Physiology of

muscle cell(1)

Ali Shamyar
Medical Doctor
 Lecture outline:

1-muscle definition & function

2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
- general function
- molecular structure
- skeletal muscle types
- energetics
- adaptive responses
- excitation
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function
 1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function

A muscle cell, known technically as

a myocyte, is a specialized animal cell
which can shorten its length using a series
of motor proteins specially arranged within
the cell.
 1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function

Muscle Tissue Characteristic:

All muscle tissues share basic

characteristics :
1-Excitability
2-Contractibility
3-Elasticity
4-Extensibility
3 Types of Muscle Tissue:
1)Skeletal – attached to bone
2)Cardiac – the heart
3)Smooth – internal organs
& blood vessels
1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function
Skeletal muscle
-Long & cylindrical
-Multinucleated
-Striated
-Voluntary

Cardiac muscle
-Shorter & branched
-Uninucleated
-Striated
-Involuntary
-Intercalated disks

Smooth muscle

-Spindle-shaped
-Uninucleated
-Involuntary
-Non-striated
 1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function

Muscle Function:
1-Movement
-depends on type of muscle tissue
-depends on location of muscle tissue
2-Thermogenesis
3-Protection
4-Posture maintanance
5-Joint stabilization
6-About 40% body mass
 1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function

Skeletal muscles work :

- agonist muscle
- antagonist muscle
1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function
1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function
1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function
skeletal
muscle
fiber
structure
 A muscle, is composed of many
muscle fiber bundles ( fascicles ).

Epimysium

Epimysium:
Tendon connective tissue extends to form fibrous
sheath around muscle.
 1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
A muscle fiber 3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle (structure)

bundle (fascicle ) is
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function

composed of many
muscle fibers.
Connective tissue extends
into the body of the muscle,
and surround fascicles, this
connective tissue is named
“perimysium”.
 1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics
3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle (structure)
A muscle cell is a 5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
6-smooth muscle anatomy & function

compact bundle of
many myofibrils.
 1-muscle definition & function
2-muscle characteristics

Each myofibril is made of

3-muscle tissue types
4-skeletal muscle (structure)
5-cardiac muscle anatomy & function
many sarcomeres 6-smooth muscle anatomy & function

bundled together and

attached end-to-end.
 Structure of a Muscle Cell

A muscle cell is a long cell compared to other

forms of cells.

1-A single muscle cell contains many nuclei,

which are pressed against the cell membrane.
2-Mitochondria are densely packed throughout
muscle cells, to provide a constant flow of ATP.
 Structure of a
Muscle Cell

3-The entire cell is covered in a

specialized cell membrane
known as the sarcolemma.

4-The sarcolemma has special

opening which allow nerve
impulses to be passed into
transverse tubules.
 Structure of
a Muscle Cell

5-A specialized form of the endoplasmic

reticulum known as the sarcoplasmic
reticulum, extends in and around these
myofibril bundles.

6-The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR for short)

concentrates a chemical needed for the
muscle cells to contract, and is activated by
signals from nerve cells.
 Structure of a Muscle Cell

7-The signals travel through

the transverse tubules
(T tubules) after being
received from a nerve and
activates the SR.
 TRIAD

Sarcolemma
Functional
anatomy
of skeletal
muscle
fiber
 Mulecular Structure of a Muscle Cell
While several associated proteins help, actin and myosin form thin
and thick filaments which slide past each other to contract small
units of a muscle cell.

These units are called sarcomeres, and many of them run end-to-
end within a larger fiber called a myofibril.
The actin
filaments are
linear polymers of
globular actin (G-
actin) subunits,
and are supported
on each end by
specialized
proteins.

-The CapZ protein

holds actin to the
Z plate.

-Tropomodulin
connects to the
end of each actin
filament.
-Nebulin connects CapZ to tropomodulin, providing a structural framework to
hold the actin filaments rigid.

-Another large protein, titin, connects the Z plates together and prevents the
sarcomere from being overstretched when it is not contracting.
Actin is covered by two additional proteins, troponin and
tropomyosin (regulatory).

Tropomyosin is the thread-like protein which follows the actin

filament, and covers its binding sites to Myosin head.

Troponins are 3 small round protein, are attached to tropomyosin,

and have binding sites for Ca ions.

G-actin molecule has a binding site for Myosin head.

The heads extend upward from a thick fiber
made of many myosin tails wound together.

It has ATPase site on head & Actin binding site

on another part of the head.
Thanks for your
attention