CPR Ratio For Adults, Children, and Infants

10/14/23, 1:28 PM CPR Ratio for Adults, Children, and Infants
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CPR Ratio for Adults,

Children, and Infants
The CPR Ratio refers to the specific sequence of chest compressions and rescue breaths
administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It guides responders on the number
of chest compressions to perform and how many rescue breaths to give to an individual
experiencing cardiac arrest or a sudden cessation of breathing.
Adults and Child CPR Ratio: CPR ratio for adults and older children is 30:2 for a single
rescuer. You must perform 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths and
maintain a steady rhythm.
Infant CPR Ratio: The CPR ratio is 30:2 for a single rescuer, the same as the ratio for
adult/child.
If there are two rescuers, the CPR ratio for the child and infant will be 15:2. You need to
perform 15 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths.
https://www.mycprcertificationonline.com/cpr-ratio 1/14
CPR Ratios for Adults

High-quality CPR has critical steps to follow, and there are certain metrics by the
American Heart Association that must be followed to improve the survival rate from out-
of-hospital cardiac arrest. This includes providing chest compressions at the proper rate
and depth. Here is the CPR ratio that you must remember when performing CPR for an
average adult.
Compression to Ventilation Ratio

Compression to Ventilation Ratio refers to the number of external chest compression
given, followed by the number of ventilation breaths given while performing CPR.
According to the American Heart Association, the correct compression to ventilation
ratio for adults is 30:2. It means to provide 30 chest compressions after 2 rescue
breaths and maintain a steady rhythm. If there is another lay rescuer, the same method
must be followed, except that each person can take turns performing the ventilation
breaths and the compressions without pausing either.
American Heart Association guidelines also indicate that in patients with an advanced
airway, one ventilation breath every six seconds should be given without interruptions in
chest compression.
Rate of Compressions
For adults, the CPR compression rate is 100-120 compressions per minute. Chest
compression rate refers to the speed or rate of chest compression per minute during
CPR. For example, a cardiac compression rate of 100 per minute means you can give 100
compressions in 1 minute if there's no need for you to stop to provide ventilation. Usually,
a lone rescuer performing 100/1 continuous compression will perform about 75 external
chest compression per minute due to the need for ventilation breathing. You will only do
chest compressions without stopping until emergency medical personnel takes over if the
victim is intubated. In addition, you should minimize any interruptions to achieve a chest
compression fraction of 60.
Depth of Compressions
The compression depth for adults is at least 2- 2.4 inches deep or 5 to 6 cm, with a rate
of 100-120 compressions per minute. Compression depth is how far down the victim's
chest is compressed with each chest compression. It's also important to allow complete
chest recoil between each compression.
Rescue Breathing
Rescue breathing is the number of ventilation breaths that are given each minute. The
ventilation rate for adults should be 10-12 breaths per minute. Each rescue breath
should be given over 1 second with a sufficient tidal volume to produce chest rise. This is
for victims who still have a pulse but don't have normal breathing. The certified lay
rescuers can supply enough oxygen to preserve life by rescue breathing into the victim's
lungs. It's important to act quickly because brain damage can occur after only 3 minutes
without oxygen. Avoid excessive ventilation.
In a previous study of adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, continuous chest

compressions without rescue breathing did not result in significantly higher rates of
survival than 30 compressions to 2 ventilations.
If an Automated External Defibrillator or AED is available, alternate 3-4 shocks with a

minute of CPR. CPR should be continued until the emergency response is available or you
see the patient's normal breathing or any signs of life.
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CPR Ratios for Children

Adults usually require CPR due to sudden cardiac arrest resulting from a heart attack,
while children tend to require CPR due to respiratory issue that leads to cardiac arrest.
It's essential that you know the proper CPR procedure, CPR child hand placement, and
CPR ratio for children to be prepared when an emergency occurs.

According to the American Heart Association guidelines, the child compression to
ventilation ratio for a single rescuer is 30:2, which is the same for adults. This means
that single rescuers need to perform 30 chest compressions followed by two rescue
breaths. If there are two rescuers, the ratio of compressions will be 15:2.
If you are an untrained bystander, you should perform hands-only CPR or chest
compressions only without rescue breathing until the emergency response is available to
take over.
The recommended number of compressions per minute for children is at least 100 to 120
beats per minute. After 30 compressions, tilt the head, lift the chin, and give two
effective breaths. Although the rate of compressions will be 100-120 a minute, the actual
number delivered will be fewer because of the pauses to give breaths.
According to the American Heart Association guidelines, the depth of compression ratio
for children is at least one-third of the diameter of the chest, which is about 2 inches or
5cm, with a compression rate of 100-120 per minute.
Rescue Breathing
The ventilation rate for a child that isn't breathing is 12 to 20 rescue breaths per minute.
This is about one rescue breath every 3 to 5 seconds.
To do rescue breathing for a child, put one hand on the forehead, and push with your
palm to tilt the head back. Then, take a normal breath, and blow it to the mouth of the
child for 1 second. Watch to see if the child's chest rises.

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CPR Ratios for Infants

CPR is performed when an infant is unconscious, they're unresponsive, or if they're not

breathing. CPR will keep the oxygenated blood moving through the infant's body with
proper chest compressions and rescue breathing until advanced life support is available.
If you are a parent, baby sitter of childcare provider, you can enroll in an Infant CPR
Course to gain a better understanding about infant CPR.

The compression to ventilation ratio for an infant is the same as the ratio for adults and
children, which is 30:2 for single rescuer. This means you need to perform 30 chest
compressions followed by two rescue breaths for infants. If there are two rescuers, the
ratio of compressions will be 15:2.
According to the American Heart Association and ILCOR, it is permitted to perform

“hands-only” CPR on adults and older children. But for infants, it’s recommended to
weave in the two breaths every 30 compressions.
The technique for performing chest compressions on infants differs from that for adults
or children, but the compression rate is still the same. Because an infant is more fragile,
the external chest compression should be performed with only two fingers, at the center
of the chest, just below the nipples. The rate of chest compressions for infants is
approximately 100 to 120 compressions per minute. This means the rescuer should
perform chest compressions at a rate of about 100 to 120 compressions in a one-minute
cycle. Allow the chest to return to its normal position after each compression.
When performing chest compressions on infants, the rescuer should compress the chest
to a depth of about 1.5 inches (4 cm). It is essential to avoid compressing too deeply, as
an infant's chest is more delicate compared to an adult's. Do not compress over the
xiphoid or ribs.
Rescue Breathing
The ventilation rate for infants during CPR is approximately 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds,
which translates to about 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Each rescue breath should be
delivered gently enough to see the infant's chest rise visibly. Avoid excessive ventilation.
CPR Ratio for Special Circumstances

The proper CPR ratio may vary for certain circumstances, such as pregnant individuals,
the elderly, and patients with specific medical or physical conditions. It is essential to
recognize these differences to provide effective and appropriate care during out of
hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac emergencies. However, it's important to
note that the guidelines can change over time, so always refer to the most current
recommendations from reputable organizations like the American Heart Association
(AHA) or the American Red Cross.
Pregnant Individuals
For pregnant individuals experiencing out of hospital cardiac arrest, the main focus is still
on providing high-quality CPR with a focus on chest compressions. The standard
compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 is generally recommended, similar to adult
CPR. However, when performing chest compressions, rescuers should slightly modify
hand placement to avoid putting excessive pressure on the abdomen, especially as the
pregnancy progresses. It is essential to prioritize the safety of both the pregnant
individual and the fetus while providing life-saving CPR.
Elderly Patients
For elderly patients, the overall approach to CPR remains the same as for adults. The
compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 is generally used, with the aim of delivering
high-quality chest compressions and rescue breaths. Rescuers should consider the frailty
and potential underlying health conditions of the elderly patient, which may affect the
force applied during chest compressions.
Patients with Medical or Physical Conditions

For patients with specific medical or physical conditions, the general CPR guidelines still
apply, emphasizing the importance of early recognition, activation of emergency
services, and high-quality chest compressions. Some medical conditions or physical
limitations may make it challenging to perform rescue breaths effectively. In such cases,
if the rescuer is not trained or uncomfortable with rescue breaths, hands-only CPR (chest
compressions only) can be an alternative. Hands-only CPR can still be effective in
maintaining blood flow and oxygenation for a short period until professional help arrives.
Understanding CPR Ratio

The CPR Ratio refers to the specific sequence of chest compressions and rescue breaths
administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It guides responders on the number
of chest compressions to perform and how many rescue breaths to give to an individual
experiencing cardiac arrest or a sudden cessation of breathing.
Different age groups require a different set standard for CPR ratios. For example, the
compression ratio for a man with a round and larger chest may require a strong push,
while for the elderly, pushing hard, fast, and deep may cause ribs to break. The
compression ratio for an infant is also different because it requires less effort.
During CPR, the primary goal is to keep the blood flowing and maintain oxygen circulation
to vital organs, especially the brain. The CPR Ratio plays a critical role in achieving this
objective. If the CPR Ratio is not used correctly, it can lead to inadequate blood flow and
insufficient oxygen supply to the brain, which can have severe consequences for the
person in distress.
Why is the CPR ratio important in

performing effective CPR?
The CPR ratio is important in performing effective CPR because it ensures adequate
blood flow and oxygenation to the body's vital organs, especially the brain. When
performing chest compressions, blood is pumped out of the heart and circulated
throughout the body, providing oxygen to organs and tissues. Meanwhile, mouth-to-
mouth resuscitation provides additional oxygen to the lungs, which helps maintain proper
gas exchange.
The CPR Ratio serves three critical purposes that can significantly impact the outcome of
a cardiac emergency:
Performing chest compressions in the correct ratio helps maintain blood circulation
throughout the body, especially to the brain and other vital organs.
The CPR Ratio includes rescue breaths, which deliver vital oxygen to the lungs and
subsequently to the bloodstream. Oxygen is essential for the survival of organs,
particularly the brain, which is highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation.
By using the appropriate CPR Ratio, responders can optimize blood circulation and
oxygen delivery, significantly increasing the likelihood of restoring normal breathing
and heart rate.
Understanding the CPR Ratio is crucial for effective CPR, as it ensures the patient
receives the right balance of chest compressions and rescue breaths. If the CPR ratio is
not maintained correctly, it can lead to inadequate blood flow and oxygenation, which
can cause brain damage or even death.
According to the study of data from the National Institutes of Health clinical trials network
database, a combination of 107 compressions per minute and a compression depth of 4.7
cm might be the ideal target for rate and depth of chest compressions during CPR. The
research also indicates that the use of an adjunct during CPR could lead to significantly
improved outcomes when this target is adhered to.
How does the CPR ratio affect blood flow

and oxygenation during CPR?
The CPR ratio plays a significant role in maintaining proper blood flow and oxygenation
during CPR. Compressions serve as a substitute for the heart's pumping action, allowing
blood to circulate throughout the body. The compression rate should be fast enough to
create sufficient pressure to pump blood but not too fast that it doesn't allow enough
time for the heart to refill between compressions.
Meanwhile, ventilations provide additional oxygen to the lungs, which is then circulated
throughout the body. The rate of ventilation should be appropriate for each age group
and should not cause excessive air to enter the stomach instead of the lungs.
By following the correct CPR ratio, blood flow, and oxygenation are maintained at optimal
levels during CPR, increasing the chances of survival and recovery.
What can happen if the CPR ratio is

incorrect during CPR?
If the CPR ratio is incorrect during CPR, it can lead to inadequate blood flow and
oxygenation, which can cause serious complications or even death. If compressions are
not performed correctly, blood cannot circulate properly, leading to organ damage and
brain injury. Likewise, improper ventilation can cause air to enter the stomach instead of
the lungs, leading to gastric distention and possible vomiting, which can further
compromise breathing.
In addition, incorrect CPR ratios can cause physical trauma, such as broken ribs or
punctured lungs. This is especially true for older adults with weaker bones or infants
whose delicate bodies require gentler handling.
Why is it important to give rescue breaths

during CPR?
Giving rescue breaths during CPR is crucial for maintaining adequate oxygenation and
circulation. When a person's heart stops beating, their body no longer receives oxygen-
rich blood, which can lead to brain damage or death within minutes. Chest compressions
alone may not be enough to provide the necessary oxygen to the body.
Rescue breaths help provide additional oxygen to the lungs, which chest compressions
distribute throughout the body. This helps maintain proper oxygenation and prevents
brain damage or other complications that can occur due to lack of oxygen.
In addition, rescue breaths also help remove carbon dioxide from the body, which can
build up and lead to acidosis if not eliminated. Acidosis can cause further harm to the
body and impair its ability to function properly.
How is CPR performed differently when an

advanced airway is in place?
When an advanced airway, such as an endotracheal tube or supraglottic airway, is in
place during CPR, the technique for delivering chest compressions and rescue breaths
may be modified to optimize resuscitation efforts. The presence of an advanced airway
allows for more effective ventilation and oxygenation, and it changes the way CPR is
performed as follows:
Chest Compressions
When an advanced airway is in place, chest compressions can be delivered
continuously without the need for pauses to provide rescue breaths. This technique
is often referred to as "continuous chest compressions."
The rescuer can focus solely on delivering high-quality chest compressions at the
recommended rate (100 to 120 compressions per minute) and depth (approximately
2 inches or 5 centimeters for adults).
Rescue Breaths
With an advanced airway in place, the rescuer does not need to provide mouth-to-
mouth rescue breaths. Instead, the use of a bag-mask device or mechanical
ventilator is preferred to deliver ventilation.
For intubated patients, a bag-mask device can be connected directly to the

endotracheal tube, and for those with supraglottic airways, the device is connected
to the airway device.
The rescuer delivers ventilations at a rate of approximately 1 breath every 6 to 8
seconds, ensuring adequate oxygenation.
Is CPR Ratio different in other countries?

The principles of CPR are generally consistent worldwide, but specific guidelines,
including the recommended CPR ratios, may vary slightly between countries and
international organizations. The variations are often based on the latest scientific
research, regional practices, and the availability of resources and medical expertise.
The core components of CPR, such as chest compressions and rescue breaths, remain
constant regardless of the country. However, differences may arise in the compression-
to-ventilation ratio, the recommended depth and rate of compressions, and the use of
specific devices or techniques.
How can rescuers maintain the appropriate

CPR ratio during CPR?
To maintain the appropriate CPR ratio during CPR, rescuers should follow the guidelines
set by the American Heart Association (AHA) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC).
These guidelines provide clear instructions on the correct compression rate, ventilation
rate, and ratio for each age group.
Rescuers should also receive proper training in performing CPR to ensure that they can
perform it correctly. They should attend courses and receive certification from
recognized organizations such as the AHA or ECC.
It is also important for rescuers to regularly refresh their knowledge and skills through
refresher courses or practice sessions. This helps ensure that they are up-to-date with
any changes in guidelines or techniques and can perform CPR effectively in an
emergency situation.
In addition, using tools such as feedback devices or metronomes can help maintain the
correct compression rate during CPR. These devices provide auditory or visual cues to
indicate compressions' proper timing and force, helping rescuers maintain the
appropriate ratio.
How can proper CPR training help

individuals understand the correct CPR
ratio?
Proper CPR training can help individuals understand the correct CPR ratio by providing
them with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform CPR effectively. During CPR
training, individuals learn about the importance of maintaining the appropriate
compression rate, ventilation rate, and ratio for each age group. They also learn how to
perform proper chest compressions and rescue breaths, as well as how to use tools such
as feedback devices or metronomes to maintain the correct compression rate.
Learn CPR and Save a Life Today

Just as the CPR Ratio is important, so too is obtaining a CPR Certification, which ensures
individuals are prepared to perform CPR in an emergency. According to statistical
analysis, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest affects nearly 1000 Americans each day; when
including in-hospital cardiac arrest, more than 500,000 adults suffer cardiac arrest each
year in the United States. For out-of-hospital cardiac emergencies, it's important for first
aiders to do CPR as soon as possible to increase the chance of survival while waiting for
the emergency medical services team.
Basic and Advanced Life Support providers performing successful resuscitation

contribute to the survival rates from hospital cardiac arrest. If most people knew how to
perform CPR and use an AED, we could decrease the number of deaths from out-of-
hospital cardiac emergencies. At CPR Select, we want to help save lives by teaching you
CPR and basic life support skills based on American Heart Association guidelines for
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. You can save a life
by learning how to do rescue breathing or CPR quickly and easily through one of our
online classes.
With CPR Certification, you will be equipped to provide effective CPR using the correct
CPR Ratio, which can increase a patient's chance of survival. Our CPR Certification
course is divided into several modules, each focusing on a different aspect of CPR,
including the CPR Ratio. The CPR Certification test will assess your understanding of the
CPR Ratio and your ability to apply it in practice.

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CPR Ratio For Adults, Children, and Infants

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10/14/23, 1:28 PM CPR Ratio for Adults, Children, and Infants

Learn Blog Support Login

CPR Ratio for Adults,

CPR Ratios for Adults

Compression to Ventilation Ratio

In a previous study of adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, continuous chest

If an Automated External Defibrillator or AED is available, alternate 3-4 shocks with a

CPR AED and First Aid

Get Started Now

CPR Ratios for Children

Compression to Ventilation Ratio

CPR AED and First Aid

Get Started Now

CPR Ratios for Infants

CPR is performed when an infant is unconscious, they're unresponsive, or if they're not

Compression to Ventilation Ratio

According to the American Heart Association and ILCOR, it is permitted to perform

CPR Ratio for Special Circumstances

Patients with Medical or Physical Conditions

Understanding CPR Ratio

Why is the CPR ratio important in

How does the CPR ratio affect blood flow

What can happen if the CPR ratio is

Why is it important to give rescue breaths

How is CPR performed differently when an

For intubated patients, a bag-mask device can be connected directly to the

Is CPR Ratio different in other countries?

How can rescuers maintain the appropriate

How can proper CPR training help

Learn CPR and Save a Life Today

Basic and Advanced Life Support providers performing successful resuscitation

CPR AED and First Aid

Get Started Now

Nationally Accepted and 100% Online

BLS CPR/AED CPR/First CPR/AED BBP First Aid

ABOUT US About Us COURSES Resources

CPR Select is the leading Why Choose Us CPR/AED/First Blog

CPR First Aid

© 2022 CPR Select ® All Rights Reserved.

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