Index : Mathematics important points revision

Topic name Page no

1) Ratio & Proportion 2-9
2) Indices 10- 11
3) logarithms 12-15
4) Equations 16- 25
5) Linear Inequation 26-35
6) Time value of money 36-61
7) sequence & series 62-79
8) sets, relation & functions 80-106
9) permutations & 107-112
combinations
 .
1 RATIO AND PROPORTION

# WHAT IS RATIO ?

A Ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or More -

If a and b are two Quantities of the same kind (in same units)
,

then the Fraction asb is called the Matio of a to b . It is

written as a b : .

-> The Quantities a and bare called the terms of the Matio .

- 'G' is called FIRST TERM OR ANTECEDENT .

'b is called SECOND TERM OR CONSEQUENT

#
DIFFERENT KINDS OF RAT18

1 INVERSE RATIO One Ratio is the Inverse of Other If

their product is one .

Thus ,
a : b is the
Inverse of bia and vice-versa .

&. The Inverse Ratio Of 11 : 15 is 15 : 11

* 15 : 11 B 11 :
11 c 15 : 15 & :
1T5

2 RATIO OF EQUALITY A Ratio a : b is said to be Matio

of greater incavalite or
equality or
of less inequality
according
IF a<b
as If
a) b or IF a =
b or .

eg
:

5 : 3 is the ratio of greater Inequalis

7 : Y is the ratio of Equality
3 is the Of
Ins Encovalis
: 5 Matio
3 DUPLICATE RAT IO when two equal ratios are compounded
,
The resulting ratio is called the
Matio of the
Duplicate given Matio. If
.

a b and a : b are compounded then the

:

Matio 92 be is called the

:

duplicate
Matio OF a: b .

Eg : 3x-2 is the duplicate ratio of then find the value

,
5x +
6
OF 1 ?
27x - 18 =
20x +
24
3x

-
- 2

7x = 42
3x +
6
x =
6

q(3x 2) -
=

4(5x +

6)
↑ SUB-DUPLICATE RATIO The sub-duplicate elatio of a:b
is a :

eg
:

Sub-duplicate ratio of 16 : 9 is Ho : 19 :
Y : 3

5 TRIPLICATE RATIO when three edual ratios are compounded ,

the new ratio is called the Triplicate

ratio of the given marios .

93 b3 is called the Triplicate ratio of a

:
b.

eg :
The Triplicate ratio of 7 : 7 is (n3 : /13 = 64 : 343
6 SUB-TRIPLICATE RATIO The Sub-Triplicate ratio of
a:b is 3 :
3.Ib

eg :
sub-triplicate ratio of 125 : 729 is 31s 3129 :

5 : 9
=

7 COMPOUND RATIO Ratios are

compounded by multiplying the
Fractions which denote them

A OF is be distributed A B , and D
Eg Sum
Money to
among
:

, ,
in the
proportion or 3 : 2 : 4 : 3 . If <
gets 1800 More man
D .
What is B's share ?

A 588 B 1508 C 2088 B None of

these .

=> let the common multiple be is 4x =

1800 +
3x
A =

51 B =

211 1 =
41 , D =
3x
, , x =
1888
B's sharl=2x1800 = 200
#

PROPORTIONS

An equality of two ratio is called a proportion .

Four vanit said be proportion

" A , b c, d ore to in
,

first and Fourth term are called "EXTREMES"

second and Third term are called "MEANS"

⑪ Four ovantities are in proportional If and

only If "Product
of extreme is caval to product of Means"
* .

Is
I
=

... ad =
b It is also called as "Product
Rule"
# CONTINUED PROPORTION

-> Three Quantities are said to be in continued proportion ,

If
a b bic then b2=
1 then ac where
: = =

, ,

↳ is mean proportional between a and c t b= lat .

SOME
# IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS OF FOUR QUANTITIES

INVERTEND I If a : b =
c : d then b :

a =

d =

2 ALTERNENDO .
-
If A: b =

C: d then 9 : 2 =

b : d

COMPONENDO
=
3 .
-

If aib =
cid then

IF aib then b
=
DIVIDEND 8 =

cid
 5 COMPONENDO-DIVIDENDO If a : b =
C: d then
/

= Ed
6 If A :b :
2 : d : 1 : = then
,

(a) Addendo a + 2 +
21 ....
--
-each of the Matios a: b < : d
, ,
b +
d +
Ft ...... C : F . . . . -

(b) subtrahendo a - 2- e .. ---

-
each of the Matios a : b
,
2 : d
,
b -
d- F . . . . .
I :

F ... -
 .
2 INDICES

INDICES
#

"
I am x an a m+n
dat=a
=
=

n
2 am am

=Cab! e
-

an

3 (am/n =
amn

H (ab) " =
an . b at =

(ab"s
5 (9) 0 =

1 8 IF a =

aY then 1 =

6 arm am F a b"then a b
↑m
=
=
=
=

,
m

9 IF a = P then a =
pix
a "x =
P the a =
PK
I DENTITIES

I (a +
b)2 =
a + b + 2ab 902 b2 - = (a +
b) (a- b)

2 (a-b)2 =
a2 +
b2 - 2ab

3 (a +
b +

c) 2 =
a2 +
b2 +
12 +
2(ab +
b) +
(a)

4 (a + b +c =
93 +
b3 +
13 + 3(a b) (b x)( a)
+ + +

5 a3 - b3 =
(a b)(a2+ ab+ b)
-

6a3 +
y =
(a b)(a2
+ - ab + b2)

=(a b)3 a3 b3 3ab(a b)

+

= + +
+

(a-b>
3
8 = a +b -
3ab(a+ b)
 3 LOUAR I THMS

IF ax =
m [A-base ,
= power
,
m= number] then it's

logarithmic Form is
given by logam =c
(logm to the
base a edvals'"'] .

-> a =

M [exponential Form]
189aM 33
[logarithmic Form]
=

E X AMPIE

153 125
210928 3 33 1
= =
=

3
=>
It is of the form =>

It is Of the Firm It is
=>

of th form
am
Q M
109 x a M
= = =

: 189aM
189aM x a M x
= ... =
=

189 , 8
1093(z)
125 =
3 2 =

= -
-
#

TYPES OF LOMAR I THMS

COMMON OR NATURAL OR
B RIGUS LOUARITHM NAPERIAN LOGARITHM
↓ ↓
to the
logarithm to the logarithm
base" 10
"
base "

[c =

2 .

7182]
#
PROPERTIES OF LOUARITHM

I PRODUCTRULE
109m(ABS 189mA+ 189m
:

#
AMPLE
-
:
109105 =

109106 =

109 , 0(5 x6) =

109 , 030

109 8 +
1099 =

10918x91 =

189e72
 nog(bogB-logc-1g
2 OVOTIENT RULE

109m(5) =

109mA-109m e

#PE :
/ 109108-109 , 02 =
109)
PE :

log 40-109
logel) ge 559
2 28
97
= 5
3 EXPONENT RULE

MA
log (A) M
=

18
5 CHANGE OF BASE LAW

51903-18910?3 51ogamogg
?
MPIE
# :

a
*
(109 M) "F n
, 109 , m
 * a
6 189am x 109 m
= 1 11 I 189 = x then
**
,

*
(eg :
10957 x 10915 =
1) -
a
109yb
I -

= X

7109ba =
2109bt X
= -

8
189aa 1
189 ,
any Pa
=

log,pa =
X
9
loga1 = 0
< 22] :

10 IF
109am
=

loga => M =
n 12 m 09m =

x
/
If 189am
=

189ym = a =
b
Eg : 32109 3 =
3189 ,

x2
 4 EQUATIONS

OVERVIEW -

EOVATIONS

LINE AR QUADRATIC (VB 12

EQUATION ERVATION EQUATION

one TWO FACTORIZATION FORMULA Synthetic

variable variable METHOD METHOD
Division
SIMPLE
EQUATION

Elimination CROSS -

multiplication
method METHOD
 WHAT IS EQUATIONS ?
-> It is defined as "MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT OF
EQUALITY "

TYPES OF EQUATIONS -

EQUATION Equation
1 LINEAR having degree 1 .

2 QUABRATIC EQUATION :
-

Equation having degree 2

3 CUBIC EQUATION Equation

having degree 3
 EQUATION IN ONE VARIABIE

-> SIMPLE EQUATION -- A equation in one unknown X

simple
is in the Form ax+b 8 where =

/
a b are known constants and a fo.
,

EQUATION IN TWO VARIABIE .

-> The linear in two unknowns X and y

Earations is
ax where a b are non-zero coefficients
by c
+
8=
+

/ ,

and c is a constant-

-> Two such equations a1x +

by +
x =
0 and a 2x + b 2 y + 22 =
0

forms a pair of simultaneous eovations in and y

# QUABRATIC EQUATIONS

-> An equation of the Form ax2+bx +c =

8 Where I is
a variable and a b c are constants with a fo is
, ,
called a Quadratic equation or equation of the second
degree -

when b 0 =
The equation is called a "PURE Quadratic
,
EQuations" .

When bo I the equation is called an "AFFECTED

ovadratic eovation"

FORMULA METHOD .
X= -
b I be Yac

20
# Nature OF Roots

-> It
depends on "value of Discriminant" -
i e
. .

D
-

=
b 2 YA2-
-

EQUATIONS D =

b2-uaC Discriminant Nature OF Roots

192 6x 9
-
+
=

8 D =
36 - 35"l D =
0
ROOS are real
=

8 and eaval

2x2 -
6x -
16 =
8 B =
36 +
64 D > O ROOTS O REAL
-
,

=
108 (Perfect Savar) RATIONAL and UnEQUAL

3(2 - 64 +
7 =
0 D
=

36 -
28 D>8 REAL IRRATIONAL
,

(N8+ a PERFECT =

8 and unEaval ↑

# SRVRARE gate moots) -

- - -

4x22 61 13 0 D
-

36 32
+

B 8
=

ROOD are Imaginary

= -

= 16 (i2 = - 1) conjugat complex

SUMdS
 -

NOTE
IF Pt To is a root
,
then p-ta is also a root .

2 IF PTIC is a root then p-ic is also a root .

,
(wherei2=-13
3 SUM OF 9007s +B
-a
: =

n PRODUCT OF Moots
B =
:

An cavation with roots and B

5 < is
given by
*** x2 (x B)x
- +
xB 0 +
=

.
#
x2-(SUM OF Moots)s+ Product of roots = 0 .
 6 If one moot is meciprocal of the other Moot

x their product is I also a c

I
=

, ,

7 If roots equal in Magnitude but

are opposite in

Sign ( -x) , then Sur Of roots

,
8 =

8 If a b +c 0 + then =
one of the Moots=1 and
I
other 100ts=1 (12 + 5x -6
19 : 0
=
-

thadsts = -M*0ng *htts!

a " and
:
10 If < B are roots of as2+batc=0 then
,
be roots 1x2+bx+a =0.
I, Will OF

= 2 Y Replace
"(X -

B) =

(x +
B) -
4 x
"'by'c' .

B3 B)3
3
12 x + =

(x + -

3xB)x +
B)

(x
2
x B) 2
2
13 +
B =
+
-
2 < B

14 23 -

B3 =
22 -
B) (x2+ <B +
B2
#
CUBIC EQUATIONS

An Equation of the Form ac13 +bx2+ (x+d= 8

/
a to where a b c d
, , ,
are all real numbers is
called a cubic Eduations .

It has 3900+s x B
,
4)
,

Either all the three roots are real or one-

*
RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND CO-EFFICIENT :

1 x +

B +

y = -
[SUM OF Roos]

By (Product Roots]
d
2 = -
of
 sun of roots taken
3 xB +

By +
yx =
c

O two at a time

#
SOLUTION OF CUBIC EQUATION

On Trial basis some value of

putting check
-> to
, ,
whether 1 H . .
S is zero then to get a factor .

7 6
For other factor use synthetic division 10 -

-> I
,

I - 6
solve (13-7x +6 0 I
eg :
:
=

=> Sun of coefficial +

=
1 -
7 +
6 = 0 11-615]

of the factor
2 0
084x
=

x
-

x = 1 is om +
3 =

↑ x =
2
x 6 =
0 x 3
x
=
-
+ -

2
3
-

+
 LINEAR INEQUALITIES
5

GENERAL EQUATION OF A LINEAR EQUATION·

ax +

by
+
c =
0

Incavation contains , I On I

# ax + by c or altby<c
INTERVALS

Interval b)
I
open : <E (a
,
means is
lying between
b both
a and
excluding
.

a<x< b
2 closed Interval x - [a b] Means
,
x is
both
lying between a and b
Including .

a -x b

3 Semi-closed Interval

[ C Or C
Semi-left closed Semi-Right closed
Interval Interval

xt (a b)
,
x = (a
,
b)
acx< b O -x b
NOTE : Open Interval means unbounded .

closed Interval Means bounded .

To solve a linear Inequation in one variable

while
Multiplying on dividing by a
negative no
I

the sign of Ineovation will change

eg : -
3x = 15

4
-
3
Dividing by"- 3")

7 -
3
2 For Mobulus Absolute values of K Or 1IK

Remove the Modulus

sign and
keep the variable between

the positive and

negative Integer value
given .

eg :
/ 1121 <4

=7-42 K Y

2 2x +
71 = 25

value
S positive -> same
sigd
value the
negative change sigh
-

2x +
7 25 Or 2K+ 71-25
 LINEAR INEQUATION IN 2 VARIABIES

1 as + by < (positive constant)

the line
non-origin
on the
side
link
of
Including the points

Y
i

X
0
~
ax+ by =
c
 by =
2 C
Ax +

side of the line Including all the

origin points
on the line .

x
-
ax + by =
c
 NOTE

I Greated than
non-origin
I side

2 less than Origin side

-
L

3 7 =
k Line 11 Y-axis

4 y =
k Line 11 X-axis

5 For act by 0 or
asstby= 8
then
S

plot the line and check for

the passing through origin
point (1, 07.
-
For a system of linear Inequations
I

The common
region of all the Inequations in a

iven system is called Feasible region or

**
*
- I common solution of the Of Inequations
- system -

The Feasible region may be a bounded rugion

or unbounded region but always a convert

set

CONV2S Set
 LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

** Means a certain problem to

9 manming planning
↳picize it Is objective functio within the given constraints
.

BASIC CONCEPT

1 The variables involved in LPP are called "Decision

variables"

2 Objective function The air of the Problem

profit -> To be maximized is called the
cost ->
To be minimized
ax+
Objective function and is denoted by 2
by
=
3 constraints

The limitations or destrictions involved in LPP are

called as constraints which are of the form

ax+ by < (Atleast)

ax +

by = c (A+Most
 6. TIME VALUE OF MONEY
# BASICS
I

1 The sum of Money received in future is less valuable then It is

today.
↑ RS.100 note given today is More valuable than Rs. 100 note given
a year later due to following reasons:
H↓ W

Risk Iiquidity Inflation opportunity

factor Preference cost
 (1) INTEREST
-

SIMPLE COMPOUND
INTEREST INTEREST

Interest is calculated Interest is calculated

Uniformly on original on new Principal i 2
-
I

Amount (P+i) every year.

-

-> Here, Principal Here, Principal keeps

Remains constant on changing every
year.
(A) SIMPLE INTEREST

S .
I =
PXWxt WHERE ,

p =

principal
2 A =

P +
S . 1

~ =
Rate of interest
3 A =
P1 +
Ut > in Decimal)

t =
No of years

A =
Amount
# SHORTCUTS FOR SIMPLE INTEREST
I
If 'r' is the simple rate of Interest, then Amt becomes
double of itself in n = 100 years.
r
eg : In how many years a sun of Money becomes
double OF ItS IF At 18 % S I
-
?
n
100 18 10yrs
= = =

2
If 'r' is the simple rate of Interest, then Amt becomes
triple of itself in n = 200 years.
r
 A Sun of Money double Itself in years The
:
10 .

no of years It would triple Itself is ?

-> n
%: 2
1 0
n 100
=

1 =
=

v 10
=
=

z
8 n =
28 ya

3
If a Sum Of Money deposited in a bank becomes A in t I Years I

and A2 in t years then the Amount deposited initially is

2

P= A 122
t -A t I

t21
-t

A certain sun of money at Simple Interest Amounts to

->
Rs. 2520 in 2 yrs and Rs. 2700 in 5 yrs. What is the amount
deposited Initially?
 A, = 2528
+1 =
2 P = A , +z - A2t1
,

+2 t 1
A2 =
2700 +
2 =
S -
2520x5 Mt
,
2700 x 1 M-
P =
2488 ↑ RC = 3 =

4 If sum of Money becomes 'n' times in 't' years, then It will become
‘m’ times in m 1 x t yrs -

n -
1

If certain sun of Money is double in 8 at a

&g a
years
:

given simple Interest ,

In how navy years It will be

FOUM times ?
n 2 m 4, t =
8
!)x8
=

->
=

,
=
24
(B) COMPOUND INTEREST
where

I
P((1
,

1 c -
1 =
+ i) -1) i =
8 and n =
+xm
100XM

2 A =

P(1+ is m =
no . Of times compounding
done in a year .

NOTE: While calculating C.I, we need to adjust Interest Rate and

time period according to compounding Frequency

1 If compounded annually ,
m = 1 & If compounded montly ,

m =
12-
2 It compounded Semi-annually ,
m =
2
5 If compounded daily ,

3 It compounded quarterly , m =

y m =
365 .
# SHORTCUTS FOR COMPOUND INTEREST

1) If 'r' is the compound rate of Interest, then Amount becomes

double of Itself in n= 69 + 0.35 yrs
r

↳ In what time period , Ant deposited of RS 12,

.
000 will
become double at 10 % p a compounded
.

annually ?

2
n =

+ 0 . 35 a = -

254

7 ye , 3 mont
R = + 0 35
.

<0 25x12)
18
.
2)
2) If 'r' is the compound rate of Interest, then Amount becomes
Triple of Itself in n= 111.444 + 0.35 yrs
r

eg
:

In what time period ,

Art deposited OF RS 8088 .
Will
become Triple at 15 % p .
a
compounded annwary ?

->
n =
11 . 444 +0 35 .
n =
7 .
7796yrs

z OM

n = "II . Mun +0 .
35 = 7 yer 18 Month
,

15
3) If ‘d’ is the difference bet ween S.I and C.I is given for 2 yrs, then In
such a case 'P'will be 8 -

P= d x (100)
r 2

eg If the difference between c 1 and s I on a certain

.
:
-

2 years is
Sun of Money at 5 % Pa for 1 50
.

Find the Sun of Money ?

=> P =
1 -
50 x 18000 =
600

25
4) If ‘d’ is the difference bet ween S.I and C.I is given for 3 yrs, then In
such a case 'P'will be 8 -

3
P= d x (100)
2

r (rI300)
Eg : on what sum , will the difference between c 1 and
-

6 % p amounts to RS 13 77 ?
S I For 3 Yes at a .
.
.
.

=> P =
13 .
77x1000000 4 =

1250

36x306
13 .
77 x 1000000

= 36 + 306 =
# EFFECTIVE RATE OF INTEREST
→ Annual Compound Interest rate is called as nominal Interest rate

→ But, If Interest is compounded More than once i.e t wice, Quarterly,

monthly then the Actual % Of Interest per year is called effective rate
OF Interest.
Tricks to calculate effective Rate of Interest :

I If Half-yearly: R +
1 x 100
--

-
-100 =
Effective Rate .

208 2 times

2
IF Quarterly: R + 1 x 180 = -100 =

Effective Rate .

408 u tiny
Depreciation :

4 .
V =
v (1-2)

=(1-5) xV = no .
# > Scap vaI
life
# Relationship bet ween present value and future value

E
A =

P(1+ i) where
,
A =
Accumulated valuel
Future value .
Sun DVC
P
, i)
=

P =
Present value .

IASH VALVE Principal

eg: Rs. 5000 deposited today @ 10% P.a for 3 years will amount to ?

A =

P(1 +
i)
3
=5008 (1 1) .

A = E6655
# Annuity
when a fixed amount OF money is Invested for a Regular Inter val
OF time, It is said to be annuity.

eg Anil Invested Rs.8,000 every Half-Yearly @ 10% p.a for 3 years.

:

Annuity
-

Ordinary annuity/annuity regular Immediate annuity/Annuity

↓ Due
↓
Payment is made payment is Made
at the "end" at the"beginning"
 Annuity can be calculated Of

PRESENT VALUE FUTURE VALUE

Money's Todays worth Money's future Worth

eg Fund
Bank 10a1 eg Sinking
: :

Investments .

# SOME NOTATIONS
I 'A' stands for Accumulated value.

2 'C' Stands for Amount Invested every monthly/ Quarterly/

Half-yearly / yearly.
3 'i' stands for Interest rate as per plan.

I 'm' stands for no. of times interest is given in a year.

'n' stands for Total no. of times Interest to be given in tenure.
Formulas:
1) Future value of ordinary annuity (FVA):
FVA=

2) Future value of
Annuity Immediate/Dve (FVA

I
3) present value of Ordinary Annuity (PVA)

4) Present value of Immediate Annuity/Dve

I
 + xm
From
- i n =

Annually +x1 4 MONMly

10 If
1 IF i = n =

,
, , &

1 =
V n = +
x 12
200 /

2 IF Half-yearly ,
i =
,
=
+x2
o

3 IF Quarterly ,
i = n = +xY
,

SILENT ASSUME PAYMENT

NOTE :

IF QUESTION ,

At END . Lordinary/Regular)
# SINKING FUND
Money required for future purpose.

Deposit is done Deposit is done

only once Regularly for a
specific period
sinking fund = Sum due (A) (Annuity)

A P(1+ i)
Sinking Fund F-v
=

= -
A

F V
.
.
A =
< [11+ i) -
1)
i
# BANK LOAN TAKEN
-

If Repaid in IF Repaid in
“LUMPSUM” “Installments”

Loan Taken =
Principal (P) Loan Taken =

P . V A
.

P A p V A (1 (1+ is]
1
= . =
. -

(1+ i)
# APPLICATION OF PRESENT VALUE
I Capital Expenditure (Investment decision)
-> It Means purchasing an asset today in anticipation OF benefits
which would flow across the life OF the Investment.

IF the Pv of cash Inflows is greater than Pv OF the cash outflows,

then the decision should be in favour of Investment.

Eg: Machine A costs Rs. 10,000 and has a useful life of 8 years.
Machine B Costs Rs. 8000 and has a useful life of 6 Years.
Suppose, Machine A generated an annual savings OF Rs.2000
and Machine B generated an annual savings OF Rs. 1800.
Assuming time value of money is 10% P.a, which Machine
is Preferable ?
 2
LEASING 8 -

It is a financial arrangement under which the owner of the assets

allows the user of the asset to the use the asset For a defined period
of time for a consideration payable over a given period of time.

Eg: A company is considering proposal of purchasing a Machine either

by Making full payment OF Rs. 4000 0r by leasing it for 4 years at an
annual rate of Rs. 1250. Which course of Action is preferable, IF the
Company Can borrow money @ 14% p.a compounded annually?
DvA (1-(1 14)-7) CASHVAIE=40
158
-> =
-

... PVA <CASH VALUE

=
E3642 . 14 :
.
LEASING IS
↑ REFER ABLE
3.PERPETUITY growing perpentity =

Ig
It is an annuity in which the periodic payment or receipts begin on
a fixed date and continue Indefinitely or perpetually.

PV A NOTE : Both payment and Interest

-I rate should be adjusted
according to scheme -

↳
C =
120(10 X 12) PVA = = 857

i =
0 -

14
4. VALUATION OF BOND
A bond is a debt security in which the company issuing it owes the
holder a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and Interest.
FORMULA value of bund P U Of + P Of
=
. .
r
Maturity
Interest value

USE PVAI USE (1 +

i) X =
no or
times

NOTE then =
:
Suppose bond OF E1808 is
Matured at then then multiply by
premium of 10 %
for principal
principal value naturity to be
taken as E1100
 5. RATE OF RETURN

nominal rate of Real Rate Of

Return Return
→ Inflation is considered
Inflation is Ignored
-> FORMULA FORMULA

NRR =

present value of -original Valve Of 1 + NRR-1 X 188

X 188
Investment In ver th set I + IR

Original value of Investunt

6. Compounded Annual growth Rate model[CAGR]
- It Measures growth rate over the period Of time.

FORMULA FOR CALCULATING CAMR

I
end
LAUR= value at the end year-beginning
year ->
IX 100 -

value at the beginning

eg : YEAR 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

& EVENUE 100 128 168 218 258

(An=(575 - 1x 180 =
25 74 %
-
 8. SEQUENCE AND SERIES
l
SEQUENCE:
A Sequence is a collection of numbers arranged in a definite order
and Obtained in succession according to some definite rule.
EXAMPLE:
I I, 2, 3, 4, 5 ……
2 l, 3, 5, 7, 9……..
3 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 ……..
4 3, 9, 27, 81…..
2
.
PROGRESSION :
A sequence that follows a specific Patterns are called progressions.

Ex: 2,4, 6, 8, 10 ……. , 3, 9, 27, 81 ………

 3 TYPES OF PROGRESSION
-

ARITHMETIC GEOMETRIC HARMONIC

PROGRESSION PROGRESSION PROGRESSION
(AP) (G.P) (HP)

Common Difference Common Ratio Reciprocal of

is constant (C.d) is constant (r) A.P

Not in
syllabus
n ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS (AP): -
when the Difference bet ween every 2 consecutive terms is
constant, The Sequence is called A. P.
EG: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ... is a sequence of AP.
THE first term is denoted by 'a' (t ), common difference is denoted by
I

'd ' and THE last term is denoted by ‘ ( In ) ‘.

Common difference (d) = t - t n N -
1

GENERAL SEQUENCE OF A.P

a, a t d , a t 2d, a t 3d ...... a t (n-1) d
+H
n TERM Formula t5 =
a +
Hd

In =

a +
(n -1)d
+q =
a +
8d
# PROPERTIES OF A.P

IF ti
,
t2
,
ts .......
n are terms in AP, then
t I t2 IK t3 IK .....
En Is are in Ap c d= d
.

,
,
,

2 t, k tck t3K ne are in Ar C = kd

.

.......... ,
, ,

3 ti t2
+3
Cd=
I
I
........... En are in A .

P
,
k k k
k
# Sum of' n' Terms In A.P

Sn (t, Sn (2a + (n-1)d]

tn)
1
=

or
=

+
1

St
SUM OF 1 'n' even natural no

Si =R n +
1

St
SUM OF 1 'n' odd natural no
Sn =
n2
 IF S R is known and t R is to be obtained, then use formula
* Sn-Sn-1
En =

29 :
tz =

S3 -
S2

# TERMS IN A.P
I
3 TERMS IN A. P : a- d, a , a+d
S2 = t ,
+
t2 .

2 4 TERMS IN A.P : a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d.

+ t3
53 = +1 + +
2
3 5 TERMS IN A.P : a-2d, a-d, a, a+d, a+2d.
S3 = 32 + t 3

+3 =
33-32
 # SHORT TRICKS
1 If mtm
=
n tn then tmtn =

0 .

If tp G
2 ta the
1 typ=1 and
Spd=
=
=

,
(H)
I
*
-
**
&
3 4I Ftp =
0
,
ta =

P tha tr =
a +
P -
2
*

IF
y Sp =
0
,
Sa =

P ,
the Spta=-(P+0)
5 If a b c are terms in Ap , then
, ,

*
*

2b =
a +
C
 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

-> when the ratio between every 2 consecutive terms is constant ,

The sequence is in cp.
: 2
,
4 8 16
,
32 ......

&
, ,

- COMMon Matio (11 = I

+n

-> GENERAL SEQUENCE OF MP

a
,
aw
,
aU2
,
aw3 .....
a Ar-1

-> GENERAL TERM FORMULA OF AM Her Fo Mula

n-1
th =
a (v)
.

g : th =
& (2/3 t6 =

aN5 ,
t11 =
a/410 535 =
025134
,
,
-> properties of G .
P

If t1 t2 t3 ... or terms in n
-
P
, ,

I tik t2K ,
t3K .... ll still in M .
4 6 5 .
=
2
, ,

(r = 1
2, an still in p
m .

....
,

k
3 t,
M
tz , ts .... Or Still in MP , 1 2
- =
2K
,

***
-
a
4 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 .....
, , , , , ,

2 16 128 ....

, ,

If terms are selected at regular Interval in a mp , The

new sequence is also a M.P
 5 If t ,,
t2
,
t3 . ... are terms in wip then
,

SURE Qution
189t1 ,
189t2 , log +3 ... are terms in A.P

& 2
,
7
,
8
,
16 .... is in Mop

1892 , 1894, 1898 , 10916

1892 , 21092 , 31092 , 41892 is in A-P(d= 1092)

#
In in a m -
P => In Formula depends on "W"

W W e
IF U =
1 If8> 1 &Frc I

Sa =
na Sn =

a1) - Sn =
a(1 -
(2/n]
5 -

1 1 -
2
 #
TERMS In n .
P [I = no Yowm]
3 TERMS in MrP : a
,
as
,

P 083
I TERMS In
g 95
n .
:
: , ,

5 TERMS in P
Le 5 , a ar aw2
m
:
.

, , ,

#
SHORTCUTS

1 a +
9a+gaat ..... teams

Sn =

G (C10)4+1-10-9n]
 20 9 +0 19+0 . . ·
999t ... n fam

Sn =
(9n-1+ 18.1) 17

29
:
0 2 +0 22 +0 222+
-
.n fars . ...

Sn 192-1+ 10 11n)
=
.
=

# Sum to Infinity of a M -
P (Sb)
-> So of a m.p exists only If (21-1
,

eg
:
2
,
1
,
8
,
16 ..... = 2
(So don not exists

***
-
eg
-
1 -
11 -
1H-1t ....

r 181 1 1 1 (It is not possible)

-

= -
1 =

: So dos not exist .

IF So So 18121
1
exist =

, ,

: -64 , 32
,
-16
,
8 ....

r
In
=

(r) So exist
v
1 1
= -
=
:
,

Sp -128
2
= = - =

3
I
/

I Sun of sovary of Infinity Of M -

P A UP
02 0282 , 920"

=
......

Sin
,

=
so 151 1
-
# CONCEPT OF AM M M .
and H .
M
,

1 ARithMetic Mean (A M) .
: -

The number "A" is said to

be Am between and b is
a
given by
A = b
2

Proof : A A b are in A- P
, ,

A -
a
=

b -
A
2 A =
a +
b
A
At
=

& If 'n' AM's are Inserted between a and b the sun of

Ans
given by n( At )
n is
2 HEOMETRIC MEAN (U M) -
: -

The number """ is said to

be Mean of a and b and is
geometric numbers

given by
G = Tab

OF a ,4, b are in p
g
:

& =
1
M

42 =
ab

...
n = b

↳ product of "n'n . M between a and b is

given by
b)
n
-(ab)"/z =
3 Harmonic Mean (H -
M ) The number "n" is said to be
H M Of number and b
2 a given by
.

H =

2ab
a +
b

Relationship between A .
M
,
M.M and H M -

IF A M/ and H are Arithmetic Mean , geometric Mean

,
and
Harmonic Mean of 2 numbers a and b
respectively thed ,

im = TAN
2 A .

M I v.m I H M .
 SERIES

I
Sigma notation

that values
suppose a certain x takel a valuy
say x
:,
x2 x3 Xn
.... .

, ,

The Sun of a terms is xi + x2 + x3 .... .

+ Xn

->

These sun is denoted

by , Si ;
i = 1 2 3
, ,
....
n

-> The rotation"s" is called

sigma notation .

18
Ig
:

I Sai =
A 1 + 02 + 93+ ... + 978
i =
1

90
2 (a)" =
a + a 2+ 93+ ... +

i =
1
#
FORMULAS

I SUM OF FIRST "n" Natural no

1 2 3 47 + =
nn 11)
+ + + =

.. ..

2 SUM OF SQUARES OF FIRST "n" natural no

12 + 22 32 + +
.. . .
12
+ =
In 2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)
n 6
=

3 SUM OF CUBES OF FIRST "n" natural no

13 +
23 + 337 - .. .
+ 13 =
= ,
n5 =

(1+1)]-
M
4 & 1 1 +1+1
=
... Fires=n
i1
=
 24 - INDEX NUMBERS

# BASIC CONCEPT

"special kind of
Index numbers are
in RATIO calculated as PERCENTAMES and
,
Averages
used "unsters
An Index May be

Univariate composite
Index Index
ed FOM COMPUted For
11 COMIPut
group O
single variable"
11

variables"
Index number Indicates Relative change in Price ,

oty ,
value
expressed in
percentage
.

Index numbers are

always unit Free .

Index numbers are useful in

Deflating
.

The year in which

comparison is Made is called
current year and the year with respect to which

comparison is Made is called Base year .

current year is denoted by 1/n and base year is

denoted by 0

BASE year Index is always taken as 100

# IMPORTANT CRITERIA OR PROBLEMS IN CONSTRUCTION
OF INDEX NUMBERS

SELECTION OF
-
I

DATA BASE NO. OF WEIGHTS APPROPRIATE

PERIOD ITEMS AVERAGE OR
FORMULA
 # TYPES OF INDEX NUMBER
-

PRICE INDEX QUANTITY INDEX VALUE INDEX

NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER
is
COMI>arision is
-> comparison is
comparison
Made in respect Made in respect Made in respect
OF Prices .
OF Quantities .
Of values ·

-> 900d MEASUR2 good Indicator value = price

FOM Inflation .
FM OUTPUT x & +
Y
# METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING INDEX NUMBER

UNWEIGHTED WEIGHTED
-

SIMPLE Relative weighte

weighted d
AGGREGATE Method Aggregate Relative
1. UNWIEGHTED INDEX NUMBER
(A) SIMPLE AGGREGATE METHOD

PRICE INDEX Quantity Index

NUMBER number

Pol SPI NOTE 901

!
=
x 100 = x e

EPO
WHERE ,
Pol Means WHERE ,
SP , Total OF C Y SG , Total OF C Y
Price Index Of 1 (C. y) on 0 (B.y)
= . .
=

price a Y +

SPO = Total of B Y .
&Go = Total OF By
price 0 +
y
 (B) Relative Method
-> It is defined as "Ratio of c .

y price to that of
. Y price
B
expressed as
percentage" .

FORMULA

PRICE RELATIVE (PR)

1 **
=

eg : If the price of a commodity in year 1995 is E 10 and

price of a commodity in year 2000 is E16 .
Find price Relative ?
PO= 18 PR
1 x 100
=]
=
=
160
↑1= 16
SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN OF PRICE RELATIVE

Pol
> !x 100
=

Eg Using A M Method Find Simple Average of Price Relatives

:
.

COMMODITY PD
↑ x 100
poi =
85

A 588 M

B
B
I - 200

I
PO1 =

212 .
58
SIMPLE GEOMETRIC MEAN OF PRICE RELATIVE

Pol Antilog <(I )

= %

2. WEIGHTED INDEX NUMBERS

(A) WEIGHTED AGGREGATE OF PRICES

Pol =
SPIN x 100 where w= weights
,

2 Pow
FORMULAS OF WEIMHTED AUMREGATE UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES

Of WE INHTS :

1. LASPEYRE'S INDEX Pol(L) = 3 x 100

·

NOTE: BASE YEAR Quantity is fixed

E*
O
2. PAASCHE'S INDEX · Por(P)=

NOTE: CURRENT YEAR Quantity is fixed

3. DORBISH - BOWLEY'S INDEX · Po / (D- B) L

IP
=

NOTE: It takes Arithmetic mean of LASPEYRE’S and Paasche’s

4. FISHER'S INDEX ·

Pol(F) = 2 x P

NOTE: It takes GEOMETRIC Mean of LASPEYR’S and

Paasche's

5. MARSHALL EDGEWORTH INDEX

·

Pri (M-E) =
SP , 80 + 2P , N / x100

Spogo+2POG ,

NOTE: It takes Arithmetic Average Of Base year and current year

Qty as weights

NOTE: Pos (M-E) =

24 : (Notari) x 100

240 (90+ 91)

(B) WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF PRICE RELATIVES

Pol - SPR .
W
I
where w=
weights Poxao
SW If not
given w =

WEIGHTED AM OF PRICE RELATIVE

POI = S PR . W

Sw

WEIGHTED GM OF PRICE RELATIVE

Pos = Sw .

109 PR
SW
IMPORTANT NOTE :

1. Method Of Relative is also known as A. M Method

2. simple Average is calculated when the obser vations are equally important

3. weighted Average is calculated When the obser vations have Unequal Importance.

4. MARSHALL - EDGEWORTH Index is Approximation to Fisher Index

5. GM is the best mean for ratios and percentages and

hence, Fisher's Index is known as "Fisher's Ideal Index"

6. When a series OF Index number for differentyears are expressed

in a tabular form tocompare changes in different years, It is called
" INDEX TIME SERIES".
# CONSTRUCTION OF QUANTITY INDEX NUMBER
-

SIMPLE AGGREGATE METHOD WEIGHTED

AGGREGATE METHOD
901 =

EW1 X 100 All the formulas will remain same as in

298 Price Index numbers, Just Interchange p
to q & q to p.

1 .
901(L) =
29, P0 x 100
290P8

2 .
201(P) = 24, P1 x 10 8
290P1

NOTE: PRICE Acts at weights

# VALUE INDEX NUMBER
It is also known as "Expenditure Index number"

-> It Measures" current year Expenditure with that

OF Base year Expenditure"
vol=2418, x100 whol EPIG=cuRRent year
,
EPO90 Expenditure ↑

<Pogo=Base year
Expenditure .

eg : If Laspeyre's Index is 140

·
then It implies prices
have been Increased
by not as compared to base year .

& If Laspeyre's Index is so then It implies prices

col ! as base year
have been decreased
by
to
compared .
# COST OF LIVING INDEX NUMBER (CLI)

It is also known as "wholesale Price Index"

"Consumer Price Index" Or “General INDEX".'
It is defined as "weighted Am Of Index number Of few groups Of
basic necessities".
CLI

Aggregate expenditure Family budget

Method Method
1. Aggregate expenditure method
FORMULA :
CLI =
SPIN0 x 100
SPO 90

It's FORMULA is same AS " LASPEYRE'S PRICE INDEX NUMBER"

2. Family budget method

FORMULA .
CLI= S I W Where I =

1x100 (price Relativel

/
SW Do
W li expenditure
weig hts e
=
n .

Incured each Item in

base yearl
against

It's formula is same as "weighted Average of Price Relative"

NOTE:

1. CLI helps to calculate "Purchasing Power of money"

and "Real Income Of consumer".

2. Increase in CLI - “INFLATION “

.
3
purchasing Power OF El
12 "
100
=

4 . Real Income- nominal Income/Income x 100

CLI

5 purchasing power of money is “Reciprocal of CLI

“ or “Reciprocal of price index number”.
# CHAIN INDEX NUMBERS
Chain Index numbers are calculated from link Index
numbers Or link Relatives.
CHAIN INDEX FOR ANY YEAR = link Index for ✗ Chain Index for
the Year previous year
100

LINK RELATIVE = Price Relative of current year ✗ 100

Price Relative Of Preceding year

OR

- Pn X 10 8
Pr-1
Example : find chain Index number for the data

YEAR PR I (E LINK RELATIVE CHAIN INDEX

1991 58
108 188

1992 68
=> x 100 = 120 120x100 = 120
108
&

62
1993 183
-

62 35 183 33 x 120 124

x 100
.
=
= .
-

60 185

1994 65
-x188 =
104 83 .
104 83 x124 .

188
=
138

Note: Link Relative and chain Index For first

Year is always 100.
# DEFLATED VALUE
Deflated value is "nominal value ADJUSTED Inflation".

Deflated value = current value NOTE :

Price Index of current year If Index

Ho

OR be calculated
we have to
uRRent value X PO
take '100'
-

Pl
into consider-
ation
EXAMPLE . Y EAR INDEX PRICES REAL INDEX
1970 113 1 .
7499 6638 -
41
1971 116 .
3 7935 6822 . 87
1972 12 1 -
2 8657 -142 . 73
1973 127-7 9323 7300 .
78
 # SHIFTING AND SPLICING OF INDEX NUMBER
BASE shifting is a process whereby a new series of Index
numbers with a new baseYear is formed from a given
series of Index numbers with another base year.
→ SHIFTED PRICE INDEX = Original Price Index ✗ 100
Price index for the Year on which
it has to be shifted
EXAMPIE : YEAR & RIMINAL INDEX SHIFTED INDEX to 1984
1980 108 (B Y7
-

89-285
1981 184
1982 186
92 85.

1983 118 94 . 64
98 21
1984
.

112
188
1985 775
182- 67
1986 117 104 46 .
→ splicing means "combining t wo Different Index Of different base into
Single series”.
→ It is required when there is a major change in Quantity weights.
EXAMPIE

YEAR Old Price Index Revised Price Index spliced price Index
(1998 as B YS (1995 Al B Y) (B-y as 19957
-
.

1998 87 36
·

108
-
1
-
-

89 57
i9"q 102 3 - .
.

185 3 . -
92 28.

gase
187-6 -

94 . 22
11 I 9. -

97-98
114-2 188 188
182 5
182 S
-
-

186 4 .

106 Y -

108 3
-
.

108 3 .

111 7
-
-

I
177-8 111 7 .

117-8
→ THE FACTOR Which is Multiplied for
such conversion is called conversion Multiple.

→ suppose there are t wo series X1and X2, when series X1 is Merged

Into series X2, It is known at for ward splicing and when series X2 is
Merged into series X1, It is known as Backward splicing
# TEST OF ADEQUACY
There are 4 Test Of Adequacy

UNIT TIME REVERSAL FACTOR CIRCULAR

TEST TEST REVERSAL TEST
TEST

These test says that Index no formula should be free

↑

1. UNIT TEST
from any units.

All Index number satisfy these test

except simple Aggregate method
2. TIME REVERSAL TEST - Formula should Work both the ways I.e
For ward and backward
2 Po , x P10 = 1

These Test is satisfied by:

1 . simple Aggregate of prices
2 . Simple A. M and G.M OF PRICE Relative
3 . Marshall - Edgeworth Index
4 . FISHER'S Index

3. FACTOR REVERSAL TEST :-P0 , x 401 =

VoI

Only FISHER's Index satisfies these test

4. CIRCULAR TEST : -1 It is an Extension of time reversal test.
0
2 The Test Of Shiftability is called circular Test.
2
- 3 Po , x P12 x P20 =
1

EXAMPLE: IF the 1970 Index with base 1965 is 200 and 1965
Index with base 1960 is 150, then the Index 1960 with base
1970 will be 300. (2 x 1 5 x 1807
.

THESE TEST IS SATISFIED BY:

1. SIMPLE Aggregate of prices
2. Weighted Aggregate Of Prices with Fixed
Weights
3. Simple Am & GM of Price Relatives.
-
UNIT TIME REV-FACTOR REVE (IRCULAR
METHODS
TEST ERSALTEST & SAL TEST TEST

simple Aggregate X ~ X -
simple price A- M - e X ~
Relative M M
.
- W X W

LASPEYRE'S -
X X

PAASCHE'S -
X x X

DORBISH -
~ X X X
BOWLEY
~ ~
FISHER'S ~ X

MARSHALL -
~ X
W X
EDY EWORTH

- FISHER'S Index no is called As Ideal Index no

as It satisfies most no. of test
 SETS REIATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
,

PART 1 : SETS

I what is sets ?

-> A set is a "collection of well defined distinct objects" -

-> sets are usually denoted by Capital Alphabets swin as X , Y I etc .

and the elements of a set are denoted by small alphabets as

3 4 2 .

, ,

-> If x is a set and i is a member of set x lea is

an element of X .

[C belongs to x]
symbolically
->
[ does not belongs to X]
-> of First six natural
Eg collection even no
:

S =

92 4 , ,
6
,
8
,
10, 12)
2 REPRESENTATION OF SET :

-> There are I

ways of
describing a set

- Tabular Form/Roster MeMod -

denoted separated by
-> set is
by "listing" all it's
"
elements
,
"COMMasCs "With in "braces ? the

eg : v =

9a ,
e, i, 0
,
U9
N =
31 ,
2
,
3
,
.... 9

2 SET-BUILDER METHOD / RUIE METHOD

-> Set is described by stating a "Property" which is satisfied

by
all it's elements .

& x =

3 x/x is number
,
11909 ↑

D =

3 x/K is a divisor Or 243 .

 4 EQUIVALENT SET : - Two sets A and B or said to be
corivalent sets If their "cardinal number are same "
,
·e (A) =
n (B)

eg : 197 A =

31 , 2, 39
B =

9 x , 4 29
,

: (A) =

n(B)

5 SUBSET :

A set x is said to be a subset of the Set Y

"If every element of set x is also an element
OF Set Y "Le x = Y
. is a subset of y
/
y of
and is called the
superset c.

&. IF A =
31, 2 3
, ,
4
,
59
,
B =

93 59
,
then B is a subset of A .

92, 3, 49 9,
A 31 25,Ye 59
If =
= c =

4 then
,
,
.

G
 6 PROPER SUBSET : - X is a proper subset of Y IF "EVERY
but thou is attealt one
element of X
belongs to y element
of y which is not in x
"excY
7 DISJOINT SETS
:
-

If two sets have no elements in common

=C AnB=
.

8 POWER SET :
Set OF "all Possible subsets" of the given set A
and It is denoted by P(A) .
It has 2n Elements

: A =

92, 3
,
49

929 939 349 32, 39 3349

E
A =
39 , ,
, , ,
32, 4392
,
3
,
499
↑(A) =
8
 SOME IMP NOTE
#

. -

/EVERY Set is a "Subset" of Itself -

2 The "Empty Set" is a subset of Every set

3 A Set "n" elements has 2" subsets and 21-1

containing
subsets
proper .

4 All Equal Sets are Eovivalent sets but Vice-versa is not Tave-
 Y VENN DIAGRAMS : -

I union of Two sets X

[ is !*In :"I
A B AUB

2 INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS :

-
X
ARB
(Both Also Mean Intersection] ->

3 COMPLEMENT OF A SET : X

A
A A C
,
↑ DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS
:

Denoted by "A-B" or "AnB'"

S I
A "those elements of A which are
not in B

A B Or AnB'
A
-

5 SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS .

A AB =

(A -B)U (B- As

- A =

3a , b, 2 B =

Sb, c
, 69
,

A - B =
> a A & B =

999 v9d9
B A
3dS
=
-

=>
Ea dS
,
 5 IMPORTANT FORMULAE

I /AUB) =
n(A) +(B) -nAnBS

2
M/AVBS =

H(AS+(B) ..
(IF DIsjoint sets]

3 N/AUB'S =

NIA)-ANBS [A but not B]

4 &(BRAD
=

NIB]-HCABS (B but not A]

5 N /AAB) =
n(A) + n /BS-2 HANBS

6 &(AUBUC) = n(AS+1(B) +NCCs -nCAnBS-n(Bne]-nAnC]

+n (ABNCs

>
&
&(AUBUC = n(A)+nCBS+UCCI ..
(If Despoints
 8 n(A/VB'S = n (AnB)' =
n(x) -nAnBS DeMorgan's
& (AnBY =
(AVB)1 =
n(x) -
(AVB) 1 aN

IMP NOTE

I No OF. elements in Exactly two of the three sets A , B, C

n(AnB) +n (Bnes+n(CNA) -3 n (AnBnIS

2 No Of elements
-
in Exactly one of the thou sets A , B, C

n (A) + n(B) + n 213-2 (n(AnB] +n (Bne) +AnC]] +3 An nes

#RELATIONS
two Finite Sets A and B If atleast one element
->
given ,

A
I

Of is related to 'B'
i "AxB"-
e
cartuian Product
.

I I
12
(1 , 4)
y
For
eg
:

A =

31,
2
,
3
,
19 - x

B 3 0 1 4 9
109 - Y
=

, , , ,

A xB
3 (1 17 (2 4) 13
919
=

, , ,
 This is a rulation
I 0
FroM A to B and is
11
2
I
denoted os "A R
->
B

Ne 1Y
3
U Yo Domain
⑧
-

18-Darain

A B

↳
-elements of
x y y
is
x2 making rations
y =
 6 .

FUNCTIONS
/ FUNCTION

the of "A has an

given two sets A and B
then the 'relation
If all elements
Function FROM A to B
image in 'B' is called .

F
A B

:
A =
31 2
,
3 49
&
, ,

B =

92 ,
5
,
10
,
179
(4
⑭y
B
911 2)(2, 5) 13, 181
171}
=

, ,

,
,
 A B
2
I
·
·

2
· 5
y
·

x
3 18 18-Domain
DO Mal·
· ·

· Y · 17

"y x 2 +1
11
=

2
Types of Function

·
have Fentements in - is st d ifferent
be one-one
elements
or
in A

Injective Function .

g : A =

91 2
,
39 3 =

92
,
4 ,
69
,
·
F : A- B F(x) =

2x
,

F(1) =
2 F(2) = 4 +(3) =
6
set of ordered pairs= 9/1 ,
2) (2, 9) (3 ,
619
· I ·
2
·
2
·

Y
· 3
-
b

19 :
A 31=

,
2
,
3
,
49
,
B =

91 19 -

(1)
↑

= 1-171

-> F(1)=-1 +(2) =

1 +(3) = -1 F(U) = /
, , ,

set of ordered pairs=3)!-1 ,

12, 1) 13 -1)
,
17, 13

Many-one ·
I
·
I a one-on function -
↑
nation 2
·

·
3
--

I
·
4
2 ONTO OR SURJECTIVE FUNCTION

let F A - B If every element in B has atleast one

:

/
A then function is said to be
pre-image
Surjective
in
-
onto or

⑨ 91 -19
***,
: B =

F(=1-1"
,

ordered pairs=9(1 -1) ,

(2 1)
,
13, -1) S

·
I I
ON To Function
·

·
2
·
3 -I

A B
eg :

=Y , , 109
↑
(1) =
x2 F : A +B
,

ordered pairs= 911 ,

1) 12, 4) (3 9) E
,

·
I -
I + an on to
·
2 ·

Y function
·

3
·

9
·
16

-If Range I co-domain

,
It cannot be onto.
3 IJECTION
B Function : -

A Function which is one-one and onto is called

B isection .

4 Identity Function : -

F(x) = > (Input =Output)

5 constant Function :
-

F(x) =
2

6 Equal Function -

F(9) =

9(x)
eg : F(x) =

x2 +
2x
9(x) =

xxx +
2)
9(1) =

72 +
2x

7 INTo Function -
12t F :

A- B If there exist a single

,
element in B then it is said
having
to be In to function .
no
pre-image in A
,
3 value of a polynomial
P (1) x2-3x+ h (avadratics
polynomial
=

↑
(11 =
x +Y (linear

P (1) =
113-372 +411+5 [cubic)

IF Fl is Function Of 's' then FCK) is the value

Of
any
Function When 1 K =
.

F(2) the value Function

> is Of when 1 = 2 -

...
&
If F(x) =
393-2x2 + 4x-10
Find FC01 F(21, A(-1)
,
solution
:

F (11) = 313-212 +
41-18

F (0) =

310) -
2(0) +
118) -
18
(Replace()
with 0

* (8) =
-
10

#(2) =>
3x8 -
2x4 + 8 - 10
C Replace
wit
11
2 S =
24-8 +
8-18
*

(2) =
14

F(-17 =

31 1)
- -
271) -
4- 18
E Replace
wit-IS
es I
I
-

-
3
19
- 2 -
Y -
10
 To Find the Domain and Range of function

steps I write the Function in the Form F(S

y=
:

Domain=3ANCER Full
3
2 for which the exist and
is
Meaningful
exclude the values of se for which Fees is not
real or Meaningles .

3 To find the Range express in terms of 'I

,

Range=3 All value

and is
Of yeR
meaning ful
,
for Which Fly) is exists
E
#

COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

IF y = >x -
I
>
x

composite Function

If F(x) and g(x are

any functions of e then

*
F(9(x1] is a
composite Function

substitute :gk' instead of in F(x)

I [F(] is a
composite function

substitute 'F(I' instead of 1 in 9(1)

 eg
:

IF F(x) = 3x+5

9(x) =
2x +
4

-> F(9(1)7 =
3(9(x)] +5
= 3(29 + 4) + 5
= 61 12 +
+ 5
= 61 + 17

-> 9 [F(X] - 2 F(x) + 4

= 2(37 +
5) +
4
6x +
18 +
4
-

=
61 +14
NOTE

(Fog) (11 F [9(1)

=

(90F) (1) =

9 (F(1]

(FOF) (1) = F (F(x)]

1909)(x) =

g(9xx)7
INVERSE Of
#

A FunCTIon

-> IF F() is Function of a them F-1(y) is

y =

anyfunction 11:
called the Inverse .

steps to find Inverse of

any function

112 t y = F(x)

in terms
2 Now
, simplify and find of y ex= F(y)

3 Now , Replacely' by We get +-1(e)

,

eg
:

F(1) =

x+h
, y
=
x+ H :. x =

y
-
4 ...
+-1(x) = (-4

# Inverse of a function only exist IF Function is One-one

and onto . i l
. .
Bijective .
#
TYPES OF RELATIONS

1 Reflexive Relation
:

IFR contains all the order

of the Form (a, a) then Relation
pairs in product set
,
is Reflexive -

=>
IF A =

31,
2
,
37
AxA
(1 1(1, 2) 3) (2, 1) (2, 3)
3))
=
(1 (2, 2) 19 1) (3 2) (3
, , , , ,

R1 + 9 (1 1) (2, 2)
,
(3
,
3)} R-

R2 -
((1 1)(2, 213R
,
X

* Product set he same elements (a, a) Form relation

me nona (naiye
2 SYMMETRIC RELATION :

If (a , b) ER then (b , a) tR then Relation is

,
SYMM2+riC .

R3 > (1 2) (1 3) (2, 17 (3,

17) Sv
:
=

=
, ,

Ru =

3 (1 1)
,
(2, 2) (3
, 319 Sw
R
3 Transitive Relation

IF (b, c) ER then (a, ER then Relation is

(a, b) tR
,
Transitive .

Eg : R5 =

9(1 2) ,
(2, 3) (1
,
319 Tr SX
,
RV
,

R6 =

9 (1 ,
2) (2 , 31 (1 1)
,
(2, 2) (3
,
317 TX
,
X
,
Ru
 R7
3 (1 1) (2 , 2) (3,
379 RV S2 Tw
=

, , ,

EQUIVALENCE RELATION
4
If a Relation is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive
then Relation is Equivalence .

: A Relation sets
is
parallel to

"is Parallel Ga 19
"
->
to A =

,
b
,

AXB (a (a 17

E
(a , b)

3
= al
, ,
(b , 93 (b, by (b, 1
CC , al (2 + b) <C , 17

R8=9 619
(a 9) (b b)
, ,
(a,
b)R4, ,
+*" 14, 911,
 Permutations & combinations

10 ! = 1

1
2 n
!
=
n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) .....
3 .
2 .

(n-2) (d-3) Id-(W-1]

3 &Dy = & /1-1) .....

4 Mer =
n
! n = w

I
/

(n-w) !

5 "Po = 1

6 ni , =
n
+n =

4Py B ead

(n-13Pr-1 =
!

-
8 N =

- py+ W P
8- 1

of a distinct
9 Total number of Arrangement
objects is n
!
of a distinct
10 Total number of Arrangement
is (n-1) !
Objects in a circular way
11 Number of permutation of 'n'distinct objects

taken 's' at a time

taken in
·
when a particular object is not

-
is
any arrangement Pr
included
· when a particular object is always

in any arrangement is -'Pr-1

12 Total number of Arrangement of 2 particular

of things is
thing never occur together out

(n-2) (n-1) ! ways .

13
ncr =
n ! n =
2
/

~ ! (n-V) !

M4 .
N =
↑3n= 1 .

15 Ni 4 (n
=

(n +
16 .
NCz +
< -
1
=

1)cy
17 Relation between npy and ncw is

r
! 1
=

nar
18
nic= ny city
If then or d
either x=y
=

19
Nig + nc + n2+ .....
+
Men =
2
,

20 .
nC , +R92+ .....
+
Nin =
24-1

21 .
No +412 +NCyt ....
=
ne , +11g +Mist ...
=
24

22 No . OF Straight lines =
no .
of handshakes =
ncz

23
. No . Of Triangles= nC3

nc2-n or n(n -3)

24 . No . OF Diagnos =

2
25 If there are 'n distinct points out of which
,

K points are collinear then

,

·
No . Or
straight lines = 12-k2+1
·
No . OF Triangles =
113-KC3

26 .
No .
Of parallelograms :
Mez .
"
2

27 The number of ways in which 'n' distinct objects

.

~, S and t
can be split into three groups containing
Objects where n =

2 +s+t is n !

2 S
! t
! !
 Calculus
1) Differentiation :
Cer
1109")
(11) k

(9)
-
=

=
n .
↓

↓ es x10ga

al 189 0
& (a) -(k) - (i) in
=
=

=
.
a

de

e (IT) 1
(e)
=
=
&

di 2I

d 117
=
I ↳ (1891) =
1
des de 1
Logarithmic differentiation :

189 (AB) =

189 A + 189B STEPS :

↑ (11)

189 1 =

109 A-189B
1 let y =

(F(x17
B

*
2 Take "189" or
& A
109 (A) log
=

both sides

"DiFF"
e9em =M
3 w r - -
t

Y Bring terms in
IF Question is of type di
function L As and other on R - H . S
1 y (Functions
.
=

5 Resubstituts vawus OF
y
Implicit & parametric differentiation:
IMPLICIT :

If the Question cannot

be expressed in the form
P = dX 2100)3 C 1
.
=
P( ( 1+i3"-13
-

22(2+300) =
30000((1 05)-1] -

P =
(x)00)3 =
30000 x 8 .
1025

25x305
=>
3875

P = 30080