5-6

BITUMINOUS BINDERS
Asphalt cement is a semi solid
hydrocarbon retained after fuel
and lubricating oils are removed
from petroleum. It is used as
binder for almost all high types of
bituminous pavement. The softest
grade used for pavement is 200-
300 penetration. The 60- 70
penetrations is the hardest type.
CUTBACK OR
LIQUID ASPHALT

Liquid asphalt is a petroleum product

consisting of asphalt cement with a liquid A. IT IS A
distillate (diesel, kerosene or gasoline). The USABLE FUEL
less viscous asphalt contains diluents as little
as l5%.
B. IT IS AN AIR
The use of cutback is being frowned for two POLLUTANT
reasons:
CUTBACK OR LIQUID ASPHALT IS CLASSIFIED INTO:

01 02 03

Slow curing (SC) Medium curing (MC) Rapid Curing (RC)

road soil cutback asphalt cutback asphalt
EMULSIFIED
ASPHALT

Emulsified asphalt is a kind of mixture wherein the

minute globules of asphalt disperses in water. Asphalt
content ranges from 55%- 70% by weight. Emulsion
could be applied or mixed at normal temperature,
because when the water content evaporates, the asphalt
remains.
 CHARACTERISTICS
1. Emulsified asphalt is excellent with wet
aggregate because the water medium carries
the asphalt into a superior contact with the
particle surfaces.
2. Emulsified asphalt is an alternate to cutback
asphalt for energy and environmental objectives. It is
an effective material in coating electropositive
aggregate such as limestone but tend to strip from
aggregates with high con- tent of silica for having
strong electronegative surface charges.
3. The Cationic Emulsion is very effective on
high siliceous aggregates but may strip from
high alkaline that carry strong positive surface
changes.
4. Rejuvenating Agent is an emulsified petroleum
resin sprayed over the surface of an old asphalt road
that changes to asphaltenes causing the binder to
harden and cracks. The rejuvenating agent sprayed
over the pavement and softening the binder. Too
much application however, produces a slick
pavement surface.
OXIDIZED ASPHALT
AND ROAD TAR
Oxidized asphalt is suitable only for roofing and
similar applications. Highway used of oxidized
asphalt is limited to water proofing of structures
and filling joints of concrete pavement.

Road tar is a by-product of the distillation

process of coal. Tars are produced from gashouse
coal tar, cook oven tars and water gas tar.
 The AASHTO classification of coal tars includes RT-l to RT-12 and RCTB-s to
RTCB-6.

RT-l is suitable for application as Tack of Prime Coat at normal temperature.

The DPWH Specifications Classify Bituminous Tack Under Item 302 which
provides that:
1. Bituminous materials shall be either Rapid Curing Cut Back or Emulsified
asphalt.
2. Tack Coat shall be applied only to dry surfaces or slightly moist. No Tack Coat
shall be applied when the weather is either foggy or rainy.
 3. Immediately prior to the application of Tack Coat, the road surface
is lightly sprayed with water, but not to be saturated.
4. The rate of application of either the Rapid Curing, Cut Back or
Emulsified asphalt is within the range of 0.2 to 0.7 liter per square
meter. Any excess of this specified quantity should be blotted by sand
or removed.
5. Tack Coat shall be sprayed only as far in advance on the surface
course as will permit it to dry in a tacky condition. Traffic shall be kept
off the Tack Coat until after fully dried.
 BITUMEN- RUBBER
MIXTURE

The bitumen rubber mixture for road

pavement was experimented in Holland in the
year 7929. It was adopted in the United States
in 1947 and later, in European countries. The
assessments of the road states that:
 BITUMEN- RUBBER
MIXTURE

"An appraisal of the
real economic value of the
addition of rubber to asphalt
must wait on further observation
of the behavior of experimental
pavements under the influence
of age, weather and traffic".
01
Very little improvement gained as
far as coefficient of friction on
newly laid pavement but expect
higher advantages after six
months. The analysis of the
Bureau of Public Roads states that:
02
According to the report,
powdered rubber foams added
to bitumen has improved the
stability of some but not all.
 Epoxy binders are produced in a clear, dark, rigid and
flexible form for application to either concrete or asphalt
pavement. Hardening can be attained by mixing the resin
and the catalyst hardener prior to application. The result is
called thermosetting. Meaning, it will not soften under the
influence of heat or the action of solvent like water or
EPOXY RESIN
petroleum products. The high cost of resin has restricted its
use to bridge surfacing and other special non-skid seal
AS BINDERS
coating surface only.
TEST FOR
BITUMINOUS BINDERS

1. Test of consistency is subdivided into:

a. Kinematics Viscosity test AASHTO T- 202
b. Saybolt- Fural test AASHTO T- 72
c. Engler specific gravity test AASHTO T- 54
d. The float test AASHTO T- 50
e. Penetration test AASHTO T- 49
f. Softening point test AASHTO T- 53
2. Test for durability AASHTO T- 52
3. Test for solubility AASHTO T- 44
4. Distillation test AASHTO T- 78
TEST FOR
BITUMINOUS BINDERS

5. Thin film oven test AASHTO T- 179

6. Flashpoint AASHTO T-48%79
7. Test for homogeneity of
petroleum asphalt AASHTO 102
8. Special test for
Emulsion asphalt AASHTO T- 59
a. Test for demulsibility
b. Test for settlement
c. Sieve test
d. Cement mixing test
e. Particle charge and PH tests
f. Miscibility and freezing test
5-7

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

BITUMINOUS BINDERS
 1. The thickness of asphalt film in the pavement,
ranges from .005 to .010 mm. Test result showed 3. Higher asphalt content and lower
that the thicker the asphalt film, the lesser is the
percentage of voids may cause
process of aging. Where pavement has lower
percentage of voids, aging is also relatively low. instability of the pavement.

4. Improper construction procedures can

2. Mixtures that are too dry, age asphalt prematurely. One example is
cracks and breaks easily. mixing asphalt with an overheated
aggregate.
 5. Storing the mixed materials, or an 7. Different brand or source has
extended period of mixing, the variability in behavior. The viscosity of
temperature produces substantial some asphalt varies with temperature
reduction of asphalt penetration. from that of the others.

6. Climatic conditions can 8. An asphalt meeting a specified

seriously affect the behavior of penetration requirement at 77°F but with
high viscosity temperature ratio will become
asphalt binders. hard and brittle at lower temperature.
5-8

BITUMINOUS
PAVEMENTS
THE BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT IS A
COMBINATION OF MINERAL
AGGREGATE AND BINDERS. THE
MIXTURE OF ROCK MATERIAL
PARTICLES WITH ASPHALT HAS
CREATED SO MANY NAMES TO
WIT:

1. Asphalt 6. Asphalt
macadam sheet
2. Asphaltic concrete 7. Road mix
3. Mastic 8. Armor coat
4. National paving 9. Oil mat etc.
5. Plant mix
 QUALITIES OF ASPHALT ROAD
1. The surface must be free from cracks or raveling due to shrinkage and fatigue failure.

2. It must withstand weather condition, including the effect of surface water, heat, cold and
oxidation.

3. The Cationic Emulsion is very effective on high siliceous aggregates but may strip from
high alkaline that carry strong positive surface changes.

4. It must posses a tight or porous impermeable surface as the case may be suitable to
underlying base on sub-base.

5. It must be smooth riding and skid free surface.

 A SATISFACTORY ASPHALT
PAVEMENT COULD BE ATTAINED
UNDER THE FOLLOWING
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES :

1. Viscous asphalt binder is heated to a fluid condition and

mixed with heated aggregates. The mixture is then laid and
compacted while still hot.
2. Mixing liquid or emulsion asphalt with aggregates at
normal temperature is either by plant or road mixing. The
mixture is laid and compacted at normal temperature
before the solvent evaporates or the emulsion breaks.
3. Spread and compact the clean crushed stones,
sprayed with heated or emulsified asphalt binder
over it. Cover the sprayed pavement with fine
aggregate. This process is referred to as the
"penetration method."
5-9

ASPHALT CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
 The term Asphalt Concrete refers to a dense graded
road surface made of hot mineral aggregates, mixed
with hot asphalt and laid at high temperature of about
275°F to 300°F. Asphalt concrete is the highest type of
dense bituminous pavement suit- able for the most
heavily traveled roads. A prime coat is first applied
over untreated and treated base before asphalt concrete
is laid. The purpose is to bind any loose particles of the
base and likewise act as bond between the base and the
pavement to deter rising moisture from penetrating the
pavement. The thickness of compacted asphalt
concrete ranges from 2 inches for lightly traveled road
to 6 inches or more for roads where traffic is
considerably heavy.
5-10

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
FAILURE
 Bituminous pavement failures are caused by excessive
load. Heavy load creates deflection on the road surface,
with insufficient underlying strength. Repetitious
application of excessive load will roughen and crack the
road pavement that ultimately result to complete failure
of the roadway. Deflection on the road surface may be
the effect of elastic deformation from the consolidation
of the base and subsoil or from the combination of
elastic and plastic deformation. Repeated heavy wheel
load on highly resilient soil causes deflection leading to
fatigue failure of the asphalt surface. Alligator or map
cracking of the surface will be substantially evident.
Elastic deformations in the sub- grade penetrate to a
depth of 6.00 meters although mostly to a depth from the
surface.
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