ROAD MATERIALS

AGGREGATES

Aggregates intended for either Bituminous

(Asphalt) or Portland Cement concrete
pavement, should be of good quality in
accordance with the requirements of
AASHTO standards or Item 703 of the
Department of Public Works and Highways.
“The aggregates shall consist of hard durable
particles or fragments of crushed stone,
crushed slag, or crushed rock or natural
gravel.”
 Tests for Aggregates
1.Test for Strength
2.Test for Soundness
3.Test for Affinity and Swell
4.Test for Shape and Texture
5.Test for Resistance to Polishing
 Test for Strength

The criterion for

aggregate strength test
is the Los Angeles Rattler
Test.
 Test for Soundness

To determine the
weathering resistance of
aggregate soundness
test is conducted. If the
resistance against
weathering is good for
aggregate, then it will
Sodium Sulphate and Magnesium Sulphate
have high durability.
 Test for Affinity and Swell

Strong and durable pavement must have binder that

adhere or stick firmly to the aggregate particles. If the
binder separates or strips-off from the aggregate, the
pavement will disintegrate under traffic.

Hydrophilic- is the term used when the

aggregate has great affinity for water than
asphalt.
 Test for Shape and Texture

Shape of aggregate is
also important
consideration for the
construction of pavement.
Aggregate should not
contain flaky and
elongated particles in it. If
they contain this type of
particles, they will affect
the stability of mix.
Test for Resistance to Polishing

An asphalt or concrete road design is

considered as good when “the rubber tire is in
direct contact with the aggregate and not with
the binder”.
 MINERAL FILLER

The strength of road pavement will be

increased if dust additives which dense the
graded mixture is added. It is called mineral
filler that reduces the void contents in the
mixture.
 Dust additive is classified into:

1. Finely powdered limestone

2. Hydrated Lime
3. Slag
4. Trap Rock Dust
5. Fly Ash
 Finely powdered limestone

Limestone is used in virtually all

construction materials.
Limestone is added in with
clay and heated to form
cement, which can be made
into mortar by adding sand
and water. Mortar is used to
set bricks and act as an
adhesive when it dries.
Limestone is also used in
concrete and asphalt filler.
 Hydrated Lime
Hydrated lime is a type of dry
powder made from limestone.
It is created by adding water
to quicklime in order to turn
oxides into hydroxides.
Combined with water and
sand or cement, hydrated lime
is most often used to make
mortars and plasters. Its
chemical name is calcium
hydroxide, or Ca(OH).
 Trap Rock Dust

Trap rock aggregates are

produced in a quarry or
mine whose basic function is
to convert in situ rock into
aggregate with specified
characteristics.
 Fly Ash

Fly ash is the residue that is left

from burning coal, and this is
formed when the gaseous
releases of the coal is efficiently
cooled.
 BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
Bituminous materials consists of bitumen
which is a black or dark coloured solid or
viscous cementitious substances consists
chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarbons
derived from distillation of petroleum or
natural asphalt, has adhesive properties, and
is soluble in carbon disulphide.
 BITUMINOUS BINDERS

Asphalt Cement is used as binder for almost

all high types of bituminous pavement.
 Cutback Asphalt

Cutback asphalt are

liquid asphalts which
are manufactured by
adding petroleum
solvents to asphalt
cement.
 Classification of Cutback or liquid asphalt

a. Slow Curing (SC) road soil

b. Medium Curing (MC) cutback asphalt
c. Rapid Curing (RC) cutback asphalt
 Emulsified Asphalt

Is a mixture of asphalt
cement, water and
emulsified agent.
 Characteristics of Emulsified Asphalt

a. Emulsified Asphalt is excellent with wet

aggregates because the water medium carries
the asphalt into superior contact with the particle
surfaces.
b. Emulsified asphalt is an alternate to cutback
asphalt for energy and environmental objectives. It
is an effective material in coating electropositive
aggregates such as limestone.
 Characteristics of Emulsified Asphalt

c. The Cationic Emulsion is very effective on high

siliceous aggregates but may strip from high
alkaline that carry strong surface changes.

d. Rejuvenating Agent is an emulsified petroleum

resin sprayed over the surface of an old asphalt
road that changes to asphaltenes causing the
binder to harden and cracks.
 Oxidized Asphalt

Is a solid or semi-black solid

material and gradually liquid
when heated, oxidized
asphalt is predominant
content bitumen, asphalten ,
malten (oils) and aromatic
resins.
 Test for Bituminous Binders
1. Test for consistency
- Kinematics Viscosity Test
- Saybolt-Fural Test
- Engler specific gravity test
- Float Test
- Penetration Test
- Softening Point Test
2. Test for durability
3. Test for solubility
4. Distillation Test
5. Thin Film Oven Test
6. Flashpoint
7. Test for Homogeneity
of petroleum asphalt
8. Special Test for Emulsion
Asphalt
 BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
Bituminous pavement is a combination of
mineral aggregates and binders

1. Asphalt Macadam 6. Asphalt sheet

2. Asphaltic concrete 7. Road Mix
3. Mastic 8. Armor Coat
4. National paving 9. Oil Mat
5. Plant mix
 SURFACE TREATMENT

Road surface treatment method is applied to

upgrade untreated surface and to
rejuvenate an existing pavement.
 Surface Treatment

1. Dust Palliatives
2. Prime coat or Tack Coat
3. Armor Coats
4. Seal Coats
5. Sheet Asphalts
6. Tack coats
7. Slurry seals
8. Asphalt overlay
 Dust Palliatives

Is a surface treatment
or application of
asphalt to control dust
and fine sand along
highway.
1. The road surface is treated with the application of
about 0.2 gallon per square meter of light slow curing
oil.
2. Cut-back or emulsion asphalt is unsatisfactory
material for surface treatment as dust palliative.

3. Used crankcase motor oil is also considered as an

effective dust palliative.
 Prime Coat or Tack Coat

For treating the surface to

provide new wearing
coarse.
1. To plug the capillary voids in the pavement in order
to stop the upward movement of moisture.

2. To improve adhesion between the base and surface

course.

The lighter medium curing cutback oil is generally used

for prime coats. Light tars grade RT-1 and RT-3 have
been successfully used as prime coat. The amount of
asphalt binder is from 0.3 to 0.8 gallons per square
meter
 Armor Coat

Is a surface treatment
using a thin bituminous
binder covered by
mineral aggregate
applied to an earth,
gravel, or water
macadam surface or to
stabilize the base.
 Seal Coat or Retread

Is the application of asphalt

binder to a pavement
surface covered with
aggregate. Seal coat is
intended for temporary
surface treatment with
average life duration of
about 10 years.
 Sheet Asphalt
It is mixture of sand fillers
and asphalt cement. It is
about 1 ½” thick cover
asphalt concrete or slab of
Portland cement concrete
having a characteristics of
noiseless, easily cleaned
surface extensively used as
surface course on urban
streets.
 Cold Laid Asphalt

It is a mixture of coarse and

fine aggregates and liquid
asphalt or emulsion. A
content of 5% to 10% liquid
asphalt is required to permit
coating.
 Slurry Seal
Slurry seal is the
combination of sand,
crushed stone, emulsified
asphalt and water. It is an
effective solution in filling
cracks and rejuvenating the
surface of badly
deteriorated surface.
 Asphalt Overlay

Asphalt overlay is a layer of

asphalt bound aggregate
laid to an existing
pavement. The purpose is
to level out distorted
surface or to cover cracks
and joints of the pavement.
 AGGREGATE FOR BITUMINOUS ROAD
1. Fine Aggregates
2. Open Graded Asphalt Concrete Friction Coarse
3. Lightweight Aggregate
4. Aggregates for Bituminous Plant-Mix Surfacing
5. Aggregates for Hot-Plant-Mix Bituminous
Pavement
 GEOPLASTIC FABRICS
The Geoplastic fabrics were introduced and
experimented in Europe in the year 1970. They
were used to reinforce soil of pavement and to
provide drainage and erosion control for
highways and railroads.
`
 Functions of Geoplastic Fabrics

a. As Filter. It holds the soil in place while allowing

water to flow easily away by some form
drainage.
b. As Drainage. Heavy Geoplastic fabrics provide
channels for carrying water away from the soil to
the drain.
c. As Separator. The fabrics prevent different
materials from mixing together.
 Functions of Geoplastic Fabrics

d. As Reinforcement. It adds mechanical strength to

the soil of pavement structure.
e. As Armor. It protects the soil from surface erosion
or attractive forces.