S.NO.

DATE EXPERIMENT NAME PAGE MARKS SIGN

NO.
1 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY
SLUMP TEST
2 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY
FLOW TABLE TEST
3 WORKABILITY CONCRETE BY
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
4 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY
VEE-BEE TEST
5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE
6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE
7 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF
CONCRETE
8 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON
COARSE AGGREGATE
9 GRADATION OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
10 CRUSHING STRENGTH OF
AGGREGATE
11 LOS ANGELS ABRASION TEST
12 IMPACT TEST ON AGGREGATE
13 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON
COARSE AGGREGATE
14(a) FLAKINESS INDEX OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
14 (b) ELONGATION INDEX OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
15 PENETRATION TEST ON BITUMEN
16 SOFTENING POINT TEST ON
BITUMEN
17 DUCTILITY TEST ON BITUMEN
18 FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST ON
BITUMEN
19 VISCOSITY TEST ON BITUMEN
20 DETERMINATION OF BINDER
CONTENT OF BITUMINOUS MIXES
21 DETERMINATION OF MARSHALL
STABILITY AND FLOW VALUE ON
BITUMINOUS MIXES
22 DENSITY TEST ON BITUMINOUS
MIXES
Workability requirements of concrete:

Sl Degree of Slump
Placing Conditions
No Workability (mm)
Shallow sections and pavements using
1. Very low 0-25
pavers
Mass concrete, lightly reinforced sections
in slabs, beams, walls, columns, floors,
2. hand placed pavements, canal lining, strip Low 25-75
foundation, columns, floors, hand placed
pavements, canal lining, strip footings
Heavily reinforced sections in beams,
3. walls, slabs, columns, slip form work, Medium 75-100
pumped concrete
4. Trench fill, in-situ piling High 100-150

Calculation:

Given Mix Proportion =

Cement = kg

Fine Aggregate = kg

Coarse Aggregate = kg

Water = kg

W/C ratio =

Volume of the Slump Cone =

Required Volume of the Mix for the slump cone =

Quantity of Cement required for the slump cone =

Quantity of fine aggregate required for the slump cone =

Quantity of coarse aggregate required for the slump cone =

Ex No: 1
Date :

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY SLUMP TEST

Aim:
To determine the workability of the concrete using slump test.

Reference:

IS: 1199-1959, Methods of Sampling and analysis of concrete

Apparatus required:
1. Slump cone with non-porous base plate
2. Tamping rod
3. Trowels
4. Tray
5. Measuring jar
6. Steel Rule

General:
Workability of fresh concrete determines the degree of ease with which a concrete
mixture can be handled, placed and compacted to a dense solid mass. Slump is the fall of
height in vertical height of freshly prepared concrete with respect to its standard mould
height.
Procedure:
1. The internal surface of the slump cone is thoroughly cleaned and oiled.
2. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent base plate.
3. The given concrete mix (say 1:2:4) is prepared for the volume of the slump cone.
4. The mould is filled with freshly prepared concrete in three layers of concrete and each
layer is given with 25 blows using tamping rod.
5. After tamping the top surface of the concrete is leveled with trowel in level with the
top of the mould.
6. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in a vertical direction.
7. This allows the concrete to subside or slump and the slump is measured immediately
by determining the difference between the height of the mould and that of the highest
point on the subsided concrete is measured.
Result:
The slump observed = ________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Calculation:
(Spread diameter in cm – 25)
 Flow Percent = _________________________ x 100
25

Ex No:2
Date:
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY FLOW TABLE TEST

Aim:
To measure the flow and workability of the concrete by using flow table

Reference:
IS 1199-1959, Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete.
Apparatus require d:
a) Flow table test apparatus

Procedure:
The apparatus consists of flow table about 76 cm in diameter over which
concentric circles are marked. A mould made from smooth metal casing in the form of a
frustum of a cone is used with the following internal dimensions. The base is 25 cm in
diameter w i t h upper surface 17 cm in diameter and height of the cone is 12 cm.

1. The table top is cleaned of all gritty material and is wetted. The mould is kept on
the center of the table, firmly held and is filled in two layers.
2. Each layer is rodded 25 times with a tamping rod 1.6 cm in diameter and 61 cm
long rounded at the lower tamping end.
3. After the top layer is rodded evenly the excess of concrete which has overflowed
the mould is removed.
4. The mould is lifted vertically upward and the concrete stands on its own without
support.
The table is then raised and dropped 12.5 cm 15 times in about 15 seconds.
5. The diameter of the spread concrete is measured in 6 directions to the nearest 5 mm
 and the average spread is noted. The flow of concrete is the percentage increase in
the average diameter of the spread concrete over the base diameter of the mould.
6. The value could range anything from 0 to 150 per cent. A close look at the pattern
of spread of concrete can also give a good indication of the characteristics of
concrete such as tendency for segregation.
Result:
The flow percent of the concrete is ____________.

INFERENCE
ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge

Observation and Calculation:

Cylinder Size = 15 cm dia x 30 cm height (Internal)

Weight of empty cylinder (W1) = gm

Weight of empty cylinder + partially compacted concrete (W2) = gm

Weight of cylinder + fully compacted concrete (W3) = gm

Weight of partially compacted concrete (W2 - W1) = gm

Weight of fully compacted concrete (W3 - W1) = gm

Compaction Factor = W2 - W 1

W3 - W1
Ex No:3
Date:

WORKABILITY CONCRETE BY COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

Aim:
To determine the workability of concrete by compaction factor test

Reference:
IS 1199-1959, Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete.

Apparatus Required:
1. Compaction factor Apparatus
2. Trowels 2 Nos
3. Tamping rod
4. A Balance (10 gm accuracy)
5. Mixing pan
6. One hand scoop
General:
Workability is the amount of work required to achieve full compaction of concrete. In dry
mixes, slump test does not give slump and hence a more precise and sensitive method to detect
the change in workability is necessary. Compaction factor test works on a principle of
determining the degree of compaction achieved by a standard height. The degree of compaction
called compaction factor is measured by the density ratio. It is the ratio of the density
achieved in the test to the density of concrete fully compacted. Hence this method is particularly
useful for concrete of very low workability requiring vibration.

Procedure:
1. The inner surfaces of the hopper and cylinder are greased.
2. The weight of empty cylinder with its base (W1 gm) is taken.
3. The given concrete mix proportion is prepared.
4. The concrete mix is gently placed and leveled in the upper hopper using the hand
scoop.
5. The trap door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
6. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, the trap door of the lower hopper is
opened and the concrete is allowed to fall into the cylinder.
7. The excess concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder is removed
with the trowel. Outside of the cylinder is cleaned and the weight of the cylinder with
concrete (W2 gm) is determined.
8. The cylinder is refilled with the same sample of concrete in approximately six equal layers.
Each layer is being heavily rammed or vibrated so as to obtain full compaction.
9. The top surface of the cylinder is leveled and the outside of the cylinder is wiped and
weighted with concrete (W3 gm).
10. The value of compaction factor is calculated as below.

Weight of partially compacted concrete

Compaction factor =
Weight of fully compacted concrete

Result:
The compaction factor for given w/c ratio = _____________

INFERENCE
ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Ex No: 4
Date:
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY VEE-BEE TEST

Aim:
To determine the workability of concrete using Vee-bee test.

Reference:
IS 1199-1959, Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete.

Apparatus required:
1. Vee-bee Consistometer
2. Tamping rod
3. Stop watch
General:
Vee-bee test determines the time required for transforming by vibration, a concrete
specimen in the shape of a conical frustum into a cylinder. Vee-bee test is very suitable for
very dry concrete whose slump value cannot be measured by slump test.
Procedure:
1. The internal surface of the slump cone is thoroughly cleaned and greased.
2. The mould is placed inside the metal pot.
3. The mould is filled in four equal layers. Each layer is tamped with 25 strokes of the
rounded end of the tamping rod.
4. After the top layer is rodded, the excess concrete is struck off level with the tamping rod
and no trowel is used for this purpose.
5. The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is moved and placed just on the top of the
slump concrete in the pot and the position of the concrete cone is noted on the graduated
rod.
6. The cone is lifted up then and the slump is noted on the graduated rod by lowering the
glass disc on the top of the concrete.
7. The electric vibrator is then switched on and the concrete is allowed to spread out in the
pot.
8. The vibration is continued until the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the
concrete assumes a cylindrical shape and the time taken for this to attain is noted with a
stopwatch. The time recorded is recorded in seconds.
 9. The consistency of the concrete is expressed in vee-bee degrees, which are equal to the
time in seconds recorded.

Result:
The consistency of the concrete expressed in Vee-Bee degree = ________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation and Calculation:
 i) Cube Compressive Strength

Age of Size of Compression Compression

Sl. Date of Date of Weight Density
test Specimen load at Strength
No Casting Testing (kg) (kg/m3)
(days) (mm) failure (N) (N/mm2)

1.

2.

3.

Average =
ii) Cylinder Compressive Strength

Age of Size of Compression Compression

Sl. Date of Date of Weight Density
test Specimen load at Strength
No Casting Testing (kg) (kg/m3)
(days) (mm) failure (N) (N/mm2)

1.

2.

3.

Average =

Ex No: 5
Date:
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Aim:
To determine the compressive strength of concrete

Reference:
IS 516-1959, Method of test for Strength of Concrete

Apparatus required:
1. Three cube specimens of 150 mm size and Three cylinder specimens 150 mm
diameter and 300 mm height (for each age of standard required)
2. Tamping rod & trowels
3. Non-absorbent platform
4. Hand scoop
5. Compression testing machine
Procedure:
A. Preparation of cube/cylinder:
1. As per the given proportion, the quantities of cement, sand, and coarse aggregate of
20 mm size is determined by weight to an accuracy of 0.1% of the total weight of the
batch.
2. The quantity of concrete is prepared with required quantity of water to provide a
normal consistency.
3. The interior surface of the properly assembled mould is thinly coated with mould oil
to prevent adhesion of concrete.
4. The concrete is mixed by hand or preferably in a laboratory mixer machine.
5. The wet concrete is placed inside the mould in layers and compacted well either by
hand compaction or by vibration.
6. The top surface of the concrete is leveled to the top level of the mould.
7. The date and numbers on the top surface of concrete for identification is marked.
8. The finished specimens are kept in moist air environment for 24 hours.
9. After 24 hours the specimens are demoulded, marked and submerged in clean water.
10. Specimens are kept in water till testing at the appropriate age(s).
(The age is calculated from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients)
Compression Testing Machine
B. Testing of Cubes/Cylinders:
11. At the appropriate age, the specimens are removed from water and surface water is
wiped off.
12. The dimension of the compression face one by one is measured and the weight is also
noted.
13. The cube is placed in the compression-testing machine between the compression
plates.
14. After the initial adjustments are over, the load is applied to the cube specimen
gradually.
15. The load at the time of first crack and the time of failure is noted.
16. The same procedure is repeated for two more cubes and the average value is taken.

Result:
i) The average cube compressive strength of concrete at ____ days = ___________
ii) The average cylinder compressive strength of concrete at ____ days = ___________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Calculation:
 Note:
If L= 700mm, 1= 600mm, b & d" 150mm
If L= 500mm, 1 = 400mm, b & d = 100mm
Considering 500mm long beam
Flexural tensile strength is expressed as modulus of rupture (MOR), f cr and it is calculated
to the nearest 0.05Mpa.
When a  133 mm, fcr = P . l
b.d2
When 110mm ≤ a < 133mm, fcr = 3 P. a
b.d2
If a < 110mm, the result of the test is discarded.
Where P – Maximum load applied (N)
l – span of the specimen (mm)
b – width of the beam(mm)
d - depth of the beam (mm)
Observation:

Age of Modulus of
Sl. Date of Date of Size of beam Breaking ‘a’
test rupture
No Casting Testing (mm) load (N) (mm)
(days) (N/mm2)

1.

2.

3.
Average =

Ex No: 6
Date :
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Aim:
To find the flexural strength or modulus of rupture of concrete
Reference:

IS 516-1959, Method of test for strength of concrete

Apparatus required:

1. Moulds of size 100x 100 x 500 mm or 150x 150 x 700 mm long

2. Tamping rod
3. Hand scoop.

Procedure:
A) Preparation of specimen:

1. As per the given proportion, the quantities of cement, sand, and coarse aggregate of
20mm size is determined by weight to an accuracy of 0.1% of the total weight of the
batch.
2. The quantity of concrete to be prepared is about 10% excess of the volume of the desired
number of test specimens to account for losses.
3. The interior surface of the properly assembled mould is thinly coated with mould oil to
prevent adhesion of concrete.
4. The concrete is mixed by hand or preferably in a laboratory mixer machine.
5. The wet concrete is placed inside the mould in layers and compacted well.
6. The top surface of the concrete is leveled to the top level of the mould.
7. The date and numbers on the top surface of concrete for identification is marked.
8. The finished specimens are kept in moist air environment for 24 hours.
9. After 24 hours the specimens are demoulded, marked and submerged in clean water.
10. Specimens are kept in water till testing at the appropriate age(s).
(The age is calculated from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients)
B. Testing of Specimens:
1. The flexure strength is normally determined at the ages 3, 7, and 28 days. For every age
of strength, at least three specimens have to be tested to take average.
2. At the appropriate age, the specimens are removed from water and surface water is wiped
off.
3. Specimen is then placed in the loading frame of flexure testing machine such that it is
resting on the roller supports symmetrically.
4. The load is applied to the upper most surface as cast in the mould, through two point
loads as indicated in the fig.
5. The load is applied at the rate of 1.8KN/min. The load is increased until the specimen
fails. Unlike crushing failure, flexure failure will be sudden and abrupt and hence a close
watch on the dial gauge reading is made and failure load recorded accurately.
 6. After failure, the broken pieces are taken and kept together. Along the centerline of
bottom face, the distance between the line of fracture and the nearest support is measured
and it is denoted as ‘a’ (fig).

Result:
Flexural strength of concrete beam = ____________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation:
Dimension of the cylinder =
Diameter =
Height =
Gauge length =

Tabulation
 Load Deformation
Stress Strain
(N) Div mm (N/mm2)

Ex No: 7
Date:
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE
Aim:

To determine the Modulus of elasticity of concrete

Reference:
 IS: 516-1959, Method of test for strength of concrete

Apparatus required:

1. Three cube moulds of 150mm size and 150mm diameter and 300mm height (for each
age of standard required)
2. Compressometer
3. UTM
General:
As the stress-strain curve for concrete is non-linear, three methods for computing the
modulus are used.
i)Tangent Modulus:
It is given by the slope of a line drawn to the stress-strain curve at any point on the
curve.
ii) Secant Modulus
It is given by the slope of a line drawn from the origin to a point on the curve
corresponding to 40% stress of the ultimate stress.
iii) Chord Modulus
It is given by the slope of a line drawn between two points on the stress-strain curve.
The first point being corresponding to a strain of 50 x 10 -6 and the second point
corresponds to 40% stress of the ultimate stress.
Normally this test is conducted on specimens at the age of 28 days.
Procedure:
1. Three numbers of 150 mm dia & 300 mm high cylindrical specimens are prepared as per
the proportion.

2. After the specified period of curing the specimens shall be removed from water and the
surface water wiped off.

3. Compressometer is attached and the gauge length is noted. The specimen is then placed
in the UTM and carefully aligned for concentric loading.
Compressometer
Graph:
Stress-strain graph shall be drawn for each specimen and the elastic modulus is
calculated.

Result:
The Modulus of elasticity of concrete = ____________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation and Calculation:

Specific gravity for coarse aggregate:

Weight of empty Pycnometer (W1 gm) =
Weight of Pycnometer with coarse aggregate (W2 gm) =
Weight of Pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water (W3 gm) =
Weight of Pycnometer + water (W4 gm) =

(W2-W1)
Specific gravity = ----------------------------
(W2-W1) - (W3-W4)

Ex No:8
Date :
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
Aim:
To determine the specific gravity of given coarse aggregates.

Reference:
IS: 2386 (Part-III) –1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (Specific Gravity,
Density, Voids, Absorption and Bulking)
Apparatus required:
1. Wire mesh basket
2. Weighing balance 5 kg capacity
3. Oven
Theory:
Specific gravity is generally defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of
material to the mass of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity gives information
on the quality and properties of aggregate. The specific gravity of an aggregate is
considered to be a measure of strength of quality of the material. Stones having low
specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific gravity values.

Procedure:
Specific gravity for coarse aggregate:
1. The weight of the empty Pycnometer (W1 gm) is found.
2. Fine (or) Coarse aggregate is taken in the container up to approximately ¾ th of the
container and the weight (W2 gm) is found.
3. The container with water is filled so that all void space inside the aggregate is filled
with water. Its weight (W3 gm) is found.
4. The pycnometer is filled with water after emptying it from mix of fine (or) coarse
aggregate and water and its weight (W4 gm) is found.
Result:
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Ex No:9
Date :

GRADATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Aim:
To determine the fineness modulus of given coarse aggregates.
Reference:
 IS: 2386 (Part-I) –1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (Particle
Size and Shape)
Apparatus:
1. IS Sieves: 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm and pan
2. Sieve shaker

Theory:
It is a process of dividing a sample of aggregate into various fractions, each consisting of
particles of same nominal size. The resultant ‘particle size distribution’ is called the
gradation. The gradation of aggregate is very important not only for concrete strength but for
workability also The gradation of aggregate can be represented by a mathematical index
called ‘Fineness Modulus (FM) which determines relative fineness of material. Larger the
value of FM, coarser will be the aggregate.

Procedure:
For coarse aggregate:
1. Coarse aggregate (nominal size 20 mm) 5 kg shall be taken from the sample by
quartering.
2. Sieving by hand shall be carried out, shaked each sieve in order 80 mm,40 mm,
20 mm, 10 mm, and 4.75 mm over a clean dry tray for a period of not less than 2
minutes.
3. The shaking is done with a varied motion backward and forward, left to right,
circular, clockwise and anticlockwise and with frequent jarring so that material is
kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
4. The weight retained on each sieve is found and taken in order.
Result :
Gradation of coarse aggregate =

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge

Observation & Calculation:

The ratio of the wt. of fines formed to the total wt. of sample in each test is expressed as
a percentage. The result is recorded to the first decimal place.

Weight of surface dry sample (W1 gm) =

Weight of fraction passing the appropriate sieve (W2 gm) =

 Aggregate crushing value = (W2/ W1) x100

Ex No:10
Date :

CRUSHING STRENGTH OF AGGREGATE

Aim:
To determine the crushing value of coarse aggregate.
Reference:
 IS: 2386 (Part-IV) –1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (Mechanical
Properties)
Apparatus:
1. An open-ended cylinder cell with base plate and plunger
2. A metal measure
3. A tamping rod
4. IS sieves 12.5mm, 10mm & 2.36mm
5. A balance of capacity 3kg growth 1gm accuracy.
General:
Crushing value of coarse aggregate gives the relative measure of resistance of aggregate
under a gradually applied compressive load. Aggregate crushing values generally shall not
exceed 45% by weight. However, the aggregates used for constructing runways, roads and
pavements shall not have a crushing value more than 30% by weight. (IS:383). The material for
the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing 12.5 mm and retained on 10 mm IS sieve. For
other sizes the material shall be separated on the appropriate sieves as given in the table.
Table:
Nominal IS sieves (mm) Diameter of cylinder Size of IS sieves for
Passing Retained on to be used (mm) separating fines
through
25 20 150 4.75mm
20 12.5 150 3.35mm
12.5 10 150 or 75 2.36 mm
10 6.3 150 or 75 1.70mm
6.3 4.75 150 or 75 1.18mm
4.75 3.35 150 or 75 350micron
3.35 2.36 150 or 75 600micron
AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST APPARATUS
Preparation of test sample:
1. The aggregate is tested in a surface dry condition.
2. The appropriate quantity of aggregate may be found by filling the cylindrical measure
in three layers of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times with the
rounded end of tamping rod and finally leveled off, using the tamping rod or straight
edge.
3. The weight of the material in the cylindrical measure is determined (wt. A) and the
same weight is taken for the repeat test.
Procedure:
4. The cylinder of the test apparatus is put in position on the base plate
5. The test sample is added in thirds, each third is tamped by 25 equally distributed
strokes of tamping rod. The depth of the aggregate in the cylinder is about 10cm.
6. The surface of the aggregate is carefully leveled and the plunger is inserted in the
cylinder so that it rests horizontally on the surface of the sample. Care is taken to
ensure that the plunger does not jam in the cylinder.
7. The apparatus with the test sample and plunger in position is then placed between the
plates of the testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate in such a way that a total
load of 400KN is reached in 10 minutes.
8. The load is released and the whole of the material is removed from the cylinder.
9. The removed material from the cylinder is sieved on 2.36mm sieve for the standard
test or the appropriate sieve given in the table. The fraction passing the sieve is
weighed (wt.B)
10. In a similar way two tests are made.
Result:
Aggregate crushing value = ___________
INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT
P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________Signature of Faculty In charge

Observation & Calculation:

Original weight of aggregate sample (W1 gm) =

Weight of sample retained on 1.7 mm sieve (W2 gm) =

Loss in weight due to wear (W3 = W1 – W2) =

W3
Abrasion value = x 100
W1
Ex No: 11
Date :

LOS ANGELS ABRASION TEST

Aim:

To find the abrasion value of coarse aggregate by Los Angels abrasion test

Reference:
IS: 2386 (Part-IV) –1963, Mechanical Properties
Apparatus:
1. Los Angels Machine eith 12 Nos of steel balls with weight 5 kg
2. IS sieves of sizes: 40 mm & 1.70 mm
3. A balance with an accuracy of 0.1g

General:
Resistance to wear or hardness is essential property for road aggregates. The road stones
should be hard enough to resist the abrasion due to traffic. Abrasion test on aggregate are
generally carried out by any one of the following methods
i) Los Angels test
ii) Deval Abrasion test
iii) Dorry Abrasion test
Of these tests, the Los Angels test is more commonly adopted.
Procedure:

1. The dried aggregate confirming to any one grading A to G as per table 1 is used
for the test.
2. Aggregate weighing 5 kg for grading A, B, C, or D and 10 kg for grading E, F or
G may be taken as test specimen and put into the cylinder of abrasion testing
machine.
3. The abrasive charge is selected in accordance with table 1 depending on the
grading of the aggregate and is placed in the cylinder of the machine.
4. The cover is then fixed tight.
 5. The machine is rotated at a speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per minute. The machine is
rotated for 500 revolutions for grading A, B, C, or D, for grading E, F and G, it shall be
rotated for 1000 revolutions.
6. After the desired number of revolutions, the sample is taken from the cylinder and then
sieved through a sieve of 1.70 mm.
7. The sample retained on the sieve is weighed.
8. The difference between the original and final weight of the sample is expressed as an
original weight of the sample is reported as the percentage of wear.
Table 1 Specifications for Los Angeles Test
Weight in gm of each test sample in the size range, mm Weight
(passing and retaining) of
Number
Grading

charge

4.75-2.36
of

6.3-4.75
gm

20-12.5

12.5-10

10-6.3
80-63

63-50

50-40

40-25

25-20

spheres

A - - - 1250 1250 1250 1250 - - - 12 5000+25

B - - - - - 2500 2500 - - - 11 4584+25
C - - - - - - - 2500 2500 - 8 3330+20
D - - - - - - - - - 5000 6 2500+15
E 2500* 2500* 5000* - - - - - - - 12 5000+25
F - - 5000* 5000* - - - - - - 12 5000+25
G - - - 5000* 5000* - - - - - 12 5000+25

* Tolerence of ±2 percent is permitted

Result:
The abrasion value of the coarse aggregate = __________
INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation and Calculations:
 The ratio of the weight of fines to the total sample weight in each test is expressed as a
percentage, the result being recorded to the first decimal place.

Weight. of surface dry sample (W1 gm) =

Weight. of fraction passing the appropriate sieve (W2 gm) =

Aggregate impact value = (W2/ W1) x100

Ex No: 12
Date :
 IMPACT TEST ON AGGREGATE

Aim:

To determine the impact value of coarse aggregate.

Reference:
IS: 2386 (Part-IV) –1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (Mechanical
Properties)
Apparatus:
1. Impact testing machine
2. A cylindrical metal measure of internal dimensions, 75mm dia and 50mm height.
3. IS sieves of sizes: 12.5,10 & 2.36mm
4. A tamping rod 10 mm dia and 230mm long
5. A balance with an accuracy of 0.1g

General:
The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differ from its resistances to a slow
compressive load. Aggregate impact value shall not exceed 45% by weight for general purpose
concrete and 30% by weight for concrete used for wearing surfaces such as runways, roads and
pavements.

Preparation of test sample:

1. The test sample consists of aggregate, the whole of which passes 12.5 mm sieve
and retained on 10 mm sieve.
2. The measure is filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped with 25
well-distributed strokes using the tamping rod.
3. A further similar quantity of aggregate is added and a further tamping of 25 strokes
is given. The measure is finally filled to overflowing; tamped 25 times and the
surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod is a straight edge.
4. The net weight of aggregate in the measure is determined to the nearest gram
(weight A) and the weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same
material.
Procedure:
 1. The cup on the base is fixed firmly in the impact-testing machine.
2. The whole of test sample is transferred to the cup in one layer and it is compacted
by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
3. The hammer is raised until its lower face is 380mm above the upper face of the
aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate.
4. The test sample is subjected to a total of 15 such blows with a time interval of not
less than one second.
5. The crushed aggregate is removed from the cup and the whole of it is sieved on the
2.36mm sieve until no further significant amount passes in One minute.
6. The fraction passing on the sieve is weighted (wt. B) to the nearest 0.1gm.
7. The fraction retained on the sieve is also weighed (wt. C). If the total weight (B+C)
is less than the initial weight (wt. A) by more than one gm. The result shall be
discarded and the test shall be repeated.
8. Two tests are made in a similar way.

Result:
The impact value of the coarse aggregate = ___________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge

Observation and Calculation:
 Weight of oven Weight of Weight of water % of water
Sample
dried saturated absorbed absorption
No.
specimen (W1 ) g specimen (W2 ) g W3 =(W2 -W1 ) g = (W3 /W1 ) x 100

Weight of dry sample of coarse aggregate W1 =

Weight of saturated specimen W2 =

Weight of water absorbed W = W2 – W1 =

Percentage of water absorption (W2 – W1 )

--------------- x 100 =
W
1

Ex No:13
Date :
 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
Aim:
To determine water absorption of given coarse aggregates.

Reference:
IS: 2386 (Part-III) –1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (Specific Gravity,
Density, Voids, Absorption and Bulking)
Apparatus required:
1. Wire mesh basket
2. Weighing balance 5 kg capacity
3. Oven
Theory:
Absorption capacity or absorption represents the maximum amount of water an aggregate
can absorb. It can be determined by finding the weight of an aggregate under both SSD
conditions and oven-dry conditions. The difference in weights expressed as a percentage
of the oven-dry sample weight is the absorption capacity. Coarse aggregates are
considered to be saturated surface-dry when they have been wiped free of visible
moisture films with a cloth after the aggregates have been soaked in water for a long
period of time (over 24 hours). The saturated surface-dry condition of fine aggregate is
usually taken as that at which a previously wet sample just becomes free-flowing.

Procedure:
Water absorption Test:
1. The coarse aggregate passing through IS 10 mm sieve is taken about 200g.
o
2. They are dried in an oven at a temperature of 110 ±5 C for 24 hours.
3. The coarse aggregate is cooled to room temperature.
4. Its weight is taken as (W1 gm)
5. The dried coarse aggregate is immersed in clean water at a temperature 27±2o C.
Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting
the basket containing it, 25 mm above the above of the tank and allowing it to drop
25 times at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and the aggregate
should remain completely immersed in water for a period of 24 hours.
6. The coarse aggregate is removed from water and wiped out of traces of water with a
cloth
7. Within three minutes from the removal of water, the weight of coarse aggregate
W2 gm is found out.
Result:
Water absorption of coarse aggregate =

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge

Observation and Calculation:

 Size of aggregate (mm) Weight of
Weight of
aggregate fraction Thickness
aggregate
Passing passing and Gauge
Retained on fraction passing
through IS retained (gm) (mm)
IS sieve (mm) thickness Gauge
sieve (mm) (consisting of at
(gm)
least 20 pieces)
63 50 33.90
50 40 27.00
40 31.5 19.50
31.5 25 16.95
25 20 13.50
20 16 10.80
16 12.5 8.55
12.5 10 6.75
10 6.3 4.89
Total Weight W= P=

P x 100
Flakiness Index =
W

Ex No:14 (a)
Date :
 FLAKINESS INDEX OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Aim:
To determine the flakiness index of coarse aggregate
Reference:
IS: 2386 (Part-I) –1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (Particle Size and
Shape)

General:
The particle shape of aggregate is determined by the percentages of flaky and elongated
particles contained in it. For base course and construction of bituminous and concrete
pavements types the presence of flaky and elongated particles are undesirable as they
cause inherent weakness with the possibilities of breaking down under heavy load.
Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement road construction as workability of concrete
improves. Angular shape is desirable for granular base course due to increased stability
derived from the better interlocking.

Flakiness index
The flakiness index of aggregate is the total weight of particles passing through the
various thickness gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample
gauged. This test is not applicable to size smaller than 6.3 mm.
Apparatus:
1. Balance with an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight of the test sample
2. Thickness gauge
3. Sieves – IS sieves indicated in the table
Sample:
The quantity of aggregate shall be taken to provide a minimum number of 200 pieces of
any fraction to be tested.
THICKNESS GAUGE
Dimensions of Flakiness Index:

Size of aggregate (mm) Thickness

Passing Retained Gauge
through IS on IS sieve (mm)
sieve (mm) (mm)
63 50 33.90
50 40 27.00
40 31.5 19.50
31.5 25 16.95
25 20 13.50
20 16 10.80
16 12.5 8.55
12.5 10 6.75
10 6.3 4.89
Note: Thickness Gauge dimension is equal to 0.6 times the mean sieve size
Procedure:
1. The sample is sieved in accordance with the sieves specified in table.

2. Each fraction is gauged in turn for thickness on the thickness gauge. The separate
aggregate fractions are passed through the corresponding slots in the thickness gauge
as indicated in the table.
3. The weight of aggregate passing through each of the slot is determined.
4. Then the total weight of the aggregate passing through the slots of the thickness
gauge is determined.
Result:
Flakiness Index of coarse aggregate = __________
INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation and Calculation:

Size of aggregate (mm)

 Weight of Length Weight of
aggregate Gauge aggregates in
Passing
Retained on fraction passing (mm) each fraction
through IS
IS sieve (mm) and retained retained on
sieve (mm)
(consisting of at length gauge
least 20 pieces)
50 40 81.0
40 25 58.5
25 20 40.5
20 16 32.4
16 12.5 25.6
12.5 10 20.2
10 6.3 14.7
Total Weight W= P=

P x 100
Elongation Index =
W

Ex No:14(b)
Date :
 ELONGATION INDEX OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Aim:
To determine the elongation index of coarse aggregate
Reference:
IS: 2386 (Part-I) –1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (Particle Size and
Shape)
Apparatus:
1. Balance with an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight of the test sample
2. Elongation gauge (length gauge)
3. Sieves – IS sieves of the size indicated in table.
Sample:
The quantity of aggregate shall be taken to provide a minimum number of 200 pieces of
any fraction to be tested.
General
The elongation index of an aggregate is the total weight of material retained on the
various length gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of sample gauged.
Dimensions of Elongation Index:

Elongation
Size of aggregate (mm)
Index
Passing through Retained on IS (mm)
IS sieve (mm) sieve (mm)
50 40 81.0
40 25 58.5
25 20 40.5
20 16 32.4
16 12.5 25.6
12.5 10 20.2
10 6.3 14.7
Note: The dimension is equal to 1.8 times the mean sieve size.
LENGTH GAUGE
Procedure:

1. The sample is sieved in accordance with the sieves specified in table.

2. Each fraction is gauged individually for length on a metal length gauge. The length
gauge used is that specified in table for the appropriate size of material.
3. The total weight of the aggregate retained by the length gauge is found.

Result:

Elongation Index of coarse aggregate = _________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT
 P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge

Observation
Pouring temperature, º C =
Period of cooling in atmosphere, minutes =
Room temperature, º C =
Period of cooling in water bath, minutes =
Actual test temperature, º C =

Penetrometer Dial Reading Standard

Sl.No
Initial Final Penetration Deviation

6
 7

10

Standard Deviation (σ) = x = Penetration value

Repeatability = no.of value x 100

n

Ex No:15
Date :

PENETRATION TEST ON BITUMEN

Aim:
To determine the penetration of bitumen

Reference:
IS 1203 – 1978, Determination of Penetration

Apparatus:
1. Penetrometer
2. Water bath
3. Stop watch

General:
Various types and grades of bituminous materials are available. The penetration test
determines the hardness of these materials by measuring the depth in tenth of a millimeter to
which a standard needle will penetrate vertically under specified conditions of standard load
and temperature. The total load is 100 gm. The softer the bitumen the greater will be its
number of penetration.
 The penetration grades of bitumen binders are generally denoted as 80/100, 60/70 or
30/40 grade bitumen. 80/100 bitumen denotes that the penetration value of the binder ranges
between 80 and 100.

Procedure:
1. The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency between 75º and 100º C above the
approximate temperature at which bitumen softens. The sample material is
thoroughly stirred to make it homogeneous and free from air bubbles and water.
2. The sample material is then poured into the containers to a depth of at least 15 mm
more than the expected penetration.
3. The sample containers are cooled in atmospheric temperature not lower than 13 º
C for one hour
4. Then they are placed in temperature controlled water bath at a temperature of 25 º
C for a period of one hour.

BITUMEN PENETROMETER
 5. The sample container is placed in the transfer tray with water from the water bath
and placed under the needle of the Penetrometer.
6. The weight of needle, shaft and additional weight are checked. The total weight of
the assembly should be 100 gm.
7. The needle assembly is lowered using the adjusting screw to touch the top surface
of the bitumen sample and the needle assembly is clamped in this position.
8. The contact of the tip of the needle is checked using the mirror placed on the rear of
the needle.
9. The initial reading of the penetrometer dial is either adjusted to zero or the initial
reading is taken before releasing the needle.
10. The needle is released exactly for a period of 5 seconds by pressing the knob and
the final reading is taken on the dial.
11. At least three measurements are made on this sample by testing at distance of not
less than 10 mm apart.
12. After each test the needle is disengaged and wiped with benzene and carefully
dried.
13. The sample container is also transferred in the water bath before next testing is done
so as to maintain a constant temperature of 25 C
14. The test is repeated with sample in the other containers.

Result:
Penetration value = __________
 Standard deviation = ___________
Repeatability = ___________
INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation:

a) Bitumen Grade =

b) Liquid used in the bath =

Sample No.1 Sample No.2 Mean Value

Test Property Softening
Ball No.1 Ball No.2 Ball No.1 Ball No.2 Point
Temperature
at which
sample
touches
bottom plate
Ex No:16
Date:
SOFTENING POINT TEST ON BITUMEN

Aim:

To determine the softening point of bitumen

Reference:
IS: 1205 – 1978 - Indian Standard Methods for Testing Tar and Bituminious Materials
(Determination of softening point)

Apparatus Required:

a) Steel Ball: They are two in number. Each has a diameter of 9.5 mm and weight
2.5 ± 0.5 gm
b) Brass Rings
c) Metallic support for placing pair of rings
d) Bath and stirrer
e) Thermometer

General:
Bitumen does not suddenly change from solid to liquid state but as the temperature
increases it gradually becomes softer until it flows readily. All semi-solid bitumen grades
need sufficient fluidity before they are used for application with the aggregate mix. For this
purpose bitumen is sometimes cut back with a solvent like kerosene. This common
procedure however is to liquefy the bitumen by heating. The softening point is the
temperature at which the substance attains particular degree of softening under specified
condition of test. For bitumen is it is usually determined by Ring and Ball test. A brass ring
containing the test sample of bitumen is suspended in liquid like water or glycerin at a given
temperature. A steel ball is placed upon the bitumen and liquid medium is then heated at a
specified rate. The temperature at which the softened bitumen touches the metal plate placed
at a specified distance below the ring is recorded as the softening point of particular
bitumen.

BITUMEN SOFTENING POINT

Procedure:

1) Sample materials is heated to a temperature between 75 to 100ºC above the

approximate softening point until it is completely fluid and is poured in heated rings
placed on metal plate.
2) To avoid sticking of the bitumen to metal plate, coating is done to this by oil, grease
or soap water.
3) After cooling, the rings in air for 30 min, the excess bitumen are trimmed and rings
are placed in the support. At this time the temperature of distilled water is kept at
5ºC.
4) This temperature is maintained for 15 min after which the balls are placed in
position. The temperature of water is raised at uniform rate of 5ºC per min with a
controlled heating unit.
5) The bitumen softens and touches the bottom plate by sinking of balls. At least two
observations are made. For material whole softening point above 80ºC, glycerin is
used as a heating medium and the starting temperature is 35ºC instead of 5ºC.

Result:
The mean softening point value = _________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT
 P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation

Grade of bitumen =
Pouring temperature, = ºC
Periods of cooling
a) in air = minutes
b) in water bath before trimming = minutes
c) in water bath after trimming = minutes

Ductility = cm
Ex.No:17
Date:
DUCTILITY TEST ON BITUMEN

Aim:
To determine the ductilty of the given bitumen sample.
Reference:
IS 1208 – 1978, Method for Testing Tar and Bituminous Materials: Determination of
Ductility
Apparatus Required:
1. Briquette mould
2. Ductility machine
General:
In the flexible pavement construction, it is desirable that the bitumen binders used in the
bituminous mixes form ductile thin films around the aggregates. This serves as a
satisfactory binder in improving the physical interlocking of the aggregates. The binder
material which does not possess sufficient ductility would crack and thus provide
pervious pavement surface. This inturn results in damaging effect to the pavement
structure. It has been stated by some agencies that the penetration and ductility properties
go together. But depending upon the chemical composition and the type of crude source
of the bitumen sometimes it has been observed that the above statement is in correct.
Hence it may be mentioned that the bitumen may satisfy the penetration value but may
fail to satisfy the ductility requirements. Bitumen paving engineer would however want
that both test requirements are satisfied in the field job. Penetration test or ductility test
can not in any case replace each other. The ductility value of bitumen binder is expressed
as the distance in cm to which a standard briquette of bitumen can be stretched before the
thread breaks. This test is conducted at 27±0.5º C and a rate of pull of 50± 2.5 mm per
minute.
Procedure:
1. The bitumen sample is melted to a temperature of 75º C to 100º C above the
approximate softening point until it is fluid.
.
 2. The molten bitumen is poured in the mould assembly and placed on a brass plate after
a solution of glycerin and dextrin is applied at all surfaces of the mould exposed to
bitumen.
3. Bitumen is poured into the moulds into the moulds and the plate assembly along with
the sample is kept for air cooling in room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes.
4. The air cooled specimen is then placed in water bath maintained at 27º C for 30
minutes.
5. The sample and mould assembly is removed from the water bath and excess bitumen
material is cut off by leveling the surface using the hot knife.
6. After trimming the specimens the mould assembly containing sample is replaced in
water bath maintained at 27º C for 85 to 95 minutes.
7. The sides of the mould are now removed and the clips are carefully booked on the
machine without causing any initial strain.
8. Two or more specimens may be prepared in the moulds and clipped to the machine so
as to conduct these tests simultaneously.
9. The pointer is set to read zero or the initial reading of the pointer is noted.
10. The machine started and the two clips are thus pulled apart horizontally.
11. While the test is in operation, it is checked whether the sample is immersed in water
at depth of at least 10 mm. The distance at which the bitumen thread of each
specimen breaks, is recorded to report as ductility value.
Ductility value requirements for paving bitumen as per BIS
Property VG 10 VG 20 VG 30 VG 40
Ductility at 25º C, cm
minimum after thin film 75 50 40 25
oven test
Result:
The ductility value of given bitumen sample = ____________cm

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT
 P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observations and Calculations

Test Trials Mean value

1 2 3
Flash point
Fire point
Ex. No:18
Date:
FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST ON BITUMEN

Aim:
To determine the flash and fire point of a given bituminous material.

Apparatus required:
a) Pensky-martens closed cup tester
b) Thermometer
c) Heating source
d) Flame exposure

Procedure:

1. All parts of the cup are cleaned and dried thoroughly before the test is started.
2. The material is filled in the cup to a mark. The lid is placed to close the cup in a
closed system. All accessories including thermometer of the specified range are
suitably fixed.
3. The bitumen sample is then heated. The test flame is lid and adjusted in such a way
that the size of a bed is of 4mm diameter. The heating sample is done at a rate of 5 0 to
60C per minute. During heating the sample the stirring is done at a rate of
approximately 60 revolutions per minute.
4. The test flame is applied at intervals depending upon the expected flash and fire
points and corresponding temperature at which the material shows the sign of flash
and fire are noted.

Result:
The temperature at which the flame application that causes a bright flash _____ 0C and
temperature at which the sample catches fire _____0C.

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT
 P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation

Material =
Grade =
Specified test temperature, º C =
Size of orifice (mm) =
Actual test temperature, º C =

Viscosity = seconds
Ex No:19
Date :
VISCOSITY TEST ON BITUMEN
Aim:
To determine the viscosity of bitumen sample

Reference:
IS 1206 – 1978, Determination of viscosity

Apparatus:
1. Viscometer consisting of cylindrical cup with 10 mm orifice
2. A valve or stopper,
3. Water bath
4. Stirrer
5. Receiver
6. Thermometers

General:
Viscosity of a liquid is the property that retards its flow due to internal friction and it is a
measure of resistance to flow of the liquid. The flow of liquid under an applied force will depend
on its viscosity, higher the viscosity, slower will be its movement or rate of flow. As bituminous
binders are mixed with aggregates or applied in road works in the liquid form at different
temperatures. It is important that the viscosity of different types of bituminous binders (such as
hot bitumen, cutback bitumen or bitumen emulsion) used in road construction vary considerably
depending on the type and grade of the binder and the temperature of application.
Applications of Viscosity Tests
In India until recently bitumen binder for use in pavement construction was classified into
various ‘penetration grades’ such as 80/100, 60/70, 30/40, etc based on the penetration test
values determined at 25º C. Now a more rational method of grading paving bitumen, known as
Viscosity Grading (VG) has been adopted the Bureau of Indian Standards for grading of bitumen
based on absolute viscosity value determined at 60º C and kinematic viscosity values determined
at 135 º C. Generally pavement service temperature is considered to be around 60 º C and the
laying temperature of the hot bituminous mixes to be about 135º C. Therefore viscosity grading
system is considered as more reliable than penetration grading method.

VISCOMETER
The four grades of bitumen currently adopted in India based on viscosity values and their
respective penetration values at 25 º C are given in Table 1.
Table 1.Viscosity grading of bitumen and consistency properties

Range of
Viscosity Absolute Viscosity at Kinematic Viscosity at
Sl.No penetration value at
Grading 60 º C, Poise (min) 135º C, cSt/s (min)
25 º C

1 VG 10 800 250 80-100

2 VG 20 1600 300 60-80
3 VG 30 2400 350 50-70
4 VG 40 3200 400 40-60
Viscosity grading adopted in India for paving applications is as follows

VG 40 Use in high stressed areas like intersections, toll plazes, truck terminals,
truck lay-byes in lieu of 30/40 grade
VG 30 Paving applications for most part of India on lieu of 60/70 grade of
bitumen
VG 20 Paving applications in cold climatic conditions of North India and in
high altitude regions
VG 10 Spraying applications, paving applications in cold regions in lieu of
80/100 grade

Procedure:
1. The tar cup is properly leveled and water in the bath is heated to the temperature
specified for the test and is maintained throughout the test. Stirring is continued.
2. The sample a material is heated at the temperature 20 º C above the specified test
temperature and the materials is allowed to cool.
3. During this the material is continuously stirred. When material reaches slightly above
test temperature the same is poured in the tar cup, until the leveling peg on the value
rod is just immersed.
4. In the graduated receiver (cylinder) 20 ml of mineral oil or one percent by weight
solution of soft soap is poured.
5. This receiver is placed under the orifice. When the sample material reaches the
specified testing temperature within 0.1 º C and is maintained for 5 minute, the valve
is opened.
6. The stop watch is started, when cylinder record 25 ml. The time is recorded for flow
upto a mark of 75 ml i.e 50 ml of the test sample to flow through the orifice.
Result:
Viscosity in seconds =______________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT
 P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
Observation and Calculation:

Weight of bituminous mix sample (W 1 gm) =

Weight of sample after extraction (W 2 gm) =

Percentage of binder in the total mix = W1 – W2 X 100

----------------
W1
 Ex No:20
Date:
DETERMINATION OF BINDER CONTENT OF BITUMINOUS MIXES

Aim:
To determine optimum binder content of given bituminous mix.
Reference:
IRC: SP 11-1988, Handbook of quality control for construction of Roads and Runways.

Apparatus required:
a) Centrifuge Extractor
b) Balance
c) Thermostatically controlled oven with capacity up to 250°C
Procedure:
1) Representative sample of 500 grams is taken exactly and placed in the bowl of extraction
apparatus (W1).
2) Benzene to the sample is added until it is completely submerged.
3) The filter paper is dried, weighed and placed it over the bowl of the extraction apparatus
containing the sample ( F1)
4) The cover of the bowl is clamped tightly.
5) A beaker is placed under the drainpipe to collect the extract
6) Sufficient time (not more than an hour) is allowed for the solvent to disintegrate the sample
before running the centrifuge.
7) The centrifuge is run slowly and then gradually increased the speed to a maximum of 3600 rpm
8) The same speed is maintained till the solvent ceases to flow from the drainpipe.
9) The centrifuge is run until the bitumen and benzene are drained out completely.
10) The machine is stopped, and the cover is removed. Benzene of 200 ml is added to the material in
the extraction bowl and the extraction is done in the same process as described above.
CENTRIFUGE EXTRACTOR
11) The same process is repeated not less than three times till the extraction is clear and not darker
than a light straw colour.
12. The material from the bowl of the extraction machine along with the filter paper is
collected and dried it to constant weight in the oven at a temperature of 105° C to 110° C
and cooled to room temperature.
13. The material (W2) and the filter paper (F2) are weighed separately to an accuracy of
0.01gm.

Result:
The optimum binder content of the given mix is _________

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge
 Observation:

Bitumen Weight in Weight in Diameter Height Stability

Specimen No
Percentage air (gm) water (gm) (mm) (mm) (kg)

1 4%

2 5%

3 6%

Ex. No:21
Date:

DETERMINATION OF MARSHALL STABILITY AND FLOW VALUE ON

BITUMINOUS MIXES

Aim:
To determine the Marshall stability Number and Flow value of given bituminous mix.

Apparatus required:
1. Mould assembly
2. Compaction pedestal and hammer
3. Loading machine
4. Flow meter
5. Oven
6. Mixing apparatus
7. Water bath

Procedure:

I. Preparation

1. All sized fractions of aggregates in separate pans are either placed in hot oven or placed
in hot plate, to the mixing temperature the quantity of aggregate is taken so as to produce
a batch which will result in a compacted specimen of 63.5mm height bitumen binder of
specified grade is also heated to the required mixing temperature.
2. The heating is done for more than one hour.
3. The different sizes of coarse aggregates are put together in a desired position and pre
determined quantity of bitumen is poured in.
4. The mixing operation is carried out either manually or by using an electrically operated
mixer.
 MARSHALL STABILITY TEST APPARATUS

Calculation:
Let, G1,G2,G3,G4 are the specific gravity values of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, filler,
bituminous binder and W1,W2,W3,W4 are the percent by weight of coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, filler, bituminous binder.

a)Volume of specimen (Vb) = x d2

b)Bulk density (γb) = Mass / Volume

c) Actual specific gravity (Gm) = Weight in air/ (Weight in air – Weight in

water)
5. Normally about 1200 gm of the mix would be required. After a homogenous mix is
obtained 1200 gm of the mix is weighted and the same is placed in a pre heated
compaction mould. At the start of the compaction, the mix should attain the desired
compacted temperature.
6. Before preparing the batch mix the face of compaction hammer and compaction moulds
at least 3 in number are thoroughly cleaned and heated.
7. The compaction mould along with batch mix is placed on the compaction pedestal. The
hammer face is placed over batch mix top.
8. The mix is compacted by giving 50 blows of the hammer on the top. Then the hammer is
reversed and 50 blows are again imparted. If the tire pressure expected on the pavement
is 7 kg/cm2, the mix is usually compacted with 50 blows on either side. Asphalt institute
recommends, 75 blows on either side for a tire pressure of 17 kg/cm2.
9. Determination of bulk density: The bulk density is performed as soon as the freshly
compacted specimens have cooled to a room temperature. The bulk density is determined
by weighing the specimen first in air and then in water.
II. Stability and Flow Value Test:
1. The specimens are immersed in hot water bath at a testing temperature of 60°C±1°C for
30 to 40 min. For the design of tar concrete mixture this temperature is 38°C±1°C.
2. The guide rods and the inside of the test heads are cleaned and lubricated. The specimen
is removed from the water bath and is placed with its axis horizontal in to the test heads.
3. The complete assembly is quickly placed on base plate of the compression machine. The
flow dial gauge is placed over the guide rod and dial gauges of proving ring and flow
values are adjusted to read zero. The machine is set to operation for applying load until
the max value is touched.
4. The elapsed time after the removal of the test specimen, from the water bath to the
maximum load determination should not generally exceed 30 sec.
Relationship between asphalt content and various design parameters
Result:

The Marshall stability value of given bituminous mix = _______

INFERENCE

ASSESSMENT

P1 1 2 3 4
P2 1 2 3 4
P3 1 2 3 4
Average :__________________________

Marks out of 10 (Average×2.5) :________

Signature of Faculty In charge