Unseen and pervasive, addiction silently threatens

our society, affecting people of all backgrounds.

From substances to behaviors, its
consequences…..devastating.
The urgent need to acknowledge and address this
hidden danger is more crucial than ever….
 Investigatory Project
On

Drug Addiction

Amith Varughese Thomas

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to offer my most sincere gratitude to this establishment due to which I took an
interest in creating this project. I would like to thank the principal Mrs. Lalitha Suresh, the vice
principal Mrs. _____ and the senior school supervisors Mrs. Manoj and Mr. ____, without whom
this school would not be in its full glory.
I would like to thank my teacher of Psychology, Ms. _____ who has corrected and guided me to
make this project better and more refined. She has helped me to realize the full potential of this
case study.
The completion of this case study could not have been possible without the participation and
assistance of my subject and her family who have helped me in all ways possible with much
enthusiasm and no reserves.
I would also like to thank my parents who have brought me up and made me who I am. I thank
them for enduring through all the inconveniences I have caused them whilst creating this project.

Above all to the great Almighty, the author of knowledge and wisdom, for his countless love

CONTENT
1) Introduction
2) Methodology
3) Discussion
4) Result
5) Summary
 6) Bibliography

Introduction

Too often, we casually toss around the term "addiction" to

describe mere preferences or habits. However, we fail to grasp
the profound impact and seriousness it carries. True addiction
can unleash life-changing consequences for individuals, and it is
our responsibility to offer support to those who struggle with
this deadly condition.

Addiction can be described as harmful and compulsive reliance

on substances, leading to an inability to function without them.
Addictive substances vary widely, including alcohol, opioids,
cannabinoids, cocaine, caffeine, tobacco, and even lesser-known
stimulants like gasoline and spray paint.

According to World Drug Report in 2021, nearly 300 million

suffer from drugs related addictive disorders. In India we have
62.5 million people use alcohol, 8.75 million use cannabis, two
million use opiates, and 0.6 million use sedatives.

Those addicted to such stimulants often experience impaired

functioning as their bodies become reliant on the substances.
The drugs diminish their ability to resist cravings, presenting
significant challenges to self-control and making the process of
quitting even more difficult.
If taking drugs makes people feel good or better, what's the problem?

Initial drug use may create a perception of positive effects, along

with a belief in one's ability to control its use. However, over
time, drugs can gradually dominate a person's life. Other
enjoyable activities lose their appeal, and the individual relies on
the drug to feel a sense of normalcy. Despite the numerous
problems caused by drug use, controlling the urge to consume
becomes increasingly difficult. In some cases, individuals may
experience an escalating need for higher doses or more frequent
use, indicating the presence of addiction.
 Why do some people become addicted to drugs, while others do not?

The risk of developing an addiction differs from person to

person, and it is influenced by a combination of factors. No
single factor determines whether someone will become addicted
to drugs. Generally, having more risk factors increases the
likelihood of drug use and addiction, while protective factors
help reduce the risk. These factors can be either environmental
or biological in nature.
Risk Factors Protective Factors
Aggressive behavior in childhood Self-efficacy (belief in self-control)
Lack of parental supervision Parental monitoring and support
Low peer refusal skills Positive relationships
Drug experimentation Good grades
Availability of drugs at school School anti-drug policies
Community poverty Neighborhood resources

{put table on blank page}

Biological factors that lead to drug abuse

Genetics: Some genes make people more prone to addiction by affecting

how drugs are processed and their sensitivity to them.
Neurochemistry and Reward Pathway: Drugs increase the release of
dopamine, a brain chemical linked to pleasure. Repeated drug use can
disrupt this system, leading to tolerance and dependence.

Brain Structure and Function: Certain brain regions involved in

decision-making and emotions may be different in people with drug
abuse issues.

Neuroadaptation: The brain adjusts to repeated drug use, leading to

cravings and difficulties in quitting.

Gender Differences: Biological factors affect how men and women

respond to drugs due to hormonal and metabolic variations.

Environmental factors that lead to drug abuse

Environmental factors refer to elements associated with the

family, school, and neighborhood that can impact a person's
well-being. Certain factors increase the likelihood of individuals
being at risk, including:

Home and Family: The home environment, especially during

childhood, plays a crucial role. If parents or other family
members engage in drug use, alcohol misuse, or illegal
activities, it can heighten the chances of children developing
drug-related issues later in life.
Peer and School: As teenagers, the influence of friends and
peers becomes more significant. Even individuals without
existing risk factors may be influenced by peers who use drugs,
leading them to try drugs for the first time. Difficulties in school
or poor social skills can further increase a child's vulnerability to
drug use or addiction.

How do drugs work in the brain?

The brain, often likened to a complex computer, comprises

billions of interconnected neurons that form circuits and
networks. Acting as information switches, neurons transmit
signals to one another. When a neuron receives sufficient signals
from connected neurons, it fires and sends its own signal to
others in the circuit.

Neurons communicate by releasing neurotransmitters into the

synapse, the gap between neurons. These neurotransmitters
travel across the synapse and bind to receptors on the receiving
neuron, initiating changes within it. Transporters are responsible
for recycling neurotransmitters, bringing them back into the
neuron that released them, which helps regulate and control the
signal transmission between neurons.
Drugs impact the communication between neurons and the
processing of signals mediated by neurotransmitters. Some
drugs, like marijuana and heroin, mimic the structure of natural
neurotransmitters in the body, allowing them to activate
neurons. However, they do not activate neurons in the same way
as natural neurotransmitters, leading to abnormal messages
within the neural network.

Other drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can either cause

excessive release of natural neurotransmitters or interfere with
their normal recycling through transporters. This disturbance
amplifies or disrupts the usual communication between neurons.

Why are drugs more addictive than natural rewards?

When someone misuses drugs, their brain adapts by producing
fewer neurotransmitters in the reward circuit or reducing the
number of receptors that can receive signals. As a result, their
ability to feel pleasure from regular rewarding activities is
diminished.
Due to the brain's adaptation to drug misuse, individuals may
experience a diminished ability to feel pleasure from naturally
rewarding activities. As a result, they may feel flat, unmotivated,
and find it difficult to enjoy previously pleasurable experiences.
This creates a cycle where the person relies on drugs to attain a
normal level of reward, exacerbating the problem. Moreover,
tolerance develops, necessitating higher drug doses to achieve
the familiar high. These effects contribute to the challenges
faced by individuals caught in the grip of drug addiction.

What are the other health consequences of drug addiction?

Drug addiction often leads to various health issues, including

lung or heart disease, stroke, cancer, and mental health
conditions. Tests like imaging scans, chest X-rays, and blood
tests can detect the harmful effects of long-term drug use.

For instance, smoking tobacco can cause different types of

cancer, while methamphetamine can severely damage teeth,
leading to "meth mouth." Opioids carry the risk of overdose and
death. Inhalant abuse harms nerve cells in the brain and
peripheral nervous system.

Drug abuse also increases the risk of infections. Sharing

injection equipment and engaging in unsafe sexual practices can
result in HIV and hepatitis C. Injection drug use can cause heart
infections (endocarditis) and skin infections (cellulitis) due to
bacterial exposure.

Does drug use cause other mental disorders, or vice versa?

There is a frequent coexistence of drug use and mental illness.

Sometimes, mental disorders like anxiety, depression, or
schizophrenia precede addiction. On the other hand, drug use
can also trigger or worsen these mental health conditions,
particularly in individuals who are more vulnerable to such
effects.

In some cases, people with conditions like anxiety or depression

may turn to drugs as a way to alleviate their psychiatric
symptoms. However, this can ultimately worsen their mental
disorder over time and increase the likelihood of developing
addiction. It is crucial to address both the substance use and the
mental health condition simultaneously to achieve
comprehensive treatment.
Various Addictive Substances
Now that we have had a proper discussion on drug abuse and its
various ill effects, let us some commonly abused drugs, such as
alcohols, tobacco and nicotine.
Each category has its own risks and potential for misuse, which
can have serious consequences for individuals and society as a
whole.

Alcohol
Alcohol abuse is a prevalent form of substance abuse in the world,
ranking second only to tobacco addiction. However, not everyone is
affected to the same extent.

When an individual's drinking causes distress or harm, it is referred to as

an alcohol use disorder. These individuals experience health issues or
face difficulties in their personal lives, work, school, or legal matters.
Many of them have lost control over their drinking, unable to stop or
reduce consumption despite severe negative consequences to their health
and the loss of valued activities and relationships.

The reasons why some people develop alcohol abuse problems while
others do not are not completely understood. However, having a family
history of alcohol addiction increases a person's vulnerability to the
disorder. Children of parents who struggle with alcohol have a fourfold
increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder.

Early Signs

Early signs of alcohol abuse include drinking more than planned, despite
concerns from others, and attempting to cut down or quit drinking
without success. With continued alcohol abuse, tolerance develops,
leading to the need for more alcohol to achieve the desired effects or
intoxication.
Dependency on alcohol can result in withdrawal symptoms like
headache, nausea, anxiety, and fatigue when alcohol is unavailable. As
the abuse worsens, individuals may become preoccupied with alcohol
and experience blackouts, forgetting events that occurred while
intoxicated.

Personality changes may occur, with increased aggression and a decline

in functioning, affecting job performance and relationships. Heavy
drinkers may also experience tremors, panic attacks, confusion,
hallucinations, and seizures.

People with alcohol problems may frequently drink alone, using alcohol
to cope with stress or sleep issues. They may also engage in risky sexual
behavior and impaired driving. Additionally, they are at a higher risk of
developing dependence on other drugs. Recognizing these signs and
seeking help early is crucial to addressing alcohol-related issues and
promoting overall well-being.
Effects on the Body

Alcohol affects the brain's communication and can alter its appearance
and function. It impairs areas that control balance, memory, speech, and
judgment, leading to higher injury risks and negative consequences.
Long-term heavy drinking causes changes in neurons, including
reductions in their size.

Adolescent brains are more susceptible to the harmful effects of alcohol

compared to adult brains. Alcohol misuse during this critical period can
disrupt brain development, leading to lasting changes in both brain
structure and function.

Alcohol misuse can lead to alcohol-induced blackouts, where a person

experiences gaps in their memory of events that occurred while they
were intoxicated. This happens when alcohol temporarily blocks the
transfer of memories from short-term to long-term storage in a brain
region called the hippocampus, disrupting the process of memory
consolidation.
Drinking heavily despite obvious impairments can lead to an alcohol
overdose. This happens when there is an excessive amount of alcohol in
the bloodstream, causing essential brain functions like breathing, heart
rate, and temperature control to shut down. Symptoms of alcohol
overdose include confusion, difficulty staying conscious, vomiting,
seizures, breathing problems, slow heart rate, clammy skin, dulled
responses (like the absence of a gag reflex, which prevents choking), and
dangerously low body temperature. An alcohol overdose can result in
permanent brain damage or even death.

Over time, continuous alcohol consumption can cause progressive

changes in the structure and function of the brain. These changes can
impair brain function and lead to the development of alcohol use
disorder (AUD), where individuals struggle to control their drinking.
Those with moderate to severe AUD may experience alcohol addiction,
trapped in a cycle of dependence.

The brain's ability to return to normal after long-term sobriety is not

fully understood, but emerging research suggests that some alcohol-
induced brain changes and associated behaviors may improve or even
reverse with months of abstinence from drinking.
Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in brain damage, causing various
developmental, cognitive, and behavioral issues that may manifest at any
point during childhood. Alcohol can harm fetal development at any stage
of pregnancy, even before a woman realizes she is pregnant.
Statistics

The below graph show the current alcohol abuse related deaths

The below graph shows Alcohol consumption per country

Tobacco

For ages, tobacco has been popular and its use is significantly
increasing in spite of alarming health hazards. However, so far a
lot has been known about its disadvantages, but still tobacco is
grown, developed, advertised, marketed, and sold to earn a big
chunk of the financial cake. It is one of the great sources of
revenue for the government as excise duty.

Many research works in different countries have emphasized

potential detrimental effects of its use on almost all systems of
living beings, in whatever form it is used. Many times articles
are published in the newspapers, to develop awareness of its
effects. Print and electronic media are playing a dual role by
helping in promoting and popularizing tobacco / gutkha and
similar products and contrarily printing and showing the health
hazards.

History

Tobacco comes from the Nicotiana plant, native to North and South
America. Archeological evidence shows that the Maya people used
tobacco leaves for smoking in sacred ceremonies around the first century
BC. As the Maya community migrated northwards, tobacco use spread
to other tribes.

Native American shamans used tobacco in religious rites, and it was also
employed for medicinal purposes, treating various ailments like asthma,
fever, and burns.

When Columbus and others documented tobacco in different countries,

its use expanded to include pipes, cigars, and snuff. Portuguese and
Spanish sailors played a role in spreading tobacco use globally.

Today, tobacco is used in various forms worldwide. It is grown as a cash

crop in many countries, and major tobacco-producing nations include
China, the USA, India, and Brazil.
Early Signs

Common signs of tobacco addiction include:

 Needing more tobacco to feel satisfied.
 Experiencing withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability.
 Using larger amounts of tobacco than intended.
 Wanting to quit or reduce use but finding it difficult.
 Feeling intense cravings to use tobacco.
 Continuing to use tobacco despite awareness of the health risks and
consequences.

The physical symptoms of nicotine addiction result from withdrawal, occurring

when the brain can no longer produce enough dopamine and other chemicals
naturally. These symptoms can appear as quickly as two hours after not using
tobacco and are most severe within 2-3 days after quitting.

 Difficulty concentrating
 Anxiety and panic attacks
 Depression
 Sleep disturbances
 Irritability and frustration
 Increased appetite and weight gain.

Effects on the Body

Cigarette smoking has detrimental effects on nearly every organ
in the body. While nicotine itself is not a cancer-causing agent,
tobacco smoke contains at least 69 chemicals that are
carcinogenic, making smoking responsible for about 30 percent
of all cancer-related deaths. Smokers face twice the risk of
cancer-related death compared to non-smokers, and heavy
smokers have a fourfold greater risk.

Lung cancer is closely linked to cigarette smoking, with about

80 to 90 percent of all cases attributed to smoking. It is also the
leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women,
accounting for roughly 80 percent of lung cancer deaths. Other
cancers associated with smoking include those of the mouth,
pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, cervix, kidney,
bladder, and acute myeloid.

Aside from cancer, smoking leads to lung diseases like chronic

bronchitis and emphysema, worsening asthma symptoms in
adults and children. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is a significant risk for smokers, and although quitting
can repair some lung damage, COPD-related damage is
irreversible.

Smoking substantially increases the risk of heart diseases like

stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, and aneurysm.
Cardiovascular disease accounts for 40 percent of smoking-
related deaths. Smoking is also associated with various other
health conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation,
and impaired immune function. Even young smokers experience
reduced health-related quality of life compared to non-smokers.

Recent animal research suggests a potential link between

cigarette smoking and the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes
through a pathway involving the pancreas and a part of the brain
associated with nicotine intake.

History

Throughout history, people have been making alcohol using a process of

fermentation, where grains, fruit juice, or honey are fermented to
produce ethyl alcohol or ethanol. This ancient tradition dates back
thousands of years and has been practiced in various cultures across the
globe.
Evidence of fermented beverages can be found in early civilizations
such as ancient Egypt, China, and India. In Egypt, alcoholic beverages
were part of their culture, while in China, there are records of an
alcoholic drink dating as far back as 7000 B.C. In India, a rice-based
beverage called sura was enjoyed between 3000 and 2000 B.C.
In ancient Greece, mead, a fermented drink made from honey and water,
was widely consumed. Greek literature often warned against excessive
drinking, highlighting its recognition of the potential dangers of alcohol
abuse.
Native American civilizations also had their own unique fermented
beverages before the arrival of Europeans. In the Andes region of South
America, the indigenous people created "chicha," a drink made from
corn, grapes, or apples.

In the early 18th century, the British parliament passed a law promoting
the use of grain for distilling spirits. This led to a flood of cheap spirits
in the market, and by the mid-18th century, gin consumption in Britain
reached a staggering 18 million gallons, contributing to widespread
alcoholism.

During the 19th century, attitudes towards alcohol began to shift, and the
temperance movement emerged, advocating for moderate alcohol use.
This movement eventually gained momentum and pushed for total
prohibition.

In 1920, the United States implemented a law known as Prohibition,

which prohibited the manufacturing, sale, import, and export of
intoxicating liquors. However, this resulted in a booming illegal alcohol
trade, and by 1933, Prohibition was repealed.

Today, it is estimated that 15 million Americans suffer from alcoholism,

and alcohol is a contributing factor in 40% of all car accident deaths in
the United States. These statistics highlight the ongoing challenges and
negative consequences associated with alcohol abuse in modern society.
Statistics
The below graph shows Tobacco prevalence by age groups
The below graph shows the death rate due to tobacco across countries

Cocaine
Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant that directly affects the
brain. While it gained extensive popularity in the 1980s and
'90s, it is one of the oldest known drugs. Cocaine hydrochloride,
the pure chemical form, has been abused for over a century, and
coca leaves, the source of cocaine, have been ingested for
thousands of years.

On the streets, cocaine is sold as a fine, white, crystalline

powder, known as "coke," "C," "snow," "flake," or "blow."
Street dealers often mix it with inert substances like cornstarch,
talcum powder, or sugar, or they may adulterate it with other
drugs such as procaine (a related anesthetic) or stimulants like
amphetamines.

History

Cocaine comes from the leaves of coca plants (Erythroxylon

coca), native to South America. The use of coca leaves dates
back thousands of years, with evidence suggesting it may have
been used as early as 5000 years before the Christian era. Burial
sites in Peru dating back to 2500 BCE have revealed coca leaves
stockpiled for the deceased, possibly to aid them in the afterlife.
Additionally, there is evidence that our ancestors may have
utilized a liquid coca-leaf compound as an anesthetic during
brain surgery around 1500 BCE. The Incan word "kuka" for the
coca plant is the origin of our modern word "coca."

Early Signs

Signs of cocaine use encompass a range of observable behaviors

and physical symptoms:

 Excitability
 Dilated pupils
 Runny nose
 Weight loss
 Mood swings
 Social isolation
 Engaging in risky behaviors
 Nosebleeds
 Heightened confidence
 Talkative habits
 Changes in sleeping and eating patterns
 White powder residue around the nose and mouth
 Burn marks on the hands and lips
 Neglecting personal hygiene
 Financial difficulties
  Loss of interest in once-enjoyable activities
 Increased need for privacy
 Presence of drug paraphernalia like spoons, razor blades, and plastic baggies
in their room or pockets.

Effects on the Body

Dopamine plays a significant role in movement and reward

control, and cocaine increases its activity in the brain. It also
enhances norepinephrine activity, which influences various
brain functions like arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory,
and stress response.

Even small doses of cocaine lead to feelings of euphoria, mental

alertness, increased energy, and heightened sensitivity to touch,
sound, and sight. The drug's impact on dopamine reinforces
drug-seeking behavior.

Cocaine effects are rapid and short-lived, typically lasting from

a few minutes to an hour after a single dose. It constricts blood
vessels, dilates pupils, and increases heart rate, blood pressure,
and body temperature. Users may experience restlessness,
irritability, anxiety, paranoia, tremors, muscle twitches, and
vertigo as short-term effects.
In addition to the euphoria associated with cocaine, it also
induces increased energy and alertness. However, other potential
short-term effects can include panic attacks, psychosis, heart
rhythm disturbances, and erratic and violent behavior. Some
effects are more likely at higher doses or with repeated use as
individuals try to intensify their high.

Furthermore, any amount of cocaine taken at any time has the

potential to cause sudden death through events like strokes, heart
attacks, or seizures.

Statistics
The below graph shows cocaine related & cocaine and other drugs related deaths
Methodology
Here we shall talk about a interview conducted by the National Survey of Drug
Use and Health

Adrian, a resident of East Los Angeles, completed his high school education in
Montebello. Unfortunately, he couldn't finish college due to the influence of alcohol and
drugs, which led to addiction problems.
Adrian's exposure to alcohol began at a young age, just nine years old, and he started
using marijuana at fifteen, which eventually escalated into a serious addiction. His
upbringing was challenging as he was raised by a single mother who struggled with
alcoholism. He had two brothers; the oldest was favored as the "golden boy," while the
youngest suffered from autism. Adrian, being in the middle, faced the brunt of his
mother's abusive behavior.
Adrian's life was further complicated by multiple abusive marriages. He reported
experiencing physical and sexual abuse from his mother and later from his wives during
his four marriages. These experiences have likely contributed to his struggles with
addiction and mental health. The subject says that he is bipolar and has slight autism.
Adrian's sons are doing well in their lives, but they choose to ignore him because of his
alcohol and drug addiction. He used to attend therapy regularly, hoping for positive
results, but gradually stopped going. Adrian worked as a bartender, but his drinking
problem led to him getting fired from the job.
Alcohol is a major trigger for him, and it often leads to him using drugs, especially crack
cocaine. He reveals that addiction runs in his family, from his great grandmother's heavy
smoking to his mother and uncle's struggles with alcohol and drugs.
Despite the challenges he faces, Adrian takes pride in raising his children with
happiness and ensuring he breaks the cycle of abuse. However, he still feels worthless
and regrets not achieving more in life due to his addiction.

Indeed, family and childhood experiences play a significant role in

shaping a person's vulnerability to addiction. The early exposure to
substances, such as alcohol and drugs, can increase the likelihood of
developing an addiction later in life. Additionally, factors like genetics
and family history of addiction can further contribute to the risk.

As we've seen from Adrian's case, the impact of addiction on an

individual's life can be profound. It can lead to the breakdown of
relationships, loss of jobs, and overall negative consequences in various
aspects of life. Addiction can hinder personal growth and achievement,
leaving individuals feeling unfulfilled and struggling to reach their full
potential.

Understanding the complex interplay of these factors is crucial in

addressing addiction and its effects on individuals and society as a
whole. By recognizing the influence of family history, childhood
experiences, and other risk factors, we can take more informed and
compassionate approaches to prevention, treatment, and support for
those facing addiction-related challenges.

Discussion

We now shall discuss several experiments that are related to addiction to alcohol
and drugs.
Rat Park Experiment

Title: The Rat Park Experiment: Investigating the Role of Social

Environment in Drug Addiction
Objective: The aim of this experiment is to explore the influence of
social environment on drug addiction in rats, specifically focusing on the
impact of living conditions on drug-seeking behavior.
Participants: Lab rats (non-human subjects) will be used for this
experiment.
Experimental Groups:
Control Group: Rats housed in standard isolated cages with access to
two bottles of water—one containing plain water and the other water
laced with cocaine.
Rat Park Group: Rats housed in a larger, enriched environment (Rat
Park) with social interaction and various stimuli, also provided with two
bottles of water as in the control group.
Procedure:
The rats will be randomly assigned to either the Control Group or the
Rat Park Group.
Both groups will have access to two bottles of water—one containing
plain water and the other water laced with cocaine—for a specified
period (e.g., 10 days).
The amount of cocaine-laced water consumed by each rat will be
measured and recorded daily.
The rats' living conditions and behavior will be observed throughout the
experiment.
After the specified period, the rats' brains will be examined to analyze
the levels of proteins associated with reward circuitry.
Hypothesis: Rats in the Rat Park Group, living in a socially enriched
environment, will show reduced interest in cocaine-laced water
compared to the Control Group. It is predicted that the social
interactions and enriched stimuli in the Rat Park will serve as a
protective factor against drug-seeking behavior.
Expected Outcomes:
The Control Group rats are expected to consume more cocaine-laced
water, possibly leading to overdose-like behavior.
The Rat Park Group rats are expected to show reduced interest in
cocaine-laced water, indicating the influence of social environment on
drug-seeking behavior.
Analysis of brain proteins in the Rat Park Group is anticipated to reveal
a difference in levels compared to the Control Group, suggesting that the
enriched environment may impact the brain's reward circuitry.
Conclusion: The results of this experiment will provide insights into the
role of social environment in drug addiction among rats, challenging the
traditional focus on individual biology and drug effects on the brain.
Lee Robins' studies of heroin use among US Vietnam
veterans

Objective: This study aims to explore the influence of social environment on

addiction in human populations, drawing on evidence from Lee Robins'
groundbreaking studies among US soldiers during the Vietnam War.

Background: Lee Robins' research provided important evidence supporting the

validity of the Rat Park experiment, which emphasized the significance of social
environment in understanding addiction.

Participants: The participants in this study are US soldiers who were exposed to
heroin during the Vietnam War.

Method: Lee Robins conducted longitudinal studies among US soldiers to examine

their heroin use and addiction rates before, during, and after the Vietnam War.

Procedure:

Heroin use and dependence rates were assessed among soldiers while serving in
the war.
Upon their return to the United States, soldiers were reevaluated to determine
changes in heroin use and addiction rates.
Results:

Surprisingly, less than 1% of the soldiers relapsed to heroin addiction upon

returning home. Only about 10% of the soldiers tried heroin again, indicating a
significant decrease in heroin use compared to during their time in the war.
Conclusion: Lee Robins' studies demonstrated that social environment and life
circumstances play a critical role in addiction. The soldiers' reduced heroin use and
addiction rates upon returning home suggested that factors like social connections,
support systems, and changes in environment can have a profound impact on
addiction trajectories.

An experimental study on imitation of alcohol

consumption in same-sex dyads

Aim: The study aimed to understand how imitation influences alcohol

consumption in social settings by observing young adults in a bar lab.

Method: 135 young adults (52% women) were observed in a bar lab
where they were exposed to either a non-drinking, light-drinking, or
heavy-drinking person of the same sex (a confederate) for 30 minutes.
Participants had the choice to drink alcohol or non-alcoholic beverages.
Results: Participants consumed more alcohol when they were exposed to
heavy-drinking models compared to light- and non-drinking models. The
level of alcohol craving also influenced how much they drank during the
experiment.

Conclusion: Both men and women tend to imitate the drinking behavior
of their same-sex peers in natural bar settings.

The Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Cocaine-

Seeking Behavior.

Objective: This study aims to investigate whether prior exposure to alcohol

influences the desire for cocaine in lab rats and explore the underlying
neurobiological mechanisms.
Participants: Forty adult male lab rats were used in the experiment.
Experimental Design:
1. Randomization: Rats were randomly assigned to two groups - the Alcohol
group and the Control group.
2. Alcohol Exposure: The Alcohol group was given access to a 10-day period
of voluntary alcohol consumption, while the Control group had no access to
alcohol during this time.
3. Cocaine Exposure: After the alcohol exposure period, all rats from both
groups were given cocaine to assess their desire for the drug.
4. Operant Conditioning Test: Rats were trained to press a lever that delivered
cocaine as a reward. The number of lever presses made by each rat was
recorded.
5. Pain Endurance Test: To assess the motivation for cocaine, a mild shock was
administered to the rats while pressing the lever to measure their willingness
to endure discomfort for cocaine.
 6. Protein Analysis: After completing the behavioral tests, the rats' brains were
examined to assess the levels of two proteins known to regulate reward
circuitry.
Data Analysis: A between-groups analysis was performed to compare the lever
presses and pain endurance between the Alcohol and Control groups. A protein
analysis was conducted to compare the levels of the two proteins in the rats' brains.
Expected Outcome: The researchers hypothesize that rats exposed to alcohol prior
to cocaine administration will exhibit increased desire for the drug, as evidenced
by higher lever presses and greater willingness to endure pain. Additionally, the
Alcohol group is expected to show reduced levels of the two proteins in their
brains, indicating alterations in reward circuitry regulation.

Children's Perceptions of Smoking Addiction: A

Qualitative Study

Title: Children's Perceptions of Smoking Addiction: A Qualitative Study

Objective: This study aimed to explore children's understanding of smoking
addiction and its implications for their intentions regarding smoking
experimentation.
Participants: The study included 46 non-smoking children aged 9-10 years from
four primary schools in Western Australia.
Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted individually with the children,
focusing on their thoughts about smoking, addiction, and intentions related to
smoking.
Results:
1. Smoking and Addiction: Children associated smoking with addiction,
describing it as a habit that is difficult to stop. Some mentioned nicotine as
the addictive substance in cigarettes, while others attributed addiction to the
allure of smoking and liking its taste.
2. Nature of Addiction: Children viewed addiction as being hooked on
smoking due to the number of cigarettes smoked or the duration of smoking.
Some believed addiction could set in after smoking as few as one or two
cigarettes, while others thought it required smoking a larger quantity over a
longer period.
3. Addiction Onset: Children's beliefs about addiction onset varied. Some
thought it could happen quickly, while others believed it required more time
and perseverance.
4. Intention to Smoke and Addiction: Although children expressed negative
views of smoking, some were curious and wanted to experiment with
smoking. However, those with a deeper understanding of addiction were
more committed to never trying smoking.
Conclusion: Children in this study displayed varying understandings of smoking
addiction, with some associating it with nicotine, while others emphasized the
liking of cigarettes. Their perceptions of addiction influenced their intentions
regarding smoking experimentation.
Factors Influencing Drug Addiction in Various Experiments

The five experiments presented in this discussion provide valuable insights into the
complex nature of drug addiction and the multitude of factors that can influence
this behavior. These factors can be broadly categorized into environmental, drug-
related, cognitive, and social factors, each playing a significant role in shaping
drug addiction outcomes.
1. Rat Park Experiment: The Rat Park Experiment focused on the impact of
social environment on drug addiction in rats. The results demonstrated that
rats living in an enriched and social environment (Rat Park) showed reduced
interest in cocaine-laced water compared to rats in isolated cages. This
experiment highlighted the influence of the environment on drug-seeking
behavior. The enriched environment with social interaction and various
stimuli served as a protective factor against drug-seeking behavior. The
social and environmental factors in Rat Park played a crucial role in shaping
the rats' drug consumption patterns.
2. Lee Robins' Studies of Heroin Use Among US Vietnam Veterans: Lee
Robins' studies among US Vietnam veterans revealed surprising findings
regarding heroin use and addiction rates. The social environment during and
after the war played a significant role in shaping addiction outcomes. The
study showed that the majority of soldiers did not continue their heroin use
or develop addiction once they returned home. This suggested that changes
in environment and social circumstances influenced addiction trajectories.
 Factors such as support systems, social connections, and opportunities for
drug use contributed to the reduced rates of heroin addiction among the
veterans.
3. Imitation of Alcohol Consumption in Same-Sex Dyads: The experiment on
imitation of alcohol consumption in young adults highlighted the role of
social influence on alcohol consumption behavior. Participants imitated the
drinking behavior of their same-sex peers, demonstrating the power of social
modeling in shaping drinking patterns. The presence of heavy-drinking
models led to increased alcohol consumption among participants. The
findings suggest that social norms and peer behavior significantly impact
alcohol consumption in social settings.
4. The Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Cocaine-Seeking Behavior: This
study investigated the influence of prior alcohol exposure on the desire for
cocaine in lab rats. The experiment revealed that rats exposed to alcohol
prior to cocaine administration exhibited increased desire for the drug, as
evidenced by higher lever presses and greater willingness to endure pain for
cocaine. The experiment highlighted the potential interaction between
different drugs and how the consumption of one substance may influence the
seeking behavior of another.
5. Children's Perceptions of Smoking Addiction: A Qualitative Study: The
qualitative study on children's perceptions of smoking addiction provided
insights into cognitive factors influencing smoking intentions. Children's
beliefs about addiction, nicotine, and the allure of smoking influenced their
thoughts about smoking experimentation. The study emphasized the
importance of understanding children's cognitive representations of
addiction to develop effective prevention strategies.

Result

These experiments reveal that drug addiction is influenced by multiple

factors, including environmental conditions, social interactions, drug
types, and cognitive perceptions. Peer influence and social modeling
also play a pivotal role in shaping drug consumption patterns. These
findings highlight the complex interplay of environmental, drug-related,
cognitive, and social factors in determining addiction outcomes.
To effectively address drug addiction, a holistic approach is crucial,
encompassing prevention and intervention efforts that consider all these
influences. Creating environments and social structures that discourage
drug use while promoting healthy behaviors and support systems is
essential. By considering this intricate web of factors, targeted strategies
can be developed to reduce drug-related harm and improve public health
outcomes.

Summary

This investigatory project explores drug abuse, focusing on alcohol,

tobacco, and cocaine, while highlighting their detrimental effects on
individuals and society. It emphasizes the influence of family history
and early exposure in alcohol addiction and the harmful impact of
alcohol on the brain and overall health. The experiments showcased
delve into the impact of social environments on drug addiction, with the
Rat Park Experiment demonstrating how enriched environments can
reduce drug-seeking behavior in rats. Lee Robins' studies among
Vietnam veterans reveal how changes in social environment after the
war decreased heroin use and addiction rates. Additionally, an
experiment shows that prior alcohol exposure increases the desire for
cocaine in rats. Furthermore, a study on children's perceptions of
smoking addiction underscores how cognitive perceptions influence
intentions regarding smoking experimentation. In conclusion, the data
illustrates the complex interplay of environmental, social, cognitive, and
drug-related factors in shaping addiction outcomes, emphasizing the
significance of holistic approaches in prevention and intervention
efforts.