Ethics
DESCRIPTIVE AND NORMATIVE
also known as moral philosophy
Ethics
The good things that we should do and
the bad things that we should avoid;
Ethics
It is about what is acceptable and
unacceptable in human behavior. It
may involve obligations that we are
expected to fulfill, prohibitions that we
are required to respect, or ideals that
we are encouraged to meet.
1. KINDS OF VALUATIONS
Greek word “aesthesis” (“sense” or “feeling”)
Aesthetics
refers to the judgements of personal
approval or disapproval that we
make about what we see, hear,
smell, or taste.
Etiquette
certain approval or disapproval of
actions which can be relatively more
trivial in nature.
Technical Valuation
derive from the Greek word “techne”
the English words techniques and
technical which are often used to refer
to a proper way (or right way) of doing
things but may not necessarily be an
ethical.
2.ETHICS AND MORALS
Ethics
refer to rules provided by an external source,
e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or
principles in religions
Moral
refer to an individual's own principles
regarding right and wrong.
3.
Descriptive Ethics
It is the study of people's views about moral
beliefs.
Normative Ethics
it is the study of ethical action. It analyses how
people ought to act.
ISSUE, DECISION, JUDGMENT AND DILEMMA
Moral issue
Those which involve a difference of belief and
not a matter of preference
Moral issue
Those which involve the specific kind of
situation where actions affect other people.
Moral Judgment
Moral judgments are evaluations of actions or
persons based on ethical principles or values.
Moral Dilemma
Going beyond the matter of choosing right
over wrong, or good or bad, and considering
instead the more complicated situation
Morality
refers to the principles and values
that guide human behavior and distinguish
between right and wrong actions.
Moral
relativism
is a philosophical view that
suggests moral judgments are
relative to cultural, historical, or
individual perspectives.
MORAL
ABSOLUTISM
is the belief that certain moral
principles and values are universally
true and apply to all individuals,
regardless of cultural or societal
differences.
Consequentialism
is an ethical theory that
focuses on the
consequences or
outcomes of actions.
Action---result
DEONTOLOGY
is an ethical theory that
emphasizes the inherent
rightness or wrongness of
actions, regardless of their
consequences.
VIRTUE ETHICS
focuses on the development of
virtuous character traits and
emphasizes the importance of
moral virtues, such as honesty,
compassion, and integrity.
UTILITARIANISM
is an ethical theory that
promotes actions that maximize
overall happiness or utility for
the greatest number of people.
Rights-based ethics emphasizes the
importance of respecting and
protecting individual rights, such as
the right to life, liberty, and privacy.
ethical dilemma
is a
situation where a person is
faced with conflicting moral
Choices
Personal Ethics
Personal ethics refers to a person's
beliefs about what's right and wrong
and guides individuals in the decisions
they make.
B. Professional Ethics
Which focuses on the moral
responsibilities and conduct of
individuals in their respective
fields, such as medicine, law, or
business.
C. Social Ethics
Social ethics, which examines the
moral principles and values that
govern relationships and
interactions within society.
D. Environmental Ethics
Environmental ethics is another
aspect of ethical thinking that
considers the moral responsibilities
towards the natural environment
and the impact of human activities
on the planet.
E. Global Ethics
Global ethics, which addresses
moral issues on a global scale,
such as poverty, war, and
climate change.
SOURCE OF AUTHORITY
RELIGION
As a foundation for ethical values, this
is referred to as the divine command
theory.
Cultures
makes us aware that there are
ways of thinking and valuing that are
different from our own,
Cultural Relativism is premised on the reality of
difference.
2. Under Cultural Relativism, we are in no
position to render any kind
of judgment on the practices of another culture.
Senses of self
Subjectivisim
Is ethically good or bad , right or wrong is solely
Determined by the individual.
Psychological Egoism
Human beings are naturally self-centered , so all
our actions are always motivated by self-
interest.
Ethical Egoism

It suggests that we may act that is beneficial to

others.But we should do that only if ultimately
benefits us.

Authority of the Law

It is a system of rules that are created

and enforced through social and

governmental institutions to regulate

behavior.

It has been defined as the science of

Justice or the Art of Justice

Authority of the Religion

We are presented with a more or less clear code

of
prohibitions and many of these prohibitions
given by
religion –

“Thou shall not kill.”

“Thou shall not steal.”

“Thou shall not commit adultery”

Authority of the Culture

It is the integrated pattern of human knowledge

belief
and behavior that depends upon the capacity
for
learning and transmitting knowledge to
succeeding
generations.

Cultural Relativism

What is ethically acceptable or unacceptable is

relative
to, or that is to say, dependent on one’s culture.

James Rachels’ Criticism

The argument of criticism is premised on the

reality of difference.