MATHEMATICS FOR ARCHITECTS AND

DESIGNERS
B. ARCH/ B. ID. MATH-141 (2 CR. HR.)
WEEK-7

Instructor
Dr. Adnan Aslam
Associate Professor SEECS- NUST.
Ph.D. in Mathematics
 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

❖Related rates problems

❖Extreme values
❖optimization
1. RELATED RATES OF CHANGE

Section 3.7
 STEPS TO FOLLOW
1. Draw figure and name the variables.
2. Write down the given information in mathematical form.
3. Write down in mathematical form what you are asked to find.
4. Write an equation that relates the variables.
5. Differentiate the equation w.r.t time ‘t’.
6. Evaluate resulting equation using known values to find unknown rate.
7. Interpret the answer in words.
EXAMPLE 1
A man walks along a straight path at a speed of 𝟒 𝒇𝒕/𝒔. A searchlight is
located on the ground 𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 from the path and is kept focused on the man.
At what rate is the searchlight rotating when the man is 𝟏𝟓 𝒇𝒕 from the
point on the path closest to the searchlight?
 EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION
Step 1: Figure: Closet point to
the light 𝑥

20 𝑓𝑡

𝜃
EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑡
Step 2: Given: =4
𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑑𝜃
Step 3: To find: when 𝑥 = 15 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Step 4:
𝑥
tan 𝜃 =
20
Step 5:
Differentiating w.r.t ′𝑡 ′
2
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑡 20 𝑑𝑡
 EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION
Step 6:
𝑑𝜃 2
1 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 20 𝑑𝑡

202 400 16
2
𝑥 = 15 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2 2
= =
15 + 20 625 25
At 𝑥 = 15,
𝑑𝜃 16 1 16
= 4= = 0.128 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 25 20 125
Step 7:
𝑟𝑎𝑑
The searchlight is rotating at the rate 0.128 and angle of search light is
𝑠
increasing.
 EXAMPLE 2
At noon, ship A is 150 𝑘𝑚 west of ship B. Ship A is sailing east at 35 𝑘𝑚/ℎ and ship B is
sailing north at 25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. How fast is the distance between the ships changing at 4:00
P.M.?
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
C

Figure:
𝑦
z

𝑥 150 − 𝑥

A 150 𝑘𝑚 B
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
Given: 𝐴𝐵 = 150
𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝑚 dy km
= 35 , = 25
𝑑𝑡 ℎ dt h
To find:
𝑑𝑧
𝑎𝑡 4: 00𝑝𝑚 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡 = 4
𝑑𝑡
From the figure
𝑧 2 = 150 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
Differentiating w.r.t,
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑧 = 2 150 − 𝑥 −1 + 2𝑦 …………………… 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
At 𝑡 = 4,
𝑥 = 4 35 = 140
150 − 𝑥 = 150 − 140 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4 25 = 100
𝑧 = 102 + 1002 = 10100
Thus, substituting values in 1 ,
𝑑𝑧
10100 = −10 35 + 100 25
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧 1
= −10 35 + 100 25 = 21.39 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑑𝑡 10100
Distance between the ships is increasing at the rate 21.39 km/h.
QUESTION

Sand falls from a conveyor belt at the rate of 10 m3/min onto the top of a
conical pile. The height of the pile is always three-eighths of the base
diameter. How fast is the radius changing when the pile is 4 meters high?
EXERCISE:

Thomas Calculus: 11th Edition

Example 1,2,3,4, Q1 to Q23, Q27 to Q38.

 CHAPTER 4: APPLICATIONS OF
DERIVATIVES

Section: 4.1,4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6

Text Book: Thomas’ Calculus (11th Ed)

15
EXTREME VALUES OF A FUNCTION Section: 4.1,4.3,4.4,4.5

16
 IN THIS TOPIC WE WILL STUDY
Why do we study extreme values of a function?
Definition of extreme values.
Critical points.
First derivative test for extreme values.
Second derivative test for extreme values.
Concavity.
Point of inflection and Second derivative test.
Sketching of a function.
Optimization: Application of extreme values.

17
 WHY DO WE STUDY EXTREME VALUES?
Some of the most important applications of differential calculus are
optimization problems. In these problems, we are required to find the optimal
(best) way of doing something.
For example:
1. Many practical problems require us to minimize a cost or maximize an area
or somehow find the best possible outcome of a situation.
2. What is the radius of a contracted windpipe that expels air most rapidly
during a cough?

18
 DEFINITION: Section :4.1, 4.3
EXTREME VALUES OF FUNCTIONS
19
 TYPES OF EXTREME VALUES

1. Local or Relative extreme values

2. Absolute or Global Extreme Values

20
LOCAL OR RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES
Local Maximum
No greater value of
𝑓 nearby.

Local
Minimum
No smaller
value of 𝑓
nearby.

21
 DEFINITION: LOCAL OR RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES
Local Maximum value
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a continuous function with domain 𝐷 = [𝑎, 𝑏]. Then
𝑓 has local maximum value at an interior point 𝑐 of its domain if
𝑓 𝑐 ≥ 𝑓 𝑥 for all 𝑥 in some open interval containing c.
Local Minimum value
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a continuous function with domain 𝐷 = [𝑎, 𝑏]. Then
𝑓 has local minimum value at an interior point 𝑐 of its domain if
𝑓 𝑐 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 for all 𝑥 in some open interval containing c.
The local minimum and maximum values are called Local/Relative
Extrema. 22
ABSOLUTE OR GLOBAL EXTREME VALUES

23
DEFINITION: ABSOLUTE OR GLOBAL EXTREME VALUES
Absolute Maximum value
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a continuous function with domain 𝐷 = 𝑎, 𝑏 . Then
𝑓 has an absolute maximum value on its domain D at a point 𝑐 if
𝑓 𝑐 ≥ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝐷.
Absolute Minimum value
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a continuous function with domain 𝐷 = 𝑎, 𝑏 . Then
𝑓 has an absolute minimum value on its domain D at a point 𝑐 if
𝑓 𝑐 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝐷.
The absolute minimum and maximum values are called
Absolute/Global Extrema.

24
LOCAL AND ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
Absolute Extrema are also Relative Extrema.

Functions with the same defining rule can have different

extrema depending on the domain.

25
 THE EXTREME VALUE THEOREM FOR ABSOLUTE EXTREMA

If 𝑓 is continuous on a closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 , then 𝑓 attains both an absolute

maximum value M and an absolute minimum value m in 𝑎, 𝑏 . That is there
are number 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 in 𝑎, 𝑏 , with 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑚 and 𝑓 𝑥2 = 𝑀, and 𝑚 ≤
𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑀 for every other 𝑥 in [𝑎, 𝑏].

26
THE EXTREME VALUE THEOREM
If function is not continuous on the domain D then 𝑓(𝑥) may or may not
have extreme values on that interval. •

a c d b
a c d b

𝑓 is discontinuous and does not

𝑓 is discontinuous and have
have absolute maxima.
absolute maxima as 𝑓(𝑐).

27
FIRST DERIVATIVE THEOREM FOR INCREASING AND DECREASING
FUNCTIONS

Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on a closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and

differentiable on open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).

If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 at each point 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)then 𝑓is increasing on(𝑎, 𝑏).

If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0 at each point 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)then 𝑓is decreasing on(𝑎, 𝑏).

28
 EXAMPLES 𝑓′ < 0
𝑓′ > 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 has derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥.
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 on (0, ∞), so function is
increasing on 0, ∞ .
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0 on (−∞, 0), so function is
decreasing on(−∞, 0).
𝑓′ > 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 has derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 .
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 on (−∞, ∞), so function is 𝑓′ > 0
increasing on −∞, ∞ .

29
THE FIRST DERIVATIVE THEOREM FOR LOCAL EXTREME
VALUES
If 𝒇 has a local maximum or minimum value at an interior point
𝒄 of its domain and if 𝒇′ is defined at 𝒄 then 𝒇′ 𝒄 = 𝟎

Converse of above result is not true i.e;

If 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0 then 𝑓 may or may not have local extreme value at 𝑐.
But
the equation 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0 gives all points in the domain where
extreme values may exist.
For example: for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 , 𝑓 0 = 0 but it has no extreme
value there. But for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝑓 0 = 0 and 𝑓 has local
minimum value there.
30
EXAMPLES

No maxima, no Local Minimum

minima at𝑓 ′ = 0 value at𝑓 ′ = 0

31
 ′
EXTREME VALUES MAY EXIST WHERE 𝑓 IS
UNDEFINED

Local Minimum No Local extrema

value at𝑓 ′ =undefined
at𝑓 ′ =undefined

32
CRITICAL POINTS
An interior point of the domain of a function 𝑓 where 𝑓 ′ is zero or undefined is
called Critical Point of 𝑓.
Conclusion
A function may have local extreme values at
1. critical points
2. end points

33
FINDING ABSOLUTE EXTREMA OF A CONTINUOUS
FUNCTION ON A FINITE CLOSED INTERVAL

Section: 4.1
STEPS TO FOLLOW
To find absolute extrema of a continuous function on a finite closed interval,
we follow the steps:
1. Find critical points.
2. Find function values on critical points and end points.
3. Largest function value among these values is absolute maximum and
smallest function value among these values is absolute minimum of 𝑓(𝑥).
EXAMPLE 1
Find absolute extrema of 𝑓 𝑡 = 8𝑡 − 𝑡 4 on −2,1 .
Solution:
𝑓 𝑡 = 8𝑡 − 𝑡 4
3
𝑓 ′ 𝑡 = −4𝑡 3 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 2
3 3
Since 2 > 1 so 2 ∉ −2,1 , so absolute extrema may exist only at end
points.
𝑓 −2 = −32 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 1 = 7
Absolute maximum is 7 and absolute minimum is −32.
EXAMPLE 2
Find absolute extrema of 𝑓 𝑡 =2− 𝑡 on − 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3.

Q 15 to Q34, Q 71, Q 72

Exercise 4.1
ANALYZING CRITICAL POINTS AND END POINTS:
FINDING LOCAL EXTREME VALUES

Section: 4.3
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA
If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on a closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐𝜖 𝑎, 𝑏 be a critical point.
At critical point 𝒄

If 𝑓 ′ changes sign from

positive to negative at
𝑐 i.e, 𝑓 ′ > 0 for 𝑥 < 𝑐
and 𝑓 ′ < 0 for 𝑥 > 𝑐
then 𝑓 has a local
maximum value at 𝑐.
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA
At critical point 𝒄

If 𝑓 ′ changes sign from

negative to positive at 𝑐
i.e, 𝑓 ′ < 0 for 𝑥 < 𝑐 and
𝑓 ′ > 0 for 𝑥 > 𝑐 then 𝑓
has a local minimum
value at 𝑐.
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA
At critical point 𝒄
If 𝑓 ′ does not changes sign at 𝑐 then 𝑓 has no local extrema at 𝑐.

𝑓′ 𝑐 = 0
 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA
At left end point 𝒂

𝑓′
If < 0 for 𝑥 > 𝑎 then 𝑓 If 𝑓 ′ > 0 for 𝑥 > 𝑎 then 𝑓
has local maximum value has local minimum value at
at 𝑎. 𝑎.
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA
At right end point 𝒃:
If 𝑓 ′ < 0 for 𝑥 < b then 𝑓 has If 𝑓 ′ > 0 for 𝑥 < 𝑏 then 𝑓 has
local minimum value at 𝑏. local maximum value at 𝑏.
EXAMPLE 1
2
Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
3

a) Find critical points of 𝑓(𝑥).

b) Locate local extreme values of 𝑓 𝑥 .
c) Find local maximum and minimum values.
d) Also find absolute extrema of 𝑓(𝑥).
SOLUTION A): FIND CRITICAL POINTS OF 𝑓(𝑥).

2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 3−𝑥
′
2 −1 2 2 3−𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑥3 = 1 − 𝑥3
3
3𝑥 3
6 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 6 − 5𝑥
= 1 = 1
3𝑥 3 3𝑥 3
′
6 − 5𝑥 6
𝑓 𝑥 =0⇒ 1 = 0 ⇒ 6 − 5𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
3𝑥 3
′
6 − 5𝑥 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 ⇒ 1 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0
3
3𝑥 3
6
Thus critical points are 𝑥 = 0, .
5
SOLUTION B):
LOCATE LOCAL EXTREME VALUES OF 𝑓(𝑥).
6
Critical points are 𝑥 = 0, . Now, we apply first derivative test on
5
6
𝑥 = 0, . Domain is −∞, ∞ so we can’t apply first derivative
5
test on end points.
SOLUTION B):
LOCATE LOCAL EXTREME VALUES OF 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥=0 6
𝑥=
5
𝒙<𝟎 𝟔 𝟔
𝟎<𝒙< 𝒙>
𝟓 𝟓
6 +𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒
5 −𝑥
5
1
−𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒
3𝑥 3
𝑓′ 𝑥 −𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒

Local minimum Local maximum

𝟔
value at 𝒙 = 𝟎 value at 𝒙 =
𝟓
SOLUTION C): FIND LOCAL MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES.

6
𝑓 has local minimum value at 𝑥 = 0 and local maximum value at 𝑥 = .
5
Local minimum value is 𝑓 0 = 0
2
6 6 3 6
Local maximum value is 𝑓 = 3− = 2.03
5 5 5
SOLUTION D): ALSO FIND ABSOLUTE EXTREMA OF 𝑓(𝑥).

2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 3−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) is defined for all real numbers so 𝑓 has no vertical asymptote.
For horizontal/obique asymptote,
2 2
lim 𝑥3 3 − 𝑥 = lim 𝑥3 . lim 3 − 𝑥 = ∞. −∞ = −∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
2 2
lim 𝑥3 3−𝑥 = lim 𝑥 3 . lim 3 − 𝑥 = ∞. +∞ = ∞
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞
𝑓(𝑥) is growing on both ends, therefore 𝑓 has no absolute extrema.
EXAMPLE 2
Find local and absolute extreme values of 𝑓 𝑥 on −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 + 5
Solution:
Critical points are
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2 + 12 = 0 ⇒ 3 2 − 𝑥 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2
End points are 𝑥 = ±3.
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
𝑥 = −3 𝑥 = −2 𝑥=2 𝑥=3

−𝟑 < 𝒙 < −𝟐 −𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐 𝟐<𝒙<𝟑

2−𝑥 +𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒
2+𝑥 −𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒
𝑓′ 𝑥 −𝑣𝑒 +𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒

Local Local Local

maximum Local
minimum maximum
value at minimum
value at value at
𝒙 = −𝟑 value at
𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒙=𝟐
𝒙=𝟑
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
Local minimum values are 𝑓 −2 and 𝑓(3).
𝑓 −2 = −11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 3 = 14
Absolute minimum value is −11.
Local maximum values are 𝑓 2 and 𝑓(−3).
𝑓 2 = 21 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −3 = −4
Absolute maximum value is 21.
Note that
1. Domain is closed interval therefore no need to calculate horizontal/oblique
asymptotes.
2. Function is defined on the domain so no vertical asymptote exits.
EXERCISE
1) Find local and absolute extreme values of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 on 0 ≤
𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
2) Find local and absolute extrema of 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 4 + 27 .
3) Find local and absolute extreme values of
2
𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ − 4𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥
−𝑥 + 10 5 < 𝑥 ≤ 6