strategy?
Ex. Studying lessons Study Math and There is an Study Math first
in Math and Science Science lessons overlapping of then rest for 5
Subjects while alternately every information. minutes before
reclining/lying in a after 10 minutes or studying the
couch. until tired. Science lessons and
change to a relax
sitting position
instead of
reclining/lying in a
couch.
(B. Goal Setting for Success)
Source: beyondphilosophy.com
Objectives:
1. Explain the different theories on the importance of goals and success;

2. Design personal goals adapting Locke’s goal-setting theory; and
3. Express the need of setting goals.
Introduction:
If nothing changed in your life for the next 3 years, would that be okay? If your
principle in life is “bahala na” then you’re like an empty plastic bottle thrown in the sea
with no specific directions. But of course, the fact that you’re in the tertiary level of your
education, it precisely means that you have a goal to accomplish. Goal setting is found by
psychologists and educators necessary for success; something that fuels the self to improve
performance in whatever task is at hand. This topic will discuss the goal-setting theories
that will explain the urgency of setting goals especially for this generation of yours where
outputs need immediate gratification.
Importance of Goals and Success
Have you heard about a person who committed suicide due to frustrations in
academic achievement? Work environment? Relationships? This is not to scare you from
your spirited nature but a cautious and optimistic reminder for the need for positive outlook
in life as motivated by the crafted goals. Everybody wants to be successful but success is
not an instant manna from heaven that is miraculously delivered right before your
doorsteps. Success is the product of your combined determination and appropriate actions
toward the achievement of your goals.
“The best way to predict your future is to create it.” This is a popular quote by Peter
Drucker, an Austrian-born American management consultant, educator, and author, who
became famous in the management and business world. This quotation emphasizes the
importance of setting goals or targets towards success. Drucker’s quote clearly conveys
responsibility in whatever plans that have been set plus the realization of such plans by
spending valuable time acting on it. A big picture for a dreamed future starts with just a
mere scribble that gradually formed shape upon taking a kick off from a draft. In a goal-
setting-for-success.com (2008), there are 7 benefits for setting goals:
(1) you take control of your life;
(2) you focus on the important things;
(3) you will make good decisions;
(4) you can finish the task efficiently;
(5) you will be self- confident and enthusiastic;
(6) you will make progress and;
(7) you are closer to success.
To sum up all, your goals are your map that would always remind you of your
destination and the decisions you have chosen based on your priorities. With that decisions,
you will develop a confidence to stand by it and be more motivated as you can already see
the peeping figure of the attainment of your goals. It is then that success will be smiling at
you.
“If you don’t design your own life plan, chance are you’ll fall into someone
else’s plan. And guess what they have planned for you? Not much” – Jim Rohn in Cruz
and Cruz, 2016.
Self-efficacy theory (Bandura)
In the course of taking a step towards the achievement of goals, not all roads are
smooth, flat or straight. There are rough, with uncounted bumps, tough curves, hilly and
rocky. You must be ready for the ups and downs that might be encountered along the way.
In that situation, self-efficacy is essential. Self-efficacy is a person’s self-belief regarding
his/her ability in dealing with different situations, either favourable or not. It’s a spirit of
saying “I can do it” despite of rough times which activates the thoughts,
behaviour and feelings. According to Albert Bandura (2008, in Cherry, 2019), a
Psychologist and the one who pioneered the Social Cognitive theory, self-efficacy can help
a person in choosing his priorities and in attaining such priorities. Performance towards
the aimed success is affected by a person’s efficacy as it has a great impact in all aspects
of a person which Bandura called part of the self’s system affecting the psychological
states, behaviour and motivation. He further states that “self-efficacy is the belief in one’s
ability to influence events that effect one’s life and control over the way these events are
experienced”(Bandura, 1994, in Tugsbaatar, 2019). Self efficacy he added is not a trait
which only some have and others don’t but it is in everybody’s system. How it will be
developed depends on the influencing factors external to one’s psychological realm.
Bandura listed some indicators for people with strong and weak sense of efficacy
(Cherry, 2019).
People with a strong sense of self-efficacy:
 View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered

 Develop a deeper interest in the activities in which they participate
 Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities
 Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments
People with a weak sense of self-efficacy:
 Avoid challenging tasks

 Believe that difficult tasks and situations are beyond their capabilities
 Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes
 Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities
If you have the indicators found for people with weak sense of self efficacy,
Bandura suggested four ways to build it up (Bandura, 1994 in Ariola 2018):
1. Mastery Experiences. Failures can be a foundation to develop resiliency to

every unpleasant experiences. Mastery to it can be done by approaching life with
dedicated efforts and trying things using realistic goals. If discouragement is felt, take
every failure as a lesson and an opportunity to learn and discover more.
2. Social Modelling. Using role models observed living with great self-efficacy
can serve as your motivation to also reach your goals.
3. Social persuasion. Choose other people whom you consider as a good
influencer or mentor who live what they preach for you to strengthen your experiences.
4. States of Physiology. Physical states which could either be positive or negative
emotions can trigger to the abrupt self-judgement which is usually bias. Negative states
usually succumbed to negative judgements and feeling of insecurities. Use positive
emotions in charting your goals.
Growth vs Fixed Mindset (Dweck)
The way you perceive your self could either stop change or give room for
opportunity to flourish. What you think you are affects your behaviour.
Carol Dweck is a professor and researcher at Stanford University who was known
for her work regarding two mindsets that would impact behaviour particularly
performance. She called these mindsets as growth and in fixed mindset, a person may
believe that he/she has a certain talent or intelligence that is fixed, i.e., cannot be altered
and it should be understood as like that. The goals are also fixed such that the behaviour
is aligned with what is being set. For example, if a student will say, “My feet are both right
when dancing,” then the student will avoid dancing and will no longer try to practice to
improve his/her skill for dancing. But when he/she claimed that he/she is
beautiful/handsome, his/her goal is to always look gorgeous and great all the time. On the
other hand, growth mindset will tell a person that his/her talent or intelligence can still be
enhanced through practice, effort and determination. It’s more likely of maximizing
potentialities by being persistent to work for it. For example, if a student believes that
he/she is not good in dancing, then he/she will develop it by practicing or by looking for a
dancer to teach him/her.
In what way, fixed and growth mindsets differ? It was pointed out by Dweck (2016,
in Ackerman, 2019) that the marked difference is in behaviour. If someone believes that
his/her intelligence or abilities are innate and unchangeable (fixed) then they
will not put much effort and time to develop it. But if the belief is opposite (growth) that
is, believes that such intelligence and abilities can still be improved may be much more
willing to look for opportunities to attain more ambitious goals of improving such.
Having a fixed mindset is not bad at all times because if you believe on the capacity
you think you have in doing things, then you will not be pressured by yourself to put much
effort and develop it. You can then say that you are not stressing things including yourself
just to change, less effort, less failure, less hurt and say, “life’s just like that!” However
can you see then that it seems you are confining yourself in a box if you have that kind of
mindset? Is it not boring? Unchallenging? Nevertheless, as you go through your quest for
more learnings, and as you continue reading, that’s an indicator of a growth mindset. But
how to improve such mindset or change fixed to growth? There are eight (8) approaches
listed to help you develop growth mindset:
1. Create a new compelling belief: a belief in yourself, in your own skills and abilities,
and in your capacity for positive change.
2. View failure in a different light: see failure as an opportunity to learn from your
experiences and apply what you have learned next time around.
3. Cultivate your self-awareness: work on becoming more aware of your talents,
strengths, and weaknesses; gather feedback from those who know you best and put
it together for a comprehensive view of yourself.
4. Be curious and commit to lifelong learning: try to adopt the attitude of a child,
looking at the world around you with awe and wonderment; ask questions and truly
listen to the answers.
5. Get friendly with challenges: know that if you mean to accomplish anything
worthwhile, you will face many challenges on your journey; prepare yourself for
facing these challenges, and for failing sometimes.
6. Do what you love and love what you do: it’s much easier to succeed when you are
passionate about what you’re doing; whether you cultivate love for what you
already do or focus on doing what you already love, developing passion is
important.
7. Be tenacious: it takes a lot of hard work to succeed, but it takes even more than
working hard—you must be tenacious, weathering obstacles and getting back up
after each time you fall.
8. Inspire and be inspired by others: it can be tempting to envy others when they
succeed, especially if they go farther than you, but it will not help you to succeed;
commit to being an inspiration to others and use the success of others to get
inspiration as well (Zimmerman, 2016 in Ackerman, 2019).
Goal-setting Theory (Locke)
Goal setting as mentioned is one of the central keys towards success. In the search
for strong assertion regarding the importance of having goals, Dr. Edwin Locke pioneered
research on goal setting and motivation and founded a theory of Task Motivation and
Incentives. He found out that having clear goals and appropriate feedbacks will motivate
employees to reach their goals, thus, improved performance. He also found out that the
more difficult the goals are, the more motivated the person to work harder. It means, easy
goals, less motivating; hard goals, more motivating. Dr. Locke together with his
companion, Dr. Latham listed five (5) principles of setting goals:
1. Setting clear goals. Goals should be SMART (specific, measurable, attainable,
realistic, time bounded).
2. Setting challenging goals.
3. Securing team commitment. This is applicable when working with a group
wherein the goals should be negotiated first to all members and approval be sought so that
involvement is voluntarily offered.
4. Gaining feedback. This is to keep track with the progress made.
5. Considering task complexity. Reassess the goals whether it’s reachable within
the time allotted. Modifications could be made if necessary so that it would be manageable
(Locke, 1990 in Ariola, 2018).
Goal-setting theory of Locke aims to reach success through performance which
started with sound goals that are challenging enough to motivate, with commitment to go
on with the assessed progress or challenges, and ready to modify or make a twist if needed.
Have you re-examined your goals based on the tips given by Locke? Or have you
set a long term goal? If not, now is the time to do it if you want to succeed. According to
Maxwell (2017), “Though you cannot go back and make a brand new start, my friend,
anybody can start from now and make brand new end!”
Fill in each circle with your five-year goal.
Material Self
Political Self Physical Self

5 years
from
now, I...
Sexual Self
(C. Self and Stress Management)
Objectives:
Source: freepik.com
1. Explain the effects of stress on one’s health;

2. Examine a cultural dimension of stress and coping;
3. Design self-care plan; and
4. Develop self-health consciousness.
Introduction:
Nobody is an exception to stress. In fact, young generations like you used the term
as an expression for any inconvenient experienced either health threatening or not. “I feel
stress today coz I’m super late!” “Nakakastress yong questions ni Prof!” “I hate waiting,
it’s so stressful!” “Di sya nagchat kagabi bes, ‘am stress!” Those are examples of
millennial utterances whenever such life events occur. Superficially, those are just minor,
annoying events, so shallow, yet if not dealt well will fall into a serious life shaking
episode. In Rasco (2015), stress have been defined as one’s reaction or response to changes
or challenges that threaten his/her state of equilibrium. Psychologists did not define stress
right away as life-threatening but is subjective on how a person sees and deals with a
situation. Can you still recall the most stressful event you’ve experienced? What did you
do to overcome such experience? Keep reading to understand more about this trending
issue.
Stress and Human Response
How do human bodies respond to stressors (causes of stress)? In a study conducted

by Hans Selye, a Canadian medical researcher, it was found out that the body
reacts similarly with any threat which could either be infection, injury or psychological
stress. To him, any stressors the body uses its defences to ward off the threat through three
(3) stages he called general adaptation syndrome (GAS):
1. Alarm reaction – The sympathetic division of the nervous system increases
heart rate and blood pressure, diverts blood away from digestion and into the skeletal
muscle, increases perspiration and prepares the body for a physical struggle. The body will
either have a fight-or-flight reaction: to fight with the stressor or run away from it. in this
level, prolonged stress results to general muscle tension, stomach aches, headaches and
other feelings of sickness (Maier & Watkins, 1998 in Lahey, 2001).
2. Resistance stage – Resistance to the stress is high in this second stage as the
body’s resources have been fully mobilized. However, if new stress is met, the body is less
able to deal with it, causing a person more vulnerable to physical stress.
3. Exhaustion stage – The last stage which can be considered as the worst one if
there is a continuous stress. The stress resistance is at its lowest as there’s depletion in the
body’s resources. With severe physical stress leading to different diseases, death may occur
(Selye, 1976 in Lahey 2001).
The third stage of the GAS by Selye is quite alarming, especially if the ways to
cope with the stress is not acted right away. Some researchers however claimed that the
body’s reactions to stressors are subjective. Others perceived stress as challenging, needed
to be defeated in order to feel successful. It could also serve to others as an evaluation
mechanism in order to become strong (eustress). But for some, stressors are really life
threatening (distress), that if possible be avoided. It simply shows that different people
react differently to different stressors.
What are these stressors? Stressors can be classified as external and internal.
External are events or situations occurring in an individual that may affect his/her emotions
or sense of being. Internal are those from within and is triggered by personal standards,
motives and regards. Stressors according to Aquino and Vigonte (2015) are:
1. Catastrophic events – large hurricanes, wars.
2. Major life changes, positive or negative – marriage, divorce, death of parent, a
new job.
3. Minor hassles – standing in line, traffic jams, noisy environment.
4. Frustrations – experience of being thwarted when trying to achieve a goal.
5. Conflict – occurs when people have two or more incompatible desires or
motives.
6. Pressure – occurs when people feel compelled to behave in a particular way
because of expectations set by themselves or others.
The first three are more of external as it originated from the person’s environment
while the last three are internal as the effects are based on the person’s perceptions and
reactions regarding those that are produced externally.
Techniques to Conquer Chronic Stress
Chronic stress are those that are recurring. Learning through experiences is the key
and coping is its best action. Notwithstanding, to cope is to combat using different coping
strategies. As discussed previously, unattended minor stress may escalate and may become
so taxing. Psychologists and life coaches suggest varied techniques to counter stress.
Rasco (2015) adapted three (3):
1. Problem-focused. Proper timing is needed to face the stressor so the person may
either alter his/her interaction with the environment causing stress or avoid first the
environment where the stressors are found.
2. Emotion-focused. Changing the usual emotion in reacting to a stressor in order
to produce a positive effect: to look at stressors positively.
3. Social support. The stronger the social system, the greater possibility to combat
stress with flying colors. Family members, peers and significant others are strategic
mechanism to reduce if not totally eliminate chronic stress.
Trajeco & Gappi (2003), also listed five (5) ways on how to effectively cope with
stress:
1. Turn threat into a challenge.
2. Make a threatening situation less threatening. It is more of discovering
something good in negative situation.
3. Change one’s goal.
4. Take physical action. Alter basic physiological process such as exercise and
change of diet that reduce blood pressure, heart rate and other stress effects.
5. Prepare for stress before it happens.
There are still more tips to manage or cope with stress but you have to remember
that the results may vary from one person to another. What is effective to you may not be
effective to others. But one thing is sure, as written in Psalm 30:5, “weeping may endure
for a night, but joy comes in the morning.” Steve Miller (2006) pointed out that you should
not lose hope, for no matter how bad life becomes, there are still many blessings that you
should thank God for.
The Cultural Dimension of Stress and Coping: Filipino and Stress
Culture all over the world as discussed previously differs. The way people from
different places face life adversities differently due to diverged cultural perceptions based
on the standards set. In a research study conducted by Tweed, et al (2004), regarding the
cross cultural coping responses to stressful life events showed that East Asian people tend
to engaged in more internally targeted control of stress coping which include accepting the
problem, waiting, distancing, self-control and accepting responsibility. The Western
English speaking people on the other hand utilized self-enhancing interpretive control to
cope with stressors.
How about the Filipinos’ coping mechanism during stress? The same with people
all over the world, Filipinos have a lot of stressors: within the family, community,
workplace, country as a whole and within the person himself/herself. Although the Filipino
value of resiliency helps a lot in facing crises in life accompanied with adaptability to
situations so as not to succumb to a more physical, physiological and psychological effects,
not all Filipinos are highly spirited and not be inflicted with life imbalances. The strategies
might differ but in general, the close family ties among Filipinos is a strong support system
during difficult times, hence, the Filipinos idiomatic expression of “walang iwanan.”
According to Michael Tan (2006), the Filipinas way of combating stress is through “tiis”
(endurance) and “kimkim”(repression). Women also found solace in sharing their
problems with others and by pouring out what hurt them
through crying. The men on the other hand tackled stress by going out with friends and
plunged their selves into drinking sprees to temporarily forget about stressful events in their
lives. Men are considered strong and so, to cry means cowardice. Tan added that Filipinos
often complained of recurring headaches, abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue and dizziness
which medical doctors claimed that such are only in the mind. But at the psychological
side, these are considered as somatization symptoms which means physiological effects of
stress. The same thing with “bangungot” which according to Tan, should be understood
as stress- related ailment or symptom and as observed, usually occurs among men.
It can be noted that there are gender specific coping mechanism to stress. However,
the personality counts more in adapting to unpleasant situation. In a study conducted by
Taylor (2006, in Rathus, 2014), men are found to be more likely to respond to stress than
women because of the hormone testosterone, a hormone that mitigates oxytocin. Thus,
women outlive men in terms of coping with stress, because the natural tendency of women
to care and love makes them highly tolerant to stress. This study is true to all culture when
it is based on the biological components of the human body, but the actual manifestations
should be given in-depth study.
According to Miller (2006), humans’ emotions are so powerful and that negative
feelings can distort positive truths. In that sense, when you are down, the best thing to do
is to focus your mind on God’s truths and not on your own feelings. “ Feelings change all
the time. God’s truth never changes. Where are you placing your trust?”
Self-care Therapy
“Take care!” This is a common message of concern used by Filipinos when ending
an online chat, conversation or wishing somebody for a good health. To take care of own
self against unlikeable situation leading to health problems requires self-discipline and
determination. At present, researches and medical breakthroughs opened the doors for
modern ways of treating stress-related illness. Pharmaceutical companies discovered and
produced medical drugs as stress relievers, but drug therapy and therapeutic sessions with
health practitioners are expensive. It is really true to follow the adage, “an ounce of
prevention is better than a pound of cure.” Stress is inevitable but it’s worsened state
when not attended properly is detestable. Stress management is necessary to keep going
everyday despite of challenging events that may arise. This is about taking charge of
everything in life, from lifestyle to thoughts, emotions and responses to challenges. Roizen
(1999, in Lahey 2001), formulated essential advices to follow in living younger and longer:
Some Healthy Behaviours Related to Feeling Younger and Living Longer
Eating and Drinking

Eat a low-calorie and low-fat diet of variety of foods that are high in nutrients.
Eat products made from soy beans (not including soy sauce).
Eat fish that are rich in omega 3 fatty acids, such as salmon at least once a week.
Drink at least 8 glasses of water every day.
Eat breakfast every day.
Eat foods every day that are rich in vitamins B6, C, D, E, folate, calcium or take
supplements of these nutrients.
Avoid needless vitamin and mineral supplements (especially avoid vitamin A and iron,
unless prescribed by a physician).
Avoid diets (eat sensibly all the time).
Drink alcohol in moderation (about one drink per day for most people who are not at risk
for alcohol abuse), but never drink in excess.
Exercising
Exercise regularly (walking vigorously 30 minutes a dy, or the equivalent).
Build stamina by engaging in aerobic exercise that breaks a sweat three times a week.
Build muscle strength by lifting weights or engaging in other strength training three times
a week for 10 minutes.
Health habits
Brush your teeth and floss daily (periodontal disease harms the immune system and
contributes significantly to heart disease).
Get a good night’s sleep (8 hours for men, 7 hours for women).
Get 10-20 minutes of sun each day to produce active Vitamin D (but wear sunscreen,
especially for longer exposure).
Wear seat belts and have airbags in automobiles.
Live in an area with clean air (low levels of ozone, hydrocarbons, and particular matter).
Sex
Have a safe sex (avoid casual sex and use condoms).
Have more frequent orgasms (increase from the average US rate of 60 per year to 120 per
year).
Stress and social support

Avoid high levels of stress or manage stress well.
Live with your financial means and avoid bankruptcy.
Develop good social support from family and friends.
Weight and cardiac health

Maintain a steady desirable weight.
Keep your blood pressure low (below 140/90 and ideally to 115/76.
Lower your cholesterol (total cholesterol below 240 mg/dl and high density or “good”
cholesterol at/dl 40 mg/dl or higher).
Tobacco and drugs

Don’t smoke or use any type of tobacco product.
Don’t work or live in an environment that is filled with smoke (passive exposure is as
dangerous as smoking).
Avoid use of other drugs.
*Based on Roizen, M.F (1999). Real age: Are you as young as you can be? New
York: HarperCollins.
The above suggestions are general and discretion for items applicable depends on
you.
A study conducted to nearly 7000 adults in California revealed a dramatic
relationship between health practices and morality (Belloc, 1973; Breslow & Enstrom,
1980; Lahey 2001). Seven (7) positive good health practices were given to the respondents
for them to choose and count if how many among the items they honestly engaged their
selves in.
1. Moderate or no use of alcohol
2. Sleeping seven to eight hours nightly
3. Never or rarely eating between meals
4. Being at or near your ideal weight for your height
5. Regular exercise
6. Never smoking cigarettes
7. Eating breakfast almost everyday
Result showed an alarming conclusion that those individuals who engaged in zero
to three positive health practices were considerably more likely to have died in the first 5
½ years of the study, compared to those who engaged in six to seven positive health
practices. The death rate of the group who engaged in zero to three positive health practices
was twice as high compared to the group who practiced six to seven positive health
practices when studied after 9 ½ years.
How about you? How many of the above good health practices you engaged
yourself in? The result of the study shared to you aims not to scare but to give awareness
that lifestyle really affects longevity.
Dr. Susan Kraus Whitbourne (in Ariola, 2018) listed six (6) ways to take better
care of yourself:
1. Recognize signs of distress in your mood and behaviour.
2. Establish a balance between your personal needs and work or family-related demands.
3. Maintain a sense of humor.
4. Spend quality time with friends and family.
5. Develop an alternative, self-absorbing but healthy activity.
Cruz & and Cruz (2016) shared thoughts to ponder regarding the need for knowing
what you want in life for you to channel and re channel your focus towards a better life.
“When I was 5 years old, my mom always told me that happiness was the key to
life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grow up. I wrote
down, ‘happy.’ They told me I didn’t understand the assignment and I told them they didn’t
understand life.” – Unknown
(Activity adapted from Rasco,2015).
: A. Identify the terms described below. Write your answers on the boxes.
1. An event or a thing that could cause physical or psychological

imbalance -
2. A body response which mobilizes itself to flee from a

threatening
stimulus
3. A person’s course of action regarding the causes or effects of

stress ---- ----
4. Repeated difficulty falling asleep or difficulty staying asleep
5. Internal emotional dilemma when a person is making difficult

choices
B. Join a group of 4 – 5 members. Discuss within your group the
things or events that could make you feel stress. List down five causes and
five effects of stress common to all the members.
Causes Effects
C. With your group, you need scratch papers and a lively music.
Individually, think of a stressful event in your life then squeeze the scratch
paper as tight as you can, then throw the paper in the trash can and share
your feelings with your group. Write down your experience after doing the
activity.
After five minutes, choose a lively music. Together with your group mates,
dance as if nobody is watching, shaking your worries and stressful events
away (do this for three minutes). Share your feelings with your group. Write
down your experience after doing the activity.
References
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UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self

(A. Physical Self)

Objectives: Source: all-about-pschology.com

1. Draw out from Filipino students their self-concepts on beauty;

How would you describe a person who is beautiful or handsome? Is being

Untangling Meshed Thoughts…

Self Concept and Beauty

Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-esteem

Source: gethair.co.uk Source: yocee.in

A. Finish the lines with honest answers.

1. Discuss the developmental aspect of the reproductive system;

Untangling Meshed Thoughts…

Biological Sexual Characteristics and Development

Sexual Orientations and Behaviour

The Chemistry of Lust and Love

Family Planning and Population Education

 Enables her to regain her health after delivery.

 Healthy mothers produce healthy children.

 Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.

Prevents the >99% with

Thickens 99% with correct

Thickens >99% with

injectables or into the muscle, release of correct and bleeding common,

The patch and the

Copper Longer and heavier

each day menstrual bleeding)

Forms a 98% with correct

Sheaths, or 90% with correct

>99% after 3 3 months delay in

Permanent Eggs are

Temporary 99% with correct A temporary family

returned; requires (ovulation) commonly used fertility

of bed observing during fertile (Trussell, 2009) fertile period has

96% with correct Difficult to use if a

Women track 98% with correct

Untangling Meshed Thoughts…

Possessions and the Extended Self

Let’s Think & Try!

2. Describe the effects of disorder to Rebecca’s life.

3. What insights did Rebecca learn from her experience?

2. Express one’s self in relation with religious beliefs;

4. Manifest open-mindedness to one’s choice of beliefs and religion.

Untangling Meshed Thoughts…

Religions and Rituals

World Religious Beliefs and Practices

Finding and Creating Meaning in Life

Let’s Think & Try!

3. Describe a Filipino’s political self in the lens of indigenous people; and

Untangling Meshed Thoughts…

Political Self, Defined

Who is a Filipino Through Values and Traits?

A Filipino’s Political Self in the Lens of the Philippine Indigenous People

As mentioned, a Filipino‘s political culture is grounded from his/her mixed native

Let’s Think & Try!

A. Write a poem about being a Filipino. Make your own title.

Untangling Meshed Thoughts…

Selective Self Presentation and Impression Management

Source: Digital 2019 Philippines (January 2019) v01

Let’s Think & Try!

Objectives: Source: lplearningcenter.com

1. Explain how learning occurs;

2. Enumerate various metacognition and studying techniques; and

Untangling Meshed Thoughts…