5-11 Macadam Asphalt Mat

Bituminous macadam road has large amount of voids in the lower part of the aggregate layers.
The road strength originates from the interlocking aggregates that hold the individual stone
together. Under this condition a strong well drain base that will not squeeze upward into the
pavement voids is required.

The Bituminous Macadam base or surface is composed of two or three layers of progressively
smaller, clean, sharp angular stones bonded by asphalt. Each layer is compacted by rolling then
sprayed with asphalt. Usually, the surface course is sealed by spraying a binder and blotted with
fine crushed stones.
Constructing the Macadam Asphalt Road

1. Spread the coarsest aggregate to the roadway. Compact with either smooth wheeled roller or
vibratory device.
2. Smoothness of the surface is check after compaction. Low spots are corrected by removing,
replacing and re-compacting the stones until smooth surface is attained.
3. Apply asphalt by spreading the right amount of bitumen at specified temperature. The lower stone
layer will not be coated if the asphalt binder is too thick. On the other hand, two fluid mixture will
cause running of the binder down the underlying layers.
4. In placing the keystone base course, sufficient amount of smaller stone is mixed and spread on top
to fill the interlocking voids, followed by compaction then spraying with asphalt binder.
5. Sealing of the surface is applied to seal the pavement against moisture. These
involve spreading of selected binder, spraying and rolling of the cover aggregates.
6. During construction, the weather must be dry and warm. If not, it is better to used emulsified
asphalt binder.
7. Before the application of asphalt binder, coarse aggregate is first choked with smaller stones to seal
the remaining top voids, followed by spraying emulsified asphalt binder.
5-12 Surface Treatment
Road surface treatment method is applied to upgrade untreated surface and to rejuvenate an
existing pavement. The inverted penetration method is applied wherein the binder asphalt is first
sprayed over a prepared surface then covered with fine aggregates.

on the basis of purpose to be accomplished, surface treatment is subdivided as follows;

1. Dust palliatives to control dust.
2. Prime coat or tack coat treating the surface to provide new wearing coarse.
3. Armor coats to provide protection for untreated surfaces.
4. Seal coats and retreads.
5. Sheet asphalts.
6. Tack coats.
7. Slurry seals.
8. Asphalt overlay.
Dust Palliative
Dust palliative is a surface treatment or application of asphalt to control dust and fine sand along
the highway.
1. The road surface is treated with the application of about 0.2 gallon per square meter of light
slow curing oil. The material commonly used is the MC-70 but occasionally the MC-30 or the
MC-70. this oil penetrates the surface to about ½ inch and provides film that surrounds the
particles and bind together.
2. Slow curing oil is usually selected because it remains soft and last for quiet longer period of
time. Satisfactory result was also noticed when slow setting emulsion diluted in a mixture of 4 to
9 parts of water was used.
3. Cut-back or emulsion asphalt is unsatisfactory material for surface treatment as dust palliative. It
becomes harder asphalts producing brittle surface that easily cracks in a short time followed by
fast disintegration.
4. Used crankcase motor oil is also considered as an effective dust palliative.
Purpose of the Prime Coat or Tack Coat

1. To plug the capillary voids in the pavement in order to stop the upward movement of moisture.
2. To improve adhesion between the base and surface course.

The lighter medium curing cutback oil is generally used for prime coats. It is fluid enough to
penetrate into base course but retain viscous asphalt in the purses of the treated surface. Surface to be
applied with prime coat binder, should be uniform without variations, properly sharped, moisture
and rolled to have plain uniform and solid surface.
Armor Coat
Armor coat is a surface treatment using a thin bituminous binder covered by mineral aggregates
applied to an earth, gravel or water bound macadam surface or to stabilize the base.
Surface treatment applied in two or more lifts is referred to as armor coats.

When fund is limited, armor coat is used as temporary pavement and protection of the base
materials.
1. For two-course treatment the maximum size of cover materials for the first lift is ¾ to 1 inch.
2. For three treatments, the maximum size of aggregate cover is 1” to 1-1/4 inches.
3. The maximum size of aggregate for each subsequent lift should be reduced.

The Surface treatment is applied on a clean, and dry surface, no wind and in good
weather condition. For heavy traffic highway, surface treatment only serve as
palliative for it lack strength to sustain the traffic load.
Seal Coat and Retreated
Seal coat is the application of asphalt binder to a pavement surface covered with aggregate. There is
no specific distinction given between surface treatment and seal coat. However, seal coat is intended
for temporary surface treatment with average life duration of about 10 years. Seal coat is also
intended to:
1. Provide an abrasion and water resistant surface.
2. To improve the skid resistance of bleeding bituminous surface which had been polished under
traffic.
3. To improve light reflection and no glare characteristics of pavement surface.
4. To provide lane shoulder or other demarcations.
5. To alert drivers that unusual dangerous condition is near ahead.
6. Sometimes the surface is sprayed with light coating of SS-1h emulsified asphalt or petroleum
resin to rejuvenate or improve its appearance. This treatment is sometimes called, Black Seal or
Color Coat.
Sheet asphalt
Sheet asphalt is a mixture of sand fillers and asphalt cement it is about 1 ½” thick cover asphalt
concrete or slab of Portland cement concrete having a characteristics of noiseless, easily cleaned
surface extensively used as surface coarse on urban streets.
The high binder content of 9% to 12% by weight makes the sheet asphalt very expensive as
compared with other service-able types. When binder is excessively applied to what is being
required, the result is unstable slicky surface which is dangerous when wet.
Cold Laid Asphalt
Cold laid asphalt is a mixture of course and fine aggregates and liquid asphalt or emulsion. The
mixture can be prepared in a central plant or field mixture. A content of 5% to 10% liquid asphalt is
required to permit coating. This type of mixture is acceptable for low volume roadway only.
Aeration before spreading maybe required for evaporation of some solvent water, otherwise, the
pavement might be over lubricated and become unstable.
Slurry Seal
slurry seal is a combination of sand, crushed stone, emulsified asphalt and water. It is an
effective solution in filling cracks and rejuvenating the surface of badly deteriorated surface.

Asphalt Overlay
Asphalt overlay is a layer of asphalt bound aggregate laid to an existing pavement. The purpose
is to level out distorted surface or to cover cracks and joint of the pavement. If the purpose is to
strengthen the existing pavement, the choice is not overlay but asphalt concrete tightly bonded to the
old pavement with Tack Coat.
A thin asphalt overlay is normally specified to bridge deck and other structures that require lighter
load. Overlay thickness could be from 50mm to 150mm (2” to 6”).
5-13 Aggregate for Bituminous Concrete
Coarse aggregate retained on a 2.36mm(No.8) sieve should be either crushed stone, crushed
slag. Crushed or normal gravel.
when crushed gravel is used, not less than 50 mass percent of the particles retained on a
4.75mm(No.4) sieve shall have at least one fractured face. The coarse aggregate gradation when
combined with other required aggregate fractions in proper proportion, the resultant mixture shall
meet the gradation required under the composition of mixture for the specific types specified.
only one kind of aggregate shall be used on the project except by direction of the Supervising
Engineer.

Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregates passing the 2.36mm(No.8) sieve shall consist of nature sand, stone screening or
slag screenings or a combination thereof. The resultant mixture of fine aggregates when combined
with other required aggregate should meet the gradation requirements under the composition of
mixture for the specific type as specified.
Open Graded Asphalt Concrete Friction Coarse
relatively, pure carbonate aggregate or any aggregates known to be polishing should not be used
as coarse aggregate. In addition, the coarse aggregate fraction shall have at least 75mass percent of
particles by weight, with at least two fractured faces and 90 mass percent with one or more fractured
faces except that lightweight aggregates need not meet this requirements. The abrasion loss shall not
exceed 40 mass percent.
Lightweight Aggregate
lightweight aggregate.(except slag) could be manufactured by the rotary kiln process if
permitted by the special provisions of the specifications.
the materials shall consist of angular fragments uniform in density and reasonably free from flat,
elongated or other deleterious substances. It shall also show an abrasion loss of less than 45mass
percent when tested in accordance with AASHTO T-96. the mass per cubic meter shall not exceed
1080 kilograms after testing through 5 cycles of the magnesium sulfate soundness test. The loss shall
not exceed 10 mass percent.
Aggregates for Bituminous Plant-Mix Surfacing
the aggregates should be uniformly graded from coarse to fine. Target values for the
intermediate sieve should be established within the limits given on Table 5-5
TABLE 5-5 RANGE OF GRADATION TARGET VALUES
Sieve Mass Percent Square Mesh Sieve
Designation AASHTO T-11 and T-27 mineral filler
mm inches Range

25 1 inch 100
19 ¾ 100
4.75 No. 4 50-60
2.36 No. 8 38-48
0.075 No. 200 3-7
 if the crushed gravel is used, not less than 50 mass percent of the material retained on the
4.75mm (No. 4) sieve shall be particles having at least one fractured face. That portion of the
composite material passing a 4.75mm(No.4) sieve shall have a sand equivalent of not less than 35 as
determined by AASHTO T-176 alternate method no.2. the aggregate shall be free of clay balls and
adherent films of clay of other matter that would prevent thorough coating with the bituminous
materials.
Aggregates for Hot-Plant-Mix Bituminous pavement
various aggregates fraction for the mixture should be sized, graded, and combined in such
proportions that the resulting composite blend meets one of the grading requirements as prescribe on
Table 5-6.
 TABLE 5-6 GRADATION RANGES-HOT PLANT MIX BITUMINOUS
PAVEMENTS
SIEVE GRADING
DESIGNATIO A B C D E F G
N
mm In.

37 1 ½” 100 ---- ----- ------ ----- ----- -----

1” 95-100 100 100 ------ ----- ----- -----
25 ¾” 75-95 95-100 95-100 100 ----- 100 -----
20 ½” ---- 8-86 68-86 95-100 100 ----- 100
12 3/8” 54-75 56-78 56-78 74.92 95-100 ----- 95-100
10 No.4 36-58 36-60 38-60 48-70 75-90 45-65 30-50
4.75 No.8 25-45 27-47 27-47 33-53 62-82 33-53 5-15
2.36 No.16 ---- 18-37 18-37 22-40 38-58 ----- -----
1.18 No.30 11-28 11-28 13-28 15-30 22-42 ----- -----
0.600 No.50 ---- 6-20 9-20 11-28 11-28 10-20 -----
0.300 No.200 0-8 0-8 4-8 4-9 2-10 3-8 2-5
0.075
Bed Coarse Material
Bed coarse materials for sidewalks, paved waterways and curbing shall consist of cinders, sand,
gravel, crushed stone or other approve materials having 37.5mm(1 ½”)square openings.
Bed material for slope protection should be porous and effective draining materials consisting of
sand , gravel cinders, slag, crush stone or other approve free draining materials. It should be
uniformly graded wherein 100 percent of the material will pass through a sieve having 37.5mm
square openings.
TABLE 5-7 GRADATION REQUIREMENTS – COLD PLANT MIX
BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SIEVE Bottom (binder) Wearing ((surface)
DESIGNATION course Course

Std.mm Alternate US
Std.
38 1 ½” 100 ----
1” 85-100 ----
25 ¾” 40-70 100
20 ½” 10-35 95-100
12 No.4 4-16 15-40
4.75 No.8 0-5 10-25
2.36 No.30 ---- 4-13
0.600 No.50 ---- 0-5
 TABLE 5-8 GRADATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
SIEVE COVER COAT
GRADING
DESIGNATION
No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10

Mm in.
38 1 ½” 100 ---- ----- ------ ----- ----
1” 90-100 100 ---- ------ ----- ----
25 ¾” ---- 90-100 100 ---- ----- ----
20 ½” 0-10 ---- 90-100 ---- ---- ---
12 3/8” ---- 0-15 ---- 85-100 100 100
10 No.4 ---- ---- 0-15 ---- 85-100 85-100
4.75 No.8 ---- ---- ---- 0-10 ---- ----
2.36 No.200 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-10
4.75

TABLE 5-9 GRADATION REQUIREMENTS FOR

BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT AASHTO T-27
SIEVE Grading designation with corresponding size number
DESIGNATION From AASHTO M-43 (ASTM D_448)
No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10

Mm in.
38 1 ½” 100 ---- ----- ------ ----- ----
1” 90-100 100 ---- ------ ----- ----
25 ¾” 20-25 90-100 100 ----- ----- ----
20 ½” 0-10 20-25 90-100 100 ---- ---
12 3/8” 0-5 0-15 40-70 85-100 100 100
10 No.4 ---- 0-5 0-15 10-30 85-100 85-100
4.75 No.8 ---- ---- 0-5 0-10 10-40 60-100
2.36 No.100 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0-10
0.150
 TABLE 5-10 GRADATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
BITUMINOUS PRESERVATIONTREATMENT
Sieve Designation Grading A Grading B

20 mm ¾” ---- 100
10” 3/8” 100 ----
4.75 No.4 45-80 45-80
2.36 No.8 28-64 28-64
0.075 No.200 0-12 0-12

TABLE 5-11 GRADATION REQUIREMENTS

-AGGREGATES
Sieve Designation FOR SUBGRADE
Mass MODIFICATION
Percent passing square mesh sieves- ASSHTO T-27
75 mm 3” 100 ---- ----
38 mm 1 ½” ---- 100 ----
25 mm 1” ---- ---- 100
4.75 No.4 30-70 30-70 40-80
0.075 0-15 0-15 0-20
No.200
 TABLE 5-12 GRADATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
AGGREGATE SALT STABILIZED BASE COURSE
SIEVE Mass percent passing square mesh sieves
DESIGNATION AASHTO T-11 and T-27

mm inches Grading A Grading B

75 3” ---- ----
50 2” ---- 100
38 1 ½” 70-100
25 1” 100 ----
20 ¾” 70-100 50-80
10 3/8” 50-80 40-70
4.75 No.4 35-45 30-60
2.00 No.10 25-50 20-50
0.425 No.40 15-30 10-30
0.075 No.200 7-15 7-015
 TABLE 5-13 GRADATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
AGGREGATES FOR EMULSIFIED ASPHALT TREATED
SIEVE BASE
Grading Grading Gradng
DESIGNATION

38 1 ½” 100 100 ----

1” 95-100 95-100 ----
25 ¾” ---- 50-58 100
20 ½” ---- ---- 95-100
12 No.4 ---- 26-59 65-100
4.75 No.10 0-9 17-48 ----
2.00 No.50 ---- ---- 12-35
0.300 No.200 0-2 2-10 3-12
0.075
5-14 DPWH Standard Specification on Prime Coat, Tack Coat and Seal Coat.

Item 301 Bituminous Prime Coat

Materials
Bituminous material is either Rapid Curing (RC) or medium Curing (MC) Cutback asphalt, whichever specified
Prime coat is applied only to dry or slightly moist surface. No prime coat will be applied during foggy or rainy days.
Equipment

1. The liquid bituminous material sprayed by a pressure distributor with no less than 1000 liters mounted on pneumatic
tires of which and load produced on the road surface not to exceed 1000 kilograms per centimeter width of the tire.
2. The tank must have heating devices able to heat complete charge of bituminous liquid up to 180 degree C. The
heating device has automatic control that overheating will not occur
3. The flame should not touch the casing of the tank directly containing the bituminous liquid. The liquid should be
insulated that when the tank is filled with bituminous liquid at 180 degree C, the temperature will not drop to less that
20 degree C per hour when the tank is not being heated.
4. A thermometer is fixe to the tank to measure the liquid temperature continuously. The tank is furnished with
calibrated dipstick to indicate its content. The pipes for filling the tank shall be furnished an easily changeable filter.
5. The distribution has the capacity to vary the spray width of the bituminous liquid in maximum steps of 100 mm to a
total width of 4 meters. The spraying bar must have nozzles from which the liquid is sprayed in fan-shaped over the
road surface equally distributed over the total spraying width.
6. The pump is furnished with an indicator showing the rate of liquid flow. A thermometer is fixed
to indicate the temperature of the liquid immediately before it leaves the spraying bar.
7. The distribution is furnished with a tachometer indicating its forward speed visible from the
drivers seat.
8. The distributor shall be designed where the deviation from the prescribed rate of application
does not exceed 10% equipped with a device for hand spraying of the bituminous liquid.
Application of Bituminous Materials
9. The surface to be treated shall be cleaned with broom including the removal of the dirt and other
objectionable materials before applying Prime Coat.
10. Prior to the application of Prime Coat, the surface is slightly sprayed with water but not
saturated.
11. The rate of bituminous material application is within the range of 1 to 2 liters per square meter.
12. Prime Coat should be left undisturbed for a period of 24 hours, closed to traffic until it has
penetrated and cured sufficiently, so it will not be picked-up by the wheels of passing vehicles.
13. The Prime Coat should not be excess of the specified amount. Any excess is blotted with sand or
removed.
6. Area not accessible by the distributor is sprayed manually using the device for hand spraying.
7. The surface of the road and trees adjacent to the areas being treated shall be protected to prevent their
being spattered or marred by asphalt.
Item-302 Bituminous Tack Coats
the standard specification for Tack Coat is the same as that of the Prime Coat. The difference will be
enumerated as follows:
8. The manner of application is either by the Rapid Curing Cutback or the Emulsified Asphalt within the
range of 0.2 to 0.7 liter per square meter.
9. Tack coat is sprayed in advance on the surface course to permit it to dry into a “Tacky” condition. The
tack coat is maintained until the next course is applied.
Item 303- Bituminous Seal Coat
This item consists of an application of bituminous materials with or without the application of aggregate
to a bituminous surface course.
Materials Required:
10. The approximate amount of materials required for Seal Coat per square meter is provided on table 5-14.
11. Bituminous material is the Asphalt Cement penetration grade 120-150 Rapid Curing or Medium Curing
Cutback asphalt.
3. Cover aggregates for Type 2 Seal Coat consists of sand or fine screening free from dirt or other
organic matter.
4. The aggregates for Type-3 Seal Coat is crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed gravel. Only one
type of aggregate shall be used in a project unless other alternative type is approve.
5. The aggregates shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 40 when tested by AASHTO T-
96
6. When crushed slag is used ,it should be uniformed in density and quality. A density of not less
than 960 kilograms per square meter as determined by AASHTO T-96.

TABLE 5-14Material
GRADING REQUIREMENTS
Type-1 Type-2 Type-3

Bituminous Material L/m² .20-.50 .50-1.00 .85-1/50

Cover Aggregate Kg./m² None 5.00-10.00 8.00-14.00
 TABLE 5-15 GRADING REQUIREMENTS

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

mm Inch
Type-2 Type-3
Grading A Grading B

12 ½” ---- ---- 100

10 3/8” 100 100 85-100
4.75 No.4 85-100 85-100 10-30
2.36 No.8 60-100 10-40 0-10
1.18 No.16 ---- 0-10 0-5
0.300 No.50 ---- 0-5 ----
0.150 No.100 0-10 ---- ----
Construction Requirements
1. Seal coating should not be undertaken on foggy or rainy day or when the surface to be treated is
wet.
2. Wet materials cover coat, should not be used on the work and no seal coating work be continued at
night unless provide with sufficient lighting.
3. Seal coating operation should not be started until the bituminous surface is thoroughly compacted
by traffic and road roller.
4. Seal coating should not be placed on newly constructed or reconditioned road surface in less than
ten days after the surface is laid and opened to traffic.
5. Road surface to receive bituminous material should be cleaned of dirt, sand , dust and objectionable
materials. The cleaning should be affected by means of rotary power broom or power blower.
Application Of Bituminous Materials
6. Bituminous material should be applied by means of pressure distributor at the rate of approximately
0.9 to 1.8 liters for Asphalt Cement and 1.5 to 3.0 liters for Cutback Asphalt per square meter of
surface in a uniform, unbroken spread over the section to be treated.
7. The pressure distributor specifications including its appurtenances are the same as that enumerated
in item 301 bituminous prime coats. Those that differ will be disapproved.
3. Application of bituminous material at the junction of spreads should not exceed the specified
quantity. Any excess should be removed from the surface by squeegee.
4. If necessary to obtain proper junction of spreads, a trip of manila paper approximately one meter
wide and at least as long as the spray bar should be used at the beginning and end of each
spread. The paper is remove immediately after use.
5. Any skipped areas or recognized deficiency should be corrected immediately by hand
application of operated pressure device.
Spreading of Cover Aggregates
6. Immediately after the application of asphalt , the cover aggregate should be spread evenly over
the surface at the rate of approximately 0.004 to 0.007 cubic meter per square meter.
7. Spreading of the aggregate cover is done through aggregate spreader, to obtain an even and
accurate distribution. The used of spreader board attached to the tailgate of the truck, should not
be permitted.
8. Tires of the aggregate truck should not be allowed to come in contact with the uncovered and
newly applied asphalt.
9. After spreading the cover aggregate, the surface is broom lightly with an approved push or drag
broom to insure an even distribution then rolled with an approve power roller weighing not less
than 6 tons to a uniform surface.
Item 304- Bituminous Treatment
This item consist of either single application of bituminous material followed by a single
spreading of aggregate (single surface treatment) or two applications of bituminous material each
followed by spreading of aggregate (double surface treatment).
TABLE 5-16 QUANTITY OF MATERIALS AND SEQUENCE OF OPARAIONS USING
CUT-BACK OR CEMENT ASPHALT

Aggregate Grading and Sequence Operation Single Double

S.T. S.T.
FIRST COURSE:
Applying Bituminous Materials, liter/Sq.m. 1.36 1.36
Spread Aggregate: 27.2
Grading B, kg. / sq. meter 13.6
Grading A, kg. / sq. meter
SECOND COURSE 1.58
Applying Bituminous Materials, liter / sq. meter
Spread aggregate Grading B, kg. / sq. meter 10.88
TOTAL
Bituminous Material, liter / sq. meter 1.36 2.94
Aggregate, kg. / sq. meter 13.60 38.0
Materials Requirement
1. The approximate amount of materials per square meter and sequence of operation for single and
double surface treatment is provided in table 5-16
2. The quantities given in the table are those aggregates having a bulk specific gravity of 2.65 as
determined by AASHTO T-84 and T-85.
3. The supervising engineer may adjust the amount of asphalt material per square meter if
necessary, to fit into the prevailing condition. But the total amount of aggregate per square meter
after adjusting for specific gravity will not be changed.
Bituminous Materials
bituminous material for surface treatment is either slag or crushed gravel. Only one type of
aggregate should be used in the project unless alternate type is approved. The aggregate shall have a
mass percent of will not exceeding 40 when tested under AASHTO T-96
when crushed gravel is used, not less than 50 mass percent of the particles retained on the
4.75mm (No.4) sieve shall have at least one fractured face. When crushed slag is used, it must be of
uniform quantity and density of not less than 960 kg. per square meter (AASHTO T-19)
 TABLE 5-17 QUANTITY OF MATERIALS AND SEQUENCE OF
OPERATIONS USING EMULSIFIED ASPHALT

Aggregate Grading and Sequence Operation Single Double

S.T. S.T.
FIRST COURSE:
Applying Bituminous Materials, liter/Sq.m. 1.58 none
Spread Aggregate: Grading B, kg. / sq. meter 13.60 13.60
SECOND COURSE
Applying Bituminous Materials, liter / sq. meter
2.04
Spread aggregate Grading B, kg. / sq. meter
5.04
TOTAL
Bituminous Material, liter / sq. meter 1.58 2.04
Aggregate, kg. / sq. meter 13.60 18.64
 TABLE 5-18 AGGREGATE GRADING REQUIREMENTS

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

mm Inch Type-2 Type-3
Grading A Grading B

25 1” 100 ---- ----

20 3/4” 90-100 ---- ----
12 ½” 20-55 100 ----
10 3/8” 0-15 85-100 100
4.75 No.4 0-5 10-30 85-100
2.36 No.8 ---- 0-10 10-40
1.18 No.16 ---- 0-5 0-10
0.30 No.50 ---- ---- 0-5
Construction Requirements
1. The contractor or supplier shall furnish the engineer certified certificate in duplicate of the asphalt
materials delivered to the site.
2. The contractor shall provide weighing equipment on the site to control the application of
aggregate. It must have an approved multiple beam type scale with indicator and other necessary
dials protected by a weatherproof house with floor area not less than 10 sq. meters.
3. A mechanical spreader is used for spreading the aggregate, capable of spreading the aggregate
uniformly over the full width of the area being treated, and shall have a control to regulate the
gates, the feed roll, the auger and truck hatch.
Application of Bituminous Material
4. The application of bituminous material is done only when the weather condition is dry and
favorable. Spraying should not be done unless the road temperature is above 20 degree centigrade
for at least one hour prior to the commencement of spraying operation and the temperature is not
less than 20degree centigrade during spraying.
5. Asphalt material is applied to the surface at least 24 hours after it has been prime-coated.
6. The asphalt material should be applied on dry surface whenever cutback or asphalt cement is used.
The surface should be lightly wetted with water when emulsion asphalt is to be used.
4. The recommended application temperature for asphalt cement is within the range that produces
a viscosity of 10 to 60 seconds saybolt furol. And for cutback asphalt with the range given in
item bituminous material, the ideal temperature is when fogging occurs.
Spreading Aggregates
5. Immediately after applying asphalt material, the dry aggregate is uniformly and evenly
distributed over the treated surface by an approve mechanical aggregate spreader.
6. Truck delivering aggregate shall move backward in spreading aggregate to prevent the tires and
the mechanical spreader from rolling directly over the newly sprayed asphalt.
7. No potion of the sprayed surface shall remain uncovered for a period of more than 2 minutes.
Immediately after spreading the aggregate, treated surface is rolled with an approved pneumatic
tire roller.
8. Asphalt material that are exposed during rolling operation, should be covered with additional
aggregate and further rolled until an even surface is attained.
9. Traffic should be prohibited from passing at speed in excess of 40 km. per hour before the
asphalt material completely set.
Item 305- Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
This item consists of furnishing and placing one or more courses of graded aggregate and one or
more application of bituminous materials, followed by seal coat cover aggregate constructed on a
prepared base.
TABLE 5-19 QUANTITY OF MATERIALS AND SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS
OF OPERATIONS
Type of Aggregate and Sequence Type of Bituminous Materials
Of Operations
Asphalt Cement or rapid Emulsified Asphalt
Curing

FIRST LAYER
Spread Aggregate ¾”
coarse aggregate, kg. /sq. m. 90 90
Choker Aggregate, kg./sq. m. --- 10
Apply Bituminous Material, liter/m² 4.0 5.5
SECOND LAYER
Spread Aggregate
Key Aggregate, kg./ sq. m. (½”) 13 10
Apply Bituminous material, liter/ m² 1.8 3.5
THIRD LAYER
Spread Aggregate
Key Aggregate, kg./ sq. m. 11 8
Apply Bituminous material, liter/ m² 1.4 2
FOURTH LAYER
Spread Aggregate
Key Aggregate, kg./ sq. m. 8 8
TOTAL QUANTITIES:
Bituminous material, liter / sq. m. 7.2 11
Aggregate, kg. / sq. meter 122 126
Material Requirements
The amount of materials per square meter and sequence of operations shall be as provided in
Table 5-19.
Bituminous Material is either asphalt cement rapid curing cutback asphalt or emulsion asphalt
which ever is specified.
Aggregate should be crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed gravel consisting of clean, tough,
durable fragments, free from excess of flat, soft or disintegrated pieces and free from stone coated
with dirt or other objectionable matter. Natural gravel may be used for cover material.
Aggregate shall have a mass percent of will not exceeding 40 when tested by AASHTO T-096.
 When crushed Gravel is subjected to five cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test (AASHTO
T-104), the weighted loss shall not exceed 12 mass percent.
 When crushed slag is used, it shall be uniform density and quality. A density not less than 1,120
kilograms per sq. m. as determined by AASHTO t-19. application of bituminous material should
be made only when the aggregate is dry and the atmospheric temperature under the shade
15degree centigrade or above and the weather is not foggy or rainy.
Equipment
1. The equivalent to be used shall include;
a. Hand or power operated brooms;
b. Shovel
c. Rakes
d. Self powered bituminous material distributor hand or power operated spray pumps, broom
dragging equipment and self powered roller.
2. A sufficient number of stiff-fiber steel bristle push brooms is include.
3. The roller should be self-propelled steel wheel, vibratory or pneumatic type. Its weight should
be sufficient enough to compact the layer of the required conditions.
 TABLE 5-20 AGGREGATE GRADING REQUIREMENTS
Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
mm Inch Grading A Grading B Grading C Grading D

62 2 ½” 100 ---- ---- ----

50 2” 90-100 ---- ---- ----
38 1 ½” 35-70 ---- ---- ----
25 1” 0-15 ---- ---- ----
20 ¾” ---- 100 90-100 ----
12 ½” 0-5 90-100 20-55 100
10 3/8” ---- 40-70 0-15 85-100
4.75 No.4 ---- 0-15 0-15 10-30
2.36 No.8 ---- 5-0 ---- 0-10
---- ---- ---- 0-5
1.18 No.16
Base Preparation
1. Before spreading the aggregate, the base is properly cleaned of all loose foreign materials. The
existing base is swept until the embedded large aggregate is exposed or in the case of previously
constructed asphalt until the surface is free from mud or other covering.
2. Prime Coat is applied to the prepared untreated base, or in case of previously constructed asphalt,
or cement surface, Tack Coat is applied.
3. During the application of asphalt materials, building paper is laid over the end of the previous
application where the new application will start on the building paper.
4. The distributor should not be cleaned or discharged into ditches, borrow pits or shoulder along the
right of way.
Item -306 Bituminous Surface Course
Bituminous material is either Rapid Curing (RC) cutback, Medium Curing (MC) Cut Back or
Emulsified Asphalt which ever specified. The proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry
aggregate is from 4.5 to 7.0 mass percent when cut back asphalt is used and from 6.0 to 10.0 mass
percent when emulsified asphalt is used.
During the mixing operation, 0.5 to 1.0 mass percent of hydrated lime, dry aggregate basis is added
to the mixture. The lower percentage limit is applicable to aggregate which predominantly calcareous.
1. The equipment includes bituminous distributor and heating equipment, scarified, mixer, spreader, and
finishing compacting equipment.
2. Road roller should be self propelled steel wheel tandem of 3 wheel rollers weighing not less than 8 tons
each and a pneumatic tire rollers having a total compacting width of not less than 1.52m (60inches) and
the gross mass adjustable within the large of 3,540 to 6,360 kg./m. of compaction width.
3. All tires of pneumatic roller is equally inflated exerting equal unit pressure with mass of varying contact
pressure to suit project condition.
Base Preparation
Case -I (new aggregate)
when new aggregate is used for the road mix surface course, the existing base is scarified lightly and
bladed to a uniform grade and cross section as specified
Case -II (Salvaged Aggregate)
4. When materials in the existing road surface are to be used for mixing, the surface is scarified lightly and
bladed to a uniform grade and cross section. The re-shaped surface is scarified to depth as determined
by the Engineer to leave a foundation of undisturbed material parallel in profile and cross section to the
finished surface.
5. The loosened materials are bladed aside into windrow side of the road, and the undisturbed materials
rolled, watered, and rolled as directed.
5-15 Geoplastic Fabrics
The Geoplastic fabrics were introduced and experimented in Europe in the year 1970. they were used
to reinforce soil of pavement and to provide drainage and control for highways and railroads.
According to FHWA report RD 80-021 entitled Evaluation Test Method and use Criteria for
Geotechnical Fabrics in Highway application”, the use of geoplastic fabric is considered as excellent. The
evaluation was supported by koerner and welosh in “Construction and Geotechnical Engineering Use of
Synthetic Fabric” published in new York year 1980.
The Functions of Geoplastic Fabrics
1. As filter. It holds the soil in place while allowing water to flow easily away by some form drainage.
2. As drainage. Heavy geoplastic fabrics provide channels for carrying water away from the soil to the
drain.
3. As separator. The fabrics prevent different materials from mixing together.
4. As Reinforcement. It adds mechanical strength to the soil of pavement structure.
5. As Armor. It protects the soil from surface erosion or attractive forces.
Materials
Euplastic fabrics are manufactured from polypropylene, polyester, nylon, polyethylene and
polyvinylidene chloride of which changes in properties depends on the processes by which the fabric is
produced aside from the differences in chemical composition. Most of these geoplastic materials are made of
polypropylene and polyester.
Differences in Properties Includes:
1. Specific Gravity
2. Strength
3. Future stain
4. Modulus of elasticity.
5. Creep resistance
6. Resistance to ultra-violet light and biological effect.
Construction Method are classified as either woven or knitted non-woven.
For woven fabrics, the filaments are directed in two perpendicular directions and overlapped. For
transportation use, the pattern is simple uniform and rectangular constant pore size distribution. The
monofilament fabrics are woven from single strands and the multifilament fabrics are made from yarns with
many fine strands. The ribbon filament fabrics are made from strands with widths several times their
thickness.
 Knitted Geoplastic Fabrics (KGF) is made of loops of fibers connected by straight segments. They
could be stretched in either direction without significant stresses to the fabrics. Knitted Geoplastic
Fabrics in tubes serve well as filters around drain tike particularly for agricultural needs.
Non-Woven Geoplastic are neither woven or knitted. The fibers or stand arrangement are held
together under the following manner
1. Needle punching through the fabrics
2. Heat bonding or melt bonding
3. Resin bonding wherein the fabric is impregnated with a resin which cement the fibers together.
4. Combination bonding is the combination of two or more of the processes described to produced
a particular characteristics.