H&C of Pakistan Shahid - 231018 - 212927

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MIAN SHAHID MAHMOOD TEACHER O LEVEL PAKISTAN STUDIES (2059) 03336610587
MIAN SHAHID MAHMOOD TEACHER PAKISTAN STUDIES (2059) O LEVEL BMI 03336610587
SHAH WALIULLAH (1703-1762)
• Qutub-ud-Din popularly known as Shah Wali Ullah was born in Delhi in 1703.
• His father Shah Abdul Rahim founded Madrassa Rahimya and helped to compile
Fatawa-I-Alamgiri a book of Islamic legal text under the direct supervision of Emperor
Aurangzeb Alamgir.
• In 1724 he went to Arabia, he was greatly influenced by the teachings of Abu Tahir bin
Ibrahim a well-known scholar of his time.
• He returned to Delhi in 1732.
• laid to rest in 1762,
Political & Social Conditions of India
Political Conditions Social Conditions

• Political instability • Sectarianism in Indian
• Insecurity of life, honour Muslim society
Property
and • Degeneration of Muslim Society
• Disintegration of the
• Ignorance about basic
Empire
Mughal
teachings of Quran and Sunnah
• Empty treasury
• Hostile anti-Muslim forces, Jats,
Sikhs and Marathas.
Beliefs:
Strong leadership for

reformation
More access to
religious
teachings
Differences b/w Importance of Creation of good

Muslim sects Islamic principles Muslim society
fundamental in
nature
Work:
Reconciliation
between Muslim
school of thought
51 Books Opposition Social &

Hujjat Allah to the Economic
Quran into justice for
al Baligha, Marathas
Persian Azalat- peasants
Ahmed Shah and
Akhfa
Abdali craftsmen
Importance
Created acceptance
for sectarian divide
Regeneration of
Muslim Society
Analysed decline of More understanding of
Mughal Empire and Islamic teachings
importance of Economy
Source of Inspiration
for other Muslim
Reformers
SYED AHMED SHAHEED BARAILVI (1786-1831)
• Born near Lucknow in the town of Rae Bareli. He was faithful follower of Shah Abdul
Aziz.
• In 1806 he enrolled in Madrassa of Shah Waliullah
• joined a Pathan military force led by Amir Khan. He learnt about European weaponry
including use of Artillery.
• In 1821 he went for Haj & returned to Delhi in 1823 with a clear vision of Jihad. He
soon founded the “Jihad Movement” which was aimed at nothing less than the
rejuvenation & restoration of Muslim power.
Beliefs
Man of action
Muslims should be
ruled by Muslims
Reformation of the
Purification of society by using
Muslim society in force
India
Jihad Movement
Works
In 1826 Headquarters
near Peshawar. Attacks
on Okara and Hazroth.
Sikh regime on sikhs defeated
Punjab and NWFP
under Ranjit Singh 80000 strong
Mujahideen force.
conspiracy against
Jihad Movement Mujahideen
travelled Rajastan, Yar Muhammad Khan
NWFP, Sindh, of Peshawer.
Balochistan and Mujahideen defeated.
Afghanistan to raise
Mujahiden force Battle of Balakot 18310
`
Importance
First armed struggle

against foreign rule
To achieve
religious and
spirtual freedom
Uniting force for Fore-runner of the

Indian Muslims Pakistan Movement
Causes of Failure of Jihad Movement
Disruption in the camp of the Mujahedeen through his agents who called the reforms of
Syed Ahmed as un- Islamic.
Lack of cooperation between the followers of Syed Ahmed & local Pathan tribes
Insufficient funds to provide for different expenses of the Movement
Poor war equipment.
Lack of proper military training in the Mujahedeen fighters.
Dissatisfaction of Tribal Chiefs
Attitude of some Mujahedeen fighters
HAJI SHARIATULLAH (1781-1840)
• Born in the district of Faridpur in the year 1781
• Opportunity to perform Haji at the age of 18. He stayed there in Hejaz for 20 years and
studied religion and Arabic.
• Returned to Bengal in 1806. During his stay in Arabia he was greatly impressed by
doctrines of Sheikh Mohammad Abdul Wahab who had initiated the Wahabi Movement
in Arabia.
• Breathed his last in the year 1840
Reasons of Starting the Faraizi Movement: -

• Miserable conditions of the Bengali Muslims.
• Rough treatment of The British traders and the Hindu Zamindars
• Deep influence of Hindu culture on the Muslims of Bengal
• Superstitions.
The Faraizi Movement: -

• Emphasized on performing of Faraiz,
• Asked Muslims to give up all the un-Islamic practices. His followers thus came to be
known as Faraizi’.
• Disliked the expressions of Pir (Master) and Murid (Disciple) & desired them to be
replaced with the title of Ustad (Teacher) & Shagird (Student). between Ustad &
Shagird.
• To adopt ‘Tauba’ as a manifestation of repentance for all the past sins and a pledge to
lead a righteous & God-fearing life in future.
Beliefs:
Regenration
India being of Muslim
Dar-ul- society
Harb
Idea of Jihad
Work:
Mohsin-ud-Din
made circles of
EB under Khalifa
Righteous life
Opposition of
excessive taxes
Faraizi Movement
Struggle against Threatened to

Economic declare Jihad
oppression against the British
Mohsin-ud-Din and the Faraizi Movement
• Divided East Bengal into areas called circles, each under Khalifas. They were
responsible for the social and spiritual welfare of the people in their area
• Helped the peasants to oppose the excessive taxes imposed by the Hindu and British
landlords
• Unrest in Bengal, he threatened to declare Jihad against the British government
Influence:
Encouragment to
Muslims of Bengal
Political
Spiritual revival of
Muslims and Economic
impacts
THINKERS
Q Why did Shah Wali Ullah wish to revive Islam in the sub-continent? [7]
Q Why did Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi wish to revive Islam in the sub-continent? [7]
Q Why did Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi have such a major influence on the revival of Islam
in the sub-continent? [7]
Q How important was Shah Wali Ullah in the spread of Islam in the Sub-Continent before
1850? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why did Shah Wali Ullah have such an important influence on the revival of Islam in the
sub-continent? [7]
Q Was the work of Shah Wali Ullah the most important factor in the revival of Islam in the
sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for your answer.
[14]
Q Why were there attempts to revive Islam in the sub-continent during the eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries? [7]
Q Was the work of Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi the most important factor in the revival of
Islam in the sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for
your answer. [14]
Q Did Shah Wali Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
subcontinent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14]
Q What was the Faraizi Movement? [4]
Q Describe the achievements of Shah Wali Ullah in reviving Islam. [4]
Q Who was Titu Mir? [4]
Q Did Haji Shariat Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the sub-
continent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14]
Mughal Empire in 1707
Decline of the Mughal Empire: Causes
Policies of Aurangzeb:
Attitude towards
religion Empty treasury
Jizya Deccan wars
Attitude towards religion
• Religious policy of Aurangzeb.

• Hindu point of view, intolerant and wanted to destroy otherreligions.
• Destroyed number of Hindu temples.
• More orthodox religious views.
• Muslim Point of view, pious and true Muslimruler.
• Tolerant towards other religions.
Empty treasury
• Huge expenditure on wars.

• Mismanagement by Mansabdars.
• Decreased tax collection.
Jizya
• Religious tax on non-Muslims for their protection.

• Imposition of Jizya created disturbance in non-Muslim communities.
• Sense of alienation within Hindus.
Deccan wars
• 25 years of Deccan war against Marathas.

• Huge expenditure and loss of life ofthe Mughal army.
• Unsuccessful attempt.
• Annexation of other Deccan states.
Other Causes: Invading Forces
The Persians
The Marathas
The Afghans
The Persians
• Nadir Shah Durrani of Persia invaded India in 1738 and defeated Muhammad Shah’s
forces at Karna in 1739.
• Captured Delhi and collected huge amount of war booty.
• Sever loss to Mughal prestige and pride.
The Marathas
• Marathas of Deccan.
• Established Hindu Empire in southern India.
• 25 years’ war with the Mughals.
• They defeated Mughal Army and plundered Delhi in 1737.
The Afghans
• Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan attacked Kabul, Peshawar and Lahore in 1747.
• He further annexed Kashmir and Multan in 1756.
• Ahmad Shah crushed Marathas in 1761 (first battle of Panipat)
The Nature of the Empire
Administration Military Costs Succession
Administration
• Huge Empire.
• Weakness of central authority.
• Role of Mansabdars.
• Frequent rebillions.
Military Costs
• Huge Mughal army comprised of different races, cultures and military experiences.
• Constant fights against rebillions.
• Huge expenditure on maintenance of thearmy.
Succession
• Absence of Law of Succession in Mughals.

• Succession disputes among the princes after death of theking
• Murder of many compitent princes in thebattles
•
The Consequences of Success
.
Declining Pleasure Weak

Military Seeking Control
Expertise
Declining Military Expertise
• Long era of peace and prosperity.

• Experienced armies of rival groups
Pleasure Seeking
• Pleasure loving and morally degenerated Mughal nobility

• Luxurious life style of Mughal kings.
• Huge expenditure on building constructions
Weak Control
• Powerful nobility
• Mansabdari system
The Arrival of The British
• The Great Game

• Arrival of East India Company
• Developed political interests along with economic interests
• Defeated other European competitors and finally captured India after defeating Mughal
forces
• Economic and political power of the world
EXPECTED QUESTIONS
Q Was the in-fighting between Aurangzeb’s successors the most important reason for the collapse
of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Briefly explain three reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire. [7]
Q ‘Aurangzeb’s successors failed to live up to his courageous and determined personality.’ Was this
the most important reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why were the British able to replace the Mughals as the dominant force in the Sub-Continent
by 1850? [7]
Q Were the weak and greedy characteristics of Aurangzeb’s successors the most important reasons
for the collapse of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7]
Q ‘The coming of the British was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire’. Do
you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Explain why the successors of Aurangzeb failed to prevent the decline of the Mughal Empire.
[7]
Q ‘The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire.’ Do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. [7]
Q ‘The spread of Marathan power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire.’ Do
Q Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7]
Q Describe what the Marathas did. [4]
Q How did the successors of Aurangzeb contribute to the downfall of the Mughal Empire? [7]
East India Company: (EIC)
TRADING
COMPANY FROM
ENGLAND
BASES IN ESTABLISHED
BOMBAY,
CALCUTTA
AND MADRAS
EIC PRIVATE
ARMY
FIGHTING
AGAINST
EUROPIANS AND
INDIANS
Interests of EIC in India:

.
.
Industrial Profitable Strategic
Revolution Trade location of
in England India
The Doctrine of Lapse:

• In 1852 by Governor-General Dalhousie to extend British control
• Annexation of land in absence of Natural heir
• An unpopular British policy and caused anger in Indians
• States of Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi and Oudh
British able to Conquer India:

The
weakness of
India
Superior war
The Strenghth of
strategy and
the British
` Modern weapons
Battle of Plassey 1757:
• In 1756 Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah attacked at Calcutta
• In 1757 Lord Robert Clive defeated forces of Nawab
• Treachery of general Mir Jaffar
• Very rich province at hands of the British
• Start of official rule of EIC
Battle of Buxer 1764:
• In 1764 combined forces of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Oudh and Shah Alam II attacked
Bengal
• Defeat of the alliance in the battle of Buxer
• Further extension of rule of EIC
• Control of revenue collection along with political administration of different states
like, Bihar, Orissa and Oudh
Britain successful in increasing its control in the years 1750 to 1857
Successes Failures
Battle of Plassey 1757 Early defeats in Afghanistan
Battle of Buxer 1764 Sikh Rule in Punjab
Marathas in Deccan
Annexation of Sindh 1843 Strong independent princely states
Removal of anti-British Leadership like, Growing anger against the British
Tipu Sultan, Titu Mir etc.
Annexation of Sindh 1843:

• Great Game
• In 1841 Afghanistan invasion due to growing Russian influence in the area
• Humiliated defeat of British forces at the hands of the Afghans
• Sindh ruled by Amirs
• Treaty of Friendship with Sindh
• Policies of Sir Charles Napier
• Attack of Amir’s, defeated, resultantly, annexation of Sindh
Annexation of Punjab 1849:

• Treaty of Perpetual Friendship with Raja Ranjit Singh in Punjab
• Death of Raja Ranjit in 1839 and dispute over Kingship
• Battle of Aliwal in 1946 AND Treaty of Lahore
• Gulab Singh, Raja of Jammu purchased Kashmir
• 1848-49 second Sikh war and annexation of Punjab on 30 March.
Annexation of NWFP 1893:
• To settle boundaries between Tribal areas and settled areas of India
• Conclusion of Border treaty b/w Indian Government and Government of Afghanistan
(Durand Line)
• Tribal areas of NWFP were given to Government of India
• Amir of Afghanistan Abdur Rehman Khan and British governor Sir Mortimer Durand
Tipu the Monster of Mysore:

Defeated the British in battle several times
Formidable enemy for the British
Alliance with France

Determined to resist the British advance in India
Titu Mir
• Mir Nasir known as Titu Mir was a great freedom fighter from Bengal
• Struggle against the oppression of Hindu Zamindars and the British colonial system
• Formed army, built bamboo fort and defeated British forces many times
• British used full might of her Cavalry and modern weaponry
• Defeat of Titu Mir
Map of British Empire
EXPECTED QUESTIONS
Q How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the
subcontinent? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why did the British Government take control of the areas of the East India Company in the
early nineteenth century? [7]
Q Explain why the East India Company became involved in the Indian sub-continent during
the seventeenth century. [7]
Q Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent between 1750
and 1850? [7]
Q Why did the Indian sub-continent attract European traders in the late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries? [7]
Q Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent in the
hundred years before 1850 was totally unsuccessful.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
Q What was the East India Company? [4]
Q Did educational reforms have a more important on the Indians than the social, religious and
economic ones introduced by the British during the years 1773 to 1856? Explain your answer.
[14]
Q Why did the British call Tipu the Monster of Mysore? [7]
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857
Causes of the War of Independence 1857:
Causes
Political Economic
Religious Greased
Military
& Social
Political Causes:
Mistreatment with
Doctrine of Lapse
Mughal Emperor
Confiscation of
No representation
Property of
in the civil service
Nobles
Economic Causes:
Destruction of
Agrarian Policy Unemployment
Local Industries
Military Causes:
Disbandment
of Armies
Resentment
of Indian
Soldiers in
deployeme
nt
No Officer
rank for Greased
Indian Cartridges
soldiers
Religious & Social Causes:
Anti-
Propagation
of religious
Christianity Laws
Threat to
Indian
Culture
Events of the War:

January 1857 introduction of new rifle Infield, rumours about cartridges, fat of
cow and pig
March, a sepoy Mangal Pandey defied and executed
May, sepoys in Meerut also refused, court-martial, other fellows attacked, Meerut
sacked, captured Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar as a supreme leader
In Cawnpore Nana Sahib, Cawnpore incident
British lost Mathura, Cawnpore, Delhi, Jhansi and Allahabad
Finally, British defeated Indians
June, Lakshmi bai killed in Jhansi. War ended
Causes of the Failure:
Ill organized
and
uncoordinated
plan
Obsolete British
weaponry strength
Outdated
communication
system
Many rulers of
Absence of Princely states
experienced
supported
leadership
British
Disunity
Impact of the War of Independence 1857:
End of Mughal rule

EIC was abolished
India colony of British Empire
Constitutional development in India
All policies started by EIC were stopped, like, Doctrine of lapse etc.
Normalization of relations between the British and Indians
The Proclamation of 1858:
• Not interfere in the religious beliefs of the people

• Pay due regard to ancient property rights and customs
• Abide by all treaty obligations
• Agree to no further territorial acquisition
• Guarantee the right to appointments in public service
The India Act 1784:
• Known as The Pitts India Act of 1784
• Direct Control of British Government on Indian Possessions of land controlled by EIC
• Appointment of Governor General to administer administrative matters of India
• Appointment Commander-in-Chief and Provincial Governors
• EIC company would continue with Trade only
Expected Questions
Q Why did the War of Independence of 1857 fail? [7]
Q The War of Independence of 1857 achieved nothing'. Give reasons why you might agree and
disagree with this statement. [14]
Q The War of Independence of 1857 was caused by the greased cartridge incident'. Give
reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement. [14]
Q A lack of unity and coordination was the main reason for the failure of the War of
Independence by 1858.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q The introduction of social reforms by the British, such as education, caused the War of
Independence in 1857.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q The establishment of English as the official language of the sub-continent in 1834 was the
main reason for the War of Independence of 1857'. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for
your answer. [14]
Q Religious factors were more important than any other in causing the War of Independence
of 1857-58.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Explain the reasons for the failure of the War of Independence 1857-58. [7]
Q Was a lack of unity amongst the Indians the main reason for the failure of the War of
Independence 1857-1858? Explain your answer. [14]
Q What happened at the battle of Kanpur? [4]
Q Why did the Indians not achieve independence in 1857? [7]
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-98)
• Revivalist and a man of predicting analysis who emerged at the time when Muslims
were under harrow of socio-economic and political circumstances.
• The Muslims of India were passing a miserable life after failure of War of Independence
1857
• To him education was the foundation on which to build the super-structure of his
religious, social and political ideas. He considered education to be the panacea for all
ills of his community.
Beliefs:
Renaissance of
Muslim Society
Reconciliation
Policy of loyalty
b/w the British
towards the
and The Indian
British
Muslims
Modern
Education
Work or Services of Sir Syed:
Educational Services
Political Services
Renaissance of
Muslim Society Religious Services
Aligarh Movement
Social Services
Aims of Aligarh Movement:
to improve To improve
the Social and
relations Economic
b/w the position of
British and Indian
the Muslims
Muslims
to increase
political
awareness
within Muslim
community
Political Services:
Essays on the Causes of Indian Revolt

Tareekh-e-Sarkashi Bijnur
Increased Political Awareness
Opposition of Indian National Congress
Political Representation
Urdu Hindi Controversy 1867
Two Nation theory
Urdu Defence Association
Competitive examinations
Educational Services:
• Madrassa Muradabad
• Madrassa Ghazipur
• Muhammadan Anglo Oriental School 1875
• Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College 1877
• Scientific Society 1863
• Aligarh Institute Gazette 1864
Religious Services:
Reconciliation b/w
the Muslims and
Christianity
Essays on life of
Muhammad
(PBUH)
Rational Commentary on
interpretation of Bible
Religion
Social Services:
Established Tehzeeb-ul-
Orphan
Akhlaq
Houses
Supported Ahkam-i-
vaccination of Taam-i-Ahle
diseases Kitab
1. Improving Relations b/w The British and Muslim Community

A. Complete responsibility of the War of 1857 on the Muslims
Policies of repression against the Muslims
Other religious groups declared loyal
B. Deep seated Muslim grievances against the

British Anti-Muslim policies of the British
Convincing the British Convincing the Muslims
The Loyal Mohammadens of India Essays on life of Mohammad

Detailed account of loyal services of
Muslims
Essays on the Causes of the Indian Revolt Tabyin-ul-Kalam
• The lack of representation for On Christianity
Indians in the government of the
country
• The forcible conversion of Muslims
to Christianity
• The poor management of the Indian
army
Explanation of word Nadarath The British Indian Association
Origin from Arabic word Nasir Try to increase cooperation b/w both
communities
2. Encouraging the Growth of Western Education

3. Increasing Political Awareness
• Indian National Congress

• Political Representation
• Competitive Examinations
• Language
Importance of Sir Syed:
Good
Relations b/w
The British
and Muslims
Value of
Two Nation
Modern
Theory
Education
Conclusion:
Sir Syed’s contributions to Muslim renaissance in the India were unrivalled and unparalleled.
He included self-confidence in his people. The Muslims were rendering a cloud; he removed
from them the stigma of disloyalty and tried to rehabilitate them with their rulers. He gave them
a modus operando which was not to their present but to their future. His greatness lies that he
struggled to get Muslims out of frustration and provided a firm foundation on which those who
came later could build with confidence.
Sir Syed Expected Questions
Q Which of the following was the most important contribution of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in
restoring the position of Muslims in the sub-continent:
(I) attempts to achieve a better understanding between the British and the Muslims;
(ii) education;
(iii) politics?
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14]
Q Was the attempt to achieve a better understanding with the British the most important
contribution that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made to the Muslim cause during the nineteenth
century? Explain your answer. [14]
Q `Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's political beliefs had a greater impact on the Muslims than any of
his other beliefs'. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wish to develop a better understanding with the British
following the War of Independence (1857-58)? [7]
Q Was the development of a western education system the most important contribution of Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan in developing the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain
your answer. [14]
Q Were the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan his most important contribution in
developing the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Aligarh Movement? [7]
Q What was `The Loyal Mohammedans of India'? [4]
Languages
PAKISTAN
Local Languages
National Language
Punjabi, Pashto, Balochi,
Urdu
Sindhi
Importance of language
Development
of State
Symbol of
Identification
Culture
Unifying
Force
National Language: Urdu
Language
of the
Muslims
Rich
Literary
Religious
Background Teachings
Reasons
Role in Uniting
Independence
Movement Force
Two
Nation
Theory
Steps taken by the Government
• Urdu National Language of Pakistan

• Role of Qauid-e-Azam
• Medium of Instruction in many Educational Institutions
• Dictionary of Office terms in Urdu
• Medium for Radio and Television programmes
• Newspapers
Local Languages
Sindhi
• Oldest language spoken in Pakistan around 12th Century

• Before Muslims written script was Marwari and Arz
• After Arabs, major influence of Arabic
• Language of Administration during Muslim Rule
Sindhi
Poets
Shah Abdul
Latif Bhitai
Sachal Mkhdum Qazi Qazan

Nuh of Hala of Thatta
• First journal was Ta’alim Alkhashaf-o-Tauheed
Sindhi in Modern Times
1948 The Sindhi Literary Board

Printing of many Books in Sindhi
Famous Authors, Pir Ali Muhammad Rashidi. G Allana and Faqir Nabi Bux
1954 Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muala to promote Sindhi Litrature
Sarmast Academy
Sindhiology Department
Books in Sindhi Folk Litrature
Balochi
• Language of Balochistan
• Two main branches of Balochi, Sulemanki and Mekrani
• Language of migrants from North-Western Iran
• Very little development in the language
• Jam Darang famous poet
• In 1830 A British Traveller W. Leech reported about Balochi in the Journal Asiatic
Society
Balochi in Modern Times

Radio Pakistan Karachi
Th e Balochi Literary Association
The Quetta Television Station
Modern Poets, Atta Shad and Ishaq Shamin
Modern Writers, Gul Khan Nazir and Azad Jamal Din
Punjabi
• Language of the Punjab
• Different names, Masoodi, Al-Hindi and Hindko
• In 1080 famous poet Hafiz Barkhurdar used word Punjabi
• Original Script was in Gurmukhi
• During Mughal era Arabic Script
• Influence of Persian, Arabic, Hindi, Turkish and English
• Early Punjabi Literature folk tales, Heer-Ranjha, Sassi-Punnu, Sohni-Mahiwal
• Sufi Poets, Baba Farid Ganshakar, Sultan Bahu, Bullhe Shah
• Topic in Punjabi in 20th Century, Law, Medicine, History, and Pholosophy
• Translation of Holy Quran in Punjabi
• Modern Poets, Muhammad Ali Faiq, Ustad Daman, Sharif Kunjahi, Ahmed Rahi and
Munir Niazi
Pashto
• Language of KPK and Northern areas of Balochistan
• Influence of Arabic, Persian and Greek
History of Pashto Language
1st Period 2nd Period 3rd period

• Starts from 2nd to • Starts from Mughal • Starts from British
13th Century Invasions on India. Rule
• Amir Khan Pehivan • Growth of • Golden period for
and Bayazid Ansari Nationalism and Pashto literature
famous poets. Freedom • Famous writers,
• First book on • Greatest Scholar Akhund Dardeeza,
Sufism in Pashto Hazrat Mian Umar. Khushal Khan
was Khair-ul-Bian Others were Saadat Khttak and Rehman
Ali Khan and Amir Baba.
Muhammad Ansari
Expected Questions languages

Q Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language? [7]
Q How successful has been the promotion of the following regional languages in Pakistan
between 1947 and 1988:
(i) Punjabi;
(ii) Pushto;
(iii) Sindhi?
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the languages. [14]
Q `The development of Pushto has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional
language between 1947 and 1988.'Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this
statement. [14]
Q Why was Urdu chosen as the national language of Pakistan? [7]
Q How important was the development of regional languages to Pakistan between 1947 and
Q `The promotion of regional languages in Pakistan between 1947 and 1988 has been more
successful than the promotion of Urdu.' Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Q `Sindhi was promoted more than any other regional language between 1947 and 1988'. Do
Q Has the promotion of Urdu been more successful than that of any regional language in
Pakistan between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistan government since 1947? [7]
Q How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Balochi since 1947? [4]
Q `Punjabi has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional language between 1947
and 1999.' Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement. [14]
Pakistan Movement Develop During the Early 20th Century
Timeline
1877 Queen Victoria 1915 Congress and the

proclaimed Empress of League meet in Bombay
India
1916 Luknow Pact
1883 First Conference of the
1919 Montagu-Chelmsford
Indian National
Reforms
Congress
Rowlatt Act
1905 Partition of Bengal
Amritsar Massacre
1906 Simla Deputation
1922 Non-cooperation
Formation of Muslim
Campaign called off
League
1923 Hindu Mahasabha
1908 Press Act passed
founded
1909 Morley-Minto Reforms
Swaraj Party wins seats
1911 Reversal of Partition of in elections
Bengal
1927 the Delhi Proposals
1912 Outbreak of the Balkan
Wars
1914 Outbreak of WWI
Nationalism in India
• Leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak made speeches against the British and was
imprisoned for writing provocative newspaper articles
• Many secret societies established against British
• A British officer was assassinated in 1897
The Partition of Bengal 1905
• Two parts East Bengal with population of 31 million (M-18m, H-12m)
• Western Bengal 54 million (H-42m, M-12m)
• First time proposed by Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1903 and finalized in 1905
• Conflict between Hindus and the Muslims
• Hindus started protest agitation against the British
The British Reaction to Hindu Protest
• Restrictions on newspapers and public meetings, editors were prosecuted between 1906
and 1908
• Press Act to control newspapers in 1908
• Arrest of radical leaders such as Tilak
Reasons
Reasons
Divid
and rule Largest
policy of province
British
Backwardness Difficult
of East
Pakistan to govern
Reaction on the Partition
Muslim Reaction Hindu Reaction
• Muslims happy over the partition, • Offended by the partition

welcomed it • Attempt to weaken Hindu Unity
• Muslim majority province • Declared day of mourning on 16 Oct
• New Educational, political and social 1905
opportunities for the Muslims • Assassination attempts on the future
• Improvement in living standard Trust viceroy
building between the British and
• Swadeshi movement
Muslims
Reversal of the Partition 1911
Reasons
• Visit of King George V and boycott of Congress to official ceremonies
• The British wanted to shift capital Calcutta to Delhi
• To normalize relations with Congress
Impacts on Relations b/w the British and Muslims
• It led to the poor relations b/w the British and ML

• The Muslims saw the reversal as a betrayal of British promises that the partition was
final
• The Muslims now lost faith in the British
• Change of objectives of AIML in 1913
The Simla Deputation 1906

• A deputation of Prominent Muslims led by Sir Agha Khan visited Viceroy Lord Minto
at Simla on 8 Oct 1906
• They requested to acknowledge political strength of the Muslims of India and their
loyal services to Crown
Reasons
Reasons
Growing
Political Partition of
Awareness Bengal
in Muslims
Upcoming To Normalize
New Relations with the
Reforms Government
Demands
• Separate Electorates in all local and provincial elections

• Higher percentage in Councils than population
• Quota in Higher Judiciary and University syndicates
• Muslim quota in higher services of the country
The Importance of the Simla Deputation
• The British acceptance of Simla Deputation showed that efforts for reconciliation with
British had successful, good working relationship between both communities
• Constitutional rivalry between Hindus and the Muslims
• Muslims as a separate community in India
• Political and social confidence in Muslim community of India
All India Muslim League (AIML) 1906
• 20th session of the Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka in 1906 Under

Nawab Salim Ullah Khan of Dhaka
• Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk proposed formation of a new political party for the Muslims, All
India Muslim League
Reasons
Anti-Muslim
policies of
Congress
Success of Simla
Deputation
Political
representation of
Muslims
New educated
Reasons Muslim Class
Growing Upcoming New

influence of
Reforms
Congress
Objectives
• To protect and advance the political rights and interests of Muslims in India
• To represent Muslim needs and aspirations to the government of India
• To promote feelings of Loyalty to the British Government
• To remove any misunderstandings amongst the Muslims as to the intensions of any
government measures
• To prevent the rise of hostility in Muslims towards other communities in India
Resolutions Passed by Congress and the Muslim League-Dec 1906
Congress Muslim League
Requested self-government Declared loyalty to the British
Condemned partition of Bengal Supported partition of Bengal
Supported boycott of British goods Opposed boycott of British goods
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)

• John Morley, Secretary of State for India
• Lord Minto, Viceroy of India
• Known as Indian Council Act 1909
Main Features of the Reforms
Right of Separate Electorate for Muslims
The Imperial Council increased- 60 members, majority of official members
The Central Executive Council Increased- 60 new members could discuss

matters of importance and advise on government policies
Provincial Councils also increased-50 members in the larger provinces and

30 in smaller provinces
The Importance of the Reforms

• Greater say of Indians in government matters due to increased members in the Councils
• Councils were only advisory in nature, so the British had actual power
• Freedom of expression to the Indians
• The acceptance of separate electorates
• Struggle for more and more political rights between Congress and Muslim League
India and the First World War (1914-1918)

India Before the First World War
• Reversal of the Partition of Bengal led to the poor relations b/w the British and AIML
• The Muslims saw the reversal as a betrayal of British promises that the partition was
final
• The Muslims now lost faith in the British and started to make relations normal with the
Congress
• Change of objectives of AIML in 1913, loyalty to self-rule
• Dissatisfaction of Indians over Morley-Minto Reforms
The Impacts of the WWI on India
• Indians supported British in WWI
• More than million Indians participated in the War for British
• The British promised for the right of self-determination for Indians after the War
• Anti-British group of India rejected to support British
• Lala Hardayal set up a Mutiny Party in America in 1913 to launch armed
struggle against the British
• A planned uprising by Indian Nationalists in the Punjab in 1915
• A mutiny by Indian troops serving in the British army in Singapore
• The Silk Letter Conspiracy to over through the government
The Lucknow Pact 1916
• Policy of repression by the British led to the unity of Congress and the Muslim League
• Annual session of both political parties in Bombay in 1915 due to the efforts of M.A.
Jinah
• Announcement of majority of elected members in Legislative Council and half of the
members of the Executive Council would be elected
• Both political parties supported this proposal of the government
• Joint session of Congress and ML at Lucknow in 1906, from Congress- V.D.Mahajan,
from the League, M.A.Jinnah
Main Features of the Pact
Right of Separate Electorates for the Muslims, even in Punjab and Bengal
Allocation of 1/3 seats for the Muslims
No act affecting a community should be passed unless three quarters of that community’s
members on the Council supported it
The number of elected seats on the Councils should be increased
Motions passed by the majority in the Council should be accepted as binding
Minorities in the provinces should be protected
Provincial autonomy for all provinces
Importance of the Lucknow Pact

• First and last time the Hindus and Muslims had made a joint demand for political
reforms to the British
• High water-mark of Hindu Muslim unity
• It showed the desire of Indians for Self-government (Home Rule)
• Hindus accepted Muslims as a separate nation
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
• Fact-finding tour of Secretary of State, Lord Montagu and Viceroy of India Lord
Chelmsford in Nov 1917
• They issued a report called Montford Report or reforms
Reasons
• Political reforms after every ten years
• Growing political awareness among the Indians
• End of WWI
Main Features of the Reforms
Legislative Assembly of 145 members
103 elected, 42 nominated for three years
Separate electorates for Muslims and Sikhs, 32 seats for Muslims
The Council of State of 60 members
33 elected, 27 nominated
A Council of Princes of 108 members
Key powers to the Viceroy of India
Executive Council made up of only nominated members
Extended voting rights to local people
System of Diarchy, areas of responsibilities into two lists
Reserved Subjects: Justice, Police, Revenue, Power Resources and Press and
Publication, controlled by the Provincial Governor and his Executive Council (b/w 4
to 4 members nominated by him)
Transferred Subjects: Local Government, Education, Public Health, Public Works

and Forests, controlled by Minister responsible to Provincial Legislative Council.
Minister chosen by Viceroy from the Legislative Council
The Reaction of the Indians
• The Indians were expecting more concessions
• Disappointment and rejection of the reforms
• Reformed condemned as, inadequate, unsatisfactory and disappointing
• Only moderates in Congress supported it
• Still strong grip of viceroy on government matters
• Division within Indian Society
The Rowlatt Act 1919
• Formation of a committee under Justice Rowlatt to investigate revolutionary
activity in India in 1917
• Report of the Committee in April 1918
• Passed in 1919
Main Features of the Report
• Definite growth of revolutionary activity in India

• The emergency measures of the Defense of India Act should
be retained permanently
• Arrest without warrant
• Detention without bail
• The right of the provincial government to order people
where to live
Reaction of the Indians
• Severe reaction by the Indians against the report
• Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council
• Gandhi launched a Hartal
• Strikes and demonstrations all over India
Impacts of the Rowlatt Act
• Anger grew more rapidly against the British
• The Amritsar Massacre
• The Non-Cooperation Movement
• The Growth of Communalism
• Unfriendly relations between the British and Indian
The Amritsar Massacre 1919
• Ban on anti-government publications and public meetings due to the strikes and
demonstrations
• Unrest in Punjab, two nationalist leaders, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saif-ud-Din
Kitchlew were deported without trial
• Killing of five Europeans in Amritsar due to rioting on 10 April 1919
• General Dyer, the British Commander in the Area banned all public meetings in
the city
• A peaceful demonstration at a public park called Jallianwala Bagh by 20,000 people
• The park had only narrow entrance and surrounded by 5-foot wall
• General Dyer stationed the troops at the entrance and ordered fire
• 400 killed and 1200 wounded
• Men were flogged in public and made to crawl on hands and knees down a street
• Formation of Hunter Committee
The Hunter Committee
• A special enquiry committee was set up in England to investigate the Amritsar
tragedy
• Dyer was only removed from active service after investigations
• He was a hero in many Europeans eyes
• The Indian people were highly insulted by the British failure to punish Dyer
The Non-Cooperation Movement

Gandhi started Non-cooperation Movement in
1920 Main Features of the Movement
• Boycotted of all foreign goods
• British cloth was burned in huge amounts
• Production of hand-spun and hand-woven Indian cloth encouraged
• Teachers and students left English colleges and schools and set up their own
institutions
• Many lawyers gave up their practices as a part of a boycott of the English legal
system
Gandhi called of the movement in Feb 1922
Expected Questions
Q Explain the reasons for the establishment of the Muslim League in 1906. [7]
Q Why was the Muslim League founded in 1906? [7]
Q `The Morley-Minto reforms were the most important of the attempts by either the Muslims,
Hindus or the British government in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-continent
between 1906 and 1920.Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q How did the Hindus oppose the Partition of Bengal between 1905 and 1911? [7]
Q Why was the partition of Bengal reversed in 1911? [7]
Q Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [7]
Q Why did the Congress Party oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1906? [7]
Q `The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the only beacon of hope for Hindu-Muslim unity between
1914and 1930.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why was the Muslim League founded in 1906? [7]
Q Why was the Partition of Bengal reversed in 1911? [7]
Q Were the Morley-Minto reforms the most important attempt by either the Muslims, the
Hindus or the British in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-continent between 1906
and 1920? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about. [7]
Q `Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because of geographical factors.' Do you agree? Explain
your answer. [14] (J2006/P1/2c)
Q Why was the Simla Delegation of 1906 an important turning point for the Muslims of the
sub-continent? [7]
Q Why did the British decide to reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911? [7]
Q `The Morley-Minto reforms were more important than any other political developments
between1909 and 1919'. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did Congress oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909? [7]
Q Why was the Muslim League established in 1906? [7]
Q `The reasons for partitioning Bengal in 1905 were more important than those that caused its
reversal in 1911.' Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Q `The Muslim League was established in 1906 because the Hindus had their own political
party. ‘Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
What was the Swadeshi Movement? [4]
Q Why was the Simla Deputation of 1906 an important event for the Muslims of the
subcontinent? [7]
The Khilafat Movement

Timeline
1918 End of WWI
1919 Treaty of Versailles
First Khilafat Conference
Second Khilafat Conference
1920 Khilafat Leaders meet Viceroy
Treaty of Sevres announced
Non-cooperation policy begins
1920 British adopted policy of

oppression
Hijrat to Afghanistan
1921 Third Khilafat Conference
1922 Chauri-Chaura incident
Gandhi calls off non-cooperation
Sultan deposed by Kemal Attaturk
The Khalifa or Caliph

• The word Khalifa is derived from the Arabic root Khalifa which means to follow or to
come after
• Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) was first elected Khalifa
• Umayyad Dynasty of Damascus created word Khalifa means Ruler or Monarch
• The Ottoman Turks mixed religious role along with political role of Khalifa
Khilafat Movement
The movement which was started by Indian Muslims in India to save the system of Khilafat
and fate of Khalifa of Turkey is called Khilafat Movement. It was started by Maulana
Muhammad Ali Johar and Maulana Shaukat Ali (Ali Brothers)
Reasons for the Formation of the Khilafat Movement
Reasons
Deep-seated The first world

war and the Khalifa
Muslim Fears
Turkey
Deep-seated Muslim Fears
• Great Game, Britain and Soviet Union, Afghanistan and Persia

• British policy of deliberate Fear of Hindus in Muslim Minds
• Unwillingness of Indian Muslim soldiers in British army to fight against Turks
• Fall of Muslim Empires by the British
The First World War and the Turkey
• Ottoman Empire fought on the side of Germany against the British but defeated
• British promised to respect the rights of the Khalifa and the Turkish Empire would be
maintained
• The Treaty of Versailles to decide fate of Germany and Austria
Treaty of Versailles
• Armed Forces of Germany would be greatly reduced
• All colonies would be taken away
• Germany and allies would pay war indemnity
• Germany was divided into two state
The British PM Lloyd George announced same treatment to the Turkish Empire
The Indian Muslims were outraged at this suggestion and began to organize opposition to the
British plan
Khalifa
• The Sultan of Turkey was considered Khalifa, the head of the worldwide Islamic
community
• He ruled over an Empire which included important religious centres such as Mecca,
Jerusalem and Medina
• Khilafat Movement to protect the Sultan
Establishment of the Khilafat Movement
The All India Khilafat

conference
Establishment The second conference
The policy of non-

cooperation
The All India Khilafat Conference

• A conference in Delhi to try to persuade the British to keep their promise to maintain
the Turkish Empire in Nov 1919
• Many prominent Muslim leaders, Maulana Muhammed Ali Jauhar, Maulana Shaukat
Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Decided to send a delegation to Britain to inform their attachment with the system of
Khilafat
• Gandhi was also present in the conference and suggested policy on non-cooperatio
Role of Gandhi in the Conference
• Suggested policy on non-cooperation, boycott of
foreign goods
• Advocate of the policy of passive resistance (Satyagraya)
• Urged the Muslims to join Congress in seeking swaraj
(self- rule)
The Second Conference

• Held in Amritsar in December 1919
• Congress, Muslim League and the Khilafat Conference decided to launch joint efforts
to save Khilafat
• It was decided that Gandhi would take lead in trying to persuade the British not to
punish Turkey
• Unsuccessful visit of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jahuar
The Policy of Non-Cooperation
• Second delegation to Britain in Feb 1920

• Treaty of Sevres in 1920 to decide fate of Turkish Empire
• The Muslims in India sent a message to the viceroy that the treat of Sevres imposed
the Muslims would start the non-cooperation movement on June 1920
• Gandhi began a tour of India to rally support for the Khilafat cause on 1 August 1920
Treaty of Sevres
• The Ottoman Empire would be spilt up as its other allies
• Arabia was made independent
• Other possessions in the Middle East were placed under
the League of Nations and allocated to Britain and France
• Turkish land was to be given to Greece
The Policy of Non-Cooperation
• Surrendering of titles and resigning from seats in

local bodies
• Withdrawing children from government schools
• Boycotting British courts
• Refusing to volunteer to join the armed forces
• Boycotting foreign goods
• Refusing to stand for elections
The Development of the Khilafat Movement
The
Development
As a general To protect
anti-British and foster
protest Islam
As a general anti-British protest
• The Khilafat Movement turned into a general anti-British protest movement

• British royal princes were greeted with demonstrations and strikes
• Prince of Wales visited Bombay in 1921, nationwide protests, 53 people were killedin
anti-British rioting
• British carried policy of repression, widespread arrests
• More than 30,000 political prisoners in Indian jails by the end of 1921
To protect and foster Islam

India declared as Dar-ul-Harb (Enemy Territory)
The Hijrat Movement to Afghanistan by Indian Muslims in August 1920
The Hijrat Movement

• 18,000 Muslims set off on a Hijrat Movement to Afghanistan
• They sold their land and property and began the long trek with
their families
• The emigrants were told that the Afghan government
would welcome them
• The Afghan government refused the entry and forcibly sent
back emigrants to India
• On return there was no jobs for them and the properties were in
the hands of others
• This was very damaging to the movement because many
supporters lost their enthusiasm to carry on
The Khilafat Movement in Difficulty

• Third Khilafat Conference on 8 July 1921
• The khilafat leaders were arrested due to anti-government policies
• Political disturbances all over India due to the Movement
• Moplah uprising in South India
Moplah uprising
• Moplah uprising in South India against the British and
Hindu landlords in August 1921
• 10,000 Moplahs set the police station on fire and took arms
and ammunition at Tirur
• The British had to send troops in to end the uprising
• 4000 Moplahs were killed
Chauri-Chaura Incident
• Chauri-Chaura a village in Gorakhpur district

• A large group of protestors, participating in the non-
cooperation movement clashed with police
• Police opened live fires on the protestors

• Twenty-one policemen were killed after they fired on a
political procession on 5 Feb 1922
• Gandhi called off non-cooperation movement after the incident
The End of the Khilafat Movement
• The decision to call off the non-cooperation movement weakened the Hindu-Muslim
unity
• New Turkish Government deprived the Sultan of political power
• Kemal Attaturk abolished the Khilafat and exiled the Khalifa, Muhammad VI
• Consequently, the Khilafat Movement in India also came to an end
Reasons for the Failure of the Khilafat Movement
1. Call off Non-Cooperation Movement

2. The Muslims were more concerned with the fate of Khalifa
3. Lack of coordination between the Indians and the Turkish people
4. Hindu-Muslim Disunity
5. Arrest of Muslim leadership
6. Failure of the Hijrat Movement
7. Violent activities, Chauri-Chaura incident and Moplah uprising
8. Anti-British feelings
The Impact of the Khilafat Movement
1. Political confidence in Indian Muslims

2. Hindu-Muslim unity
3. Exposure of international politics
4. Bases for Pakistan Movement
5. Economic backwardness in Indian Muslims due to Hijrat Movement
6. Communal rioting
7. Unfriendly relations between the Indian and the British
Expected Questions
Q Explain the reasons for the establishment of the Khilafat Movement. [7]
Q Was the withdrawal of Gandhi's support from the Khilafat Movement the most important
reason for its failure? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why did the Khilafat Movement fail? [7]
Q Was the Chaura Chauri incident of 1922 the most important reason for the failure of the
KhilafatMovement? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Was the Khilafat Movement founded because the Muslims feared the breakup of Turkey
after the First World War? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Explain why the Khilafat Movement had failed by 1924. [7]
Q Was the abolition of the institution of the caliphate in 1924 the main reason for the failure
of theKhilafat Movement? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q `The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because of poor leadership.' Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Explain the reasons for the failure of the Khilafat Movement. [7]
Q Why was the Khilafat Movement founded? [7]
The Pakistan Movement in the Years 1927-1939
Timeline
The Delhi Proposals 1927
The Simon Commission 1927
The Nehru Report 1928
Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929
The Allahabad Address 1930
The First Round Table Conferences 1930
The Second Round Table Conferences 1931
The Third Round Table Conferences 1932
Government of India Act 1935
The 1937 Elections 1937
Congress Rule 1937-39
The Day of Deliverance 1939
The Delhi Proposals 1927

• Jinnah called a conference of Muslim leaders in Delhi to discuss political future if
Indian Muslims in 1927
• Jinnah signaled to surrender right of Separate Electorate
• Demands in this conference are called the Delhi proposals
Main Demands
Muslims should be given 1/3 seats in the Central Legislative

Council through joint electorates
Sindh should be given full provincial status
Political reforms in Balochistan and North-West Frontier Province
Seats in the Punjab and Bengal proportional to the Muslim

population
Reaction of Muslim Society

• Muslim League divided into two groups
• Jinnah group in favour of 1/3 seats and surrender of the right of Separate Electorates
• Sir Shafi group against to surrender the right
The Simon Commission 1927

Reasons
1. Growing political distance between the Congress and ML
2. British promise to introduce political reforms after every ten years
3. Fear of British Conservative Party
Members
• Under the Chairmanship of Sir John Simon
• Seven other members, all were British
Objectives of the Commission

• To find out common working grounds for new political reforms
• To realize Indians that the British were sincere in the efforts in giving people the
self- rule
• To give political autonomy without economic autonomy
• To delay the process of transfer of power from the British to the people
Main Features of the Commission
• Future constitution would be Federal in nature
• The provinces should be given full autonomy including law
• The governors should have special powers to relate to internal
security
• The number of members of legislative council should be increased
• The right of Separate Electorates should be given to other
communities as well
Opposition of the Simon Commission

• Severely condemned and opposed by all major political parties
• Indians considered it an insult because all the members were British
• Congress boycotted the Commission and called for mass protests in Dec 1927
• Jinnah group of Muslim League also rejected the Commission
• Shafi group of Muslim League supported the Commission
• Jinnah suggested reconstruction of the Commission, 4 members from India
and 4 members from the British
• Jinnah also suggested construction of Indian Commission parallel to it
The Nehru Report 1928
• All Parties Conference, members of the Congress, Muslim League, the Liberals, the
Hindu Mahasabha and the Central Sikh League in May 1928
• Formation of a Committee to draft new constitution for India
• Head of the Committee was Pundit Moti Lal Nehru and the General Secretary was
Pundit Jawahir Lal Nehru
• The report of the Committee is called Nehru Report
• It was passed in All Parties Conference in Sep 1928
Reasons
1. Failure of the Simon Commission
2. Structure of Proposed Constitution
3. Indian Nationalism
4. Challenge of Lord Birkenhead
Main Features of the Report
Immediate Dominion Status for India
India was to be Federation with two-chamber

parliament
No separate electorates for any community
No state religion and equal rights to men and women
Hindi should be made the official language of India
Reaction to the Nehru Report

All India Muslim League rejected the Report on 21 Jan 1929
Jinnah suggested some amendments in the report like;
• One-third of the elected representatives of both houses should be Muslim
• In the Punjab and Bengal seats according to the Muslim population
• Residuary powers to the provinces
• Political reforms in NWFP and Balochistan
• Sindh should have full provincial
status Congress rejected the amendments
Jinnah stated ‘now to onwards it is parting of the ways’
Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929
• Unification of Muslim League after the Nehru Report
• Jinnah presented his 14 points in annual session of the League in Delhi in January 1929
• It was decided that ‘no scheme for the constitution of the government of India will be
acceptable unless all the following basic principles are given effect to’
• These were accepted by the All Muslim League Conference in March 1929
Fourteen points of Jinnah
Any future constitution should be Federal, No bill shall be passed in any elected body if
with power resting with the provinces 3/4 of any community in that body opposed
it
All provinces should have the same amount Sindh shall be separated from Bombay
of autonomy
All legislatures and local bodies should be Political reforms in NWFP and Balochistan
constituted with adequate representation of
minorities
Muslims should have one-third of the seats Muslims should have an adequate share in
in the Central Assembly the state services
Elections should be by separate electorates Constitutional protection to Muslim

Culture, education and religion
Any territorial changes should not affect the All Cabinets at central or local level should
Muslim majority in any area have at least 1/3 Muslim Representation
Full liberty of belief and worship to all The federation of India must not change
communities laws without the consent of the provinces
The Allahabad Address 1930
• Annual session of Muslim League in Allahabad in 1930
• He gave the concept of independent Muslim state for the Indian Muslims
• He stated that he would like to see Punjab, NWFP, and Balochistan amalgamated
into a single state, either within the British empire or outside it.
• There could be no peace unless the Muslims were recognized as a Nation
• He also demanded that under a Federal system the areas of Muslim majority given
the same privileges as the areas of Hindu majority
Allama Iqbal’s contributions to the Pakistan Movement
• First Muslim leader who suggested partition of Indian on the bases

of two-Nation theory
• Source of inspiration to many Muslims who were uncertain
about how to defend their religion and culture
• Source of inspiration for Muslim Political leadership
• Motivational poetry encouraged Muslim to work hard to achieve
their goal
The Round Table Conferences 1930-1932

Reasons
1. New constitutional Reforms
2. The Simon Commission Report
3. Political demands of the Indians
Three Round Table Conferences
RTC'S
1930-32
1st RTC 2nd RTC 3rd. RTC

Nov 1930 Sep 1931 Nov 1932
The First Round Table Conference Nov 1930
• Held in London in Nov 1930
• Attended by the Muslim League, the Liberals and Representatives of the
Princely States
• Congress boycotted due to non-cooperation movement in India
• Some advances were made like
1. The Princes agreed to join future Federation of India
2. The British agreed to introduce representative government at provincial level
• From ML Jinnah, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Agha Khan attended the conference
The Second Round Table Conference Sep 1931
• Indian representatives urged Gandhi to stop non-cooperation movement and join
talks
• Gandhi met the Viceroy Lord Irwin in Feb 1931
• Gandhi agreed to give up his demand for full independence in return for a promise
that in a federal India, Indians would have a genuine say in how they were governed
• The British warned that if agreement could not soon be reached, they would
impose their own solution to the Indian problem
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• Indian Government would release political prisoners
• All confiscated property would be returned
• Gandhi would call off the Movement
• Gandhi would participate in the 2nd RTC
• The Second RTC took place in London between Sep and December 1931
• The Conference failed because:
1. The Labour party had lost power in Britain and new coalition government
was less keen to reach a compromise in India
2. Gandhi took a hard-line in the talks and refused to recognize the problems of
the minorities in the sub-continent
• Very little achievements like
1. An agreement for political reforms in NWFP and Balochistan
2. Sindh as a separate province
3. Provincial governors in NWFP and Sindh
The Communal Award on 16 Aug 1932
• After the failure of 2nd RTC the British PM Ramsay

MacDonald announced on 16 Aug 1932
• Right of separate electorates to other communities of India
• Weightage system to the communities
• Untouchables were declared as minority in India
Reaction to the Communal Award
• Muslim league rejected the Award due to weightage system, Muslim majority
converted into minority in the Punjab, NWFP and Bengal
• Congress rejected the declaration of untouchables as a minority
• Congress decided to launch non-cooperation campaign
• Gandhi undertook a fast unto death
The Third Round Table Conference Nov 1932
• It held in London in Nov 1932
• Lord Irwin had been replaced as Viceroy by Lord Willington who was less interested
in Indian Problems
• Congress restarted non-cooperation campaign in 1932
• Congress boycotted third RTC
• Jinnah had gone into voluntary exile
Success and Failures of RTC’S
Successes Failures
The Princes agreed to join future Communal rioting
Federation of India
The British agreed to introduce Lord Irwin had been replaced as Viceroy
representative government at by Lord Willington who was less
provincial level interested in Indian Problems
An agreement for political reforms Congress restarted non-

in NWFP and Balochistan cooperation campaign in
1932
Sindh as a separate province
Provincial governors in NWFP and The Labour party had lost power in Britain
Sindh
and new coalition government was less
keen to reach a compromise in India
Government of India Act 1935
In August 1935 the Government of India Act became law
Main features of the Act
India to be federation, province of British India and Princely States
Two houses of parliament at central government level, the upper house (council of
state) with 156 members from provinces and 104 from Princely states. The lower
house with 250 members from provinces and 125 from princely states
Diarchy was dropped at provincial level but introduced at central government level
Provinces were given greater level of provincial autonomy; the governor would act
on the advice of the Minister
The number of provinces were increased to 11 by giving the NWFP, Orrisa and
Sindh status of separate Provinces
The Governor-General was head of the Federation and could exert special powers
in the reserved subjects
Provincial governors also had special powers, they had the authority to dismiss
ministers and even the right to dismiss the whole administration
The part concerning central government was never introduced
Only 25% of India’s population could vote in the provincial elections
The 1937 Elections

• Muslim League campaigned for two principles
1. India should have self-government
2. There should be greater provincial autonomy and safe-guards for the
minority communities
• Congress campaigned for strong center and federal form, of government
Results
• Total seats 1771, upper house 186, lower house 1585 seats
• Muslim League badly defeated in the Elections, only 109/482 seats
• Congress won by overwhelming majority in 5 provinces, 706/1585 seats
• Single largest party in other four provinces
• Ministries in 7 Hindu majority provinces, coalition in Assam and NWFP
Lessons for the League from the Elections
• Unification of the party
• Party learned how to contest elections
• Minority areas source of Muslim strength
• Image problem of the League
Congress Rule 1937-39

• Congress formed ministries in seven provinces in 1937
• Measures Introduced by Congress During the Rule
Mass Contact
Movement
Measures by Congress
Bande Matram Communal Riots
Wardha Scheme
Hosting of Three
Coloured Flag
Vidya-Mandir
Scheme
Ban on Slaughter
of Cow
Bande Matram
• A nationalist Hindu song in which Hindus were encouraged to expel Muslims from
Hindustan
• Singing of the song was made compulsory before the start of official business
• The song was contained degrading verses against the Muslims and Islam
• It was written by the Bengali novelist Bankim Chatterjee in his book Anandmath
Wardha Scheme
• This was an education scheme based on Gandhi’s views
• It was introduced into all Congress education ministries
• Teaching was to be in Hindi
• Spinning cotton by hand was introduced into the school curriculum
• No religious education
• All students were expected to bow before a picture of Gandhi hung in their schools
Vidya-Mandir Scheme
• Basic education in Hindu temples
• To convert the non-Hindus to Hinduism
• To erase the separate cultural identity of Indian minorities
Mass Contact Movement
• It was an attempt to win Muslim support to the Congress and reduce vote bank of
the league
• The main tactic was to attract attention of the poor Muslim masses with economic issues
• Tour of mainstream leadership of Congress to Muslim majority areas
Religious prosecution of the Muslims
• Ban on cow-slaughter, forbidding Azan, insistence of noisy processions
before mosques during prayer time was order of the day
• Attacks on the worshippers in the mosques were very common
• Village wells were denied to Muslims
• Official intervention was always in favour of the Hindu
Communal Riots
• Frequent communal riots under congress ministries
• Organized attempts were made on the honour, property and lives of the Muslims
Hosting of Three Coloured Flag
• Hindi was declared as official language of India
• Three coloured flag (Taranga) was made official flag of India
• It showed that there were only two powers in India, Congress and the British
End of Congress Ministries
• The British declared war against Germany in 1939
• The Congress opposed this decision
• It tried to take advantage of the situation to squeeze transfer of power from the British
government
• Congress resigned from the ministries to exert pressure on the British at home
The Day of Deliverance 1939
• It was celebrated on the request of Jinnah on 22 December 1939
• When Britain went to war with Germany in 1939, it announced that India was at war
with Germany too
• Congress objected that it had not been consulted and all Congress provincial
governments resigned
• On that that day public meetings were held, and thanksgiving prayers were offered
in token of relief from tyranny, oppression and high-handedness of the Congress
Pirpur Report
• The council of the Muslim League appointed an eight-member committee under the
President ship of Raja Syed Muhammad to find the truth about the Congress rule on 28
March 1938
• The committee submitted its report on 5 Nov 1939. The report stated that
1. Congress ministries have failed to inspire confidence in the minorities
2. Congress leaders tried to purchase Muslim leaders to join Congress
3. Congress supported rival Muslim organizations
4. Congress tried to destroy the Muslim Solidarit
Impacts of the Congress Rule on Muslims

• A period of sufferings for the Muslims
• Atrocities of the Hindu dominated ministries brought unprecedented unity among
the Muslims
• It convinced the Muslims that Hindus were their sworn enemies and it would
not be possible for both communities to live together in one country
• It strengthened the Two-Nation theory which provided basis for the demand
for a separate independent Muslim state
• The Congress Ministries led to the unity of the Muslims under the banner of
Jinnah- led Muslim League
Expected Questions
Q Which of the following was the most important in the development of the
Pakistan Movement:
(i) Jinnah's 14 Points 1929;
(ii) Government of India Act 1935;
(iii) Congress Rule 1937-1939?
Q Why were three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [7]
Q Which of the following contributed the most to the Pakistan National Movement:
(i) Allama Iqbal's Address of 1930;
(ii) Chaudhary Rahmat Ali's Scheme of Pakistan;
(iii) Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Lahore Resolution of 1940?
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
[14] Q Why was Congress Rule (1937-1939) hated? [7]
Q Why was Congress Rule of 1937-39 so hated by the Muslims?
[7] Q Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]
Q How successful were the three Round Table Conferences of 1930-1932? Explain
your answer. [14]
Q Was the introduction of Jinnah's 14 Points in 1929 the most important factor in the
development of the Pakistan Movement between 1928 and 1935? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
Q Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the
sub- continent? [7]
Q `The main reason why Congress rule (1937-1939) was so hated was because
of the introduction of the Wardha Scheme.' Do you agree? Explain your answer.
[14]
Q Why did Muslims object to the rule of the Congress party between 1937 and 1939? [7]
Q `The Round Table Conference of 1930 achieved more than those of 1931 and 1932'. Do
Q Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]
Q Why was it necessary to hold three Round Table Conferences (1930-32)? [7]
Q `The main reason why Congress rule (1937{39) was hated so much by many Muslims
was because of the introduction of Bande Matram.' Do you agree? Explain your answer.
[14]
Q Why was there so much opposition to the Government of India Act of 1935? [7]
Q `The 14 Points were Muhammad Ali Jinnah's greatest achievement in the years
1929 to 1947.'Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why was the Second Round Table Conference of 1931 unsuccessful? [7]
Q Do you agree that the celebration of the `Day of Deliverance' in 1939 was justified?
Give reasons for your answer. [14]
What was the Wardha Scheme? [4]
Q Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]
Q `The First Round Table Conference of 1930 was the most successful one of all
three.' Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did Muslims object to `Congress Rule' between 1937 and 1939? [7]
Q Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the
sub- continent? [7]
Q Describe the Nehru Report. [4] (J2011/P1/4a)
Q Why were the three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [7]
A Solution to the Problems Facing the Sub-Continent in the Years
1940-1947
Timeline
1939 The Second World War
Congress resigns from ministries
1939 Day of Deliverance
1940 The Pakistan Resolution
1942 The Cripps Mission
1942 Quit India Movement
1944 Gandhi-Jinnah-Talks
1945 The Simla Conference
1945-46 The Elections
1946 The Cabinet Mission Plan
Direct Action Day (16 August)
Constituent Assembly elected
1947 The 3rd June Plan
1947 Radcliffe Commission
1947 Independence Act 1947
1947 Pakistan created
The Second World War 1939-45

• Britain announced war with Germany on 3 Sep 1939
• Congress resigned from the government
• Congress passed a resolution setting out its entire disapproval of Nazism and Fascism
• It supported the British cause but would not support Britain without a promise of
independence
• The Muslim League also had demands to be met before it would agree to support the
British
• Jinnah stated
1. An end to the anti-Muslim policies by Congress
2. No law affecting Muslim should be passed unless two-third of Muslim members
supported it
3. Congress should agree to form coalitions in provincial administrations
• Neither the British, nor the Congress would agree to these demands
The Pakistan Resolution 1940

• Allama Iqbal and Ch. Rahmat Ali gave the Idea of separate homeland for the Muslims
• Jinnah was against the idea, but two-year rule of the Congress convinced him to support
the Idea
• 30th annual session of AIML held in Lahore
• Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq put forward a resolution demanding that ‘regions in which the
Muslim are numerically a majority, as in the north-western and eastern zone of India,
should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall
be autonomous and sovereign’
• The resolution was passed on 23 March 1940
• Soon became known as Lahore resolution
Reaction on the Resolution
Congress the British
Severely criticized the Muslim League the British government rejected the
resolution
Hindu press ridiculed AIML and Jinnah British press criticized the Muslim
leadership
Hindu press gave called it the Pakistan The British press also termed it as
Resolution instead of Lahore Resolution Pakistan Resolution
Unfriendly relations between the Unfriendly Relations between the

Muslims and Hindus Government and the Muslims
Muslim Politics after the Resolution

• Master piece of Jinnah’s political sagacity
• Objective oriented Political struggle in a specific direction
• Political experience of Muslim Leadership
• ML declared that any political settlement without creation of separate homeland for the
Muslims would be unacceptable
• Huge mass support for the League
• Jinnah was made permanent President of Muslim League
The Cripps Mission 1942

• The British sent a mission to India to see if a compromise could be reached which
would win support for the British war effort in March 1942
• It suggested that
1. After the war an Indian Union would be set up with Dominion status
2. Individual provinces could opt out of the Union and negotiate their own
independence
3. After the war a constituent Assembly should frame a new constitution
4. Elections for the Constituent Assembly would be held immediately after the war
Reaction
Muslim League Congress
The League rejected the Plan Congress also rejected because it

immediately, as it contained no reference demanded immediate control of India
to the establishment of Pakistan
Jinnah was pleased to see that the right Congress was not ready for wait
to opt out of a Union was included because the British had proved
untrustworthy in the past
No clear constitutional protection for Congress knew that the British were
minorities of India desperate
Gandhi termed it ‘a postdated cheque on

a falling bank
Importance of the Cripps Mission
1. Through the mission for the first time, British government recognized the right of
Dominion for India
2. Indians were given promise of liberty to frame their own constitution
3. The Cripps mission which was a move to appease the congress, Muslim League and
Indian States at the same time was rejected by all of them
4. Sikhs rejected because of non-accession of provinces
Causes for the Failure
1. Its rejection by almost all political dispensations in the country

2. No real transfer of power
3. The viceroy and the Secretary of State worked behind the doorto sabotage the mission
Quit India Movement 1942
• The All India Congress Committee passed its Quit India Resolution calling for the
immediate withdrawal of the British on 8 August 1942
• To support the campaign Congress started a mass struggle against the government
• Gandhi, Nehru and other senior Congress leaders were arrested

• The Congress party was banned
• Widespread rioting and the British lost control in some parts of the country
• The League did not approve of the Quit India Movement Campaign and started its
Divide and Quit India Movement to counter the pressure of the Congress
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944
• Meetings were held between Gandhi and Jinnah to discuss future of India throughout
September 1944 at Jinnah’s home in Bombay
• The talks broke down for many reasons
1. Gandhi wanted the league to give immediate support to Congress in the
struggle to remove the British
2. Gandhi also wanted the Central government to have control over key areas
such as defense and Foreign policy. Jinnah wanted these matters to be in the
hands of the provinces
3. Gandhi considered himself to be speaking for all India. Jinnah reminded him
that he was just spokesman of Congress
4. Gandhi refused to accept Two-Nation theory
The Simla Conference 1945

• By early 1945, it was clear that the WWII was ending and the British intended to leave
India
• The British was desperately needed an agreement between the Indians and the
government to run government matters after them
• The viceroy Lord Wavell proposed that an Executive Council should be set up with
equal representation of Hindus and the Muslims to govern the country
• To discuss this, offer Wavell called a conference in Simla in June 1945
• This was attended by members of Congress, the Muslim League, the Scheduled Castes,
Sikhs and other groups
• Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan and Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din represented the League
• Gandhi led the Congress Group and Abul Kalam Azad
• All parties agreed with the principle of an Executive Council
• Overall it was a failure and closed on 14 July 1945
Reasons for the Failure of the Conference

1. Lack of agreement about who was to be on the Council
2. Jinnah pointed out that the Sikhs and Scheduled Castes on the Council were bound to
vote with the Hindus, this would mean a permanent Muslim minority
3. Jinnah also objected to the Congress suggestion that it would nominate Muslims as well
as Hindus
4. Jinnah pointed out that the League had won every by-election for the last two years and
was the undisputed voice of the Muslims
The 1945-46 Elections

• British war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the Conservative Party were
defeated in election in 1945
• The new Prime Minister Clement Attlee and his Labour Party were committed to self-
government in India
• They announced election of both provincial and central assemblies and then set up an
Executive Council with the support of the main Indian Parties
Manifesto of the League and the Congress
The Congress The Muslim League
The Congress claimed to represent all The League was the sole representative of
Indians and all communities Muslim community in India
Policy of an undivided and independent Appealed to the Muslim community with a

India policy of establishing an independent
Muslim homeland
• Results were announced in December 1945
Results of the Elections
The Congress The Muslim League
Secured 91% of the non-Muslim vote It won 87% of the Muslim vote
majority in eight states
All 30 Muslim seats in the Central
Congress took 17 Muslim seats in NWFP Legislative Assembly
Overall non-Muslim vote went to the In provincial Assembly 446/495 seat

Congress
Majority party in Sindh, Punjab and
Reasons for Better Performance of the League Bengal
1. The league campaigned effectively to let Muslims know exactly what it stood for
2. Since 1937 the Muslim League had succeeded in getting its message across and had
become a force in Indian politics
3. The period of Congress rule from 1937-39 had made Muslims realize that if they did
not stand up for their rights, they would suffer at the hands of Congress
4. The Muslim League had passed the Pakistan Resolution and Jinnah was fighting to
show that the League was an equal force in politics to Congress
5. The communal divide was much greater and election results showed the split in India
between Congress and the League
The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

• Final effort to settle the differences within India in March 1946
• A three-man delegation was sent to India to try to find a settlement acceptable to all
1. Lord Pethick Lawrence (Secretary of State for India)
2. Sir Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of Trade)
3. A.V. Alexander (first Lord of Admiralty)
• The Cabinet Mission arrived in New Delhi on 24 March 1946 and met with
representatives of the League, Congress, the Sikhs and Hindu Mahasabha
• Jinnah was insisting on the formation of Pakistan comprising six provinces
• Congress was opposed to any partition and would not accept Jinnah’s ideas
Main Features of the Cabinet Plan
There would a Union of India comprising of the provinces and the States.
No partition of India
There would be three different parts to a post British India

1. The Hindu majority territories
2. The western Muslim provinces
3. Bengal and Assam
Each part would have local autonomy and would be able to draw up its
own constitution
Foreign affairs, defense and communication would be managed by a central Indian

Union
Indian Reaction on the Plan

• Jinnah accepted the Plan and decided to nominate members of the interim government
• Congress only accepted the short-term plan, plan met with failure
The Direct-Action Day

1. The Muslim League passed a resolution declaring that it should prepare for the final
struggle against both the British and Congress
2. The Direct-Action Day was celebrated on 16 August 1946 to show Muslim strength to
the British and Hindus
3. In many places thousands demonstrated peacefully to show Muslim solidarity
4. In Calcutta the demonstration turned to violence in which up to 4000 people died in the
Great Calcutta Killing
The 3rd June Plan 1947

• Prime Minister Attlee announced that the British would leave India no later than June
1948 in February 1947
• New Viceroy Viscount Mountbatten arrived in India in March 1947 to work out a plan
for the transfer of power
• Riots and killings between Muslims and Hindus in Punjab in March 1947
• His meetings with different political leaders convinced him that partition was Inevitable
Main Features of the Plan
1. Two states should be set up, India and Pakistan, the Interim constitution
of both states was the 1935 Government of India Act
2. Each state was to have Dominion status and have an Executive
responsible to a Constituent Assembly
3. Muslim majority provinces would vote either to stay in India or Join
Pakistan
4. Bengal and Punjab two decisions to make, Firstly, on whether to join
Pakistan. If so they had to decide whether the provinces should be
partitioned into Muslim and non-Muslim areas
5. Referendum in NWFP and Sylhet
6. Provincial Assembly would decide the fate of the province
7. The people would decide the fate of the Princely States
• In a press conference held the day after the 3 June Plan Mountbatten said that the final
transfer of power might be brought forward from June 1948 to 15 August 1947
Problems in Partition of India

1. There was still a need to draw boundaries between Muslim and non-Muslim areas,
particularly in Bengal and Punjab
2. The issue of the princes had to be resolved. What was to happen if a prince went against
the wishes of his people in deciding which country to join
3. It was still undecided what the division of assets was to be
4. Although India had decided that Mountbatten should be first Governor-General of
India, Jinnah was to be Pakistan’s Governor-General.
5. Pakistan’s relationship with Britain still had to be resolved
Radcliffe Award 1947
• Establishment of Boundary Commission to mark boundaries between newly
established countries, India and Pakistan
Boundary Commission
Head Sir Cyril Radcliffe
Punjab Boundary Commission

Bengal Boundary Commission
Justices Mehr Chand Mahajan, Teja
Singh, Din Mohamed Justices C. C. Biswas, B. K.
and Muhammad Munir Mukherji, Abu Saleh Mohamed
Akram and S.A.Rahman
• The decision of the Boundary Commission is known as the Radcliffe Award which was
announced on 16 August 1947
Reactions to the Radcliffe Award
The League
Reactions The Sikhs
The Congress
The League
• Jinnah announced the Radcliffe Award as unjust and incomprehensible. The Muslim’s
main objections were
1. Ferozpur was given to India even though it had a Muslim majority
2. Gurdaspor also had a Muslim Majority and was given to India. Jinnah was
convinced that this was done deliberately to give India a border with Kashmir
3. When Bengal was partitioned Calcutta went to India. It was the Capital of the
province and main economic centre.
The Sikhs
1. The Sikhs were also disappointed because they made up a large proportion of the
population in the Punjab and had important historical and religious associations with it
2. They wanted a separate Sikh state if partition was to go ahead
3. The Punjab was divided based on majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslim
4. They rejected the plan
The Congress
The Congress too had some complaints about the Award
1. Chittagong Hill Tracts were not awarded to India, these had a large Hindu majority
2. The entire Khulna district wide a marginal Hindu majority of 51% was also given to
East Pakistan
Independence Act 1947
Main Features of the Act
The Indian Independence Act was passed on 15 July 1947

From 15 August British India would be partitioned into two dominion states,
India and Pakistan
Each state would have complete freedom to pass any law it wished
The Government of India Act would be the provisional constitution until the
states devised their own
Expected Questions
Q `During the Second World War (1939-1945), negotiations aimed at Independence
achieved little. ‘Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement. [14]
Q Why did the Cripps Mission fail? [7]
Q Which of the following contributed the most to the establishment of a separate homeland
for Muslims:
(i) Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944;
(ii) Simla Conference 1945;
(iii) Cabinet Mission Plan 1946?
Q Was the Simla Conference of 1945 the most important factor during the 1940s leading to the
partition of the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail? [7]
Q Why was the `Quit India' Movement formed in 1942? [7]
Q Were the Gandhi-Jinnah talks the most important factor during the 1940s that led to
the partition of the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Was the Cripps Mission in 1942 the most important factor during the 1940s that led to
the partition of the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why was the Cripps Mission of 1942 unsuccessful?
[7] Q What was the Direct-Action Day? [4]
Q How successful were negotiations aimed at Independence during the Second World
War? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why did the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks fail in 1944? [7]
MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH 1876-1948
Timeline
1876 Birth of Mohammad Ali Jinnah
1892 Travelled to England to learn law
1897 Returned to Karachi
1909 Became a member of the Imperial Legislative
Council
1913 Joined Muslim League

1916 Helped negotiate Lucknow Pact
1921 Left Congress Party
1929 Issued Fourteen Points
1930 Represented Muslims in the Round Table Talks
1939 Seen as Muslim Leader in India
1944 Took part in talks with Gandhi
1945 Took part in Simla Conference
1947 Became Pakistan’s first Governor-General
Introduction
The study of history teaches us that sometimes events are beyond human control. No matter
what steps we take, things do not turn out according to plan. However, it is equally true that
there are times when political leaders or great statesmen possess such a high degree of insight
that they are able influence events to help bring them to a successful conclusion. The history
of the Pakistan Movement is one such example. Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah not
only helped bring about a set of circumstances where the creation of Pakistan was possible,
but, he also helped to establish the state as a new member of the world community
• Political struggle of Quaid-e-Azam can be divided into two main parts
Quaid-e-Azam
1876-1948
Indian Muslim Leader Governor-General of

1909-1947 Pakistan
1847-48
Indian Muslim Leader 1909-1947

• Mohammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25 December 1876 in Karachi
• At the age of 15 was sent to London to study Law
• In England he attended debates at the House of Commons and developed political
interests here
• He returned to Karachi in 1897 and started practice of law
Quaid-e-Azam Indian
Muslim Leader
1909-1947
Ambassador of Muslim
Hindu- Muslim
Nationalist
Unity
1929-1947
1909-1928
• First time he became member of the Imperial Legislative Council in 1909 and started
his career as an Indian nationalist
• He was in favoure of Hindu-Muslim unity, so he joined both main stream
political parties the Congress and Muslim League in 1909
• He played a major part in negotiating the Lucknow pact in 1916 and earned the title of
the Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity
• Jinnah disapproved the radical Hindu approach which Gandhi brought to the Congress
and left the party in 1921
• Nehru Report dashed his all hopes of unity in 1928, he described the report as parting
of the ways
• In response to the report he issued his fourteen points in which he asked for
Federal form of Government and 1/3 seats for the Muslims
• Quaid-e-Azam represented Muslim community in the Round Table Conferences
in 1930
• He was so disillusioned by the failure that he considered giving up politics and settling
in London
• However, he returned to the India and re-took his position in the Central Assembly
• After humiliated defeat of the League in 1937 elections, he decided to reorganize
the party to build support from the grass roots
• Jinnah was given the Title of Quaid-e-Azam during Patna Session of the League
by Mazhar-ud-Din in 1938
• This was his leadership that the League performed remarkably in 1945-46 elections
• The historical Pakistan Resolution was passed under Quaid-e-Azam in 1940
• He played a role as a true Muslim Nationalist during his talks with Gandhi in 1944
Quaid-e-Azam became as strong supporter of a separate homeland for Muslims. As he said

in a speech in Bombay in 1947:
I am fighting for Pakistan because it is the only practical solution for solving the
problem
• In August 1947 he won that fight
Governor-General of Pakistan 1847-48
“Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the
world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah
did all three.”
Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan
As a Governor-General of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah held the post of Governor-General. This was intended
to be a ceremonial position with few duties. The Governor-General was to be figurehead acting
as an inspiration to the Nation. The Quaid-e-Azam however, took the role of Chief Executive
in the new government. He chaired Cabinet meetings and was the President of the Constituent
Assembly.
Quaid-e-Azam
Governor-General of
Pakistan 1847-48
Establishing
Building a Building a Building an National
Nation Government Economy Security
Building a Nation
• Pakistan was a combination of different atheneites, so, he worked hard to make Pakistan
a single united country and Nation
• He toured all the areas of Pakistan to get across the message that people should not
think of themselves as Punjabi or Bengali, instead they should think feel and act as
Pakistanis and be proud of it
• Quaid-e-Azam was as opposed to religious intolerance as he was to provincialism and
racialism. The Quaid-e-Azam called himself the Protector-General of religious
minorities and his advice was often sought by the non-Muslims
• To help the newly arrived refugees he set up a Relief Fund to rehabilitate them as
quickly as possible.
• To emphasize the role of Pakistan in the world community, the Quaid secured
membership of the country into UNO in September 1947
• He was determined that Pakistan should be a land of tolerance

Building a Government
• Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed Prime Minister, and a Cabinet was formed. A
Constituent Assembly was set up. One of its tasks was to begin framing a constitution
for the new Pakistan
• Karachi became the Capital of Pakistan and the Central Secretariat was set up to run
the Country
• The Civil Services were recognized. To run the administration smoothly the Civil
Service rules were drafted
• The Quaid-e-Azam was determined that government officials should have the right
attitude to their work. He informed them that they had to remember that they were
servants of the people, not the rulers of the country
Building an Economy
• Pakistan was denied its full share of the wealth of the old British India. Pakistan was a
completely agricultural country with a few industries
• The Quaid established the State Bank of Pakistan to help develop the economy on 1st
July 1948
• In 1948 Jinnah’s Industrial Policy Statement made it clear that he and the government
was very serious to set up industries in Pakistan
• The Quai also reached a compromise with India in the Canal Water Dispute, which
ensured that Pakistan’s agriculture would not be denied precious water supplies
Establishing National Security

• Although Pakistan had been given poor military equipment and it lacked senior cadre
officers for the army, the Quaid worked to ensure that the new country was able to
defend itself
• The Pakistan Army needed more officers and the gaps were filled by offering temporary
commissions and using British Officers
• Although Pakistan’s Army was ill equipped, the Quaid was not afraid to use it, and the
Army saw its first action in Kashmir.
ALLAMA MOHAMMAD IQBAL 1877-1938
Timeline
1877 Birth of Allama
Iqbal
1922 Knighted by the
British
1926 Elected to the Punjab
Assembly
1930 Presided over the All India
Muslim
1938 Death of Allama

Iqbal
• He was born in Sialkot in 1876
• He studied in Government College Lahore, Philosophy at Cambridge University and
doctorate in Philosophy from Munich University in Germany
• He was a philosopher poet who took inspiration from the Holy Quran
• He was Knighted by the British in recognition for the high standard of his poetry in
1922
• His poetry was designed to awaken the Muslims of the sub-continent to the need to
work to improve their position in society
• He opposed the British rule in India and asked Muslims to struggle for the establishment
of a separate country for themselves
• His poetry was full of hope for the Muslim telling them to be proud of their past and of
their heritage
• He was in strong believe that Hindus and Muslims were two nations who should have
separate sovereign states
• He was appointed General Secretary of the Muslim League Sir Muhammad Shafi group
in 1927
• He gave his famous Allahabad Address in 1930, he stated that,
European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognizing the fact of
communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within
india is perfectly justified. I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and
Balochistan amalgamated into a single state
• Allama Iqbal died in 1938
CH. RAHMAT ALI 1897-1951
Timeline
1897 Birth of Rehmat Ali
1933 Published a pamphlet entitled Now or Never
1933 Formed the Pakistan National Movement
1951 Death of Rehmat Ali
• Rahmat Ali was born in 1897 and studied in the Islamia College in Lahore
• He went to Britain to study at Cambridge University
• He was in London when the RTC were being held and tried to persuade the Muslim
leaders that they should demand nothing less than a separate homeland for Muslims,
but at this stage Jinnah still believed that Muslim interests would be best served by
being part of a federation with special rights
• Rahmat Ali and three other students at Cambridge University published a pamphlet
entitled Now or Never in 1933. The pamphlet was written to the 30 million Muslims in
the north-west of the India Sub-continent
• Although the message in the pamphlet that the sub-continent should be partitioned to
provide a Muslim homeland was not accepted by Muslim leaders at the time,
• This pamphlet was the first direct call for a separate state
• He also gave the name for this separate state as Pakistan
• Rahmat Ali formed the Pakistan National Movement to campaign for the Idea of
Pakistan
• He also published a work entitled Pakistan, the Fatherland of the Pak nation
• He often made himself unpopular by criticizing those leaders, including Jinnah, for not
going for enough in their demands
• Rahamat Ali disapproved of the way land was allocated during partition in 1947 and
felt that important Muslim communities, such as those in Delhi had been abandoned to
India
• He criticized Jinnah for accepting the terms of partition in 1947
• He was died in Cambridge in 1951 and is buried in the local cemetery
Expected Questions
Q How important was Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Pakistan Movement? Explain your answer.
[14]
Q Why was Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separate
homeland for Pakistan? [7]
Q Why was Chaudhri Rehmat Ali an important influence on the struggle for a separate
homeland for Pakistan? [7]
Q Who was Dr Allama Iqbal? [4]
Q Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that of Rehmat
Ali? Explain your answer. [14]
The Establishment of an Independent Nation between 1947-1948
Timeline
14 August 1947 Creation of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam sworn in as Governor-
General
16 August Borders with India finalized

Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit and
Bahawalpur joined Pakistan
September Pakistan became a member of the UNO

October Muslims revolt in Kashmir
November Indian troops invaded Junagarh
January 1948 Ceasefire agreed in Kashmir
1 April Canal Water Dispute
1 July State Bank of Pakistan established
Early Problems of Pakistan

1. Geographical Problems
2. Political Problems
3. Economic Problems
4. Social Problems
5. The Accession of the Princely States
Hyderabad
Junagadh
The Kashmir Issue
6. The Division of Financial and Military Assets
7. The Canal Water Dispute
8. Refugees and the Accommodation Crisis
Geographical Problems
• The country was split into two separate parts almost a thousand miles apart
Pakistan
West Pakistan
East Pakistan
West Punjab, Sindh,
Most of Bengal and
Balochistan, NWFP and
District of Sylhet
Princely States
• Significant differences and outlook between the people of the two different regions
Political Problems
• Lack of administrative and the governmental machinery to run the affairs of the country
• India inherited government buildings, furnishings, even officials from the British.
Pakistan had none of these
• Lack of Political experience to take over the government. In Pakistan the constituent
Assembly members were mostly wealthy landowners with little political experience
• The geographical distance between both wings made it difficult to govern as one
country
Social Problems
• Pakistan was mainly made up of five different regions
1. The Pakhtuns in the north
2. The Balochs in the west
3. The Sindhis in the south
4. The Punjabis in the north-east
5. The Bengalis in the east
• Every region with different traditions, cultures, languages and lifestyles
Economic Problems
• Pakistan was not a wealthy country. Agricultural economy with low progress
• Only Karachi with some economic potential
• Around 90% of the people lived in the countryside
• Only production of jute (70% of the world) which was main source of foreign exchange
• The Percentage of Economic Assets in Pakistan after Partition
Industrial enterprises 10%
Industrial workers 6.5%
Electrical capacity 5%
Mineral deposits 10%
The Accession of the Princely States

• The states were given the right to choose between India and Pakistan
• The northern states of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb and Hunza joined Pakistan in 1947
• Bahawalpur, Gilgit and Kalat also joined Pakistan
Some states faced difficulties, like,
Hyderabad
• It was one of the largest states in India with non-Muslim majority and Muslim ruler
• Very rich state with an annual revenue of over 160 million rupe
The Nizam was wanted Dominion Status but refused by the British government
• Nizam was pressurized to join India, so, he entered a treaty in respect of defence,
foreign affairs and communication with India
• Hyderabad filed a complaint before the United Nations Organization in August
1948before the complaint could be heard, Indian troops entered Hyderabad and
dismantled the state
Junagadh
• A small state on the coast, 300 miles south of Karachi
• The population was mostly non-Muslim, but its Prince was Muslim who announced to
join Pakistan in 1947
• Lord Mountbatten informed Pakistan that the accession of Junagadh was an
encroachment on Indian sovereignty ant territory. Indian troops invaded
and took control of the area
The Kashmir Issue
• The largest state in the sub-continent and had boundaries with Tibet, China,
Afghanistan and Russia
• Muslim majority state but the Raja (Maharaja Hari Singh) was Hindu
• Policy of oppression against the Muslims by the Raja
• Raja announced accession with India, but Pakistan refused to accept it
• First Indo-Pak war on Kashmir in 1948
• Resolutions of UNO
The Division of Financial and Military Assets
• The assets were to be divided on the ratio of 17 to India and 5 to Pakistan
• Pakistan would be paid 750 million rupees out of 4 billion rupees in the Reserve Bank
• First installment of 200 million rupees and then refusal to pay the rest
• Role of Gandhi, Hunger strike, payment of the second instalment 500 million rupees
and his murder
• Military assets were divided 36% to Pakistan and 44% to India
• The armed forces personnel were given freedom to opt for whichever country they
wanted
• The military supplies which India agreed to hand over did not arrive at times, when
they did, they were often old, worn, damaged and obsolete
• All 16 ordinance factories were in India
MIAN SHAHID MAHMOOD TEACHER O LEVEL PAKISTAN STUDIES (2059) BMI 03336610587
Division of Army
Army Divisions Pakistan India
Armoured Divisions 6 14
Artillery Divisions 8 40
Infantry Divisions 8 21
The Canal Water Dispute

• It had its origins in the partition of Punjab in 1947
• The problem for Pakistan was that the flow of water through the canals and rivers was
controlled at a series of headworks most of which lay in the part of Indian Punjab
• The Indian Government promised not to interfere with the supply of water
• Dispute over the canals, especially the Bari-Doab canal
• Matter was solved by the International Court of Justice
• A temporary agreement in May 1948
Refugees and the Accommodation Crisis
• There was widespread violence between the Muslims and non-Muslims across India
before partition
• The only answer to this violence was for Muslims to move into Pakistan and non-
Muslims to move into India
• The largest migration ever witnessed in the History of mankind and some of the worst
scenes of communal violence
• Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an organized programme for the
massacre of Muslim refugees
• Quaid-e-Azam himself took the charge of refugee Minister and established a relief fund to
rehabilitate Muslim Refugees
Expected Questions
Q How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during
1947and 1948? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why was the division of the armed forces and military assets a problem for Pakistan in 1947? [7]
Q Was the refugee issue the most important problem facing the newly formed government of Pakistan
in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q `The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of Partition during1947
and 1948.' Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Q Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]
Q `The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the newly established
government of Pakistan in 1947'. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] Q `The
formation of a government was the most important problem facing the newly established country of
Pakistan in 1947.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]
Administrative Structure: 1948-1958
Governor-Generals
1948-51 Khwaja Nazimuddin
1951-55 Ghulam Muhammad
1955-56 Iskander Mirza
Prime Ministers
1947-51 Liaquat Ali Khan
Presidents
1951-53 Khwaja Nazimuddin
1956-58 Iskander Mirza
1953-55 Mohammad Ali Bogra
1958-69 Mohammad Ayub Khan
1955-56 Ch. Mohammad Ali
1969-71 Agha Mohammad Yahya
1956-57 H.S. Suhrawardy
Khan
1957 I.I. Chundrigar
1957-58 Feroze Khan Noon
Pakistan in 1948: Problems Faced by Future Governments
Poor Country
Landlordism
Formation of
Relations with India Ethnicity Constitution
Khwaja Nazimuddin (1948-51)
Timeline
14 Sept 1948 Khwaja Nazimuddin GG, Liaquat Ali Khan PM India
17 Sept 1948 invaded Hyderabad (Deccan)
12 March 1949 Objectives Resolution passed
1949 Public and Representative Officers Disqualification
Act(PRODA)
28 Sept 1950 First Report of the Basic Principles Committee
16 Oct 1951 Liaquat Ali Khan assassinated in Rawalpindi
Khwaja Nazimuddin (1948-51)
• CM of East Pakistan
• On 14 Sep 1948 became GG
• Formation of Basic Principles Committee
• 25 members
The Objectives Resolution 12 March 1949
• The Constitution should observe the principles of democracy, freedom, equality,

tolerance and social justice as laid down by Islam
• Muslims would be able to lead their lives according to Islamic principles
• Religious freedom to every religious community
• Minorities and the poor would be legallyprotected
• All fundamental human rights should be guaranteed
• The legal system should be independent of government
Criticism on the Resolution

• Ulema criticized for non-serious attitude of the government towards making
of Islamic State
• No timescale set down for completing the constitution
• No timescale for holding elections
First Draft of Constitution

• Presented on 28 Sept 1950
• Bicameral legislature with equal powers to both wings
• The President was to be elected by the joint session of the two houses
• Urdu official language of Pakistan
Criticism on First Draft of the Constitution
• East Pakistan rejected the Idea of Equality
• Provincial politicians objected the powers of the Head of State and to the Federal
Government
• Religious groups complained about insufficient Islamic measures taken by the
Government
Public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act (PRODA)
• Sub-titled as ‘an Act for the debarring from public office for a suitable period of persons
judicially found guilty for misconduct in any public office or any representative
capacity in any matter therein.
• Complaints could be made to the GG or provincial Governors who could order an
enquiry by judges.
• It was designed to eliminate corruption.
• Punishment for up to five years
Liaquat-Nehru Pact (8 April 1950)

• Assurance of full fundamental rights which included the rights of freedom of
movement, freedom of thought and right of religion
• A minorities commission was set up to make sure that they would be represented
• If the minorities faced any problem, it would be the duty of both the governments to
redress their problems withoutdelay
• This pact agreed to guarantee full right to their minorities and to accord them the status
of citizen
Ghulam Muhammad (1951-55)
Time line
Oct 1951 GM as GG of Pakistan
17 Apr 1953 Nazimuddin dismissed from premiership Muhammad Ali
Bogra appointed Prime Minister First Five-Year Plan for
economy introduced GM dissolved the Assembly, new
29 Sept 1954
Cabinet
Feb 1955
Sindh High Court declared the act unconstitutional Federal
10 May 1955 Court suspended the decision of Sindh New Assembly
High Court. elected
Aug 1955 GM resigned
Ghulam Muhammad (1951-55)

• Finance Minister in the Cabinet and a Civil servant
• In 1950 announced Planning Commission to raise economic development
• Six Year Plan
• Planning Board and Five Years Plan
• Jute processing plant at Narayanganj in EP
• Exploration of Oil and Gas
• Food shortages due to Severe droughts, rioting

• Campaigns against Ahmedis
Industry and Mining

Agriculture
Transport and
Six Year Plan Communications
Fuel and Power Social uplift Schemes
Constitutional Matters
Second Report of Basic Principles Committee on 22 Dec 1952
• The Head of State must be Muslim
• House of Unit 120 members. EP and WP 60 each
• House of People 400 members. 200 from each wing
• Representation of Religious ministries in both Houses
• Cabinet responsible to the National Assembly
• The Head of State would choose a committee of IslamicSpecialists
• The Assembly should decide the matter of national language
The 1954-55 Constitutional Crisis

17 April 1953 Ghulam Muhammad dismissed Kwaja
Nazimuddin New cabinet with PM Muhammad Ali Bogra
On 21 Sep 1954 Bogra persuaded the assembly to pass laws in the absence of GG
• The PM and his all Ministers must be from the assembly

• The Assembly had to approve the Cabinet
• The GG had to take the advice of his ministers
GG declared state of emergency and dissolved the Assembly. Formation of
new cabinet with General Ayub Khan
Role of Maulvi Tamizuddin
Iskander Mirza (1955-58)
Timeline
1955 Iskander Mirza acting GG, Bogra Dismissed as PM 5 Oct
1955 Formation of One Unit
23 March 1956 Constitution announced
12 Sep 1956 Ch. Muhammad Ali resigns, Suhrawardy new PM 8 Oct
1957 Suhrawardy dismissed, I.I. Chundrigar PM
Dec 1957 I.I. Chundrigar dismissed, Feroze Khan Noon PM
7 Oct 1958 Mirza proclaimed Martial Law. Mirza President, Ayub Khan
PM
• Governor of East Pakistan

• Took charge as acting GG
• Dismissed Muhammad Ali Bogra and appointed Ch. Muhammad Ali PM
• New constitution on 23 March 1956
• Pakistan declared as Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Rights Guaranteed by the Constitution
Free speech and assembly Right to security

Right to vote Right to move any where
Right to form political parties Right to marry
Right to criticize Right to Education
Freedom from unlawful arrest Right to own Property
Freedom of religion Right to choose trade or profession
Equality as a citizen Freedom of culture
1956 Constitution: Government Structure

Federal Powers: Chooses
and President Prime Minister,
Provincial Emergency Powers,
Courts Can Dissolve NA.
Restrictions:
Muslim, over 40,
PM from NA,
Dissolution of NA
Prime Minister after PM advice
Powers: Choses Cabinet

Restriction: Cabinet
Islamic Cabinet Must be from NA
Committee
Right of Veto
on Legislation Powers:
NA and PA Advises
Provincial
NA: House of President.
Assembly:
Parliament, Restriction:
One Unit.
300 members only Advice
EP and WP
over 21 years
The One Unit Policy

On 5 Oct 1955 Mirza announced policy of one unit
• He claimed it would bring efficiency and rapid development
• Significant step for unity of the country
• Equal representation for both wings
• To draft constitution for the country
Rejected by the Majority
• East Pakistan rejected because its majority had been converted into equality
• Reservations from smaller provinces
• Independent status of states came to an end

• Cultural and social diversity of the regions
Expected Questions
Q How successful have governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and
Q Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of education between 1947 and
1988? [7]
Q Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947 and 1988? [7]
Q The low rate of literacy was the most important social problem facing Pakistan between 1947
and 1988.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q How successful have governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and
Q Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in 1950? [7]
Field Marshall Mohammad Ayub Khan (1958-69)
Timeline
27 Oct 1958 General Ayub Khan takes over
Oct 1959 Basic Democratic introduced New
1 March 1962 Constitution
Sept 1965 War with India
25 March 1969 Ayub forced to resign
Influence of Army in the Politics of the Country

• Influence of the Army grew in the politics of the countryafter
• Kashmir war
• Suppression of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy
• Aftermath of decline of the Muslim League
• Political power shifted from politicians to civil bureaucracy aided by the Army
Causes of Martial Law

1. Inter-Wing political conflicts
2. Power politics by the office of Governor-General and the Prime Minister
3. Decline of the Muslim League
4. Political culture of a pre-industrial society
5. Loss of top leadership
6. Delay in framing of constitution
7. Military-civil bureaucratic alliance
8. Incompetent political leadership
Martial Law October 1958
The Constitution of 23rd March 1956 will be abrogated

The government will be dismissed with immediate effect
The National and Provincial Assemblies will be dissolved
All political parties will be abolished
Until alternative arrangements, Pakistan will remain under martial law
Political Thoughts of Ayub Khan
• Modernization of Army
• Industrialization of the country
Parliamentary democracy had failed to answer some important questions
1. Political stability in the country
2. National unity
3. Economic growth of the country
Elective Bodies Disqualification Order 1959 (EBDO)
• It provided the former politicians with the option of being tried for misconduct or
disqualifying themselves from engaging political activities for seven years
• About 7000 persons at least 3000 from west Pakistan came to labour under EBDO
• Under an amendment made to the Political Parties Act 1962, the ebdoed politicians
were banned from even making political statements
The Basic Democracies Order on 26 Oct 1959

• Basic concept of the system was gradual introduction of the people into democratic
process to bring about socio-economic and political transformation of the people
unaffected by party politics
• Four-tier system
• Ordinary people elected Union Council members who in turn elected districts
and divisional councils
• In 1962, 80000 elected Basic Democrats formed electoral college

• Presidential elections under the system in Feb 1962
• Ayub Khan sworn in as 1st elected President on 17 Feb 1962
• On that day announced constitution commission under Justice Shahab-ud- Din
• 95% Basic Democrats gave vote of confidence to Ayub Khan
Basic Democracies 1959
President Powers: appoints PG

and PDAC.
Restrictions: 1/3 of
5 PDAC members must
Provincial be chairman of LC
Governors
Powers: run the
provinces.
2Provincial Restrictions: must
development obey President and
Advisory carry out PDAC
Councils, rulings
EP/WP
Powers: outlines
general provisions
Number of for provinces, Agri.
Civil Servants Divisional Edu.etc
From CC Councils Powers: take the

population, DC general outlines of
Not Elected PDAC and fit them to
local circumstances to
outline local policies
Powers: coordinate
Co-ordination the distribution of
Committee resources in their
Chairman of local C. set areas
area
Local Committees, Powers: organize

elected by town dist. as told byco-
Or villages. 1 for ordination
1500. 10-15 per Committee roads,
village sanitation, safety in
area
Constitution of 1962: Government Structure
President
Powers: pass any

law, reject passed
law, emergency
powers.
Restrictions:
elected by BD
NA: single house for PA: single house system
five years by BD for five years by
system. Own BD system.
federal and Own Provincial
Courts
Supreme Court
Powers: can suggest

legislation,
administer legislation
Restrictions:
President must agree
to legislation
Main Features of Constitution of June 1962
Presidential form of government

The president could not be removed unless impeached
The President nominated the Cabinet from the members of the NA
The President nominated the heads of the judiciary and the provincial
Governors who would nominate their cabinets
The National Legislature could not pass a law without the approval of the
President
Revival of Political Parties

• Soon after assuming powers under BD system the members divided into groups
according to their affiliations with political parties
• Ayub Khan felt the need for revival of the political parties and importance of political
parties in democratic system
• Ayub khan joined Muslim League but after facing criticism created the
Convention Muslim League
• Opposition group of Muslim League was called the Council Muslim League
• Ayub khan was the president of the convention Muslim League while
Z.A.Bhutto was its general secretary
• Ayub khan was President of Pakistan while Zakir Hussain was Governor of East
Pakistan but later was replaced by Lt.General Azam Khan
• Governor of West Pakistan was Nawab of Kalabagh Malik Amir Khan
Sources of Strength of Ayub Khan
• Civil and Military bureaucracy

• Landlords
• Industrial Class
• Business Community
The Decade of Development
The Decade
of
Development
Agricultural Industrial Social and

Educational New Capital
Reforms Reforms
Reforms
Agricultural Reforms
Loans
Smaller forms 12.5
acres larger 500 acres
Agricultural Reforms
Dams
Irrigated 500 Mechanization

unirrigated 1000
Industrial Reforms
• Loans from UK, Germany, USA.
• Oil Refinery in 1962,
• Mineral Development Corporation.
• Economic Union with Iran And Turkey Regional
Cooperation for Development RCD
• Export Bonus Scheme
Results of Industrialization
• Speedy economic growth, growth rate 7%
• Emergence of small wealthy elite, 22 families controlled 66%
industrial assets, 80% banking and insurance companies
• Dissatisfaction of East Pakistan

• Industrialization heavily dependent on foreignaid
Social and Educational Reforms
• New curricula for schools and publication of new text books
• Extensive literacy programme
• New Schools and colleges
• Shelter homes
• Rehabilitation of Refugees of 1947 in Karachi
• Family Planning Programme
New Capital
Islamabad
92,900 sq
m
Eight self- Construction

contained was started in
zones Oct 1961
Officially Occupation on
made capital
26 Oct 1966
on 1967
Political Unrest
• Two main changes in leadership of East Pakistan, death of Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy
and leadership of Awami League was transferred to Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman who was
more vocal and committed to provincial autonomy and political and economic
independence of East Pakistan
• Death of Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din and leadership of Muslim League was transferred

to Maulana Bhashani who was a regional politician
War with India over Kashmir
Tashkent Treaty
Role of Z.A. Bhutto

Accusation of intimidation and vote-rigging in the elections
Rise of food prices
Country wide student protest in Oct 1968
Failed assassination attempts on Ayub and widespread arrests
Unity of opposition against repressive policies of Ayub Khan, formation

of Democratic Action Committee
Withdrawal of Emergency powers on 17 Feb 1969
Resignation of Ayub Khan on 25 March 1969
Indo-Pak War of 1965

• Ayub khan was main architect of military alliances (SEATO and CENTO) with the
West, to maintain balance of power in South East Asia
• Cold war was in its peak

• Kashmir was an outstanding issue between Indian and Pakistan
• Ayub Khan settled border issues with Iran, Burma, China. He also
suggested no war pact with India
• China-India War in 1962
• Death of Muhammad Ali Bogra, Bhutto became foreign minister of Pakistan

and signed China border agreement
• India decided to integrate Kashmir into Indian Union in 1963. (India was trying
since 1957)
• Pakistan went to United Nations the issue remains unresolved
• A sacred hair of Holy Prophet PBUH was stolen from Hazrat Bal Shrine Sirinagar
on Dec 1963
• Rioting started in India, Pakistan and Kashmir

• Ayub Khan visited China and USSR and announced no lease of Badbir in 1964
• Chou-en-Lai visited Pakistan and supported Pakistan’s point of view on Kashmir
in 1964
• Sheikh Abdullah was released by Nehru government and he visited Pakistan on 24

May 1964 and proposed independent state of Kashmir which was rejected by Ayub
Khan
• Death of Nehru and Sheikh Abdullah changed his point of view and supported right
of self-determination of the Kashmiris and was again arrested by the Lal Bahadur
Shastri government
• Indian declared Jammu and Kashmir part of India under Indian Constitution article
356, 357
• Run of Kutch incident in 1965

• Operation Gibraltar. A plan of infiltrating many guerrillas into the Indian Kashmir to
start local uprising against Indian occupation to pressurize India and to bring her to
the negotiation table with Pakistan. Brainchild of Z.A.Bhutto and General Akhtar
Malik
• Operation Grand Slam. A plan to attack Akhnur a city in face of Sialkot which was of
great strategic Importance for Kashmir. It was a main supply route to Indian forces in
Kashmir
• Both operations failed

• Indian attacked Lahore on 6 September 1965 to release pressure
• Tashkent Declaration 1966
• Distance between Ayub Khan and Z.A.Bhutto
• A National Conference to develop consensus on Tashkent Declaration on Feb 5-6,
1966, it failed
• Role of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman and his six points
General Yahya Khan (1969-71)
The commander-in-Chief of the Army as chief Martial Law

Administrator and President.
He announced:
• Basic democracies had not been a success

• There would be a properly elected Government
• Abolishment of One Unit
• New election on 7 Dec. 1970
Expected Questions
Q Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? [7]
Q Which of the following was the most important contribution of Ayub Khan's
government during the `decade of development' between 1958 and 1969:
(i) agricultural and other economic reforms;
(ii) constitutional reforms;
(iii) foreign policy?

Q Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan's domestic policies during
the decade of development' between 1958 and 1969." Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
East Pakistan to Bangladesh

Timeline
Dec 1970 Awami League wins majority in the NA Civil
25 Mar 1971 War break out b/w EP and WP India declare
4 Dec 1971 war on Pakistan
16 Dec 1971 Pakistan army in EP forced to surrender Yahya
20 Dec 1971 resigns as President, Bhutto takes over Republic of
21 Dec 1971 Bangladesh officially declared an independent state

10 Jan 1972 Mujib ur Rehman becomes PM of Bangladesh
Rich Political History of East Pakistan
Historical Experience of East Pakistan
Reasons
Social and
Cultural
disparity
Reasons
Disparities
Political Economic
disparity disparity
Social and Cultural Disparity
Pakistan
West Pakistan
East Pakistan
East Bengal Punjab, Sindh,
Balochistan, NWFP
• Capital in West Pakistan

• Dissatisfaction of ep being not equal partner
• Language controversy, 1952 ‘A state language day on 21 Feb
• Cultural differences
Economic Disparity
• East Pakistan much poorer
• Much foreign aid and capital investment for West Pakistan

• Per capita income in West Pakistan 330-373 from 1949-1960
• Per capita income in East Pakistan 305-288 from 1949-1960
• Transferring of resources from ep to West Pakistan (jute trade)
• Defense budget
Political Disparity
• East Pakistan majority in the constituent assembly but Governor-General and Prime
Minister from West Pakistan
• Senior positions in armed forces and civil services

Cyclone of 1970
• Deadliest tropical cyclone in East Pakistan on 12 Nov 1970
• 500,000 people died
• Slow relief response from the government
• Reaction to the refusal of the government from Indian aid
Six Points of Awami League
A federal Pakistan based on the Lahore Resolution and a directly elected

parliamentary form of government based on adult franchise
The Federal Govt to control defense and foreign policy, other decisions
to be made at provincial level
Separate currencies for both wings
The provinces to tax their people, federal share
Separate trade agreements for provinces with other countries
Separate army for both wings
These six points were viewed as charter of separation
• All political parties rejected the points, even president of Awami League of West
Pakistan Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan rejected thepoints
• Awami League launched its election campaign on these points in upcoming elections
Elections of 1970
• Elections for National Assembly
• Election campaign started in January 197and ended in December 1970
• East Pakistan the Awami League led by Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
160/162 Seats, others 02
• PPP led by Z.A. Bhutto81/138 Seats, others 57
• Maulana Bhashani, National Progressive League, Jamit-i-Islami and
Krishik Saramik Party boycotted the elections
• Two main political parties, PPP led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Awami
League led by Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman
• the Awami League
• Manifesto: political and economic independence for East Pakistan
Huge victory in East Pakistan
• PPP Manifesto: social security and strong Federation, Bhutto stated that Islam
is our religion, Socialism is our economy, democracy is our politics and all
powers belongs to the people. (Roti, Kapra and Makan)
Problems After Results of the Elections
• Majority of the Awami League in Provincial and National Assembly and
now could form government and frame constitution single handedly.
• In West Pakistan majority of PPP and role of Z.A.Bhutto
• Role of Yahya Khan and his doubts about Sheikh Mujeeb like, Manifesto of
the Awami League, limiting the powers of central government over provinces,
the Six points and Agartla conspiracy.
Pak-India War 1971
• Role of India: Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce b/w India and Russia, training
of guerrilla fighter of Mukti Bahini, passed resolution on 31st March in Indian
parliament in favour of formation of Bangladesh that this house records its profound
conviction that the historic upsurge of the 75 million people of East Bengal will triumph.
The house wishes to ensure them that their struggle and sacrifices will receive the
wholehearted sympathy and support of the people of India
• 14,8000 refugees from East Pakistan to India

• India attacked East Pakistan on 4 Dec.
• Secret peace plan by Yahya Khan which stated
1. Release of Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rehman
2. Holding of referendum on Bangladesh
3. Formation of all party’s government as an interim measure
Political and Social Crisis
• Reaction of East Pakistan and Mujibur Rahman after the offer of President,
movement of regional autonomy turned into full blown nationalism
• Postponement of the opening session of National Assembly on 1 March on the
demand of Z.A.Bhutto by Yahya Khan
• Civil disobedience in East Pakistan, protests, killings in East Pakistan
• New date was fixed as 25 March 1971
• Mujeeb demanded immediate transfer of power to National Assembly
• Bhutto demanded transfer of power to two National Assemblies
• Negotiations started between Yahya Khan and Mujeeb-ur-Rehman, talks
failed, Yahya Khan ordered to arrest Mujeeb-ur-Rehman
• Tikka Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator
Operation Searchlight
• Launched by President Yahya Khan to suppress civil disobedience in East Pakistan,
resistance by East Pakistan Rifles, police and civilians
• East Pakistanis termed as operation against Bengali Nationalism

• Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus were treated with extreme harshness
• press censorship and ban on political activities in EP
Reaction against the Operation
• Secret radio broadcast on 26 March
• India declared her support for the people of Bengal
• Formation of Mukti Bahini for guerrilla offensive, it was organized and supported
by the India
• Announcement of Provisional Government of East Pakistan on 21 Nov.
4. Arrangements for the return of refugees under UN supervision

• Indra Gandhi rejected this peace plan
• Yahya Khan appointed Noor-ul-Amin as a Prime Minister and Z.A. Bhutto as a Deputy
Prime Minister and foreign minister of Pakistan
• Bhutto attended the UN Security Council session on 6 December 1971, boycotted the
session and left UN on 15 December
• On 16 December 1971 Eastern Command surrendered in Ramna Race Course Park

Dacca End of the War
Outcomes of the War
• East Pakistan as the Republic of Bangladesh on 21 Dec 1971
• More than 90 thousand soldiers along with civilians became prisoners of war
• India’s reported plans to attack West Pakistan immediately after the fall of Dacca to
capture Azad Kashmir, give autonomy to Balochistan and NWFP and to destroy the
military capabilities of West Pakistan
• Role of President of USA Richard Nixon and President of Soviet Union Brezhnev to
preserve the integrity of Pakistan
• Yahya Khan forced to step down by the General Gul Hassan and General Peerzada
• Bhutto assumed the power as President and the civilian Martial Law Administrator
Expected Questions
Q Why did East Pakistan wish to break away from Pakistan? [7]
Q Economic factors were more important than political considerations in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (J2004/P1/4c)
Q the Six Points made by Mujib-ur-Rahman and the Awami League was the most important
factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q The geographical position of East Pakistan was the most important reason for the creation of
Bangladesh in 1981'. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971-77)
Timeline
20 Dec 1971 President and Chief Martial Law
Administrator
3 Jan 1972 Economic Reform Order- Nationalization
of Key industries
10 Feb 1972 Labor policies: workers share profits,
pensions and insurance
1 March Land Reforms
21 Apr 1972 Martial Law lifted
2 Jul 1972 Simla Agreement with India signed
12 Apr 1973 New Constitution
14 Apr 1973 Bhutto as a PM
1 Jan 1973 Nationalization of Banks
7 Mar 1977 General Election
19 Apr State of Emergency
5 July Bhutto arrested
7 July Martial Law
Some Early Steps
The Simla
Agreement
Controlling the
Some Early Steps
Army
Establishing a
New Constitution
Controlling the Army
• Removal of most important Army officers, Head of Air Force, Air Marshal Rahim
Khan and C-n-C of the Army General Gul Hasan
• Appointment of his trust-worthy officers General Tikka Khan
• Setting up the Federal Security Force (FSF) in 1972
The Simla Agreement
• Diplomatic relations with India

• Signed on 2 July 1972 to release prisoners of war
• Improved international reputation of his government to show willingness for
peace negotiations with India
• Increased popularity after release of prisoners of war
Establishing a New Constitution
New Constitution on 14 August 1973, Z.A.Bhutto PM, Ch.Fazal Elahi, main features
were
• Two Houses of National Assembly, the Senate and the Assembly

• PM would be from majority party
• President – Head of the State
• Official name- Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PM & President Muslim
• Federal State
• All fundamental basic human rights were guaranteed
Human Rights Guaranteed under the 1973 Constitution
Freedom of speech Right not to be arrested for the same offence

twice
Freedom of assembly Freedom of religion

Freedom of movement Equality as a citizen
Right to vote Freedom of language
Right to form political parties Equal access to public places
Right to criticize Right to education
Freedom from unlawful arrest Right to own property
Right to security Right to choose any profession
Party Politics
• In Balochistan National Awami Party (NAP)

• In NWFP Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam
• The PPP and NAP/JUI coalition on 27 April 1972
• Dismissal of the governors of Balochistan and NWFP, Coalition ended
• Uprising in Balochistan
• Constitutional amendment to limit press freedom and ban any political party in
April 1974
• Laws allowing the security forces to detain suspects in 1975
1973 Constitution: Government Structure
Separate
Judiciary elected
every 5 years, Restriction: male, Muslim,
President over 40, must sign all
Federal &
Provincial courts Presidential orders
Powers: emergency powers,

can use Presidential orders,
Prime
appoints Chief Justice
Minister Restrictions: male, Muslim,
Elected from elected from NA members
majority party
in NA
Powers: advise PM
Islamic Committee
advice only on legislation Restrictions: advice
Cabinet only
Two Houses Provincial Assemblies: A body

Senate: members from for each of the 4 provinces.
PA, equal number from 4 Elected by adult secret ballot,
P. Seats, P-240, S-100, NWFP-80,
NA: 200 members, elected B-40
by adult’s secret ballot
POWERS: Draft Legislation

Restrictions: chosen for 5 years then new elections
Can be suspended by President on advice of PM
Reforms
Agricultural
Industrial
Education Health
Reforms
and Social
Administrative
Industrial Reforms
• Nationalization of the sugar, cotton, vegetable oil, rice industries and banking
and insurance sectors, 70 major industrial units
• To control industrial output and channelinvestment
• To raise the workers living and working standards and provision of cheap housing
• Allow the workers to set up unions
• Even out the economic inequalities
Some Difficulties to Policy of Nationalization
• Incompetent managers
• Bureaucratic muddle
• Worldwide recession
Agricultural Reforms Land
Ownership
• Land limit 250 acre irrigated, 500 unirrigated
• Opposition of big land owners
• Corruption by the officials
Security of Tenure
• First right of purchase of land farmed by them
• Mass eviction of tenants before the security of tenure
• Corruption by the officials
Education Reforms
Some goals for the reforms
• To eradicate ignorance
• To provide education to all, including women
• To ensure that the school curriculum meets Pakistan’s social, economic and
political needs
• To ensure uniformity of education in each subject in every school and college in

Pakistan
• To raise the self-confidence of the common man
• To raise aspirations for higher education among the youth
• To develop each person’s personality and potential
• To develop a Pakistani culture and identity and national pride
Health and Social Reforms
• Introduction of Rural Health Centres and Basic Health Units

• Sale of medicines under brand names were banned
• Training colleges for doctors and nurses
• These reforms improved medical services in Pakistan
Administrative Reforms
• Reorganization of the Civil Service into a smaller levels and unified pay scales
• Removal of some of the old, unnecessary distinctions between types of civil
servant
• Reformed entry requirements at any level
1977 Elections
• Nine political parties formed the Pakistan National Alliance(PNA) against PPP
• Two-point agenda of PNA, end of rule of Bhutto and to rule Pakistan according
to Islamic Law
• Landslide victory of PPP-154/200 and PNA-38
• Allegations of rigging and demand for newelections
Downfall
• Bhutto refused to new elections and mass protests of PNA

• Bhutto took some steps to appease opposition like ban on gambling,
restrictions on the sale of alcohol and new elections
• He announced state of emergency on 19 April, placing Pakistan under Martial
Law
• Arrest of PNA leadership and around 10,000 supporters
• Then army staged a coup named Operation Fair play on 5 July
• General Zia announced the suspending of the constitution and the dissolution
of all national and provincial assemblies on 7 July1977
Expected Questions
Q In which of the following did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto have most success:
(i) reform and control of the armed forces;
(ii) constitutional reform;
(iii) education and health reforms?
Q Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto fall from power in 1979? [7]
Q Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's domestic policies
between 1971 and 1977.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Social reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's domestic policies between
1971 and 1977.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979? [7]
Q Èducation reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's domestic policies
between 1971 and 1977.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971? [7]
Q What was the Simla Agreement? [4]
Q Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's domestic policies
between 1971 and 1977.' Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
General Zia-ul-Haq (1977-88)

Timeline Zia
5 July 1977 seizes power FSF
Nov 1977 disband
Sep 1978 Zia President
4 April 1979 Bhutto hanged
25 Dec 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1979 Shariat Law
March 1980 Provisional Constitutional Order
Jun 1980 Zakat Ordinance
1984 Anti-Zakat riots Zia’s
1984 referendum Elections
to the NA End of
Feb 1985
Martial Law
3 Dec 1985 Ojhri Camp explosion
10 April 1988 Jenejo dismissed
29 April 1988 Zia killed in air crash
17 Aug 1988
Early Measures
Accountability
The Death of
Early Measures
Bhutto
Islamization
Balochistan
The Death of Bhutto
• Leadership dilemma
• Bhutto was released at the end of July but rearrested on 3 Sep on murder charges
• Bhutto found guilty and sentenced to death
• Bhutto hanged 4 April 1979
Balochistan
Rebellion in Balochistan, declared amnesty for all who were ready to give up arms
Many developments project.
Accountability
• Disbanded FSF
• Investigations against the corruption of previous government
• Steps towards Islamic government
Islamization
Process of Islmization
• Introduction of socialism during Bhutto rule

• It would get support of the religious parties
• Federal Shariat Court (5 Judges, three Ulemas and one Chairman) in 1979
• Hudood Ordinance. Punishments for various crimes,
Hudood Ordinance
The Offence against Property Ordinance The
Offence of Zina Ordinance
The Offence of Qafq Ordinance
The Prohibition Ordinance
• Blasphemy Laws
• Council of Islamic Ideology
• Zakat Ordinance in June 1980. 2.5% wealth tax
• The Ushr Ordinance. 5% tax on agricultural income
• Islamiat and Pakistan Studies as a compulsory subject
The Position of Women
• Sharply declined under Zia due to Hudood Ordinances and the Qanun-e- Shahadat Order (Law
of Evidence Order)
• The Women’s Action Forum against oppressive policies of Zia
Impact on Minorities
• Sunni-Shia tension
• The Martial Law Ordinance. (restrictions on religious ministries, especially Ahmidis
The Afghan Miracle
• Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan on 25 Dec 1979

• Proved blessing for Zia, Pakistan became ally against Soviet Union
• Huge sums of money for Pakistan
• Pakistan became the second largest supplier of military assistance and manpower in the
developing world
• Denationalization of many companies
• Laws to stop nationalization in future
• GDP was 6.2%, the highest in the world
Law and Government
• The Constitution Act of 1979 established military courts

• The Provisional Constitutional Order March 1980, courts could not challenge any
political executive decision
• The Civil Services under military control
• 40% of Pakistan’s Ambassadors abroad were militarymen
• Formation of Mujlis-e-Shoora, Islamic Parliament, to advise him on his government
Elections
• Announcement of Elections on 12 August 1983

• Formation of the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) by opposition political
parties
• Series of amendments to the constitution, like,
• Article 48, automatic validity to any decisions taken by the President
• All military decisions and actions since 1977 were declared legal
• No decisions taken under Martial Law could be changed without the consent of the
President
• The President could appoint the PM and other senior government officials without any
consultation
Referendum
• Held on 1 Dec 1984, slogan was continuation of Islamization

• Only 10% voted, rest of the voters boycotted on the advice of MRD
Zia elected President for next five years
The 1985 Elections
• Elections for National and Provincial assemblies in Feb1985

• MRD boycotted the elections
• Loyal assembly to Zia
• Muhammad Khan Junejo-PM
• Formation of Muslim League under Junejo
• Zia lifted Martial Law on 30 Dec 1985, constitution of 1970restored

• Eighth Amendment passed
Eighth Amendment
• All previous acts of the martial law period became law, with no right
of appeal
• The president could appoint the PM, Governors of the Provinces and
other officials
• The President could dismiss the PM and National Assembly
Problems for Zia
• Various anti-social cultures due to Afghan Miracle, like, Kalashnikov culture, Drug Culture and
sectarianism posed serious threats to law and order of the country
• Tensions between provinces about administrative structure of the state
• End of Afghan war
• Tensions between civil and military leadership
• Ojhri Camp incident on 10 April 1988
• Dismissal of Junejo Government
• Air crash on 17 August 1988, death of Zia
Expected Questions
Q In which of the following did Zia-ul-Haq have most success between 1977 and 1988:
(i) Islamization;
(ii) economic affairs;
(iii) political affairs?
Q Ìslamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq's domestic policies between 1977 and 1988.' Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did Zia ul-Haq introduce his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988? [7] Q `Zia-ul-Haq's foreign policy was more
successful than his domestic reforms'. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did Zia ul-Haq introduce a series of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7]
Q Ìslamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq's domestic policies between 1977 and 1988.' Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Q Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7]
Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister (1988-90) 1st Term
Timeline
1988
Ghulam Ishaq Khan President
Benazir Bhutto PM
1989 Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth
1990 Benazir dismissed
1993 Benazir became PM second time
Frooq Khan Leghari President Death
1996 of Mir Murtaza Bhutto Benazir
Bhutto dismissed again
Main features of Benazir’s first tenure
• Elections in October and PPP led by Benazir Bhutto came in power

• First woman to serve as PM in an Islamic Country
Main features of 1st term
Differences
Policies Political with Problems in Dismissal of
Kashmir Foreign
Opposition President Sindh the
Policy Government
Ishaq
Political Opposition (Nawaz Sharif)
• PPP largest party in the National Assembly

• Alliance with Muhajir Quami Movement (MQM)
• Severe opposition by Islami Jamhuri Itehad(IJI) led by Nawaz Sharif
• Interference of military and intelligence agencies in government matters
• No-Confidence Motion against Benazir by opposition in Oct 1989.
It failed, got only 107 votes in the 237 seat NA just 12 short of 119.
Differences with President Ishaq
• Differences b/w PM and the President

• Disagreement over right to appointments to positions in the military
and the judiciary
Policies: Inflation, Unemployment and Drug trafficking
• Promised to create a democratic Pakistan based on Islamic principles

• Lofted ban on trade and student unions and release of political prisoners
• The government lost support due to high rate of
inflation and unemployment and poor performance of
education and healthsectors
• Growing drug abuse
• Easy availability of automatic weapons
Problems in Sindh
• Growing opposition of PPP

• Sindhi language as a compulsory subject and quota in jobs for Sindhis
• Tensions b/w Muhajirs and Sindhis
• Firing into a crowd on 30 Sep 1988, 250 causalities, mostly Muhajir
• The Pucca Qila Massacre on 27 May 1990
The Pucca Qila Massacre

• On 27 May 1990 the Sindh government launched a crackdown in
Hyderabad the center of MQM power
• A shoot-on-sight curfew was imposed and a police house to house search
operation began
• The Muhajirs protested at this treatment and fighting broke out
• 31 women and children were killed. It is known as the pucca qila
massacre
Kashmir
• Uprising of Kashmiri Muslims in Indian held Kashmir

• Government supported Kashmir cause
Foreign Policy
• Successful in her foreign policy

• The Commonwealth membership and hosted the fourth South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit Conference in Dec 1988
• Successful official visit to US in 1989, meeting with President Bush
Dismissal of the Government
• Accusations of corruption on Asif Ali Zardari

• Strikes on high inflation and unemployment
• President Ghulam Ishaq Khan used Eight Amendment to dismiss the Bhutto
government
• Caretaker government of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister (1993-96) 2nd Term

• 1993 elections, Islami Jamhori Ithad defeated
• MQM boycotted the elections
• Victory of PPP, Benazir as a PM second time
• Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari as a President
Main Features of 2nd term
Family Feuds
Policies
Main features of 2nd
Economic Problems
term
The government
dismissed
Policies
• In the elections of 1993 the agenda of change particularly in social services

• Especial concerns about social services for women like women’s police stations,
courts, discrimination against women, women’s development Banks and health issues
• Train March of Nawaz Sharif from Karachi to Peshawar in 1994
• Nawaz Sharif organized strikes throughout Pakistan in Sep and Oct 1994
Family Feuds
• Quarrel b/w Benazir Bhutto and her mother Nusrat Bhutto over the
leadership of PPP, Nusrat Bhutto preferred Mir Murtaza Bhutto
• Mir Murtaza Bhutto went into exiled and founded Al-Zulfkar which criticized
Benazir Bhutto for allegedly betraying their father’s principles
• He also opposed the involvement of Asif Ali Zardari in the PPP
• He won a seat as an anti-Bhutto Candidate
• Benazir Bhutto removed her mother from a leading position in the PPP
• Murtaza Bhutto was killed in a police ambush at his residence in Karachi in 1996
• A Judicial review suggested there had been government involvement in the
killings
Economic Problems
• Bhutto being an economist took charge of economic policy

• 30% decrease in the value of the rupee compared to US Dollar
• Criticism on the policy of privatization
• US financial and military embargo
• GDP 4%
The government dismissed
• Farooq khan Leghari dismissed the government on the charges of

corruption and mismanagement
• Asif Ali Zardari was accused of receiving pay backs on government deals and being
involved in political murders
• Malik Meraj Khaild as a caretaker Prime Minister
NAWAZ SHARIF AS A PRIME MINISTER (1990-93) 1st Term
Timeline
1990 Nawaz Sharif PM
1991 Shariat Bill passed
Bank of Commerce and Credit collapsed
1993 Nawaz Sharif dismissed
Ghulam Khan resigned
1994 Nawaz Sharif’s Train March 1997
Nawaz Sharif PM again
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar became President
1998 Lahore Declaration
Nuclear tests
Chief of Army Staff General Karamat dismissed General
Musharraf appointed Chief of Army Staff
1999 Kargil conflict
Musharraf overthrows Nawaz Sharif Nawaz
Sharif exiled
• Comfortable victory of Islami Jamhuri Ittehad in 1990 elections and

Nawaz Sharif being head of it became PM
• Benazur Bhutto opposition leader in NA
Main Features of First Term of Nawaz Sharif
Economic
Policy
The Motorway
Project
Loss of US The BCCI Co-operative The The Shariat Relations with

Societies Kalashnikov
Aid Scandal Scandal Culture Bill the President
Economic Policy
• Announcement of national reconstruction program to industrialize

Pakistan
• Adopted the policy of privatization, many industries like shipping, electricity supply, airlines and
telecommunications were opened for private sector
• The Barotha Hydro Power Project and the Gwadar Miniport in Balochistan
• Taxi scheme and cheap loans to counter unemployment
The Motorway Project
• Major project was construction of a fast transportation network to the Central

Asian region
• Pakistan’s first Motorway, the M2 was completed in Nov 1997
• It was also first Motorway to be built in South Asia
Loss of US Aid
• Lack of capital investment

• American financial support ended over policy of nuclearization of Pakistan
The BCCI Scandal
• Sever pressure on finance of Pakistan due to decrease in remittances and high

government spending
• Collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International in 1991
• The Bank was founded by Agha Hassan Abedi in 1972 and became world’s seventh
largest bank
• Investigations by British team of accountants in 1991
• They concluded that BCCI had engaged in widespread fraud and
manipulation
• The bank closed and had to pay huge fines
Co-operative Societies Scandal
• Mismanagement in co-operative societies

• Legally these societies could make loans to only members, but investigations revealed
that huge loans to Sharif family’s personal businesses
• Major collapse in societies and millions of Pakistanis lost money
• In Punjab 700,000 mostly poor lost all their savings
• It led to the severe damage to the reputation of the government
The Kalashnikov Culture
• Easy availability of weapons, high crime rate in the country

• Kidnappings, bombings and murders were common in Sindh
• Long standing ethnic and political rivalries

• Use of drugs, 4 million heroin addicts in Pakistan in1999
• Twelfth Amendment, Speedy Trial Courts to dispense summary justice
The Shariat Bill
• The Shariat Bill was passed, making the Quran and the Sunna the law of the land if
this did not challenge the existing system of government
• The law was not popular
Relations with the President
• Growing differences in Islami Jamhuri Ittehad, main sources of strength for Nawaz
Sharif
• Conflict with President Ishaq Khan
• Dispute over appointment of army chief of staff General Abdul Waheed Kakar
• Dispute over the Eight Amendment
• Ishaq Khan used the power to dismiss Nawaz Sharif on 19 April 1993 on the charges
of corruption and mismanagement of the economy
• The Supreme Court restored Nawaz Sharif
• Both were failed to reach an agreement after weeks of negotiations
• Both resigned
• Chairman of the Senate, Wassem Sajjad as acting President
• Moeenuddin Ahmed Qureshi caretaker PM
• Elections were called for Oct 1993
NAWAZ SHARIF AS A PRIME MINISTER (1997-99) 2nd Term
• Introduction of Thirteen Amendment (Authority of PM to revoke the authority

of the President to dismiss the PM and the NA.
• The President also lost the power to appoint the three chiefs of staff of the armed
forces and the provincial governors
• The Fourteen Amendment (the Anti-Defection Bill)
• Attack on the Supreme Court by the supporters of Nawaz Sharif
Main features of 2nd Term
Sajjad Ali
Shah
Nuclear The
Government
Testing
Falls
Sajjad Ali Shah
• Appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Benazir Bhutto

• Very critic of Nawaz Sharif
• Case against Nawaz Shari
• Tussle between President Leghari and PM Sharif to remove Sajjad Ali Shah
• Leghari resigned on 2 Dec 1997 and Muhammad Rafiq Tarar as new President
• Sajjad Ali Shah dismissed on 23 Dec 1997 and Ajmal Mian as permanent Chief Justice
Nuclear Testing
• Series of nuclear tests in Balochistan in 1998
• Widespread international criticism and economic sanctions from Japan and USA
• Country close to bankruptcy
The Government Falls
• Removal of the army chief of staff general Jehangir Karamat and appointment of General
Pervez Musharraf
• The Kargil Conflict
• Rallies against Nawaz Sharif
• Plain Conspiracy
Martial Law imposed by General Musharraf

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1

Political & Social Conditions of India

Political Conditions Social Conditions

Strong leadership for

Differences b/w Importance of Creation of good

51 Books Opposition Social &

First armed struggle

Uniting force for Fore-runner of the

Causes of Failure of Jihad Movement

Reasons of Starting the Faraizi Movement: -

The Faraizi Movement: -

Struggle against Threatened to

Mohsin-ud-Din and the Faraizi Movement

Mughal Empire in 1707

Jizya Deccan wars

Attitude towards religion

• Religious policy of Aurangzeb.

• Huge expenditure on wars.

• Religious tax on non-Muslims for their protection.

• 25 years of Deccan war against Marathas.

Administration Military Costs Succession

• Absence of Law of Succession in Mughals.

Declining Pleasure Weak

Declining Military Expertise

• Long era of peace and prosperity.

• Pleasure loving and morally degenerated Mughal nobility

The Arrival of The British

• The Great Game

Interests of EIC in India:

The Doctrine of Lapse:

British able to Conquer India:

Annexation of Sindh 1843:

Annexation of Punjab 1849:

Tipu the Monster of Mysore:

Alliance with France

Religious & Social Causes:

Events of the War:

Causes of the Failure:

Impact of the War of Independence 1857:

End of Mughal rule

The Proclamation of 1858:

• Not interfere in the religious beliefs of the people

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-98)

Work or Services of Sir Syed:

Aims of Aligarh Movement:

Essays on the Causes of Indian Revolt

1. Improving Relations b/w The British and Muslim Community

B. Deep seated Muslim grievances against the

Convincing the British Convincing the Muslims

The Loyal Mohammadens of India Essays on life of Mohammad

2. Encouraging the Growth of Western Education

• Indian National Congress

Sir Syed Expected Questions

National Language: Urdu

Steps taken by the Government

• Urdu National Language of Pakistan

• Oldest language spoken in Pakistan around 12th Century

Sachal Mkhdum Qazi Qazan

• First journal was Ta’alim Alkhashaf-o-Tauheed

Sindhi in Modern Times

1948 The Sindhi Literary Board

Balochi in Modern Times

History of Pashto Language