INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
BODY MEMBRANES cover surfaces, line body
cavities, and form protective sheets around body
organs.
CLASSFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES “covering and lining
membrane”
Cutaneous “skin” exposed to air; dry membrane
Mucous “mucosa” location of epithelial
membrane; composed of epithelium resting on
loose connective tissue membrane called lamina
propria; often adapted for absorption & secretion;
lines all body cavities open to exterior; most
mucosae contain either stratified squamous
epithelium (mouth & esophagus) or simple
columnar epithelium (digestive tract); wet or moist
that are almost continuously bathed in secretions;
secrete mucus (respiratory & digestive tract), do
not secrete (urinary tract)
Serous “serosa” composed of simple squamous
epithelium resting on thin layer of areolar
connective tissue; line body cavities closed to
exterior (except dorsal & joint); occurs in pair;
parietal layer (lines a specific portion of wall of
ventral body cavity, folds itself to form visceral
layer (covers the outside of organs); layers are
separated by scanty amount of thin, clear fluid
called serous fluid (allow organs to slide easily
across cavity walls and one another without
friction)
“peritoneum” lining the abdominal cavity and
cover its organ; peritonitis (inflammation)
“pleura” membrane surrounding the lungs;
pleurisy (inflammation)
“pericardium” membrane surrounding the heart;
pericarditis (inflammation)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE “synovial
membrane” composed of soft areolar; line fibrous
capsules surrounding joints, where they provide
smooth surface, and secrete lubricating fluid; line
small sacs of connective tissue called bursae
INTEGUMENTARY “integument = covering”
insulates and cushions the deeper body organs
and protect the entire body from mechanical
damage (bumps & cuts), chemical damage (acids
& bases), thermal damage (heat & cold), UV
radiation (sunlight), and in bacteria; helps prevent
water loss
STRUCTURES OF SKIN
EPIDERMIS made up of stratified squamous that
is capable of keratinizing; “avascular” no blood
supply
5 LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum corneum outermost layer, roughest; made
up of 20-30 sheets of dead keratinocytes; offers
basic protection from environmental threats;
abundance of keratin allows to provide durable
“overcoat”
Stratum lucidum holds 2-3 rows of clear, fat, and
dead keratinocytes that only found in thick skin of
palms or soles
Stratum granulosum contains living keratinocytes
that are forming keratin
Stratum spinosum getting closer to the point where
cell regeneration or mitosis is active
Stratum basale deepest, thinnest epidermal level
“basal layer”; single layer of columnar cells; like a
“cell factory” where most cell production happens;
avascular; connects epi to dermis
Note: the deeper, the younger cells get
DERMIS full of capillaries and blood vessels;
house nerve fibers that registers sensation
(temperature, pain & pressure); collagen
(toughness; attract & bind water to keep the skin
hydrated) & elastic fibers (elasticity) are found;
abundantly supplied with blood vessels
(maintaining body temperature homeostasis)
TWO REGIONS OF DERMIS
Papillary “upper” uneven and has peg-like
projections called dermal papillae (papill = nipple)
(contain capillary loops which furnish nutrients;
house pain and touch receptors; “fingerprints”
(films of sweat)
Reticular deeper & thicker makes up 80% of
dermis; made up of dense irregular connective
tissue fiber, blood vessels sweat and oil glands,
and deep pressure receptors called lamellar
corpuscles (phagocytes are found here that acts to
prevent bacteria from penetrating deeper from the
body)
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

SKIN COLOR NAILS has free edge, body and root; borders of
nails that overlapped are called nail folds, the
THREE PIGMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO SKIN thick proximal nail fold is commonly called cuticle,
COLOR stratum basale extends beneath the nail as the
MELANIN yellow, reddish brown, & black; nail bed, thickened proximal area is called nail
produced by spider shaped cells called matrix; nails are transparent and nearly colorless,
melanocytes found in stratum basale but they look pink because of rich blood supply in
underlying dermis, the exception to this is the
CAROTENE deposited in stratum corneum and region over the thickened nail matrix that appears
subcutaneous tissue; orange-yellow pigment as white crescent called lunule
found in carrots and other orange, deep yellow &
leafy vegetables BURNS tissue damage and cell death caused by
intense heat, electricity, ultraviolet radiation
OXYGEN RICH HEMOGLOBIN pigment in red (sunburn), or certain chemicals, which denature
blood cells proteins and cause cell death in the affected
areas.
APPENDAGES OF SKIN
FIRST DEGREE BURN “partial burn” epidermis,
CUTANEOUS GLANDS “exocrine gland” release
red, painful
secretions to skin surface via ducts
SECOND DEGREE BURN “partial burn” epidermis
Sebaceous glands “oil glands” release sebum
to dermis, red, painful, blisters
(mixture of oily substances & fragmented cells;
lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist; prevents THIRD DEGREE BURN “full thickness burn”
skin hair becoming brittle; contains chemical that epidermis to hypodermis, black, no pain
kills bacteria
Sweat glands “sudoriferous” 2.5 million per
person
TWO TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS
ECCRINE produce sweat; a clear secretion that is
primarily water plus some salts, Vitamin C, traces
of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid; sweat is
acidic (4-6 pH level) (inhibits the growth of
bacteria); part of body’s heat regulating
equipment
APOCRINE confined in axillary and genital areas;
secretion contains fatty acid and proteins;
function during puberty under the influence of
androgens (male sex hormones)
HAIRS produced by hair follicles, part of hair
enclosed in follicle is called root ; the part
projecting form the surface of scalp or skin is
called shaft ; hair forms by division of well-
nourished stratum basale in matrix (growth zone);
each hair consists of central core called the
medulla (surrounded by bulky cortex layer that is
enclosed by outer most cuticle formed by single
layer of cells); provides strength and helps keep
the inner hair layers tightly compacted
HAIR FOLLICLES inner dermal sheath
(composed of epithelial tissue and forms hair),
outer dermal sheath (‘dermal connective tissue’);
arrector pili “raiser of hair”