EXP NO:1

SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the Soundness of cement by Le-Chatelier method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
The apparatus for conducting the Le-Chatelier test should conform to IS: 5514-1969
Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g and water bath.

PROCEDURE:
 Place the mould on a glass sheet and fill it with the cement paste formed by
gauging cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard
consistency.
 Cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet, place a small weight on this
covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a
temperature of 27±2ºc and keep it there for 24hrs.
 Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5mm
 Submerge the mould again in water at the temperature prescribed above. Bring the
water to boiling point in 25 to 30 minutes and keep it boiling for 3hrs.
 Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance
between the indicator points (say d2).
 (d2-d1) represents the expansion of cement.

RESULT:
The basic aim is to find out the water content paste of standard consistency as
specified by the IS:4031 (part4) – 1988.The principle is that standard consistency of cement
is that consistency at which the vicat’s plunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from the bottom
of vicat’s mould.
EXP NO:2
FINENESS OF CEMENT
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the fineness of cement by dry sieving.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
IS sieve, Balance capable of weighing 10g to the nearest 10mg, a nylon or pure bristle
brush preferably with 25 to 40mm bristle for cleaning the sieve.

PROCEDURE:
 Weigh approximately of 10g of cement to the nearest 0.01g and place it on the
sieve.
 Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movements, until no more fine
material passes through it.
 Weigh the residue and express its mass as a percentage R1, of the quantity first
placed on the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent.
 Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve.
 Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate
R as the mean of R1 and R2 as a percentage, expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent
when the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving
and calculate the mean of the three values.

RESULT:
Report the value of R, to the nearest 0.1 percent, as the residue on the 90µm sieve.
EXP NO:3
INTIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the initial and final setting time of cement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Vicat’s apparatus, gauging trowel.

PROCEDURE:
 Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water.
The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
 Fill the vicar mould with paste and level it with a trowel.
 Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.
 Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
 The reading on the gauge is noted.
 Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different
quantities of water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.

RESULT:
Express the amount of water as a percentage of the weight of dry cement to the first
place of decimal.
EXP NO:4
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF
DATE: FINE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determine the fineness of given sample of fine aggregate modulus.
To plot a particle size distribution curve and to find effective size and uniformity
coefficient.
To find fineness modulus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Is sieve set
 Weight balance
 Sieve cover and receiver
 Wire brush
 Sieve shaker

PROCEDURE:
 The sieve was placed one below the other in the order of their size
 The receiver was placed on the bottom
 The 1kg of fine aggregate was taken in the pan
 The sample was transported in the top most sieve and it was covered
by the lid
 The set of sieve with the sample was kept in the siever shaker and the
mover was started to shake the sieve.
 The shaker was allowed to shake the sieve for 10 minutes
 The weight was founded for the residue in each sieve
 The value was tabulated in order and the cumulative weight retained
and percentage of passing was calculated for each sieve
 Then the graph was drawn in between the log size in x axis and
cumulative percentage retained in y axis.
 From the graph the values of D10, D30, D60 were calculated and the
uniformity coefficient, fineness modulus are also calculated.
OBSERVATION:
Weight of aggregate taken = 1kg

SL NO SIEVE WEIGHT OF % OF CUMULATIVE % OF

DESIGNATION RESIDUE IN WEIGHT % OF WEIGHT PASSING
gm RETAINED RETAINED gm

1 4.75mm

2 2.36mm

3 1.18mm

4 600μm

5 300 μm

6 150 μm

7 <150 μm
CALCULATION:
From the graph D10= D30= D60=

Uniformity coefficient (Cu)= D60/D10

Coefficient of curvature (Cc)=D302 / (D60 * D10) =

Fineness modulus= (sum of cumulative % retained) /100

RESULT:

 Uniformity coefficient =
 Curvature coefficient =
 Fineness modulus =
EXP NO:5
SLUMP CONE TEST
DATE:

AIM:
To measure the workability of concrete using slump cone test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Slump cone
 Tamping rod
 Metallic sheet

PROCEDURE:
 The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a
light coat of oil.
 The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface.
 The mould is then laid in four layers with freshly mixed concrete, each
appropriately to one-fourth of the height of the mould.
 Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod(strokes
are evenly distributed across the cross section)
 The mould is removed from concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in vertical direction this allows the concrete to subside. This subside
is referred to the slump of concrete and the height is noted.
 The pattern of slump indicates the characteristics of the concrete.

SL NO MIX RATIO SLUMP VALUE

RESULT:
Slump of the concrete of mix ratio=
EXP NO:6
COMPACTING FACTOR TEST
DATE:

AIM:

To determine the workability of fresh concrete by compacting factor test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Compacting factor equipment

 Vibrator
 Weighing machine
 Tamping rod.

PROCEDURE:

 Prepare a concrete mix.

 Record the empty weight of the cylinder.
 First close the bases of two hoppers.
 Fill the upper hopper with the freshly mixed concrete (fill freely without compacting),
then open the base of this upper hopper to allow concrete to fall under the effect of its
weight to the lower hopper. This hopper is smaller than the upper one, thus it will be
filled to overflowing.
 Then open the base of the second hopper to allow concrete (also only under the effect
of its weight) to fall into the cylinder. Excess concrete is cut by two floats slide across
the top of the mould.
 Level the surface of the cylinder and clean the sides of the cylinder. Within 150 s of
placing, weigh the cylinder with concrete inside. This is known as weight of partially
compacted concrete.
 The cylinder is filled with a fresh sample of concrete and vibrated to obtain full
compaction. The concrete in the cylinder is weighed again. This weight is known as
the weight of fully compacted concrete.
OBSERVATION:

SL NO WATER WEIGHT OF PARTIALLY WEIGHT OF FULLY

CEMENT RATIO COMPACTED CONCRETE COMPACTED CONCRETE
1
2
3

CALCULATION:

Compacting factor =

RESULT:

Compaction factor for mix ratio

1:2:4=

1:3:6=

1:4:8=
EXP NO:7
KELLY BALL TEST
DATE:

AIM:

This method is used to determine the penetration of a hemispherical metal weight into
freshly mixed concrete, which is related to the workability of the concrete.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 A cylinder with one end having a hemispherical shape and the other end fit with a
graduated handle.
 The diameter of metal hemisphere is 15 cm
 The weight of metal hemisphere is 13.6 kg

PROCEDURE
 The weight assembly is lowered through a frame into the concrete and the penetration
is measured.
 The depth of concrete must be at least 20 cm and minimum distance from the centre
of ball to the nearest edge of concrete 23 cm
 The surface of the concrete is struck off level, avoiding excess working , the ball is
lowered gradually on the surface of concrete.
 The depth of penetration is read immediately on the stem to the nearest 6mm
 The test can be performed in about 15 seconds and give more consistent results than
slump test.
 It can be performed on the concrete placed in site but it requires a large slump of
concrete and it cannot be used when the concrete is placed in thin section.

RESULT:

The depth of penetration should be ……………. mm

EXP NO:8
FLOW TABLE TEST
DATE:

AIM:
To measure the flow and workability of the concrete by using flow table test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Flow table test apparatus.
 Tamping rod.

PROCEDURE:
The apparatus consists of flow table about 76cm in diameter over which concentric
circles are marked. A mould made from smooth metal casing in the form of a frustum of a
cone is used with the flowing internal dimensions the base is 25 cm in diameter upper surface
17cm in diameter and height of the cone is 12 cm.

 The table is cleaned of all the gritty material is wetted. The mould is kept on the
centre of the table, firmly held and is filled in two layers.
 Each layer is tamped 25 times with a tamping rod 1.6cm in diameter and 61cm long
rounded at the lower tamping end.
 After the top layer is tamped evenly the excess of concrete which has overflowed the
mould is removed.
 The mould is lifted vertically upward and the concrete has overflowed the mould is
measured
 The diameter of the spread concrete is measured in about 6 directions to the nearest 5
mm and the average spread is noted. The flow of concrete is the percentage increase
in the average diameter of the spread concrete over the base diameter of the mould.
 The value could range anything from 0 to 150%. A close look at the pattern of spread
of concrete can also give a good indication of the characteristics of concrete such as
tendency for segregation.
OBSERVATION:
Dimensions of flow table:

Top diameter =

Bottom =

Height =

Direction 1=

Direction 2=

Direction 3=

Direction 4=

Direction 5=

Direction 6=

CALCULATION:
Average spread of concrete=

Flow %= (spread dia in cm -25)/25 *100=

RESULT:
The flow % of the concrete =
EXP NO:9
VEE – BEE CONSISTOMETER TEST
DATE:

AIM:
To measure the workability of concrete by Vee-Bee consistometer test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Vee-Bee Consistometer.

PROCEDURE:
 Placing the slump cone inside the sheet metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer.
 The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned and placed on the top of the
concrete in the pot.
 The electrical vibrator is switched on and a stop-watch is started, simultaneously.
 Vibration is continued till the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the
concrete assumes a cylindrical shape.
 When the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stop-watch is switched
off immediately and time is noted. The consistency of the concrete should be
expressed in VB-degrees, which is equal to the time in seconds recorded above.

Observation and Calculation:

Initial reading on the graduated rod , a

Final reading on the graduated rod , b
Slump (b) – (a) ,mm
Time for complete remoulding , seconds

RESULT:

The consistency of the concrete is …………….. sec.

EXP NO:10
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the compressive strength of concrete by cube and cylinder test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Cube moulds 10cm size and 15cm size as per IS:516
 Cylindrical mould 15cm dia 30cm high as per IS:516
 Trowels
 G.I sheet for mixing
 Tamping rod 16mm dia and 600mm long and bullet pointed at the lower end.
 Glass plate thicker than 6.5mm or machined metal plate 13mm thickness and
end of dimensions greater than 17.5mm.
 100 tonne compression testing machine.

PROCEDURE:
 Fill concrete into the mould in layers approximately 5cm deep by moving the
scoop around the top edge of the mould as the concrete slides from it, in order
to ensure a symmetrical distribution of the concrete within the mould.
 Compaction: if compaction is done by hand, tamp the concrete with the
standard rod, strokes being uniformly distributed over the cross-section of the
mould. For 15cm cube, no. of strokes should not be less than 35 per layer and
25 strokes for 10cm cubes. For cylindrical specimen no. of strokes shall not be
less than 30 per layer. Strokes should penetrate into underlying layer. Tamp
the sides of the mould to close the voids left by tamping bars.
 If compaction is done by vibration, then each layer is compacted by means of
suitable vibrating hammer or vibrator or vibrating table. Mode and quantum of
vibration of laboratory specimen shall be as nearly the same as those adopted
in actual operations.
 Capping: cylindrical specimens are capped with a thicker layer of neat cement
generally two or three hours after moulding operation. Cap shall be formed by
 a glass plate or metal plate. Work the plate on the mould till it’s lower surface
rests on the top of the mould.
 The cement for capping shall be mixed to a stiff paste for about two hours
before it is to be used in order to avoid tendency of the cap to shrink.
Adhesion of the paste to the capping plate can be avoided by coating the plate
with a thin coat of oil or grease.
 Test for compressive strength
Age at test: usually testing is done after 7days and 28days, the days being
measured from the time the water is added to the dry ingredients.
 Test at least three specimens at a time.
 Test specimens, after about half an hour an removal from the water, till it is in
surface saturated dry, keep them in water for 24 hours before testing.
 Note down the dimension of the specimens nearest to 0.2mm and also note
their weight.
 Placing specimen in the machine
 Place the specimen in such a manner that the load shall be applied to opposite
sides of cubes as cast (i.e,) not to the top and bottom.
 Align carefully the centre of thrust of the spherically seated platen.
 Apply load slowly and at the rate of 140kg/cm2/min till the cube breaks.
 Note down the maximum load and appearance of the concrete failure (i.e,)
whether aggregate has broken or cement paste has separated from aggregate
etc.
OBSERVATION:

Square

a) Length (mm) =
b) Breadth (mm) =
c) Height (mm) =

Cylinder

a) Height (mm) =
b) Diameter (mm) =

RESULT:

The compressive strength of given specimen (cube or cylinder) = ……………N/mm2

EXP NO:11
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
DATE:

AIM:
To find the split tensile strength of the given concrete specimen.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compression testing machine (CTM) split tensile testing setup.
 Material – 150mm dia × 300mm long moist curved concrete cylinder.

PROCEDURE:
 Take the wet specimen from water after curing.
 Wipe out water from the surface of specimen.
 Draw dia material lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are on the
same axial place.
 Note the weight and dimension of the specimen.
 Set the compression testing machine for the required range.
 Keep the plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen.
 Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centred over
the bottom plate.
 Place the other plywood strip above the specimen.
 Bring down the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.
 Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate of approximately 14 -
21kg/cm2/min. (which corresponds to a total load of 9900kg/min to 14850kg/min.)
note down the breaking load (P).
 Calculate the splitting tensile strength as follows;
o fst =

 Where, P is the maximum load at failure in KN and t and length and diameter of the
given cylindrical specimen respectively in mm.
 As per IS: 456 split tensile strength of concrete = 0.7(fck)1/2
OBSERVATION:
a) Load at failure (P) =
b) Dia. of specimen (D) =
c) Length of specimen (L) =

Result
Spliting tensile strength of given concrete specimen = N/mm2
EXP NO:12
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF ROLLED
DATE: STEEL JOIST

AIM:

To study the Flexure behaviour of rolled steel joist.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Dial gauges
 Demec gauge
 Crack detection microscope
 Loading equipments etc
 Data logger
 Electrical strain gauge

PROCEDURE:

 Measure the given steel joist and mark the center of the span
 Place the rolled steel joist in the flexure test setup.
 Fix the electrical strain gauges in the required place of the steel joist
 Three no’s of dial gauges are placed, one at the centre of the bottom beam,
two at the 1/3rd points just under the points of application of loads.
 Place the load cells in the top of the steel beam.
 Connect the load cell, strain detector, load indicator to the data logger.
 Note the initial readings of the strain indicator and dial gauges.
 Now load is applying at the centre of the top of the joist which is transferred to
bottom joist through reactions of top joist.
 The load is increased at an interval of 0.25 tonnes.
 The strain gauge readings were read from the digital strain indicator.
 Three dial gauge readings were noted down.
 Note the initial readings of dial gauges and demec gauges.
 Connect the electrical strain gauge, load cell and LVDT with the data logger.
 Collect the data from the computer at the specified interval of time.
GRAPH:
1. Load vs Deflection

2. Strain variation across depth at mid section.

RESULT:
Load carrying capacity of the given steel rolled joist=
EXP NO:13 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF UNDER
DATE: REINFORCED BEAM

AIM:
To study the flexural behaviour of under reinforced beam.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Dial Gauges:
 Demec gauge (Demountable Mechanical Gauge) Instrument:
 Loading equipments etc.
 Crack detection microscope
 Data logger
 Electrical Strain gauge

PROCEDURE:
Under-reinforced concrete beam is that R.C. Beam, in which the amount of steel is
kept less than the balanced R.C. beams. With increase in bending

Moment the steel is strained beyond the yield point and the maximum strain in
concrete remains less than or equal to 0.0035 if the beam is further loaded, the strain in the
section increases. Once steel has yielded, it does not take any additional stresses for the
additional strain and the total force of tension remains constant. However compressive forces
further shift upward to maintain equilibrium. This results in an increase in the top fiber strain
in concrete in compression of the beam. This process of shift in neutral axis continuous until
maximum strain in concrete reaches its ultimate value that is 0.0035 and concrete started
crushing. Such a beam is referred to as an under reinforce beam. The failure is called tension
failure because it fails by of steel . This yielding of steel is responsible for continued
higher strains in concrete resulting in its failure.

 The under reinforced beam for the given beam size.

L=2000mm; b=150mm; d=150mm
 Cast the beam as per the design and do proper curing.
 Draw grids on the white washed beam at an interval of 5cm to note the propagation of
cracks.
 Paste the electrical strain gauges to the surface of the beam at the required places.
 Make the loading setup as shown in the fig.
 Note the initial readings of dial gauges and Demec gauges.
 Connect the electrical strain gauge, load cell and LVDT with the data logger.
  Observe the grid pattern which is drawn on the vertical surface of beam in
longitudinal direction carefully for any cracks after each load increment.
 Identify the first crack at a particular load and its width is to be measured at the level
of steel using microscope.
 For each load increment, identify the cracks on the specimen and the width of first
crack is to be measured at the same level.
 Continue the experiment until failure of the beam occurs. The ultimate load carrying
capacity of the beam is noted. This will give failure load.
 Observe the type of failure in case of under reinforced beam to compare with that of
behavior of an over reinforced beam.
 Collect the data from the computer at the specified interval at time.

RESULT:
Load carrying capacity of the given beam=___________________

Graph:

Load vs. Deflection

Strain variation across depth at mid section

Load vs. Crack width

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS:
In under-reinforced sections, before failure, the beam resists extensive cracking in tensile
zone and very high deflections. This gives sufficient warning before failure to the occupants
for taking precautions against damages.

Failure of over-reinforced beam is sudden and does not give notice before it occurs as the
concrete is brittle and does not yield falling concrete due to failure of such beams or slabs can
overload the other members of the structure which may fail due to overloading. This kind of
design is uneconomical because the available strength of steel is not effectively used also it
is unsafe as in case of overload the failure is sudden and does not give time for the occupants
to take necessary action therefore the design of an over-reinforced beam is restricted by the
code.
EXP NO:14
YOUNG’S MODULUS OF CONCRETE
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the Young’s modulus of the given beam by conducting flexure test.

APPARATUS AND SPECIMEN REQUIRED:

 Flexure table.
 Test specimen
 Dial gauge with stand
 Set of weights with load-hanger
 Vernier caliper and scale.

PROCEDURE:
 Measure the length (L), breadth (B) and depth (D) of the given beam specimen.
 Place the beam specimen simply over two knife edge supports of the bending
table apparatus and measure centre to centre distance between the supports. This
distance is known as span of the beam (l).
 Place the load-hanger at any distance, preferably less than l/2 from the right
support.
 Measure the distance between load- hanger and the right support. Take this value
as ‘b’.
 Place the dial gauge at a distance ‘x’ from the left support, where the maximum

deflection will occur. The value of x =

 Adjust the dial gauge to read zero.
 Apply kg load the load-hanger and note down the dial gauge reading in divisions.
Increase the load at the rate of 1 kg and note down the corresponding dial gauge readings
in divisions.
 Find the actual deflection (δ) by multiplying the dial gauge reading with least count of
the dial gauge.
 Draw the load-deflection curve for the given specimen.
 Find the stiffness of the specimen using K=W/δ
Where, W=Load in N,δ = Deflection
 Find the Young’s modulus of the given beam material for each load W, by using the
formula;

 E=
√

Where, W= load in N ,I= Moment of Inertia in mm4 = (BD3/12) ,δ=Deflection in mm.

OBSERVATION:
1. Material of the specimen =
2. Length of the beam, L = mm
3. Span of the beam, l = mm
4. Breadth of the beam, B = mm
5. Depth of the beam, D = mm
6. Least count (LC) of the dial gauge = mm
7. The value of ‘b’ = mm
8. The value of ‘x’ = mm

Sl. Load in Dial gauge Actual deflection in Stiffness in Young’s modulus in

No. reading in mm (L.C. dial gauge N/mm N/mm2
divisions reading)
Kg N

Average=

 Find the average value of young’s modulus, which will be the young’s modulus of
the given beam material.
 From the load-deflection curve the young’s modulus can be determined
graphically.

RESULT:
The young’s modulus (E) of the given beam material

1. By Analytically= N/mm2
2. By Graphically= N/mm2
EXP NO:15 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF OVER-REINFORCED
BEAM
DATE:

AIM:

To study the flexural behaviour of over reinforced beam.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Dial gauges

 Demec gauge(demountable mechanical gauge)

 Crack detection microscope

 Loading equipments

 Data logger

 Electrical strain gauge

PROCEDURE:

 Design the over reinforced beam for the beam size

 L=2000mm; B=150mm;D=150mm

 Cast the beam as per the design and do proper curing

 Draw grids on the white washed beam at an interval of 5cm to note the propagation of

cracks

 Paste the electrical strain gauges to the surface of the beam

 Make the loading set up

 Note the initial readings of dial and demec gauges

 Connect the electrical strain gauge , load cell and LVDT with the data logger
  Observe the grid pattern which is drawn on the vertical surface of the beam in

longitudinal direction carefully for any cracks after each load increment

 Identify the first crack at a particular load and its width is to be measured at the level

of steel using microscope

 For each load increment , identify the cracks on the specimen and the width of first

crack is to be measured at the same level

 Continue the experiment until the failure of beam occurs. The ultimate load carrying

capacity of the beam is noted. This will give failure load

 Observing the type of failure in the case of over reinforced beam to compare with that

of behavior of an under reinforced beam

 Collect the data from the computer at the specified interval of time

RESULT:

Load carrying capacity of the given beam =

EXP NO:16
TEST ON R.C COLUMN – AXIAL LOAD
DATE:

THEORY:
Columns are structural elements used primarily to support compressive loads. There are two
Types of columns viz.
1. Short column
2. Long column or slender column
A short column is one in which the ultimate load carrying capacity is governed by the
strength of the materials and area of the cross section.
A long column on another hand is one in which the ultimate load carrying capacity is
governed by the bucking strength which depends on its slenderness ratio.
Reinforced concrete columns are reinforced by longitudinal and transverse steel. The
Longitudinal steel bars resist compression.
The transverse reinforcement serves two purposes
a. Holds main bars in position during concreting
b. Prevents longitudinal main reinforcement from working out of concrete by
Crushing the thin outer cover
The transverse steel can be of two types.
a. Lateral ties (Square or Rectangular) spaced vertically along the height.
b. Closely spaced spirals.

BEHAVIOUR OF COLUMNS:
The ultimate load of an axially loaded column in given by (for experimental work)
pu =0.67 fyAsc +0.6 fck (Ag-Asc)
fy=Tensile strength of steel
Ag=Crosse sectional area of column
Asc=Area of longitudinal steel
Fck= Charateristic compressive strength of concrete
Upto pu tied and spiral columns behave identically and the transverse steel add very little to
The strength of column. Once “pu” is reached the concrete cracks, the cover spalls off. As the
spacing of ties are large the longitudinal steel buckles in between lateral ties and the concrete
breaks down. The load capacity is reduced due to loss of concrete area.

AIM OF EXPERIMENT:
To study the behaviour of tied columns.

OBSERVATIONS:
 The failure load.
 The theoretical failure load

PROCEDURE:
 Design the R.C.C columns for the required size of the column.
 Cast the column as per the design and do the proper curing.
 The test specimen is set in the 200t testing frame exactly vertical using plumb
bob for testing.
 Place the load cell on the top of the column and connected with the digital
load Indicator.
 Fix the electrical strain gauge in the side of the column and connected with the
digital strain indicator.
 Fix the pellets at various locations and measure with demountable strain gauge
during the each interval of loading.
 Apply the load on the column specimen axially at 10t intervals.
 The load and strain through the relevant digital indicators at the time of
Loading is measured.
 The failure load is noted.

RESULT:
Load carrying capacity of the columns=…………….

GRAPH:
1. Load vs Deflection
EXP NO:17 TEST ON R.C COLUMN – ECCENTRIC
DATE: LOAD

AIM OF EXPERIMENT:
To study the behaviour of tied columns subjected to eccentric load.

OBSERVATIONS:
 The failure load.
 The theoretical failure load.

PROCEDURE:
 Design the R.C.Column for the required size of the column.
 Cast the column as per the design and do the proper curing.
 Setup the test specimen in the 200t testing frame exactly vertical using plumb bob for
testing.
 Place the load cell on the top of the column and connected with the digital load
indicator.
 Fix the electrical strain gauge in the side of the column and connected with the digital
Strain indicator.
 Fix the pellets at various locations and measure with demountable strain gauge during
the each interval of loading.
 Apply the load on the column at the given eccentricity at 10t intervals.
 Measure the load and strain through the relevant digital indicators at the time of
loading.
 Note the failure load.

RESULT:
Load carrying capacity of the column= _________________

GRAPH:
Load vs Deflection
EXP NO:18
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the ultrasonic pulse velocity and the elastic properties of materials.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Ultrasonic Tester with its accessories.

IS CODE:
IS : 13311 – Part (1)

THEORY:
This test can be used to investigate the extent and depth and deep-rooted cracks. In
this test an Ultrasonic pulse is sent with the help of a transmitter and received on the opposite
face with the help of a receiver. The measurement of the velocity of sound can indicate the
detour taken by the sound wave due to the presence of cracks in the structure and
location/depth of the crack can be monitored on a cathode ray oscilloscope screen.

PRINCIPLE:
An Ultrasonic pulse is generated by an electro-acoustical transducer. When the pulse
is introduced into the concrete from the transducer, it under goes multiple reflections at the
boundaries of the different material phases with in the concrete. A complex system of waves
is developed, which includes longitudinal, transverse, and surface waves. The receiving
transducer detects set of the longitudinal waves, which is the fastest.
The Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is used to establish the homogeneity of concrete,
changes in the structure of the concrete which may occur with time, elastic modulus of
concrete, quality of one element of concrete in relation to another, and also presence of
cracks, voids and other imperfection. It may not be able to give a measure of strength
directly.

The velocity of an Ultrasonic pulse through any material depends up on its density,
modulus of elasticity, presence of reinforcing steel, and poison’s ratio. The principle behind
this technique that a comparatively higher velocity is obtain when the quality of concrete in
terms of density, homogeneity, and uniformity is good. In case of poorer quality, a lower
velocity is obtained. Pulse velocity rating for various quality grades of concrete are given
below.
Quality Pulse velocity-As per Bureau of Indian Standards (km/s)
Excellent > 4.5
Good 3.5 to 4.5
Fair 3.0 to 3.5
poor < 3.0
After traversing a known path (L) in the concrete the vibration pulse is converted into
an electrical signal by second electro-acoustical transducer held in contact with other surface
of the concrete member. An electronic timing circuit enables the transit time (T) of the pulse
to be measured, from which the Ultrasonic pulse velocity (V) can be calculated as V=L/T.

SPECIFICATIONS:
The apparatus required for ultrasonic pulse velocity test are as follows:
1. One electrical pulse generated
2. A pair of transducer
3. An amplifier
4. An electronic timing device
PROCEDURE:
 Carry out the test at position marked A, B, C, and D for both Line 1 and 2
 Spread grease on the surface of the concrete to be tested, to enhance surface
contact with the transducer.
 Place the transmitter on the marked position and the receiver on the opposite
side of the beam.
 Record the time taken for the ultrasonic pulse to travel from the transmitter
through the thickness of the beam to the receiver.

LIMITATIONS:
The following are the limitations of the testing procedure:
 Any variation of concrete temperature between 5oC and 30oC does not affect
the pulse velocity measurements. At temperature between 30oC and 60oC there
can be reduction in the pulse velocity by 5%. Below the freezing temperature,
free water freezes with in concrete and the pulse velocity is increased by 7%.
 The pulse velocity of concrete increases with an increase in the moisture
content of concrete. The influence is pronounced for low strength concrete
than high strength concrete. The pulse velocity of saturated concrete may be
increased by 2%.
 The pulse velocity measured in reinforced concrete in the vicinity of
reinforcing bars is usually higher than in plain concrete of the same
composition. This is because the pulse velocity through steel is 1.2 - 1.9 times
higher than the velocity through concrete.
 When concrete is subjected to stress which is abnormally high for quality of
concrete pulse velocity may be reduced due to development of micro-cracks.
RESULT:
Ultrasonic pulse velocity =----------------------------.
EXP NO:19
REBOUND HAMMER TEST
DATE:

CALIBRATION:
It is necessary that the rebound hammer is frequently calibrated and checked against
the testing anvil to ensure reliable result for each position in which it is to be used on
structures. The testing anvil should be of steel having an anvil brine hardness of about 500
N/mm². Around each point of observation, six reading of rebound indices are taken and
average of the reading after deleting outliners (extreme values) gives the rebound index for
the point of observation. The correlation between the rebound index and concrete strength is
given as a graph on the equipment housing for easy estimation.

PROCEDURE:
 This test is carried out in the cube specimen before it was test in Compressive
strength testing machine.
 Then the points are smoothed using carborundum stone and head of plunger is
released by lightly pressing the tip on the concrete surface.
 The hammer is held exactly at right angle to the surface and presses the
plunger till we hear the locking sound.
 After the hammer mass is rebounded the push button is pressed immediately.
 At the position the reading of rebound hammer is noted down from the scale
attached.
 Compressive strength of the concrete is interpolated from the graph attached
corresponding to the rebound number and direction.
 The above procedure is repeated for all four points and finally the minimum
value is found as compressive strength of concrete.

COMPARITIVE HARDNESS

Average Rebound Quality of Concrete

>40 Very Good
30-40 Good
20-30 Fair
<20 Poor and / or delaminated
0 Very poor and/or delaminated
OBSERVATION:
Rebound Number
Vertical Direction Horizontal Direction

RESULT:
Compressive strength of concrete at the end of 7/28 days is found as _______ N/mm².
EXP NO:20
WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COARSE
AGGREGATE
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the water absorption of given coarse aggregate

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
200g coarse aggregate, Container, balance, Electric oven

PROCEDURE:
 The coarse aggregate passing through IS 10 mm sieve is taken about 200g.
 They are dried in an oven at a temperature of 1100 ±50C for 24 hours.
 The Coarse aggregate is cooled to room temperature.
 Its weight is taken as (W1g).
 The dried coarse aggregate is immersed in clean water at a temperature 270 ±20C for
24 hours.
 The coarse aggregate is removed from water and wiped out of traces of water with a
cloth.
 Within three minutes from the removal of water, the weight of coarse aggregate W 2 is
found out.
 The above procedure is repeated for various samples.
OBSERVATION:

Weight of
Weight of water % of water
Sample Weight of oven dried saturated
absorbed absorbtion =
no specimen (W1) g specimen (W2)
W3= (W2-W1) g (W3/ W1) x 100
g

1.

2.

CALCULATION:
Weight of dry sample of coarse aggregate W1 =

Weight of saturated specimen W2 =

Weight of water absorbed W3= (W2-W1) =

Percentage of water absorption = (W3/ W1) x 100 =

RESULT:
Water absorption of the coarse aggregate =
 EXP NO:21
X RAY DIFFRACTION TEST
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the identity and structure of crystalline nature of the sample.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
X Ray diffractometer

PRINCIPLE:
XRD is a non destructive testing for identifying crystalline phases and orientation and
to determine structural properties.
Diffraction occurs only when Bragg’s Law is satisfied Condition for constructive
interference (X-rays 1 & 2) from planes with spacing d

PROCEDURE:
 Qualitative analysis:

X-rays are made to pass on the specimen. When X-rays interact with a crystalline
specimen it diffracts and forms diffraction pattern on the foil in front of the specimen.

The X-ray diffraction pattern of a pure substance is like a fingerprint of the

substance. Each material produces a unique X-ray "fingerprint" of X-ray intensity versus
scattering angle that is characteristic of it's crystalline atomic structure.

Qualitative analysis is done by comparing the XRD pattern of specimen material

to a library of known patterns. Today about 50,000 inorganic and 25,000 organic single
components, crystalline phases, and diffraction patterns have been collected and stored on
magnetic or optical media as standards.

 Quantitative determination:

 Substance is placed on the stage of the X Ray Difractometer. X- Rays are passed
through the specimen and they are diffracted by the lattice of the crystal to give a
unique pattern of peaks of 'reflections' at differing angles and of different intensity,
just as light can be diffracted by a grating of suitably spaced lines. The diffracted
beams from atoms in successive planes cancel unless they are in phase, and the
condition for this is given by the BRAGG relationship.
 nλ= 2 d Sin Ɵ

λ is the wavelength of the X-Rays

d is the distance between different plane of atoms in the crystal lattice.

Ɵ is the angle of diffraction.

The X-Ray detector moves around the sample and measures the intensity of these
peaks and the position of these peaks [diffraction angle 2 Ɵ]. The highest peak is defined as
the 100% * peak and the intensity of all the other peaks are measured as a percentage of the
100% peak.

RESULT:
Thus the quantitative and qualitative measures of the sample are determined.