Heat and Mass Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

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Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction :
Transfer of heat through solids or stationary fluids

Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :

Q  T
AT
Q  A Q 
x
1
Q  Q  - k
AT
x x

dT
Q  - kA ( x  0)
dx

Fourier’s law of conduction

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Heat Conduction
Mathematical Modeling :
dT
Q  - kA
dx
k = Thermal Conductivity
-ive sign shows that heat is conducted
in the direction of decreasing
temperature.

ΔT becomes negative, so heat transfer

is + ive.

A is ┴ to the heat transfer

Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :
AT
Q  - k UNIT ?
x

x
 Q k
AT

Rate of heat transfer through a

unit thickness of material per unit
area and per unit temperature
difference.

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Heat Conduction
Thermal Conductivity :

Why Gases have

lower thermal
conductivity than
Solids?

Why metals have

higher thermal
conductivity than
Solids?

The mechanisms of heat conduction

in different phases of a substance

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Thermal conductivity & temperature

Heat Conduction

Heat Capacity C 

p

Storage capability of material per unit volume

Thermal Diffusivity  
How fast heat diffuses through a materials
Heat Conducted

Heat Stored
UNIT ?
k

C p
Higher or lower,
which one is better ?

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Modes of Heat Transfer
Convection :
In this mode heat is transfer due to the
movement of the fluids

Heat Convection

Free
Forced
Convection Convection

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Heat Convection
By Speed
Cool Air
(T∞ = 15°C)

Nature of
the flow

µ, ρ, C, v
….. Type of
fluid
(Water)
Roughness, Geometry Hot Iron Block…
of the object (T1 = 400°C)

Heat Convection
Mathematical Modeling :
The rate of heat convection over a medium depends on the:
 Nature of the flow (Re….Laminar or Turbulent)
 Nature of the fluid (Viscosity, ‘k’, density, C, etc)
 Surface Area of the medium
 Temperature Difference

Unlike conduction, convection is not

concerned with medium properties
Q  T
Q  As

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Heat Convection
Mathematical Modeling :
Convective heat
transfer Coefficient
(Nature of the fluid)
Q  T Q  A s T
Q  A Q  hA s T
Newton’s law of
cooling
where; ΔT = (Ts -T∞)

Heat Convection
Convective heat transfer Coefficient (‘h’)
Rate of Heat transfer b/w solid surface and a fluid per
unit surface area per unit temperature difference

Units :
Q
h
A s T

‘h’ : (W/m2/°C)

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Modes of Heat Transfer
Radiation :
It does not require any medium for heat
transfer. In this mode the electromagnetic
radiation is emitted by an object for heat transfer.

Stefan–Boltzmann law

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted

from a surface at an absolute temperature Ts (in K) is
given by

Stefan–Boltzmann constant

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Radiation Heat Transfer

The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the

radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same
temperature, and is expressed as

Radiation Heat Transfer

When a surface of emissivity ε and surface area As at an

absolute temperature Ts is completely enclosed by a
much larger (or black) surface at absolute temperature
Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that does not
intervene with radiation, the net rate of radiation heat
transfer between these two surfaces is given by

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Combined heat transfer coefficient

When there is a parallel heat transfer due to radiation and

convection, for simplicity we define a combined heat
transfer coefficient, which incorporate effects of both
mechanisms.

The combined heat transfer coefficient is essentially a

convective heat transfer coefficient, which incorporated
the effects of radiation.

Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms

 All three can exist simultaneously in a medium

 Solid
 Solid – Conduction and Radiation
 Solid Surface – Convection and Radiation
 Fluid
 Fluid – Still – Conduction and Radiation
 Fluid – Moving – Convection and Radiation
 Vacuum – Only Radiation

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 Mass Transfer
ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

There is close resemblance between heat and mass transfer relations.

The driving force for heat transfer is the temperature

difference. In contrast, the driving force for mass transfer
is the concentration difference.

Examples of simultaneous heat & mass transfer

1. Drying of Cloths
2. The rain droplets evaporates
before reaching the ground

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Thank You

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