The statement "the ideal hero is not the man with great strength, but the man who

has an excellent memory, not the

warrior or the soldier, but the scholar" conveys the idea that intellectual skill and knowledge are valued more than
physical strength or martial skills.

It suggests that a person who possesses a sharp and retentive memory, who can acquire and retain knowledge, is seen
as an ideal hero. This ideal hero is someone who values education, wisdom, and intellectual pursuits. Their strength lies
in their intellectual capacity, critical thinking, and ability to contribute to society through their knowledge and expertise.

This perspective aligns with the historical and cultural significance of scholars and intellectuals in Chinese society. In
traditional China, scholars were highly respected and held influential positions, and their contributions to philosophy,
literature, and governance were greatly valued.

By contrasting the ideal hero with the traditional image of a warrior or soldier, the statement highlights the cultural shift
in values toward intellectual pursuits and the belief that true strength lies in knowledge and wisdom rather than physical
might.

PLAUSIBLE TONGUE

This phrase typically refers to someone who has the ability to speak convincingly or persuasively. It describes an
individual who has a talent for using words effectively to make their arguments or proposals appear reasonable and
believable.

In general, the phrase "a plausible tongue" refers to someone who is skilled at presenting ideas convincingly, but it's
crucial to consider the context and intentions behind their persuasive abilities to fully understand the implications.

The statement "A plausible tongue and a fascinating expression are seldom associated with true virtue" implies that
qualities such as being persuasive in speech or having a captivating manner of expression are not necessarily indicative
of genuine moral virtue or integrity.

While someone may possess the ability to speak eloquently, convincingly, or with charisma, it does not automatically
mean that they embody true virtue or possess ethical character. The statement suggests that outward appearances,
charm, or the ability to manipulate language should not be equated with genuine moral goodness.

True virtue goes beyond surface-level qualities and is rooted in sincere intentions, ethical behavior, and the consistent
practice of moral values. It emphasizes the importance of authenticity, integrity, and living according to one's principles,
rather than simply relying on persuasive speech or captivating expressions.

The statement encourages individuals to look beyond superficial charm or eloquence and instead focus on the substance
and ethical foundation of a person's actions and character. It suggests that true virtue lies in one's deeds, values, and
genuine intentions rather than in the mere outward display of linguistic ability or captivating character.

TO BE PUNCTILIOUS

To be punctilious means to be extremely attentive to details and rules, particularly in matters of

behavior, etiquette, or conduct. It involves being meticulous, precise, and conscientious in adhering to
established guidelines, protocols, or standards.

The statement "In mourning, it is better to be sincere than to be punctilious" suggests that in the
context of grieving or mourning, genuine and heartfelt emotions are more important than strict
adherence to formalities or social expectations.

When someone is mourning the loss of a loved one or experiencing grief, the focus should be on
expressing and experiencing authentic emotions rather than being overly concerned with following
rituals or displaying external signs of mourning. Sincerity in grieving implies an honest and heartfelt
response to the loss, allowing one self to feel and process emotions genuinely.
In contrast, being punctilious in mourning would mean strictly adhering to societal customs or
prescribed mourning practices without genuine emotional engagement. It suggests a focus on
external formalities and appearances rather than the sincere expression of grief.

The statement highlights the importance of prioritizing sincerity and emotional authenticity in the
process of mourning. It recognizes that mourning is a deeply personal experience, and genuine
emotions should take precedence over societal expectations or formalities. It suggests that offering
genuine support, empathy, and understanding to those who are grieving is more meaningful and
valuable than strictly adhering to cultural or social customs surrounding mourning.

Intellectual death

Confucius believed that education and self-cultivation were lifelong pursuits that should be pursued with diligence. He
emphasized the importance of seeking knowledge, reflecting on one's experiences, and constantly striving for self-
improvement. For Confucius, intellectual growth and learning were not limited to academic pursuits but encompassed a
broader understanding of ethics, virtue, and social harmony.

THE SAGE

Putting oneself last does not necessarily mean neglecting one's own needs or sacrificing personal
well-being at all times. It is more about adopting an attitude of humility and recognizing the
interconnectedness of all beings. It involves being mindful of the impact one's actions have on others
and acting in a way that promotes harmony, cooperation, and the welfare of all.

In Taoist philosophy, the sage's practice of putting oneself last is seen as a virtue that leads to
personal fulfillment, inner peace, and the greater good of society. It aligns with the idea of living in
accordance with the natural order of the universe and cultivating a sense of interconnectedness and
unity with all beings.