Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

Bibliografi
McMahon, D. (2006). Relativity Demystified. McGraw-Hill.

Quiz 2-5
1 1
In spherical coordinates, a vector has the following components: 𝑋 𝑎 = (𝑟, 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , cos2 𝜃). The component
𝑋𝜙 is given by
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑔𝑟𝑟 =1
𝑔𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟2
𝑔𝜙𝜙 = 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑋𝑟 = 𝑔𝑟𝑟 𝑋 𝑟 = 𝑟
1 𝑟
𝑋𝜃 = 𝑔𝜃𝜃 𝑋 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 =
𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1
⇒ 𝑋𝜙 = 𝑔𝜙𝜙 𝑋 𝜙 = 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 tan2 𝜃
cos2 𝜃
Quiz 4-2
Compute the Christoffel symbols of the first kind. Γ𝜃𝜙𝜙 is
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑔𝑟𝑟 = 1
𝑔𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟 2
𝑔𝜙𝜙 = 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
The non-zero Christoffel symbols of the first kind:
1 𝜕𝑔𝑏𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ( 𝑎 + − ) (4.15)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥𝑐
1 𝜕𝑔𝜃𝜃 1 𝜕𝑟 2
Γ𝜃𝜃𝑟 = (− ) = (− ) = −𝑟
2 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑔
Γ𝑟𝜃𝜃 = Γ𝜃𝑟𝜃 = ( 𝜃𝜃 ) = 𝑟
2 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑔𝜙𝜙 1 𝜕(𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃)
Γ𝜙𝜙𝑟 = (− ) = (− ) = −𝑟 sin2 𝜃
2 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑔𝜙𝜙
Γ𝑟𝜙𝜙 = Γ𝜙𝑟𝜙 = ( ) = 𝑟 sin2 𝜃
2 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑔𝜙𝜙 1 𝜕(𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃)
Γ𝜙𝜙𝜃 = (− ) = (− ) = −𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
2 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕𝑔𝜙𝜙
⇒ Γ𝜃𝜙𝜙 = Γ𝜙𝜃𝜙 = ( ) = 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
2 𝜕𝜃
Quiz 4-3
𝜙
Now calculate the Christoffel symbols of the second kind. Γ 𝜙𝜃 is
1
𝑔𝑟𝑟 = =1
𝑔𝑟𝑟
1 1
𝑔𝜃𝜃 = = 2
𝑔𝜃𝜃 𝑟

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1 1
𝑔𝜙𝜙 = = 2 2
𝑔𝜙𝜙 𝑟 sin 𝜃
The non-zero Christoffel symbols of the second kind:
Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑 (4.16)
Γ 𝑟𝜃𝜃 = 𝑔𝑟𝑟 Γ𝜃𝜃𝑟 = −𝑟
1 1
Γ 𝜃𝑟𝜃 = Γ 𝜃𝜃𝑟 = 𝑔𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑟𝜃𝜃 = 2 𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑟
Γ 𝑟𝜙𝜙 = 𝑔𝑟𝑟 Γ𝜙𝜙𝑟 = −𝑟 sin2 𝜃
𝜙 1 1
Γ 𝑟𝜙 = Γ 𝜙𝜙𝑟 = 𝑔𝜙𝜙 Γ𝑟𝜙𝜙 = 2 2 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 =
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟
𝜃 𝜃𝜃
1 2
Γ 𝜙𝜙 = 𝑔 Γ𝜙𝜙𝜃 = 2 (−𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑟
𝜙 𝜙 1
⇒ Γ 𝜃𝜙 = Γ 𝜙𝜃 = 𝑔𝜙𝜙 Γ𝜃𝜙𝜙 = 2 2 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = cot 𝜃
𝑟 sin 𝜃
Quiz 4-4
Calculate the Riemann tensor. 𝑅𝑟𝜃𝜃𝜙 is
The Riemann tensor
1 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑎𝑑 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑏𝑐 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑎𝑐 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑏𝑑
= ( 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑎 𝑐 ) + Γ𝑎𝑑𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝑏𝑐
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (4.43)
𝑒
− Γ𝑎𝑐𝑒 Γ 𝑏𝑑
in three dimension there are six independent elements
1 𝜕 2 𝑔𝜃𝜃
𝑅𝑟𝜃𝑟𝜃 = (− ) + Γ𝑟𝜃𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝜃𝑟 − Γ𝑟𝑟𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝜃𝜃
2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕 2 (𝑟 2 )
= (− ) + Γ𝑟𝜃𝜃 Γ 𝜃𝜃𝑟
2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑟
1
= −1 + 𝑟
𝑟
=0
𝑅𝑟𝜃𝑟𝜙 = Γ𝑟𝜙𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝜃𝑟 − Γ𝑟𝑟𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝜃𝜙 = 0
𝑅𝑟𝜃𝜃𝜙 = Γ𝑟𝜙𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝜃𝜃 − Γ𝑟𝜃𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝜃𝜙 = 0
1 𝜕 2 𝑔𝜙𝜙
𝑅𝑟𝜙𝑟𝜙 = (− ) + Γ𝑟𝜙𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝜙𝑟 − Γ𝑟𝑟𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝜙𝜙
2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕 2 (𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃) 𝜙
= (− ) + Γ𝑟𝜙𝜙 Γ 𝜙𝑟
2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝑟
1
= − sin2 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin2 𝜃
𝑟
=0
1 𝜕 2 𝑔𝜙𝜙
𝑅𝑟𝜙𝜃𝜙 = (− ) + Γ𝑟𝜙𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝜙𝜃 − Γ𝑟𝜃𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝜙𝜙
2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕 2 (𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃) 𝜙
= (− ) + Γ𝑟𝜙𝜙 Γ 𝜙𝜃 − Γ𝑟𝜃𝜃 Γ 𝜃 𝜙𝜙
2 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃
= −2𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 cot 𝜃 − 𝑟(− cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃)
=0
1 𝜕 2 𝑔𝜙𝜙
𝑅𝜃𝜙𝜃𝜙 = (− ) + Γ𝜃𝜙𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝜙𝜃 − Γ𝜃𝜃𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝜙𝜙
2 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜃

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1 𝜕 2 (𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃) 𝜙
= (− ) + Γ𝜃𝜙𝜙 Γ 𝜙𝜃 − Γ𝜃𝜃𝑟 Γ 𝑟 𝜙𝜙
2 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜃
= −𝑟 2 (cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) + 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cot 𝜃 − (−𝑟)(−𝑟 sin2 𝜃)
=0
Quiz 4-7: Γ 𝜈𝑥𝑥 is
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − (1 − 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑥 2 − (1 + 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑔𝑢𝜈 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 = 1
𝑔𝑥𝑥 = −(1 − 𝑢)2
𝑔𝑦𝑦 = −(1 + 𝑢)2
𝑔𝑢𝜈 = 1𝑔𝜈𝑢 = 1
1
𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = −
(1 − 𝑢)2
1
𝑔 𝑦𝑦 = −
(1 + 𝑢)2
The non-zero Christoffel symbols of the first kind:
1 𝜕𝑔𝑏𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ( 𝑎 + − ) (4.15)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥𝑐
1 𝜕𝑔𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕(−(1 − 𝑢)2 )
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑢 = (− ) = (− ) = −(1 − 𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢
1 𝜕𝑔
Γ𝑢𝑥𝑥 = Γ𝑥𝑢𝑥 = ( 𝑥𝑥 ) = (1 − 𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑢
1 𝜕𝑔𝑦𝑦 1 𝜕(−(1 + 𝑢)2 )
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑢 = (− ) = (− ) = (1 + 𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢
1 𝜕𝑔𝑦𝑦
Γ𝑢𝑦𝑦 = Γ𝑦𝑢𝑦 = ( ) = −(1 + 𝑢)
2 𝜕𝑢
The non-zero Christoffel symbols of the second kind:
Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑 (4.16)
Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑣𝑢 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑢 = −(1 − 𝑢)
1 1
Γ 𝑥𝑢𝑥 = Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑢𝑥𝑥 = − 2
(1 − 𝑢) = −
(1 − 𝑢) (1 − 𝑢)
𝜈 𝜈𝑢
Γ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑢 = (1 + 𝑢)
𝑦 1 1
Γ 𝑢𝑦 = Γ 𝑦𝑦𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑢𝑦𝑦 = − 2 (−(1 + 𝑢)) =
(1 + 𝑢) (1 + 𝑢)
Quiz 4-8
The Ricci scalar is
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅 𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑏 (4.46)
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑎𝑏 (4.47)
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑢𝑣 𝑅𝑢𝜈 + 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑅𝜈𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑦
= 𝑅 𝑐𝑢𝑐𝜈 + 𝑅 𝑐 𝜈𝑐𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑐 𝑥𝑐𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅 𝑐 𝑦𝑐𝑦

1 0 1 𝑔𝑢𝑢 𝑔𝑢𝜈 1 0
{ }{ }={ }
1 0 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑔𝜈𝜈 0 1

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

= 2 34𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑢𝑥𝜈 + 4𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑢𝑦𝜈 + 2𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑥𝑦𝑥

𝑅𝑥𝑢𝑥𝜈 = Γ𝑥𝜈𝑒 Γ𝑒𝑢𝑥 − Γ𝑥𝑥𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝑢𝜈 = 0
𝑅𝑦𝑢𝑦𝜈 = Γ𝑦𝜈𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝑢𝑦 − Γ𝑦𝑦𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝑢𝜈 = 0
𝑅𝑦𝑥𝑦𝑥 = Γ𝑦𝑥𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝑥𝑦 − Γ𝑦𝑦𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = −Γ𝑦𝑦𝑢 Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑅 =0
Quiz 4-9
𝑦
Γ 𝑦𝑦 is given by
𝑑𝑠 2= 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑔𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
𝑔𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥 2 tan 𝑦
1
𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑦 sin 𝑥
1
𝑔 𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑥 tan 𝑦
The non-zero Christoffel symbols of the first kind:
1 𝜕𝑔𝑏𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ( 𝑎 + − ) (4.15)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥𝑐
1 𝜕𝑔𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕(𝑦 2 sin 𝑥) 1
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ( )= ( ) = 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
2
1 𝜕𝑔 1 𝜕(𝑦 sin 𝑥)
Γ𝑥𝑥𝑦 = (− 𝑥𝑥 ) = (− ) = −𝑦 sin 𝑥
2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑔
Γ𝑦𝑥𝑥 = Γ𝑥𝑦𝑥 = ( 𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑦 sin 𝑥
2 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑔𝑦𝑦 1 𝜕(𝑥 2 tan 𝑦) 1
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑦 = ( )= ( ) = 𝑥 2 (1 + tan2 𝑦)
2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
1 𝜕𝑔𝑦𝑦 1 𝜕(𝑥 2 tan 𝑦)
Γ𝑦𝑦𝑥 = (− ) = (− ) = −𝑥 tan 𝑦
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑔𝑦𝑦
Γ𝑥𝑦𝑦 = Γ𝑦𝑥𝑦 = ( ) = 𝑥 tan 𝑦
2 𝜕𝑥
The non-zero Christoffel symbols of the second kind:
Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑 (4.16)
1 1 2 1
Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 2 𝑦 cos 𝑥 =
𝑦 sin 𝑥 2 2 tan 𝑥
𝑦 1 sin 𝑥 𝑦
Γ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑥𝑥𝑦 = 2 (−𝑦 sin 𝑥) = − 2
𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑥 tan 𝑦
1 1
Γ 𝑥𝑦𝑥 = Γ 𝑥𝑥𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑦𝑥𝑥 = 2 𝑦 sin 𝑥 =
𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 1 1 1 1 + tan2 𝑦
Γ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 (1 + tan2 𝑦) =
𝑥 tan 𝑦 2 2 tan 𝑦
1 𝑥 tan 𝑦
Γ 𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 Γ𝑦𝑦𝑥 = 2 (−𝑥 tan 𝑦) = −
𝑦 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑦 2

𝑦 𝑦
2
= 𝑅𝑢𝑢𝑢𝜈 + 𝑅𝜈𝑢𝜈𝜈 + 𝑅 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝜈 + 𝑅 𝑢𝑦𝜈 + 𝑅𝑢𝜈𝑢𝑐𝑢 + 𝑅𝜈 𝜈𝜈𝑢 + 𝑅 𝑥𝜈𝑥𝑢 + 𝑅 𝜈𝑦𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑢𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝜈 𝑥𝜈𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +
𝑦 𝑦
𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑢𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝜈 𝑦𝜈𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅 𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
3
= 𝑅𝑢𝑢𝜈𝜈 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑢𝑥𝜈 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑢𝑦𝜈 + 𝑅𝜈𝜈𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝜈𝑥𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝜈𝑦𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝜈𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑢𝑥𝜈𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑥𝑦𝑥 +
𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝜈𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑢𝑦𝜈𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦 =

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

𝑦 𝑦 1 1
Γ 𝑥𝑦 =Γ 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 Γ𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 tan 𝑦 𝑥
Quiz 4-10
The Ricci scalar is
A 2-dimensional metric has one independent element in the Riemann tensor
1 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑏𝑎 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑎𝑎 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑏𝑏
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑏 = ( 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑎 ) + Γ𝑎𝑏𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝑏𝑎 − Γ𝑎𝑎𝑒 Γ 𝑒 𝑏𝑏
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
2 2
1 𝜕 𝑔𝑥𝑥 𝜕 𝑔𝑦𝑦
𝑅𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦 = (− − ) + Γ𝑥𝑦𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝑦𝑥 − Γ𝑥𝑥𝑒 Γ𝑒 𝑦𝑦
2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑥
1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑦 sin 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑦)
=45 ( + )
2 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑦
1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan2 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin2 𝑥 + 𝑦 sin2 𝑥 tan2 𝑦
=
2 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑦
The Ricci scalar
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑎𝑏 (4.47)
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 ≡ 𝑔𝑎𝑒 𝑅 𝑒𝑏𝑐𝑑
𝑅 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑦
𝑦
= 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦
= 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑅𝑦𝑥𝑦𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦
= 2𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑦
1 1 1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan2 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin2 𝑥 + 𝑦 sin2 𝑥 tan2 𝑦
=2 2
𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑦
𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 tan2 𝑦
2 2 2
=
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 sin2 𝑥 tan2 𝑦
Quiz 5-1 and 5-2
𝜃̂
Γ 𝑟̂𝜙̂𝜙̂ and Γ ̂𝜙
𝜙 ̂ are
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
The one-forms
𝜔𝑟̂ = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜔𝑟̂
̂ 1 ̂
𝜔𝜃 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜔𝜃
𝑟
̂ 1 ̂
𝜔𝜙 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜔𝜙
𝑟 sin 𝜃
1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 ={ 1 }
1
The curvature one-forms
𝑑𝜔𝑎̂ = −Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑏̂ (5.9)
𝑑𝜔𝑟̂ = 0
̂ 1 ̂
𝑑𝜔𝜃 = 𝑑(𝑟𝑑𝜃) = −𝑑𝜃 ∧ 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝜔𝜃 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑟

𝜕(𝑦 sin 𝑥) 𝜕(𝑥 tan 𝑦) 𝑦 𝑦

4
=− − + Γ𝑥𝑦𝑥 Γ 𝑥𝑦𝑥 + Γ𝑥𝑦𝑦 Γ 𝑦𝑥 − Γ𝑥𝑥𝑥 Γ 𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − Γ𝑥𝑥𝑦 Γ 𝑦𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 1 1 𝑥 tan 𝑦 1 1+tan2 𝑦
5
= − sin 𝑥 − tan 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 tan 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥 (− ) − (−𝑦 sin 𝑥) =
𝑦 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑦 2 2 tan 𝑦

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

̂ 1 ̂
⇒ Γ 𝜃 𝑟̂= 𝜔𝜃
𝑟
̂
𝑑𝜔 𝜙 = 𝑑(𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙)
= − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝜃
1 ̂ 1 ̂ 1 ̂
= − sin 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂ − 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟
1 𝜙̂ cot 𝜃 ̂ ̂
= − 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂ − 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑟 𝑟
̂
𝜙 1 ̂
⇒ Γ 𝑟̂ = 𝜔 𝜙
𝑟
̂
𝜙 cot 𝜃 𝜙̂
⇒ Γ 𝜃̂ = 𝜔
𝑟
Summarizing the curvature one forms in a matrix (where 𝑎 ̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row):
1 𝜃̂ 1 𝜙̂
0 𝜔 𝜔
𝑟 𝑟
1 ̂ cot 𝜃 𝜙̂
Γ𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = − 𝜔𝜃 0 𝜔
𝑟 𝑟
1 𝜙̂ cot 𝜃 𝜙̂
{ 𝑟− 𝜔 − 𝜔 0 }
𝑟
The Ricci rotation coefficients:
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = Γ 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ (5.10)
1
⇒ Γ𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝜃̂ = −
𝑟
𝑟̂ 1
Γ 𝜙̂𝜙̂ = −
𝑟
̂𝜃 ̂𝜃 1
Γ 𝑟̂𝜃̂ = Γ 𝜃̂𝑟̂ =
𝑟
𝜃̂ cot 𝜃
Γ 𝜙̂𝜙̂ = −
𝑟
𝜙̂ 𝜙̂ 1
Γ 𝑟̂𝜙̂ = Γ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ =
𝑟
̂
𝜙 𝜙̂ cot 𝜃
Γ 𝜃̂𝜙̂ = Γ 𝜙̂𝜃̂ =
𝑟
Quiz 5-3
Applying the appropriate transformation matrix to the Ricci rotation coefficients, one finds that Γ 𝑟𝜙𝜙 is
̂ 𝑓̂
Γ 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 = (Λ−1 )𝑎𝑑̂ Γ 𝑑𝑒̂ 𝑓̂ Λ𝑒̂ 𝑏 Λ 𝑐 (5.14)
1 0 0
Λ𝑎̂𝑏 = {0 𝑟 0 }
0 0 𝑟 sin 𝜃
1 0 0
1
0 0
(Λ−1 )𝑎𝑏̂ = 𝑟
1
0 0
{ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 }
̂ 2 1
⇒ Γ𝑟 𝜃𝜃 = (Λ−1 )𝑟𝑟̂ Γ𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝜃̂ (Λ𝜃𝜃 ) = (− ) (𝑟)2 = −𝑟
𝑟
𝑟 ̂ 2
𝜙 1
Γ 𝜙𝜙 = (Λ−1 )𝑟𝑟̂ Γ𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝜙̂ (Λ 𝜙 ) = (− ) (𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 = −𝑟 sin2 𝜃
𝑟

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

̂ 1
Γ𝜃 𝑟𝜃 = Γ𝜃 𝑟̂𝜃̂ (Λ𝑟̂𝑟 ) =
𝑟
̂ ̂
𝜙
2 1 cot 𝜃
Γ𝜃 𝜙𝜙 = (Λ−1 )𝜃𝜃̂ Γ 𝜃
̂𝜙
𝜙 ̂ (Λ 𝜙 ) = ( ) (− ) (𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 = − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟
𝜙 ̂
𝜙 1
Γ 𝑟𝜙 =Γ ̂
𝑟̂𝜙
(Λ𝑟̂𝑟 ) =
𝑟
𝜙 ̂
𝜙 ̂
𝜃
cot 𝜃
Γ 𝜃𝜙 =Γ ̂𝜙
𝜃 ̂ (Λ 𝜃 ) = ( ) 𝑟 = cot 𝜃
𝑟
Quiz 5-4
Consider the Rindler metric, 𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑢2 𝑑𝜈 2 − 𝑑𝑢2 . One finds that nonzero Ricci rotation coefficients are
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑢2 𝑑𝑣 2 − 𝑑𝑢2
The one-forms
𝜔𝑢̂ = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜔𝑢̂
1
𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝜔𝑣̂
𝑢
𝑖𝑗 = { 1 }
𝜂
−1
The curvature one-forms
𝑑𝜔𝑎̂ = −Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑏̂ (5.9)
̂ =0
𝑢
𝑑𝜔
1
𝑑𝜔𝑣̂ = 𝑑(𝑢𝑑𝑣) = −𝑑𝑣 ∧ 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝜔𝑣̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑢̂
𝑢
𝑣̂ 1 𝑣̂
Γ 𝑢̂ = 𝜔
𝑢
Summarizing the curvature one forms in a matrix (where 𝑎 ̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row):
1 𝑣̂
0 𝜔
𝑢 }
Γ𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = {1
𝜔𝑣̂ 0
𝑢
The Ricci rotation coefficients:
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = Γ 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ (5.10)
1
Γ 𝑣̂ 𝑢̂𝑣̂ = Γ 𝑢̂ 𝑣̂𝑣̂ =
𝑢
Quiz 5-7
1 2
The 𝐺𝑡𝑡 component of the Einstein tensor for the Tolman metric is given by 𝐺𝑡𝑡 = 2 [1 − 2𝑅𝑅̇ 𝜓̇ + (𝑅̇ ) − 𝑅
(2𝑅𝑅 ′′ ′
+ 2𝑅𝑅 𝜓 + ′ (𝑅 ′ )2 )𝑒 2𝜓 ]
2
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝜓(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑅 2 (𝑡, 𝑟)𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑅 2 (𝑡, 𝑟) sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
2

The one-forms
𝜔𝑡̂ = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜔𝑡̂
𝜔𝑟̂ = 𝑒 −𝜓(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑒 𝜓(𝑡,𝑟) 𝜔𝑟̂
̂ 1 ̂ (5.16)
𝜔𝜃 = 𝑅(𝑡, 𝑟)𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜔𝜃
𝑅(𝑡, 𝑟) (5.17)
̂ 1 ̂
𝜔𝜙 = 𝑅(𝑡, 𝑟) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜔𝜙
𝑅(𝑡, 𝑟) sin 𝜃

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1
−1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 ={ }
−1
−1
Summarizing the curvature one forms in a matrix (where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row):
̇
𝑅 𝜃̂ 𝑅̇ 𝜙̂
0 −𝜓̇𝜔𝑟̂ 𝜔 𝜔
𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜃̂ 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜙̂
−𝜓̇𝜔𝑟̂ 0 𝑒 𝜔 𝑒 𝜔 (5.19)
𝑅 𝑅
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = (5.20)
𝑅̇ 𝜃̂ 𝑅′ ̂ cot 𝜃 𝜙̂
𝜔 − 𝑒 𝜓 𝜔𝜃 0 𝜔 (5.21)
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅̇ 𝜙̂ 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜙̂ cot 𝜃 𝜙̂
{𝑅 𝜔 − 𝑒 𝜔 − 𝜔 0 }
𝑅 𝑅
The Curvature two-forms and the Riemann tensor
(5.27)
1
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑎̂
𝑏̂ +Γ 𝑎̂
𝑐̂ ∧Γ 𝑐̂
𝑏̂
̂
= 𝑅 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂𝑑̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑑 (5.28)
2
(6.21)
𝑑Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = 𝑑(−𝜓̇𝜔𝑟̂ )
= 𝑑(−𝜓̇𝑒 −𝜓 𝑑𝑟)
2
= [𝜓̈𝑒 −𝜓 − (𝜓̇) 𝑒 −𝜓 ]𝑑𝑟 ∧ 𝑑𝑡
2
= [𝜓̈ − (𝜓̇) ] 𝜔𝑟̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂
Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑡̂ =0
2
⇒ Ω 𝑟̂
𝑡̂ = [𝜓̈ − (𝜓̇) ] 𝜔𝑟̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂
2
⇒ 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = [𝜓̈ − (𝜓̇) ]
̂ 𝑅̇ ̂
𝑑Γ 𝜃 𝑡̂ = 𝑑 ( 𝜔𝜃 )
𝑅
= 𝑑(𝑅̇ 𝑑𝜃)
′
= −𝑅̈ 𝑑𝜃 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − (𝑅̇ ) 𝑑𝜃 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
1 ̂ ′ 1 ̂
= −𝑅̈ ( 𝜔𝜃 ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − (𝑅̇ ) ( 𝜔𝜃 ) ∧ (𝑒 𝜓 𝜔𝑟̂ )
𝑅 𝑅
′
𝑅̈ 𝜃̂ (𝑅 ̇ ) ̂
= − 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝑒 𝜓 𝜔𝜃 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑅 𝑅
̂ ̂ 𝑅′ ̂ 𝑅′ ̂
Γ 𝜃 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑡̂ = Γ 𝜃 𝑟̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = ( 𝑒 𝜓 𝜔𝜃 ) ∧ (−𝜓̇𝜔𝑟̂ ) = − 𝜓̇𝑒 𝜓 𝜔𝜃 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑅 𝑅
̂ 𝑅̈ ̂ ′ 𝑒𝜓 ̂
⇒ Ω𝜃𝑡̂ = − 𝜔𝜃 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − [(𝑅̇ ) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇] 𝜔𝜃 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑅 𝑅
̂ 𝑅̈
⇒ 𝑅 𝜃𝑡̂𝜃̂𝑡̂ =−
𝑅
̂ ′ 𝑒𝜓
𝑅 𝜃𝑡̂𝜃̂𝑟̂ = − [(𝑅̇) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇]
𝑅
̂
𝜙 𝑅̇ 𝜙̂
𝑑Γ 𝑡̂
= 𝑑( 𝜔 )
𝑅
= 𝑑(𝑅̇ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙)
′
= −𝑅̈ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − (𝑅̇ ) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑅̇ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝜃

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

′
𝑅̈ 𝜙̂ 𝑡̂
(𝑅̇ ) 𝜓 𝜙̂ 𝑅̇ ̂ ̂
= − 𝜔 ∧𝜔 −
6 𝑒 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂ − 2 cot 𝜃 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
̂
𝜙 ̂
𝜙 ̂
𝜙 ̂
Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑡̂ = Γ 𝑟̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ + Γ 𝜃̂ ∧ Γ 𝜃 𝑡̂
𝑅′ ̂ cot 𝜃 𝜙̂ 𝑅̇ ̂
= ( 𝑒 𝜓 ) 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ (−𝜓̇𝜔𝑟̂ ) + ( 𝜔 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝜃 )
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 ′
̂
̇
𝑅 cot 𝜃 𝜙̂ ̂
= − 𝜓̇𝑒 𝜓 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂ + 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑅 𝑅2
̂
𝜙 𝑅̈ ̂ ′ 𝑒𝜓 ̂
⇒ Ω 𝑡̂ = − 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − [(𝑅̇ ) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇] 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑅 𝑅
̂
𝜙 𝑅̈
⇒ 𝑅 ̂ 𝑡̂
𝑡̂𝜙 =−
𝑅
̂
𝜙 ′ 𝑒𝜓
𝑅 ̂ 𝑟̂
𝑡̂𝜙 = − [(𝑅̇) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇]
𝑅
̂ 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜃̂
𝑑Γ 𝜃 𝑟̂ = 𝑑( 𝑒 𝜔 )
𝑅
𝑅′ 𝜓
= 𝑑 ( 𝑒 𝑅𝑑𝜃)
𝑅
𝜓
= 𝑑 (𝑅 ′𝑒 𝑑𝜃)
′
= − [(𝑅̇) 𝑒 𝜓 + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇𝑒 𝜓 ] 𝑑𝜃 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − [𝑅′′ 𝑒 𝜓 + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓′ 𝑒 𝜓 ]𝑑𝜃 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
𝑒 𝜓 𝜃̂
′ 𝑒 2𝜓 𝜃̂
𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − [𝑅 ′′ + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 ′ ]
= 7 − [(𝑅̇ ) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇] 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑅 𝑅
̂ ̂
𝜃 ̂ 𝑅̇ ̂ 𝑅̇ ̂
Γ 𝜃 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑟̂ = Γ 𝑡̂ ∧ Γ 𝑡 𝑟̂ = ( 𝜔𝜃 ) ∧ (−𝜓̇𝜔𝑟̂ ) = − 𝜓̇𝜔𝜃 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑅 𝑅
̂ ′ ′ ̇
𝑒 𝜓
̂ 𝑡̂
𝑒 2𝜓 𝑅̇ 𝜓̇ 𝜃̂
⇒ 𝜃 ̇
Ω 𝑟̂ = − [(𝑅) + 𝑅 𝜓] 𝜃 ′′
𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 − [(𝑅 + 𝑅 𝜓 ′ ′)
+ ] 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
̂ ′ 𝑒𝜓
⇒ 𝑅 𝜃𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝑡̂ = − [(𝑅̇) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇]
𝑅
̂ 𝑒 2𝜓
𝑅̇ 𝜓̇
⇒ 𝑅 𝜃𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝑟̂ = − [(𝑅 ′′ + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 ′ ) + ]
𝑅 𝑅
̂
𝜙
𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜙̂
𝑑Γ 𝑟̂ = 𝑑 ( 𝑒 𝜔 )
𝑅
= 𝑑(𝑅 ′ 𝑒 𝜓 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙)
′ 𝑒𝜓 ̂ 𝑒 2𝜓 𝜙̂ 𝑅′ ̂ ̂
= 8 9 − [(𝑅̇) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇] 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − [𝑅 ′′ + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 ′ ] 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂ − 2 𝑒 𝜓 cot 𝜃 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
̂
𝜙 𝑐̂ ̂
𝜙 𝑡̂ ̂
𝜙 ̂
𝜃
Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ = Γ 𝑡̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ + Γ 𝜃̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂

1 ̂ ′ 1 ̂ 1 ̂ 1 ̂
6
= −𝑅̈ sin 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ 𝜔 𝑡̂ − (𝑅̇ ) sin 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ (𝑒 𝜓 𝜔𝑟̂ ) − 𝑅̇ cos 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝜃 ) =
𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑅
′ 𝜓 1 ̂ 1 ̂
7
= −[(𝑅̇) 𝑒 + 𝑅 𝜓̇𝑒 𝜓 ] ( 𝜔𝜃 ) ∧ 𝜔 𝑡̂ − [𝑅 𝑒 + 𝑅′ 𝜓 ′ 𝑒 𝜓 ] ( 𝜔𝜃 ) ∧ (𝑒 𝜓 𝜔 𝑟̂ ) =
′ ′′ 𝜓
𝑅 𝑅
′
8
= −[(𝑅̇) + 𝑅′ 𝜓̇]𝑒 𝜓 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − [𝑅′′ + 𝑅′ 𝜓 ′ ]𝑒 𝜓 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑅′ 𝑒 𝜓 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝜃 =
′ 1 ̂ 1 ̂
9
= −[(𝑅̇) + 𝑅′ 𝜓̇]𝑒 𝜓 sin 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ 𝜔 𝑡̂ − [𝑅′′ + 𝑅′ 𝜓 ′ ]𝑒 𝜓 sin 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ (𝑒 𝜓 𝜔𝑟̂ ) −
𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑅 sin 𝜃
1 ̂ 1 ̂
𝑅′ 𝑒 𝜓 cos 𝜃 ( 𝜔𝜙) ∧ ( 𝜔𝜃 ) =
𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑅

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𝑅̇ 𝜙̂ cot 𝜃 𝜙̂ 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜃̂
= 𝜔 ∧ (−𝜓𝜔 ) + ̇ 𝑟̂
𝜔 ∧ 𝑒 𝜔
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅̇ ̂ 𝑅 ′
̂ ̂
= − 𝜓̇𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂ + 2 cot 𝜃 𝑒 𝜓 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑅 𝑅
̂
𝜙 ′ ′ ̇
𝑒 𝜓 𝜙̂ 𝑡̂
𝑒 2𝜓 𝑅̇ 𝜓̇ 𝜙̂
⇒ Ω ̇
= − [(𝑅) + 𝑅 𝜓] 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 − [(𝑅 + 𝑅 𝜓 ′′ ′ ′)
+ ] 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑟̂ 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
̂
𝜙 ′′ ′ ′)
𝑒 2𝜓(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑅̇ 𝜓̇
⇒ 𝑅 ̂ 𝑟̂
𝑟̂ 𝜙
= − [(𝑅 + 𝑅 𝜓 + ]
𝑅 𝑅
̂
𝜙 ′
⇒ 𝑅 ̂ 𝑡̂
𝑟̂ 𝜙
= − [(𝑅̇) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇]
̂
𝜙 cot 𝜃 𝜙̂
𝑑Γ ̂
𝜃
= 𝑑( 𝜔 )
𝑅
= 𝑑(cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜙)
= sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝜃
1 ̂ 1 ̂
= sin 𝜃 ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝜃 )
𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑅
1 𝜙̂ ̂
= 2 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑅
̂
𝜙 ̂
𝜙 ̂ 𝜙̂
Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝜃̂ = Γ 𝑡̂ ∧ Γ 𝑡 𝜃̂ + Γ 𝑟̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ 𝜃̂
𝑐̂

𝑅̇ 𝜙̂ 𝑅̇ 𝜃̂ 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜙̂ 𝑅 ′ 𝜓 𝜃̂
= 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 + 𝑒 𝜔 ∧ (− 𝑒 𝜔 )
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
1 2 ̂ ̂
= 2 [(𝑅̇) − (𝑅 ′ )2 𝑒 2𝜓 ] 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑅
̂
𝜙 1 2 ̂ ̂
⇒ Ω 𝜃̂ = 2 [1 + (𝑅̇ ) − (𝑅 ′ )2 𝑒 2𝜓 ] 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
𝑅
The independent elements of the Riemann tensor in the non-coordinate basis:
𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = [𝜓̈ − (𝜓̇)2 ] = 𝐴
̂ ̂ 𝑅̈
𝑅 𝜃𝑡̂𝜃̂𝑡̂ =𝑅
𝜙
̂ 𝑡̂ =− =𝐵
𝑡̂𝜙 𝑅
̂ ̂ ′ 𝑒 𝜓(𝑡,𝑟)
𝑅 𝜃𝑡̂𝜃̂𝑟̂ =𝑅
𝜙
̂ 𝑟̂ = − [(𝑅̇) + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓̇] =𝐶
𝑡̂𝜙 𝑅
̂ 𝜙̂ 𝑒 2𝜓(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑅̇ 𝜓̇
𝑅 𝜃𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝑟̂ = 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ = − [(𝑅 ′′ + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓′ ) + ]=𝐷
𝑅 𝑅
2
̂
𝜙 1 (𝑅̇ ) (𝑅 ′ )2
𝑅 ̂𝜙
𝜃 ̂
̂𝜃 = [ 2 + 2 − 2 𝑒 2𝜓(𝑡,𝑟) ] = 𝐸
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
The Ricci tensor (the diagonal elements):
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑎̂𝑐̂𝑏̂ (6.26)
̂ 𝜙̂
⇒ 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝑅 𝜃𝑡̂𝜃̂𝑡̂
𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ + + 𝑅 𝑡̂𝜙̂𝑡̂ = 𝐴 + 2𝐵
̂ ̂ 𝜙̂ ̂
𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ = 𝑅 𝑡 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ + 𝑅 𝜃𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝑟̂ + 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ = −𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ + 2𝑅 𝜃𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝑟̂ = −𝐴 + 2𝐷
̂ 𝜙̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝜙
𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂ = 𝑅 𝑡 𝜃̂𝑡̂𝜃̂ + 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝑟̂ 𝜃̂ + 𝑅 𝜃̂𝜙̂𝜃̂ = −𝑅𝜃𝑡̂𝜃̂𝑡̂ + 𝑅 𝜃𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝑟̂ + 𝑅 𝜃̂𝜙̂𝜃̂ = −𝐵 + 𝐷+𝐸
̂ ̂ ̂
𝜙 𝜙̂ ̂
𝜙
𝑅𝜙̂𝜙̂ = 𝑅 𝑡 𝜙̂𝑡̂𝜙̂ + 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ 𝜙̂ + 𝑅 𝜃𝜙̂𝜃̂𝜙̂ = −𝑅 𝑡̂𝜙̂𝑡̂ + 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ + 𝑅 𝜃̂𝜙̂𝜃̂ = 𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂
The Ricci Scalar:
̂
𝑅 = 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

̂̂ ̂̂
⇒ 𝑅 = 𝜂 𝑡̂ 𝑡̂ 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ + 𝜂 𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ + 𝜂 𝜃𝜃 𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂ + 𝜂 𝜙𝜙 𝑅𝜙̂𝜙̂ = 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ − 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ − 2𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂
The Einstein tensor in the non-coordinate basis:
1
𝐺𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ − 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 (6.32)
2
1 1 1
𝐺𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ − 𝜂𝑡̂𝑡̂ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ − (𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ − 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ − 2𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂ ) = (𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ + 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ ) + 𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂
2 2 2
The Einstein tensor in the coordinate basis:
𝐺𝑎𝑏 = Λ𝑐̂𝑎 Λ𝑑̂𝑏 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂ (6.34)
̂
⇒ 𝐺𝑡𝑡 = Λ𝑐̂𝑡 Λ𝑑𝑡 𝐺𝑐̂𝑑̂
2
= (Λ𝑡̂ 𝑡 ) 𝐺𝑡̂𝑡̂
= 𝐺𝑡̂𝑡̂
1
= (𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ + 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ ) + 𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂
2
1
= (𝐴 + 2𝐵 − 𝐴 + 2𝐷) − 𝐵 + 𝐷 + 𝐸
2
= 2𝐷 + 𝐸
2
𝑒 2𝜓 𝑅̇ 𝜓̇ 1 (𝑅̇ ) (𝑅 ′ )2
= −2 [(𝑅 ′′ + 𝑅 ′ 𝜓′ ) + ] + [ 2 + 2 − 2 𝑒 2𝜓 ]
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
1 2
= 2 [1 − 2𝑅𝑅̇ 𝜓̇ + (𝑅̇ ) − (2𝑅𝑅 ′′ + 2𝑅𝑅 ′ 𝜓 ′ + (𝑅 ′ )2 )𝑒 2𝜓 ] QED
𝑅
Quiz 5-8
For the Robertson-Walker metric in Example 5-3, using 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(−1,1,1,1) to raise and lower indices,
one finds that
̂
𝜙 ̂̂ ̂̂ ̂̂ ̂ ̂
Γ ̂
𝜃
= 𝜂 𝜙𝜙 Γ𝜙̂𝜃̂ = −𝜂 𝜙𝜙 Γ𝜃̂𝜙̂ = −𝜂 𝜙𝜙 𝜂𝜃̂𝜃̂ Γ 𝜃𝜙̂ = −Γ 𝜃𝜙̂
Quiz 6-2
Consider Example 6-2. Using Cartan’s equations
̂ 1 𝜕2𝑅
𝑅 𝑡 𝜙̂𝑡̂𝜙̂ = (6.25)
𝑅 𝜕𝑡 2
̂
𝜙 ̂̂ ̂̂ ̂̂ ̂ 1 𝜕2𝑅
⇒ 𝑅 ̂
𝑡̂𝑡̂𝜙 = 𝜂 𝜙𝜙 𝑅𝜙̂𝑡̂𝑡̂𝜙̂ = −𝜂 𝜙𝜙 𝑅𝑡̂𝜙̂𝑡̂𝜙̂ = −𝜂 𝜙𝜙 𝜂𝑡̂𝑡̂ 𝑅𝑡 𝜙̂𝑡̂𝜙̂ =
𝑅 𝜕𝑡 2
̂
Quiz 6-5 and 6-6: The Ricci rotation coefficients Γ 𝑡𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ and Γ 𝑟̂ ̂𝜙
𝜙 ̂
2 2 2 (𝑡, 2 2 (𝑡,
𝑑𝑠 = −𝑑𝑡 + 𝐿 𝑟)𝑑𝑟 + 𝐵 𝑟)𝑑𝜙 + 𝑀2 (𝑡, 𝑟)𝑑𝑧 2
2

The basis one-forms

𝜔𝑡̂ = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜔𝑡̂
1
𝜔𝑟̂ = 𝐿(𝑡, 𝑟)𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐿(𝑡, 𝑟)
̂ 1 ̂
𝜔𝜙 = 𝐵(𝑡, 𝑟)𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜔𝜙
𝐵(𝑡, 𝑟)
1
𝜔 𝑧̂ = 𝑀(𝑡, 𝑟)𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜔 𝑧̂
𝑀(𝑡, 𝑟)
−1
𝑖𝑗 ={ 1 }
𝜂
1
1
The Curvature one-forms
̂
𝑑𝜔𝑎̂ = −Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑏 (5.9)

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𝑑𝜔𝑡̂ =0
1 𝐿̇
𝑑𝜔𝑟̂
= 𝑑(𝐿𝑑𝑟) = −𝐿̇𝑑𝑟 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐿̇ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ = − 𝜔𝑟̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 ̇
⇒ Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐿
𝜙̂
𝑑𝜔 = 𝑑(𝐵𝑑𝜙)
= −𝐵̇𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐵′ 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
1 ̂ 1 ̂ 1
= −𝐵̇ ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝐵′ ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ )
𝐵 𝐵 𝐿
𝐵̇ 𝜙̂ ̂𝑡 𝐵′ 𝜙̂
=− 𝜔 ∧𝜔 − 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐵 𝐿𝐵
̂
𝜙 𝐵̇
⇒ Γ 𝑡̂ = 𝜔 𝜙̂
𝐵
𝜙̂ 𝐵′ 𝜙̂
⇒ Γ 𝑟̂ = 𝜔
𝐿𝐵
𝑑𝜔 𝑧̂ = 𝑑(𝑀𝑑𝑧)
= −𝑀̇𝑑𝑧 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑀′ 𝑑𝑧 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
1 1 1
= −𝑀̇ ( 𝜔 𝑧̂ ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝑀′ ( 𝜔 𝑧̂ ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ )
𝑀 𝑀 𝐿
𝑀̇ 𝑧̂ 𝑀 ′
= − 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑀 𝐿𝑀
𝑀̇
⇒ Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂ = 𝜔 𝑧̂
𝑀
𝑧̂ 𝑀′ 𝑧̂
⇒ Γ 𝑟̂ = 𝜔
𝐿𝑀
Summarizing the curvature one forms in a matrix (Where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row):
𝐿̇ 𝑟̂ 𝐵̇ 𝜙̂ 𝑀̇ 𝑧̂
0 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
𝐿 𝐵 𝑀
𝐿̇ 𝑟̂ 𝐵′ 𝜙̂ 𝑀′ 𝑧̂
𝜔 0 𝜔 𝜔
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝐿 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝑀
𝐵̇ 𝜙̂ 𝐵′ 𝜙̂
𝜔 − 𝜔 0 0
𝐵 𝐿𝐵
𝑀̇ 𝑧̂ 𝑀′ 𝑧̂
{𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔 0 0 }
𝐿𝑀
The Ricci Rotation Coefficients
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = Γ 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ (5.10)
̂ 𝐿̇
Γ 𝑡𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ =
𝐿
𝑟̂ 𝐵′
Γ 𝜙̂𝜙̂ = −
𝐿𝐵
Quiz 6-7 and 6-8
Taking 𝑇𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝜌 and setting the cosmological constants equal to zero, show that the Einstein equation for
𝐵′ 𝐿′ −𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇ 𝑀´𝐿´−𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇ 𝐿̇ 𝐵̇𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′ 𝐿̈ 𝐵̈
𝐺𝑡̂𝑡̂ becomes 𝐵𝐿3
+ 𝐵𝐿 + 𝑀𝐿3 + 𝑀𝐿 + 𝐵𝑀 − 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀 = 𝜌. The Ricci scalar is given by 𝑅 = 2(𝐿 + 𝐵 +
𝑀̈ 𝐵′ 𝐿′ −𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇ 𝑀´𝐿´−𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇ 𝐿̇ 𝐵̇𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′
𝑀
+ 𝐵𝐿 3 + 𝐵𝐿
+ 𝑀𝐿 3 + 𝑀𝐿
+ 𝐵𝑀
− 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀
)
The Curvature two-forms and the Riemann tensor

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(5.27)
𝑎̂ 𝑎̂ 1 ̂
Ω 𝑏̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑏̂ +Γ 𝑎̂
𝑐̂ ∧Γ 𝑐̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂𝑑̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑑 (5.28)
2
(6.21)
𝐿̇ 1 𝐿̈
𝑑Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = 𝑑 ( 𝜔𝑟̂ ) = 𝑑(𝐿̇𝑑𝑟) = −𝐿̈𝑑𝑟 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐿̈ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ = − 𝜔𝑟̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑡̂ =0
𝐿̈
⇒ Ω𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = − 𝜔𝑟̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂
𝐿
𝐿̈
⇒ 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ =−
𝐿
̂
𝜙 𝐵̇ ̂
𝑑Γ 𝑡̂
= 𝑑 ( 𝜔𝜙)
𝐵
= 𝑑(𝐵̇𝑑𝜙)
= −𝐵̈𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐵̇ ′ 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
1 ̂ 1 ̂ 1
= −𝐵̈ ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝐵̇ ′ ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ )
𝐵 𝐵 𝐿
𝐵̈ 𝜙̂ 𝐵 ̇′ ̂
= − 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐵 𝐵𝐿
̂ ̂
𝜙 𝐵′ ̂ 𝐿̇ 𝐵´𝐿̇ ̂
Γ
𝜙
𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑡̂ = Γ 𝑟̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ ) = 2 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐿𝐵 𝐿 𝐵𝐿
̂ 𝐵̈ ̂ 𝐵´𝐿̇ 𝐵̇ ′
̂
⇒ Ω
𝜙
𝑡̂
= − 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ + ( 2 − ) 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐵 𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿
̂
𝜙 𝐵̈
⇒ 𝑅 ̂ 𝑡̂
𝑡̂𝜙 =−
𝐵
̂
𝜙 𝐵´𝐿̇ 𝐵̇ ′
⇒ 𝑅 ̂ 𝑟̂
𝑡̂𝜙 = 2−
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿
𝑀̇ 𝑧̂
𝑑Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂ = 𝑑( 𝜔 )
𝑀
= 𝑑(𝑀̇𝑑𝑧)
= −𝑀̈𝑑𝑧 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑀̇′ 𝑑𝑧 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
1 1 1
= −𝑀̈ ( 𝜔 𝑧̂ ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝑀̇′ ( 𝜔 𝑧̂ ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ )
𝑀 𝑀 𝐿
𝑀̈ 𝑧̂ 𝑀 ̇ ′
= − 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑀 𝑀𝐿
𝑀′ 𝑧̂ 𝐿̇ 𝑀´𝐿̇ 𝑧̂
Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑡̂ = Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = ( 𝜔 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ ) = 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐿𝑀 𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
𝑀̈ 𝑀´𝐿̇ 𝑀̇′
⇒ Ω𝑧̂ 𝑡̂ = − 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ + ( 2 − ) 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑀 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿
𝑀̈
⇒ 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂𝑧𝑡̂ =−
𝑀
𝑀´𝐿̇ 𝑀̇′
⇒ 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ = −
𝑀𝐿2 𝑀𝐿
̂
𝜙 𝐵´ ̂
𝑑Γ 𝑟̂
= 𝑑 ( 𝜔𝜙)
𝐵𝐿
𝐵´
= 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝜙)
𝐿

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𝐵̇′ 𝐿 − 𝐵′ 𝐿̇ 𝐵′′ 𝐿 − 𝐵′ 𝐿′
=− 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝜙 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
𝐿2 𝐿2
𝐵̇ 𝐿 − 𝐵 𝐿̇ 1 𝜙̂
′ ′
𝑡̂
𝐵 𝐿 − 𝐵′ 𝐿′ 1 𝜙̂
′′
1 𝑟̂
=− ( 𝜔 ) ∧ 𝜔 − ( 𝜔 ) ∧ ( 𝜔 )
𝐿2 𝐵 𝐿2 𝐵 𝐿
𝐵′𝐿̇ − 𝐵̇ 𝐿 𝜙̂
′ ′′
𝐵′𝐿′ − 𝐵 𝐿 𝜙̂
= 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ + 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐵𝐿2 𝐵𝐿3
̂
𝜙 ̂
𝜙 ̂ 𝐵̇ ̂ 𝐿̇ 𝐵̇𝐿̇ 𝜙̂
Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑟̂ = Γ 𝑡̂ ∧ Γ 𝑡 𝑟̂ = ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ ) = 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝐵 𝐿 𝐵𝐿
̂
𝜙 𝐵′𝐿̇ − 𝐵̇′ 𝐿 𝜙̂ 𝑡̂
𝐵′ 𝐿′ − 𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇ ̂
⇒ Ω = 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔 + ( + ) 𝜔 𝜙 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑟̂ 𝐵𝐿2 𝐵𝐿3 𝐵𝐿
̂
𝜙 𝐵′ 𝐿′ − 𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇
⇒ 𝑅 ̂ 𝑟̂
𝑟̂ 𝜙 = +
𝐵𝐿3 𝐵𝐿
̂
𝜙 𝐵′𝐿̇ − 𝐵̇′ 𝐿
⇒ 𝑅 ̂ 𝑡̂
𝑟̂ 𝜙 =
𝐵𝐿2
𝑀´ 𝑧̂
𝑑Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ = 𝑑( 𝜔 )
𝑀𝐿
𝑀´
= 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝑧)
𝐿
𝑀̇´𝐿 − 𝑀´𝐿̇ 𝑀´´𝐿 − 𝑀´𝐿´
=− 2
𝑑𝑧 ∧ 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑧 ∧ 𝑑𝑟
𝐿 𝐿2
𝑀̇´𝐿 − 𝑀´𝐿̇ 1 𝑧̂ 𝑀´´𝐿 − 𝑀´𝐿´ 1 𝑧̂ 1
=− 2
( 𝜔 ) ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ − 2
( 𝜔 ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ )
𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿
𝑀´𝐿̇ − 𝑀̇´𝐿 𝑧̂ 𝑀´𝐿´ − 𝑀´´𝐿
= 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ + 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑀𝐿2 𝑀𝐿3
̂ 𝑀̇ 𝐿̇ 𝑀̇𝐿̇ 𝑧̂
Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑟̂ = Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂ ∧ Γ 𝑡 𝑟̂ = ( 𝜔 𝑧̂ ) ∧ ( 𝜔𝑟̂ ) = 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑀 𝐿 𝑀𝐿
𝑀´𝐿̇ − 𝑀̇´𝐿 𝑧̂ 𝑀´𝐿´ − 𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇𝐿̇
⇒ Ω𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ = 2
𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝑡̂ + ( + ) 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑟̂
𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿3 𝑀𝐿
𝑀´𝐿´ − 𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇𝐿̇
⇒ 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑧̂𝑟̂ = +
𝑀𝐿3 𝑀𝐿
𝑀´𝐿̇ − 𝑀̇´𝐿
⇒ 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑧̂𝑡̂ =
𝑀𝐿2
𝑑Γ 𝑧̂ 𝜙̂ =0
̂
Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝜙̂
= Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂ ∧ Γ 𝑡 𝜙̂ + Γ 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ ∧ Γ 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂
𝑀̇ 𝐵̇ ̂ 𝑀′ 𝑧̂ 𝐵′ 𝜙̂
= ( 𝜔 𝑧̂ ) ∧ ( 𝜔 𝜙 ) + ( 𝜔 ) ∧ (− 𝜔 )
𝑀 𝐵 𝐿𝑀 𝐿𝐵
𝐵̇𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′ ̂
=( − ) 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝜙
𝐵𝑀 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀
𝐵̇𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′
⇒ Ω𝑧̂ 𝜙̂ = ( − 2 ) 𝜔 𝑧̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝜙
̂
𝐵𝑀 𝐿 𝐵𝑀
̇ ̇ ′ ′
𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝜙̂𝑧̂ 𝜙̂ = 𝐵 𝑀 − 𝐵 𝑀
𝐵𝑀 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀
The independent elements of the Riemann tensor in the non-coordinate basis:
𝐿̈
𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = − = 𝐴
𝐿

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̂
𝜙 𝐵̈
𝑅 ̂ 𝑡̂
𝑡̂𝜙 =− = 10𝐵
𝐵
𝑀̈
𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂𝑧𝑡̂ = − = 𝐶
𝑀
̂
𝜙 𝐵´𝐿 ̇ 𝐵̇ ′
𝑅 𝑡̂𝜙̂𝑟̂ = − =𝐷
𝐵𝐿2 𝐵𝐿
𝑀´𝐿̇ 𝑀̇′
𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ = − =𝐸
𝑀𝐿2 𝑀𝐿
𝜙̂ 𝐵 𝐿 − 𝐵 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇
′ ′ ′′
𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ = + =𝐹
𝐵𝐿3 𝐵𝐿
𝑀´𝐿´ − 𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇𝐿̇
𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑧̂𝑟̂ = + =𝐺
𝑀𝐿3 𝑀𝐿
𝐵̇ 𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′
𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝜙̂𝑧̂ 𝜙̂ = − 2 =𝐻
𝐵𝑀 𝐿 𝐵𝑀
The Ricci tensor (the diagonal elements):
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑎̂𝑐̂𝑏̂ (6.26)
̂
𝜙
⇒ 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑡̂𝑐̂𝑡̂ = 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ + 𝑅 𝑡̂𝜙̂𝑡̂ + 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂𝑧̂ 𝑡̂ = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
̂ ̂
𝜙
⇒ 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑐̂𝑟̂ = 𝑅 𝑡 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑟̂ + 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ + 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑧̂𝑟̂ = −𝐴 + 𝐹 + 𝐺
̂
⇒ 𝑅𝜙̂𝜙̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝜙̂𝑐̂𝜙̂ = 𝑅 𝑡 𝜙̂𝑡̂𝜙̂ + 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝑟̂ 𝜙̂ + 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝜙̂𝑧̂ 𝜙̂ = −𝐵 + 𝐹 + 𝐻
̂ ̂
𝜙
⇒ 𝑅𝑧̂ 𝑧̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑧̂ 𝑐̂𝑧̂ = 𝑅 𝑡 𝑧̂ 𝑡̂𝑧̂ + 𝑅 𝑟̂ 𝑧̂ 𝑟̂𝑧̂ + 𝑅 𝑧̂ 𝜙̂𝑧̂ = −𝐶 + 𝐺 + 𝐻
The Ricci scalar
̂
𝑅 = 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂
̂̂
⇒ = 𝜂 𝑡̂ 𝑡̂ 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ + 𝜂 𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ + 𝜂 𝜙𝜙 𝑅𝜙̂𝜙̂ + 𝜂 𝑧̂ 𝑧̂ 𝑅𝑧̂ 𝑧̂
𝑅
= −𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ + 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ + 𝑅𝜙̂𝜙̂ + 𝑅𝑧̂ 𝑧̂
= −(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) − 𝐴 + 𝐹 + 𝐺 − 𝐵 + 𝐹 + 𝐻 − 𝐶 + 𝐺 + 𝐻
= −2(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 𝐹 − 𝐺 − 𝐻)
𝐿̈ 𝐵̈ 𝑀̈ 𝐵′ 𝐿′ − 𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇ 𝑀´𝐿´ − 𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇𝐿̇ 𝐵̇𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′
= 112( + + + + + + + − ) QED
𝐿 𝐵 𝑀 𝐵𝐿3 𝐵𝐿 𝑀𝐿3 𝑀𝐿 𝐵𝑀 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀
The Einstein tensor in the non-coordinate basis
1
𝐺𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ − 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 (6.32)
2
1
⇒ 𝐺𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ − 𝜂𝑡̂𝑡̂ 𝑅
2
1
= 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ + 𝑅
2
1
= 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + (−2(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 𝐹 − 𝐺 − 𝐻))
2
=𝐹+𝐺+𝐻
𝐵′ 𝐿′ − 𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇ 𝑀´𝐿´ − 𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇𝐿̇ 𝐵̇𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′
= + + + + −
𝐵𝐿3 𝐵𝐿 𝑀𝐿3 𝑀𝐿 𝐵𝑀 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀
The Einstein equation in the non-coordinate basis
𝐺𝑎̂𝑏̂ + 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ = 𝜅𝑇𝑎̂𝑏̂ (6.40)

10
Not to be confused with the function 𝐵(𝑡, 𝑟)
11 𝐿̈ 𝐵̈ 𝑀̈ 𝐵′ 𝐿′−𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇ 𝑀´𝐿´−𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇ 𝐿̇ 𝐵̇ 𝑀̇ 𝐵 ′ 𝑀′
= −2 (− − − − − − − − + )=
𝐿 𝐵 𝑀 𝐵𝐿3 𝐵𝐿 𝑀𝐿3 𝑀𝐿 𝐵𝑀 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

𝐵′ 𝐿′ − 𝐵′′ 𝐿 𝐵̇𝐿̇ 𝑀´𝐿´ − 𝑀´´𝐿 𝑀̇𝐿̇ 𝐵̇𝑀̇ 𝐵′ 𝑀′

⇒ 𝜌 + + + + − QED
𝐵𝐿3 𝐵𝐿 𝑀𝐿3 𝑀𝐿 𝐵𝑀 𝐿2 𝐵𝑀
Quiz 7-3
𝑑 𝑑
The Friedmann equations can be manipulated to 𝑑𝑡 (𝜌𝑎3 ) + 𝑃 𝑑𝑡 (𝑎3 ) = 0
The Friedmann equations
3
8𝜋𝜌 = (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ (7.17)
𝑎2
𝑎̈ 1
−8𝜋𝑃 = 2 + 2 (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ (7.18)
𝑎 𝑎
Rewriting equation (7.17)
3
8𝜋𝜌 = 2 (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ
𝑎
⇒ 8𝜋𝜌𝑎3 = 3𝑎(𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ𝑎3
𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 8𝜋 (𝜌𝑎3 ) = (3𝑎(𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ𝑎3 ) = 3𝑎̇ (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) + 6𝑎𝑎̇ 𝑎̈ − 3Λ𝑎2 𝑎̇ (i)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Rewriting equation (7.18)
𝑎̈ 1
−8𝜋𝑃 = 2 + 2 (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ
𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 3 𝑎̈ 1 𝑑
⇒ −8𝜋𝑃 (𝑎 ) = (2 + 2 (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ) (𝑎3 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑎̈ 1
= (2 + 2 (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − Λ) 3𝑎2 𝑎̇
𝑎 𝑎
= 6𝑎𝑎̇ 𝑎̈ + 3𝑎̇ (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − 3Λ𝑎2 𝑎̇
𝑑
⇔ 8𝜋𝑃 (𝑎3 ) = −(6𝑎𝑎̇ 𝑎̈ + 3𝑎̇ (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − 3Λ𝑎2 𝑎̇ ) (ii)
𝑑𝑡
Adding equation the (i) and (ii)
𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑎̇ (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) + 6𝑎𝑎̇ 𝑎̈ − 3Λ𝑎2 𝑎̇ − (6𝑎𝑎̇ 𝑎̈ + 3𝑎̇ (𝑘 + 𝑎̇ 2 ) − 3Λ𝑎2 𝑎̇ )
=0
𝑑 𝑑
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 8𝜋 (𝜌𝑎3 ) + 8𝜋𝑃 (𝑎3 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 0 = 8𝜋 (𝜌𝑎 ) + 8𝜋𝑃 (𝑎3 )
3 QED
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Quiz 9-1
Using the Minkowsky metric 𝜂𝑎𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(1, −1, −1, −1), 𝐴⃗ = (3,0, −3,0) is a null vector
𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑎 𝐴𝑎 = 𝜂𝑎𝑏 𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑎 = 1 ⋅ 32 + (−1)(−3)2 = 0 QED
Quiz 9-2
𝑗 𝑎 +𝑖𝑘 𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 −𝑖𝑘 𝑎
Using the definition of the complex vectors in the null tetrad, i.e. , 𝑚𝑎 = , ̅𝑎 =
𝑚 show that
√2 √2
these are null vectors and that 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑚̅ = −1
𝑎 𝑎
𝑗 + 𝑖𝑘
𝑚𝑎 =
√2 (9.7)
𝑎 =
𝑗 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑘 𝑎
𝑚̅
√2
where 𝑗 𝑎 and 𝑘 𝑎 are orthogonal and space-like vectors i.e. 𝑗𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 = 01 and 𝑗𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 = −1 if 𝜂𝑎𝑏 =
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(1, −1, −1, −1)
𝑗𝑎 + 𝑖𝑘𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑘 𝑎 1
𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑎 = ( )( ) = (𝑗𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 − 𝑘𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 + 𝑖(𝑗𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 )) = 0 QED
√2 √2 2

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

𝑗𝑎 − 𝑖𝑘𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑘 𝑎 1
𝑚 ̅𝑎
̅𝑎𝑚 =( )( ) = (𝑗𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 − 𝑘𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 − 𝑖(𝑗𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 )) = 0 QED
√2 √2 2
𝑎
𝑚⋅𝑚
̅ = 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅
𝑗𝑎 + 𝑖𝑘𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑘 𝑎
=( )( )
√2 √2
1
= (𝑗𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 − 𝑖(𝑗𝑎 𝑘 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑗 𝑎 ))
2
= −1 QED
Quiz 9-3 and 9-4
Consider example 9-5. Show that 𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 = 0 and 𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏 = 0
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏
(9.15)
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏
The line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2
The non-zero Christoffel symbols
1 𝜕𝐻
Γ 𝑣𝑢𝑢 =
2 𝜕𝑢
1 𝜕𝐻
Γ 𝑣𝑥𝑢 = Γ 𝑥𝑢𝑢 = (9.29)
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 𝜕𝐻
Γ 𝑣𝑦𝑢 = Γ 𝑢𝑢 =
2 𝑑𝑦
The null tetrad
1
𝑛𝑎 = ( 𝐻, 1, 0, 0) (9.26)
2
1
𝑚̅𝑎 = (0, 0, −1, −𝑖) (9.28)
√2
𝑙 𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
The covariant derivative
∇𝑏 𝜎𝑎 = 𝜕𝑏 𝜎𝑎 − Γ 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝜎𝑐 (4.11)
⇒ 𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏
= −∇𝑣 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑣
= −∇𝑣 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝑣 − ∇𝑣 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝑣
= −(𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙𝑣 − (𝜕𝑣 𝑛𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑣 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝑣
=0 QED
⇒ 𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏
𝑎 𝑥
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅𝑦
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅𝑦
= 120 QED
Quiz 10-1
Using the variational method described in Example 4-10, the nonzero Christoffel symbols for the Schwarz-
schild metric are
The line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2

12
= −(𝜕𝑥 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑥 𝑛𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅ 𝑥 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑛𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑥 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑥𝑚
̅ 𝑦 − (𝜕𝑦 𝑛𝑦 −
Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚
̅𝑦 =

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

The Euler-Lagrange equation

𝜕𝐾 𝑑 𝜕𝐾
= ( ) (4.36)
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇ 𝑎
1
𝐾 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑥̇ 𝑎 𝑥̇ 𝑏 (4.35)
2
The Christoffel symbols
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐
0 = + Γ 𝑏𝑐
(4.34)
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
1 2𝜈(𝑟) 2 1 2𝜆(𝑟) 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
𝐾 = 𝑒 𝑡̇ − 𝑒 𝑟̇ − 𝑟 𝜃̇ − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
2 2 2 2
𝜕𝐾
=0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1
= ( 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑡̇ 2 ) = 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑡̇
𝜕𝑡̇ 𝜕𝑡̇ 2
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑑𝜈
( ) = (𝑒 𝑡̇) = 2𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑟̇ 𝑡̇ + 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑡̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑡 ̇ 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟
2𝜈(𝑟)
𝑑𝜈 2𝜈(𝑟)
⇒ 0 = 2𝑒 𝑟̇ 𝑡̇ + 𝑒 𝑡̈
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜈
⇔ 0 = 𝑡̈ + 2 𝑟̇ 𝑡̇
𝑑𝑟
𝑡 𝑑𝜈
⇒ Γ 𝑟𝑡 = Γ 𝑡𝑡𝑟 =
𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1 2𝜈(𝑟) 2 1 2𝜆(𝑟) 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
= ( 𝑒 𝑡̇ − 𝑒 𝑟̇ − 𝑟 𝜃̇ − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2 2 2 2
𝑑𝜈 𝑑𝜆
= 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑡̇ 2 − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟) 𝑟̇ 2 − 𝑟𝜃̇ 2 − 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1 2𝜆(𝑟) 2
= (− 𝑒 𝑟̇ ) = −𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟) 𝑟̇
𝜕𝑟̇ 𝜕𝑟̇ 2
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑 𝑑𝜆
( ) = (−𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟) 𝑟̇ ) = −2𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟) 𝑟̇ 2 − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟) 𝑟̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑟̇ 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜆 2 𝑑𝜈
⇒ 0 = −𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟)
𝑟̇ − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟)
𝑟̈ − 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑡̇ 2 + 𝑟𝜃̇ 2 + 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜆 2 𝑑𝜈
⇔ 0 = 𝑟̈ + 𝑟̇ + 𝑒 2(𝜈(𝑟)−𝜆(𝑟)) 𝑡̇ 2 − 𝑟𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟) 𝜃̇ 2 − 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟) 𝜙̇ 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑟 𝑑𝜆
⇒ Γ 𝑟𝑟 =
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜈
Γ 𝑟 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑒 2(𝜈(𝑟)−𝜆(𝑟))
𝑑𝑟
Γ 𝑟 𝜃𝜃 = −𝑟𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟)
Γ 𝑟 𝜙𝜙 = −𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟)
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1
= (− 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 ) = −𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 2
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1
= (− 𝑟 2 𝜃̇ 2 ) = −𝑟 2 𝜃̇
𝜕𝜃 ̇ 𝜕𝜃 ̇ 2
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑
( ) = (−𝑟 2 𝜃̇) = −2𝑟𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ − 𝑟 2 𝜃̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜃̇ 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = −2𝑟𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ − 𝑟 2 𝜃̈ + 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
2
⇔ 0 = 𝜃̈ + 𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑟

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1
⇒ Γ 𝜃𝑟𝜃 = Γ 𝜃𝜃𝑟 =
𝑟
Γ 𝜃𝜙𝜙 = − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝐾
=0
𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1
= (− 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 ) = −𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇
𝜕𝜙 ̇ 𝜕𝜙 ̇ 2
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑
( ) = (−𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇)
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜙̇ 𝑑𝑠
= −2𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝑟̇ 𝜙̇ − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇ − 2𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̈
⇒ 0 = −2𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝑟̇ 𝜙̇ − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇ − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̈
2
⇔ 0 = 𝜙̈ + 𝑟̇ 𝜙̇ + 2 cot 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇
𝑟
𝜙 𝜙 1
⇒ Γ 𝑟𝜙 = Γ 𝜙𝑟 =
𝑟
𝜙 𝜙
Γ 𝜃𝜙 = Γ 𝜙𝜃 = cot 𝜃
Quiz 10-2
Suppose that we were to drop the requirement of time independence and wrote the line-element as 𝑑𝑠 2 =
𝑒 2𝜈(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2 the 𝑅𝑟𝑡 component of the Ricci tensor is given by 𝑅𝑟𝑡 =
2 𝜕𝜆
𝑟 𝜕𝑡
The line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑡,𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
The Ricci tensor
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅 𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑏 (4.46)
⇒ 𝑅𝑟𝑡 = 𝑅 𝑐 𝑟𝑐𝑡 = 𝑔𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑐𝑟𝑐𝑡 = 𝑔𝜃𝜃 𝑅𝜃𝑟𝜃𝑡 + 𝑔𝜙𝜙 𝑅𝜙𝑟𝜙𝑡
The Riemann tensor
1 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑎𝑑 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑏𝑐 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑎𝑐 𝜕 2 𝑔𝑏𝑑
= ( 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑎 𝑐 ) + Γ𝑎𝑑𝑒 Γ 𝑒𝑏𝑐
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (4.43)
𝑒
− Γ𝑎𝑐𝑒 Γ 𝑏𝑑
⇒ 𝑅𝜃𝑟𝜃𝑡 = −Γ𝜃𝜃𝑟 Γ 𝑟 𝑟𝑡
⇒ 𝑅𝜙𝑟𝜙𝑡 = −Γ𝜙𝜙𝑟 Γ 𝑟 𝑟𝑡
The Christoffel symbols
1 𝜕𝑔𝑏𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ( 𝑎 + − ) (4.15)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥𝑐
Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑 (4.16)
1 𝜕𝑔𝜃𝜃 1 𝜕(−𝑟 2 )
⇒ Γ𝜃𝜃𝑟 = (− ) = (− )=𝑟
2 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑔𝜙𝜙 1 𝜕(−𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃)
⇒ Γ𝜙𝜙𝑟 = (− ) = (− ) = 𝑟 sin2 𝜃
2 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑔 1 𝜕(−𝑒 2𝜆(𝑡,𝑟) ) 𝜕𝜆
⇒ Γ 𝑟 𝑟𝑡 = 𝑔𝑟𝑟 Γ𝑟𝑡𝑟 = 𝑔𝑟𝑟 ( 𝑟𝑟 ) = (−𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑡,𝑟) ) ( )=
2 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜃𝜃 𝜙𝜙
⇒ 𝑅𝑟𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑅𝜃𝑟𝜃𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑅𝜙𝑟𝜙𝑡
= −𝑔𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜃𝜃𝑟 Γ 𝑟 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑔𝜙𝜙 Γ𝜙𝜙𝑟 Γ 𝑟 𝑟𝑡
1 𝜕𝜆 1 𝜕𝜆
= − (− 2 ) 𝑟 − (− 2 2 ) 𝑟 sin2 𝜃
𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝑡

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2 𝜕𝜆
= QED
𝑟 𝜕𝑡
Quiz 10-3
3𝑚−Λ𝑟 3
When you calculate the Ricci rotation coefficients, you will find Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 18𝑚
.
𝑟 2 √9− −3Λ𝑟 2
𝑟

The line element

1
𝑑𝑠 2 = −𝑓(𝑟)𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑓(𝑟)
2𝑚 1 2
𝑓(𝑟) = 1 − − Λ𝑟
𝑟 3
We change the signature and compare with the calculations above
1
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑓(𝑟)𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑓(𝑟)
Now we can compare with the line element of the Schwarzschild metric with zero cosmological constant
′ ′
𝑑𝑠 2 = 13𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑡 ′ 2 − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 ′ 2 − 𝑟 ′ 2 𝑑𝜃 ′ 2 − 𝑟 ′ 2 sin2 𝜃 ′ 𝑑𝜙 ′ 2 (10.5)
And choose:
′
𝑒 𝜈(𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑡 ′ = √𝑓(𝑟)𝑑𝑡
′ 1
𝑒 𝜆(𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 ′ = 𝑑𝑟
√𝑓(𝑟)
𝑟′𝑑𝜃 ′ = 𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑟 sin 𝜃 ′ 𝑑𝜙 ′
′
= 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙
′
Comparing the two metrics we see: 𝜙 ′ = 𝜙, 𝜃 ′ = 𝜃, 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟, 𝑒 𝜈(𝑟 ) = √𝑓(𝑟), 𝜈 = −𝜆, 𝑡 ′ = 𝑡.
We need
𝑑𝜈(𝑟 ′ ) −𝜈(𝑟 ′ )
𝑑 ′
= 𝑒 (𝑒 𝜈(𝑟 ) )
𝑑𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑟 ′
′ 𝑑 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝜈(𝑟 ) ′ (√𝑓(𝑟) ′ )
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
′ 𝑑
= 𝑒 −𝜈(𝑟 ) (√𝑓(𝑟))
𝑑𝑟
−𝜈(𝑟 ′ )
𝑑𝑓(𝑟) 1
=𝑒
𝑑𝑟 2√𝑓(𝑟)
1 𝑑𝑓(𝑟)
=
2𝑓(𝑟) 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑓(𝑟) 𝑑 2𝑚 1 2 2𝑚 2
= (1 − − Λ𝑟 ) = 2 − Λ𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 3 𝑟 3
The Ricci rotation coefficients
𝑑𝜈(𝑟 ′ ) −𝜆(𝑟′ )
Γ 𝑡̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂ = Γ 𝑟̂ 𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝑒 (10.19)
𝑑𝑟 ′
1 𝑑𝑓(𝑟)
= √𝑓(𝑟)
2𝑓(𝑟) 𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑓(𝑟)
=
2√𝑓(𝑟) 𝑑𝑟

13
The primes should not be mistaken for the derivative 𝑑/𝑑𝑟.

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2𝑚 2
− Λr
= 𝑟2 3
2𝑚 1
2√1 − 𝑟 − 3 Λ𝑟 2
3𝑚 − Λ𝑟 3
= 14 QED
𝑟 3/2 √9𝑟 − 18𝑚 − 3Λ𝑟 3
̂ ̂ 1 −𝜆(𝑟′ )
Γ 𝑟̂ 𝜃̂𝜃̂ = Γ 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂𝜙̂ = −Γ 𝜃 𝑟̂ 𝜃̂ = −Γ 𝜙 𝑟̂ 𝜙̂ = − 𝑒 (10.17)
𝑟′
1
= − √𝑓(𝑟)
𝑟
1 2𝑚 1 2
= − √1 − − Λ𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 3
̂ ̂ cot 𝜃 ′ cot 𝜃
Γ 𝜃 𝜙̂𝜙̂ = −Γ 𝜙 𝜃̂𝜙̂ = − = − (10.18)
𝑟′ 𝑟
Quiz 10-4
When you calculate the components of the Ricci tensor, you will find −𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ = 𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂ = 𝑅𝜙̂𝜙̂ = Λ
The line element
1
𝑑𝑠 2 = −𝑓(𝑟)𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑓(𝑟)
2𝑚 1 2
𝑓(𝑟) = 1 − − Λ𝑟
𝑟 3
𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(−1,1,1,1)
In vacuum systems with a cosmological constant and positive signature the Einstein equation is
1
0 = 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 + 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ
2
1 1
⇒ 0 = 𝜂 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 + 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ = 𝑅 − 4𝑅 + 4Λ
̂𝑏
𝑎 ̂
2 2
⇒ 𝑅 = 4Λ
1 1
⇒ 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ = 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 4Λ − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ = 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ
2 2
⇒ −𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ = 𝑅𝑟̂ 𝑟̂ = 𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂ = 𝑅𝜙̂𝜙̂ = Λ QED
Quiz 12-1
With a nonzero cosmological constant the Ricci scalar is 𝑅 = −4Λ
The line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑒 2𝜆(𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 (𝑑𝜃 2 + sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2 )
𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(1, −1, −1, −1)
In vacuum systems with a cosmological constant and negative signature the Einstein equation is
1
0 = 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ
2
1 1
⇒ 0 = 𝜂 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝑅 − 𝜂 𝑎̂𝑏̂ 𝜂𝑎̂𝑏̂ Λ = 𝑅 − 4𝑅 − 4Λ
̂𝑏
𝑎 ̂
2 2
⇔ 𝑅 = −4Λ QED
Quiz 12-2, 12-3 and 12-4

14
No sign change

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

It can be shown that 𝜆(𝑟) = ln 𝑘 − 𝜈(𝑟). If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constants of integration, then 𝑟𝑒 2𝜈 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑟 −
𝑘𝑟 3
Λ 3
. By considering the field equation 𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂ = Λ show that 𝐵 = 𝑘 2. Choose 𝑘 = 1 the spatial part of the
𝑑𝑟 2
line element is 𝑑𝑙 2 = 2𝑚 1 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2 .
1− − Λ𝑟 2
𝑟 3
𝜆(𝑟) = ln 𝑘 − 𝜈(𝑟)
⇒ 𝜆′(𝑟) = −𝜈 ′ (𝑟)
1
𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟) = 2 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟)
𝑘
2𝜈(𝑟) ′ = 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) + 2𝑟𝜈 ′ (𝑟)𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟)
(𝑟𝑒 )
2𝜈(𝑟) ′
1
⇔ 𝜈 ′ (𝑟) = (𝑟𝑒 )
−
2𝑟𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 2𝑟
𝜈 ′ −2𝜆(𝑟) 𝜆′ −2𝜆(𝑟) (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟) )
𝑅𝜃̂𝜃̂ = − 𝑒 + 𝑒 + =Λ (10.26)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟2
𝜈′ 𝜆′ (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟) )
⇒ Λ = − 𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟) + 𝑒 −2𝜆(𝑟) +
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟2
′ 2𝜈(𝑟)
𝜈 1 𝑒
= −2 2 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) + 2 − 2 2
𝑘 𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟
2𝜈(𝑟) ′
(𝑟𝑒 ) 1 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 1 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟)
= −2 ( − ) + 2− 2 2
2𝑟𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) 2𝑟 𝑘 2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟
Renaming
𝑔(𝑟) = 𝑟𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟)
𝑔′ (𝑟) 1 𝑔(𝑟) 1 𝑔(𝑟)
⇒ Λ = −( − ) + −
𝑔(𝑟) 𝑟 𝑘 2 𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝑘 2 𝑟 3
⇔ 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 2 Λ𝑟 2 = 𝑔′ (𝑟)
We guess the solution (polynomials with exponents higher than 3 cannot contribute):
𝑔(𝑟) = 𝑟𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑟 + 𝐶𝑟 2 + 𝐷𝑟 3
⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑟) = 𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑟 + 3𝐷𝑟 2
⇒ 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 2 Λ𝑟 2 = 𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑟 + 3𝐷𝑟 2
Now comparing the coefficients we find
𝐵 = 𝑘2 QED
𝐶 =0
1
𝐷 = − 𝑘 2Λ
3
and we can conclude that
1
𝑟𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) = 𝐴 + 𝑘 2 𝑟 − 𝑘 2 Λ𝑟 3 QED
3
𝐴 1
⇒ 𝑒 2𝜈(𝑟) = + 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 2 Λ𝑟 2
𝑟 3
and the line element becomes
−1
𝐴 1 𝐴 1
𝑑𝑠 2 = ( + 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 2 Λ𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 2 − ( + 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 2 Λ𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑟 3 𝑟 3
If we choose 𝑘 2 = 1 and 𝐴 = −2𝑚
2𝑚 1 2 2𝑚 1 2 −1 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑠 2 = (1 − − Λ𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 − − Λ𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑟 3 𝑟 3
With the spatial part

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𝑑𝑟 2
𝑑𝑙 2 = + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2 QED
2𝑚 1 2
1− − Λ𝑟
𝑟 3
Quiz 12-6
𝐶 Λ
Consider a flat universe with positive cosmological constant. Starting with 𝑎̇ 2 = 𝑎 + 3 𝑎2 use a change of
2Λ 3 3C
variables 𝑢 = 𝑎 it can be shown that 𝑎3 = [cosh(√3Λ𝑡) − 1]
3𝐶 2Λ
2 𝐶 Λ 2
𝑎̇ = + 𝑎
𝑎 3
𝑎̇ 2 𝐶 Λ
⇒ ( ) = 𝑎3 + 3
𝑎
2Λ 3
𝑢 = 𝑎
3𝐶
2Λ 2 𝑢
⇒ 𝑢̇ = 𝑎̇ 𝑎 = 3 𝑎̇
𝐶 𝑎
𝑢̇ 𝑎̇
⇒ =3
𝑢 𝑎
1 𝑢̇ 2 2Λ Λ
⇒ ( ) = 3𝑢 + 3
3𝑢
2Λ Λ
⇒ 𝑢̇
= 3√ 𝑢 + 𝑢2 = √3Λ√𝑢√𝑢 + 2
3 3
𝑑𝑢
⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫
√3Λ√𝑢√𝑢 + 2
1
⇒ 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 15 2 ln(√𝑢 + 2 + √𝑢)
√3Λ
1 2
= ln(√𝑢 + 2 + √𝑢)
√3Λ
1
= ln(2𝑢 + 2 + 2√𝑢√𝑢 + 2)
√3Λ
1
= ln (2𝑢 + 2 + 2√𝑢2 + 2𝑢)
√3Λ
1
= ln (2𝑢 + 2 + 2√(𝑢 + 1)2 − 1)
√3Λ
1
= ln 2 (𝑢 + 1 + √(𝑢 + 1)2 − 1)
√3Λ
1
= (ln 2 + ln (𝑢 + 1 + √(𝑢 + 1)2 − 1))
√3Λ
1
= 16 (ln 2 + cosh−1 (𝑢 + 1))
√3Λ
⇒ 𝑢 = cosh(√3Λ(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) − ln 2) − 1
3C
⇒ 𝑎3 = [cosh(√3Λ(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) − ln 2) − 1]
2Λ
Leaving out the constants of integration −√3Λ𝑡0 − ln 2 we get

15 𝑑𝑥 2
∫ = ln(√𝑎(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + √𝑝(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏))
√(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑝𝑥+𝑞) √𝑎𝑝
−1
16
cosh 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

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3C
𝑎3 = [cosh(√3Λ𝑡) − 1] QED
2Λ
Quiz 13-1
Following the procedure used in example 9-2, consider the collision of a gravitational wave with an elec-
tromagnetic wave. The line element in the region 𝜈 ≥ 0 is given by 𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 ).
Show by calculating the nonzero spin coefficients that there is pure focusing.
The line element in region 𝜈 ≥ 0:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
The metric tensor:
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = { 1 }
− cos2 𝑎𝜈
− cos2 𝑎𝜈
and its inverse:
1
1
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = −
cos 2 𝑎𝜈
1
{ −
cos2 𝑎𝜈 }
The Christoffel symbols: To find the Christoffel symbols we calculate the geodesic from the Euler-La-
grange equation
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
0 = ( 𝑎) − 𝑎 (10.36)
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇ 𝜕𝑥
𝐹 = 2𝑢̇ 𝜈̇ − cos 2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝐹 𝜕
= (2𝑢̇ 𝜈̇ ) = 2𝜈̇
𝜕𝑢̇ 𝜕𝑢̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝑑
( ) = (2𝜈̇ ) = 2𝜈̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑢̇ 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = 2𝜈̈
𝜕𝐹 𝜕
= (− cos 2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )) = 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
𝜕𝜈 𝜕𝜈
𝜕𝐹 𝜕
= (2𝑢̇ 𝜈̇ ) = 2𝑢̇
𝜕𝜈̇ 𝜕𝜈̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝑑
( ) = (2𝑢̇ ) = 2𝑢̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜈̇ 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = 𝑢̈ − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕
= (− cos2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )) = −2 cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇
𝜕𝑥̇ 𝜕𝑥̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝑑
( ) = (−2 cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̇ ) = 4𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇ − 2 cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇ 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇ − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑥̈
⇔ 0 = 𝑥̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇
𝜕𝐹
=0
𝜕𝑦

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

𝜕𝐹 𝜕
= (− cos 2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )) = −2 cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇
𝜕𝑦̇ 𝜕𝑦̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹 𝑑
( ) = (−2 cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̇ ) = 4𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇ − 2 cos 2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑦̇ 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = 2𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇ − cos2 𝑎𝜈 𝑦̈
⇔ 0 = 𝑦̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇
Collecting the results
0 = 𝜈̈
0 = 𝑢̈ − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 )
0 = 𝑥̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑥̇
0 = 𝑦̈ − 2𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝜈̇ 𝑦̇
The Christoffel symbols:
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐
0 = + Γ 𝑏𝑐
(4.34)
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑢 𝑢
Γ 𝑥𝑥 = Γ 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈
𝑦 𝑦
Γ 𝑥𝑥𝜈 = Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 = Γ 𝑦𝜈 = Γ 𝜈𝑦 = −𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈
The basis one-forms
𝑑𝑠 2 = 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜈 − cos2 𝑎𝜈 (𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 )
2 2 2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ ) − (𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
2 2
= (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )(𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑥̂ ) − (𝜔 𝑦̂ )
⇒ √2𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
𝜔 𝑥̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥
𝜔 𝑦̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝜔𝑢̂ = (𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝑢 = (𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
1 1
𝜔 ̂ =
𝜈 (𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝜈) 𝑑𝜈 = (𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂ )
√2 √2
𝑥̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑥̂
⇒ cos 𝑎𝜈
1
𝜔 𝑦̂ = cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜔 𝑦̂
cos 𝑎𝜈
1
−1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 = { }
−1
−1
The orthonormal null tetrad
𝑙 1 1 0 0 𝜔𝑢̂
𝑛 1 1 −1 0 0 ̂
𝜈
( ) = ( ) ( 𝜔 𝑥̂ ) (9.10)
𝑚 √2 0 0 1 𝑖 𝜔
𝑚̅ 0 0 1 −𝑖 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝜔𝑢̂ + 𝜔𝜈̂
1 𝜔𝑢̂ − 𝜔𝜈̂
= ( )
√2 𝜔 𝑥̂ + 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂
𝜔 𝑥̂ − 𝑖𝜔 𝑦̂

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

√2𝑑𝑢
1 √2𝑑𝜈
=
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦
(cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈 𝑑𝑦)
⇒ 𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈)
√2
1
̅̅̅̅
𝑚 𝑎 = (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , −𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈)
√2
𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑙𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑙 𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑙𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑙𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑙𝑥 = 𝑙𝑦 = 0
𝑛𝑢 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝜈𝑢 𝑛𝜈 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
𝑛𝜈 = 𝑔𝑎𝜈 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑔𝑢𝜈 𝑛𝑢 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑚𝜈 = 𝑚𝑢 = 0
1 1 1 1
𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑥 = − 2
⋅ ⋅ cos 𝑎𝜈 = −
cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑦 = − 2
⋅ 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈 = −𝑖
cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈
Collecting the results
𝑙𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0) 𝑙 𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0)
𝑛𝑎 = (0, 1, 0, 0) 𝑛𝑎 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , 𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, − , −𝑖 )
√2 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈 cos 𝑎𝜈
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅ (0, 0, cos 𝑎𝜈 , −𝑖 cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚 ̅𝑎 = (0, 0, − , 𝑖 )
√2 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈 cos 𝑎𝜈
The spin coefficients
1
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏 𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝑏 𝜀 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏 )
2
1
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏 𝛾 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 )
2 (9.15)
1
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑏)
2
1
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏 𝛽 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 )
2
𝜋 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝑏 = −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑙 𝜈 = −∇𝜈 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 𝜈 − ∇ν 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 𝑙𝜈 = 0
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = −∇𝑢 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏
𝑎 𝑥
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑦
= −∇𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑥 𝑛𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦𝑚̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑦 𝑛𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦𝑚 ̅𝑦
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = 0
𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝑏 = ∇ν 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙ν = ∇ν 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑙 ν + ∇ν 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑙 ν = 0
𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑢 = ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 + ∇𝑢 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑢 = 0
𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑏

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅𝑦
= ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 + ∇𝑥 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + ∇𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅𝑦
= 17 − (Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
= 18𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈
𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = −(Γ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑢 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 + Γ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) = 190
1
𝜀 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑙𝑏 )
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎 𝑙ν )
2
1
= (∇ν 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑙ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑥 𝑚̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν − ∇ν 𝑚𝑦 𝑚̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν)
2
1
= − ((𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑙 ν + (𝜕𝜈 𝑚𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν )
2
= 20 210
1
𝛾 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 )
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑢 )
2
1
= (∇𝑢 𝑙𝑢 𝑛𝑢 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑥 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 𝑛𝑢 − ∇𝑢 𝑚𝑦 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 𝑛𝑢 )
2
=0
1
𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝑥 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 − ∇𝑥 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝑥 ) + (∇𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑦 − ∇𝑦 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚
̅ 𝑦)
2 2
=0
1
𝛽 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 ) = 0
2
The only non-zero spin-coefficient is 𝜌 = 𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈. This means that – 𝑅𝑒(𝜌) ≠ 0 and there is expan-
sion (or pure focusing=divergence).
Quiz 13-2
Consider the Aichelburg-Sexl metric given in (13.41). The only nonzero spin coefficient is given by 𝜈 =
𝑥 𝑦
−2√2𝜇 (𝑥2+𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑥2+𝑦2).
𝑑𝑠 2 = 4𝜇 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑟 − dx 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2 (13.41)
Comparing with the Brinkmann metric
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑢2 + 2𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦 2
We can copy the results from the Brinkmann calculations with 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝜇 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ). The only
non-zero spin-coefficient is:

17
= (𝜕𝑥 𝑙𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 𝑙𝑥 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑥 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑥 𝑚
̅ 𝑦 + (𝜕𝑥 𝑙𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑥𝑦 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 + (𝜕𝑦 𝑙𝑦 − Γ 𝑐𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝑦 𝑚
̅𝑦 =
1 2 1 1
18
= − (−𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (− ) − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (−𝑖 ) (𝑖 )) =
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈
1 2 1 2
19
= − (−𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (− ) − 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝜈 sin 𝑎𝜈 (−𝑖 ) )=
√2 cos 𝑎𝜈 √2 cos 𝑎𝜈
1 1 1 𝑦
20
= − ((𝜕𝜈 cos 𝑎𝜈 − Γ 𝑥𝜈𝑥 𝑚𝑥 ) 𝑚
̅ 𝑥 𝑙ν + (𝜕𝜈 𝑖 ̅ 𝑦 𝑙ν) =
cosh 𝑎𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝑦 𝑚𝑦 ) 𝑚
2 √2 √2
1 1 1 1 1
21
= − ((−𝑎 sin 𝑎𝜈 − (−𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈) ̅ 𝑥 + (−𝑖𝑎
cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚 sin 𝑎𝜈 + 𝑎 tan 𝑎𝜈 𝑖 ̅ 𝑦) =
cos 𝑎𝜈) 𝑚
2 √2 √2 √2 √2

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
𝜈 =− ( +𝑖 ) (9.30)
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕(4𝜇 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ))
1 𝜕(4𝜇 log(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ))
=− ( +𝑖 )
2√2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
4𝜇 2𝑥 2𝑦
=− ( 2 2
+𝑖 2 )
2√2 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦
= −2√2𝜇 ( 2 2
+𝑖 2 ) QED
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
Final Exam 1
In flat space (Δ𝑠)2 for the following pairs of events 𝐸1 = (−1,3,2,4) and 𝐸2 = (4,0, −1,1) is given by
(Δ𝑠)2 = −2
(Δ𝑠)2 = (Δ𝑡)2 − (Δ𝑥)2 − (Δ𝑦)2 − (Δ𝑧)2 (1.11)
2
= (−1 − 4)2 − (3 − 0)2 − (2 − (−1)) − (4 − 1)2
= (5)2 − (3)2 − (3)2 − (3)2
= −2 QED
Final Exam 4
𝑑𝑝𝑎
The four force is defined to be 𝐾 𝑎 = 𝑑𝜏
, where 𝑝𝑎 = (𝑝0 , 𝑝) is the four momentum and 𝜏 is proper time.
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
If 𝑢𝑎 = 𝑑𝜏
is the four velocity then 𝑢𝑎 𝐾 𝑎 = 0
The four velocity is an invariant i.e.
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝛼 𝑢𝛼 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑝𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑑𝑝𝑎 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑(𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢)
⇒ 𝑢𝑎 𝐾 𝑎 = 𝑢𝑎 = 𝑚𝑢𝑎 = 𝑚𝑢 ⋅ = 𝑚 =0 QED
𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏 2 𝑑𝜏
Final Exam 5
Let 𝑉 𝑎 = (2,1,1, −1) and 𝑊 𝑎 = (−1,3,0,1). Then if 𝜂𝑎𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(1, −1, −1, −1), 𝑉𝑎 𝑊 𝑎 = −4
𝑉𝑎 𝑊 𝑎 = 𝜂𝑎𝑏 𝑉 𝑏 𝑊 𝑎 = 1 ⋅ 2(−1) − 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 0 − 1(−1)1 = −4 QED
Final Exam 6
1 𝜕𝑔
If a metric is diagonal then Γ𝑎𝑏𝑎 = Γ𝑏𝑎𝑎 = 2 𝜕𝑥𝑎𝑎
𝑏
1 𝜕𝑔𝑏𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑐 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ( 𝑎 + − ) (4.15)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥𝑐
1 𝜕𝑔𝑏𝑎 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑎 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑏 1 𝜕𝑔𝑎𝑎
⇒ Γ𝑎𝑏𝑎 = Γ𝑏𝑎𝑎 = ( 𝑎 + 𝑏
− )= QED
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑏
Final Exam 7 and 8
𝑢 𝑢𝜈 2
Two nonzero Christoffel symbols for the metric are Γ 𝑢𝜈𝜈 = − (𝑢2 +𝜈2 ), Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 = − (𝑢2 +𝜈2 ). All components of
the Riemann tensor are equal and are given by 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 0
The line element
𝑑𝑠 2 = (𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 )𝑑𝑢2 + (𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 )𝑑𝜈 2 + 𝑢2 𝜈 2 𝑑𝜃 2
The metric tensor and its inverse:
𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 0 0
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = { 0 𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 0 }
0 0 𝑢2 𝜈 2

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1
𝑢2 + 𝜈2
1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 =
𝑢2 + 𝜈2
1
{ 𝑢2 𝜈 2 }
The Christoffel symbols of first kind Christoffel symbols of second kind
1
Γ𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝜕𝑎 𝑔𝑏𝑐 + 𝜕𝑏 𝑔𝑐𝑎 − 𝜕𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑏 ) (4.14) Γ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑔𝑎𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑑
2
1 1 𝑢
Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝑢𝑢 = 𝜕𝑢 (𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 ) = 𝑢 ⇒ Γ 𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑢𝑢 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 2
2 2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 1 𝜈
Γ𝜈𝜈𝜈 = 𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝜈𝜈 = 𝜕𝜈 (𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 ) = 𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝜈𝜈𝜈 = 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝜈𝜈𝜈 = 2
2 2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 1 𝜈
Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 = − 𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝑢𝑢 = − 𝜕𝜈 (𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 ) = −𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝜈𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 = − 2
2 2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 1 𝑢
Γ𝜈𝜈𝑢 = − 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝜈𝜈 = − 𝜕𝑢 (𝑢2 + 𝜈 2 ) = −𝑢 ⇒ Γ 𝑢𝜈𝜈 = 𝑔𝑢𝑢 Γ𝜈𝜈𝑢 = − 2
2 2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 1 𝑢𝜈 2
Γ𝜃𝜃𝑢 = − 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝜃𝜃 = − 𝜕𝑢 (𝑢2 𝜈 2 ) = −𝑢𝜈 2 ⇒ Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 = 𝑔𝑢𝑢 Γ𝜃𝜃𝑢 = − 2
2 2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 1 𝑢2 𝜈
Γ𝜃𝜃𝜈 = − 𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝜃𝜃 = − 𝜕𝜈 (𝑢2 𝜈 2 ) = −𝑢2 𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜃 = 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝜃𝜃𝜈 = − 2
2 2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 𝑢
Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 = Γ𝜈𝑢𝜈 = 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝜈𝜈 = 𝑢 ⇒ Γ 𝜈𝑢𝜈 = Γ 𝜈𝜈𝑢 = 𝑔𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 = 2
2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 𝑢𝜈 2 1
Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃 = Γ𝜃𝑢𝜃 = 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝜃𝜃 = 𝑢𝜈 2 ⇒ Γ 𝜃𝑢𝜃 = Γ 𝜃𝜃𝑢 = 𝑔𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃 = 2 2 =
2 𝑢 𝜈 𝑢
1 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢𝑢
𝜈
Γ𝜈𝑢𝑢 = Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 = 𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝑢𝑢 = 𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝜈𝑢 = Γ 𝑢𝜈 = 𝑔 Γ𝜈𝑢𝑢 = 2
2 (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
1 𝑢2 𝜈 1
Γ𝜈𝜃𝜃 = Γ𝜃𝜈𝜃 = 𝜕𝜈 𝑔𝜃𝜃 = 𝑢2 𝜈 ⇒ Γ 𝜃𝜈𝜃 = Γ 𝜃 𝜃𝜈 = 𝑔𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜃𝜃 = 2 2 =
2 𝑢 𝜈 𝜈
The Riemann tensor: The Riemann tensor has six independent elements: 𝑅𝑢𝜈𝑢𝜈 , 𝑅𝑢𝜈𝑢𝜃 , 𝑅𝑢𝜈𝜈𝜃 , 𝑅𝑢𝜃𝑢𝜃 ,
𝑅𝑢𝜃𝜈𝜃 , 𝑅𝜈𝜃𝜈𝜃
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝜕𝑐 Γ𝑏𝑑𝑎 − 𝜕𝑑 Γ𝑏𝑐𝑎 + Γ 𝑒𝑏𝑐 Γ𝑎𝑑𝑒 − Γ 𝑒𝑏𝑑 Γ𝑎𝑐𝑒 (4.42)
⇒ 𝑅𝑢𝜈𝑢𝜈 = 𝜕𝑢 Γ𝜈𝜈𝑢 − 𝜕𝜈 Γ𝜈𝑢𝑢 + Γ 𝑒𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑒 − Γ 𝑒𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑒 = 22 230
𝑅𝑢𝜈𝑢𝜃 = 𝜕𝑢 Γ𝜈𝜃𝑢 − 𝜕𝜃 Γ𝜈𝑢𝑢 + Γ 𝑒𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑒 − Γ 𝑒𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑒 = 240
𝑅𝑢𝜈𝜈𝜃 = 𝜕𝜈 Γ𝜈𝜃𝑢 − 𝜕𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜈𝑢 + Γ 𝑒𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑒 − Γ 𝑒𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑒 = 250
𝑅𝑢𝜃𝑢𝜃 = 𝜕𝑢 Γ𝜃𝜃𝑢 − 𝜕𝜃 Γ𝜃𝑢𝑢 + Γ 𝑒𝜃𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑒 − Γ 𝑒𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑒
= 26 − 𝜈 2 − Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 − Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜃𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃
𝑢𝜈 2 𝑢2 𝜈 1
= −𝜈 2 − (− 2 2 ) 𝑢 − (− 2 2 ) (−𝜈) + ⋅ 𝑢𝜈 2
(𝑢 + 𝜈 ) (𝑢 + 𝜈 ) 𝑢
=0
𝑅𝑢𝜃𝜈𝜃 = 𝜕𝜈 Γ𝜃𝜃𝑢 − 𝜕𝜃 Γ𝜃𝜈𝑢 + Γ 𝑒𝜃𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑒 − Γ 𝑒𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑒

22
= 𝜕𝑢 (−𝑢) − 𝜕𝜈 (𝜈) + Γ 𝑢𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 − Γ 𝑢𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 + Γ 𝜈𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜃 − Γ 𝜃𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜃 =
23 𝜈 𝑢 𝑢 𝜈
= −2 + ( 2 2 ) ⋅ 𝜈 − (− 2 2 ) 𝑢 + ( 2 2 ) 𝑢 − ( 2 2 ) (−𝜈) =
(𝑢 +𝜈 ) (𝑢 +𝜈 ) (𝑢 +𝜈 ) (𝑢 +𝜈 )
24
= Γ 𝑢𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑢 − Γ 𝑢𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 + Γ 𝜈𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜈𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃 − Γ 𝜃𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜃 =
25
= Γ 𝑢𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑢 − Γ 𝑢𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 + Γ 𝜈𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜈𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃 − Γ 𝜃𝜈𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜃 =
26
= 𝜕𝑢 (−𝑢𝜈 2 ) + Γ 𝑢𝜃𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑢 − Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝑢 + Γ 𝜈𝜃𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜃𝑢 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃 − Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝑢𝜃 =

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= 27 − 2𝑢𝜈 − Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 − Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃

𝑢𝜈 2 𝑢2 𝜈 1
= −2𝑢𝜈 − (− 2 2 ) 𝜈 − (− 2 2 ) 𝑢 + 𝑢𝜈 2
(𝑢 + 𝜈 ) (𝑢 + 𝜈 ) 𝜈
2 2
𝜈 𝑢
= 𝑢𝜈 (−2 + 2 + 2 + 1)
(𝑢 + 𝜈 ) (𝑢 + 𝜈 2 )
2

=0
𝑅𝜈𝜃𝜈𝜃 = 𝜕𝜈 Γ𝜃𝜃𝜈 − 𝜕𝜃 Γ𝜃𝜈𝜈 + Γ 𝑒𝜃𝜈 Γ𝜈𝜃𝑒 − Γ 𝑒𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜈𝑒
= 28 − 𝑢2 − Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜈𝑢 − Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜈𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜈 Γ𝜈𝜃𝜃
𝑢𝜈 2 𝑢2 𝜈 1
= −𝑢2 − (− 2 2 ) (−𝑢) − (− 2 2 ) 𝜈 + 𝑢2 𝜈
(𝑢 + 𝜈 ) (𝑢 + 𝜈 ) 𝜈
=0
Final Exam 9 and 10
𝜓 𝜓
If you calculate the Christoffel symbols, you find that Γ 𝜃𝜃 = − cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 and Γ 𝜙𝜙 =
2
− cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 sin 𝜃. The non-zero Ricci rotation coefficients are given by
The line element:
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝜓 2 + sinh2 𝜓 𝑑𝜃 2 + sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
To find the Christoffel symbols we calculate the geodesic from the Euler-Lagrange equation
𝜕𝐾 𝑑 𝜕𝐾
= ( ) (4.36)
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇ 𝑎
1
𝐾 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑥̇ 𝑎 𝑥̇ 𝑏 (4.35)
2
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐
0 = + Γ 𝑏𝑐 (4.34)
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
̇
𝐾 = 𝜓 + sinh 𝜓 𝜃̇ 2 + sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
2 2

𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (sinh2 𝜓 𝜃̇ 2 + sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 )
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
= 2 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 𝜃̇ 2 + 2 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (𝜓 2̇ ) = 2𝜓̇
𝜕𝜓 ̇ 𝜕𝜓̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑
( ) = (2𝜓̇) = 2𝜓̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜓̇ 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = 2𝜓̈ − 2 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 𝜃̇ 2 − 2 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
⇒ 0 = 𝜓̈ − cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 𝜃̇ 2 − cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝜓
⇒ Γ 𝜃𝜃
= − cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 QED
𝜓
Γ 𝜙𝜙 = − cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 QED
𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 ) = 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sinh2 𝜓 𝜙̇ 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (sinh2 𝜓 𝜃̇ 2 ) = 2 sinh2 𝜓 𝜃̇
𝜕𝜃̇ 𝜕𝜃̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑
( ) =
̇ (2 sinh2 𝜓 𝜃̇ ) = 4 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 𝜓̇𝜃̇ + 2 sinh2 𝜓 𝜃̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = 2 sinh2 𝜓 𝜃̈ + 4 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 𝜓̇𝜃̇ − 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sinh2 𝜓 𝜙̇ 2

27
= 𝜕𝜈 (−𝑢𝜈 2 ) + Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝑢 − Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝑢 + Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜈 Γ𝑢𝜃𝜃 − Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜃 Γ𝑢𝜈𝜃 =
28
= 𝜕𝜈 (−𝑢2 𝜈) + Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜈 Γ𝜈𝜃𝑢 − Γ 𝑢𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜈𝑢 + Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜈 Γ𝜈𝜃𝜈 − Γ 𝜈𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜈𝜈 + Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜈 Γ𝜈𝜃𝜃 − Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜃 Γ𝜈𝜈𝜃 =

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⇒ 0 = 𝜃̈ + 2 coth 𝜓 𝜓̇𝜃̇ − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2

⇒ Γ 𝜃𝜓𝜃 = Γ 𝜃𝜃𝜓 = cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓
Γ 𝜃𝜙𝜙 = − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝐾
=0
𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 ) = 2 sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇
𝜕𝜙̇ 𝜕𝜙̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑
( ) = (2 sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇)
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜙̇ 𝑑𝑠
= 4 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 𝜓̇𝜙̇ + 4 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇ + 2 sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̈
⇒ 0 = 4 cosh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 𝜓̇𝜙̇ + 4 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇ + 2 sinh2 𝜓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̈
coth 𝜓 cot 𝜃
⇒ 0 = 𝜙̈ + 2 2
𝜓̇𝜙̇ + 2 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇
sin 𝜃 sinh2 𝜓
𝜙 coth 𝜓
⇒ Γ 𝜓𝜙 = Γ 𝜙𝜙𝜓 =
sin2 𝜃
𝜙 𝜙 cot 𝜃
Γ 𝜃𝜙 = Γ 𝜙𝜃 =
sinh2 𝜓
The Basis one-forms
̂
𝜔 𝜓 = 𝑑𝜓 𝑑𝜓 = 𝜔 𝜓̂
̂ 1 ̂
𝜔𝜃 = sinh 𝜓 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜔𝜃
sinh 𝜓
̂ 1 ̂
𝜔 𝜙 = sinh 𝜓 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜔𝜙
sinh 𝜓 sin 𝜃
1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 = { 1 }
1
Cartan’s First Structure equation and the Ricci rotation coefficients Γ 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂ :
̂
𝑑𝜔𝑎̂ = −Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑏 (5.9)
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = Γ 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ (5.10)
̂
𝜓
𝑑𝜔 =0
̂
𝑑𝜔𝜃 = 𝑑(sinh 𝜓 𝑑𝜃)
= cosh 𝜓 𝑑𝜓 ∧ 𝑑𝜃
1 ̂ ̂
= cosh 𝜓 𝜔 𝜓 ∧𝜔𝜃
sinh 𝜓
̂ ̂
= coth 𝜓 𝜔 𝜓 ∧ 𝜔𝜃
̂
𝑑𝜔 𝜙 = 𝑑(sinh 𝜓 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙)
= cosh 𝜓 𝑑𝜓 ∧ 𝑑𝜙 + cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∧ 𝑑𝜙
̂ 1 ̂ 1 ̂ 1 ̂
= cosh 𝜓 𝜔 𝜓 ∧ 𝜔 𝜙 + cos 𝜃 𝜔𝜃 ∧ 𝜔𝜙
sinh 𝜓 sin 𝜃 sinh 𝜓 sinh 𝜓 sin 𝜃
coth 𝜓 𝜓̂ ̂ cot 𝜃 𝜃̂ ̂
= 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝜙 + 𝜔 ∧ 𝜔𝜙
sin 𝜃 sinh2 𝜓
Summarizing the curvature one forms in a matrix (Where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row):

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̂ coth 𝜓 𝜙̂
0 coth 𝜓 𝜔𝜃 𝜔
sin 𝜃
̂ cot 𝜃 ̂
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = − coth 𝜓 𝜔𝜃 0 2
𝜔𝜙
sinh 𝜓
coth 𝜓 𝜙̂ cot 𝜃 ̂
− 𝜔 − 𝜔𝜙 0
{ sin 𝜃 sinh2 𝜓 }
̂
𝜓
⇒ Γ 𝜃̂𝜃̂ = − coth 𝜓
𝜓̂ coth 𝜓
Γ 𝜙̂𝜙̂ =−
sin 𝜃
̂ ̂
Γ 𝜃 𝜓̂𝜃̂ 𝜃
= Γ 𝜃̂𝜓̂ = coth 𝜓
̂ cot 𝜃
Γ 𝜃 𝜙̂𝜙̂ =−
sinh2 𝜓
̂
𝜙 ̂
𝜙 coth 𝜓
Γ ̂𝜙
𝜓 ̂ = Γ 𝜙̂𝜓̂ =
sin 𝜃
̂
𝜙 cot 𝜃
Γ ̂𝜙̂ =
𝜃 sinh2 𝜓
Final Exam 12
𝑒 2 −𝑚𝑟
The only nonzero Weyl scalar is Ψ2 =
𝑟4
Ψ2 = 𝛿 𝜏 − Δ𝜌 − 𝜌𝜇̅ − 𝜎𝜆 + 𝜏(𝛽̅ − 𝛼 − 𝜏̅) + 𝜌(𝛾 + 𝛾̅ ) + 𝜅𝜈 − 2Λ
̅ (13.24)
𝛿̅ = 𝑚̅ 𝑎 ∇𝑎
Δ = 𝑛 𝑎 ∇𝑎
∇𝑏 𝜎𝑎 = 𝜕𝑏 𝜎𝑎 − Γ 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝜎𝑐 (4.11)
𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏
𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅𝑏
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏
𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅𝑏
1
𝛽 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 ) (9.15)
2
1
𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝑏)
2
1
𝛾 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 )
2
𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝑏
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏
The line element
−1
2𝑚 𝑒 2 2𝑚 𝑒 2
𝑑𝑠 2 = (1 − + 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 − + 2 ) 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1
= 𝑓𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑓
2𝑚 𝑒 2
𝑓 =1− + 2
𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝑓 𝑑 2𝑚 𝑒 2 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
= (1 − + 2) = 2 ( )
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟3

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

𝑑𝑓 𝑑 2𝑚 𝑒 2 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
= (1 − + ) = 2 ( ) 𝑟̇
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟3
The metric tensor and its inverse
𝑓
1
−
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 𝑓
−𝑟 2
{ −𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 }
1
𝑓
−𝑓
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 1
− 2
𝑟
1
{ − 2 2 }
𝑟 sin 𝜃
To find the Christoffel symbols we calculate the geodesic from the Euler-Lagrange equation
𝜕𝐾 𝑑 𝜕𝐾
= ( ) (4.36)
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥̇ 𝑎
1
𝐾 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑥̇ 𝑎 𝑥̇ 𝑏 (4.35)
2
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑐
0 = + Γ 𝑏𝑐 (4.34)
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
1
𝐾 = 𝑓𝑡̇ 2 − 𝑟̇ 2 − 𝑟 2 𝜃̇ 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑓
𝜕𝐾
=0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (𝑓𝑡̇ 2 ) = 2𝑓𝑡̇
𝜕𝑡 ̇ 𝜕𝑡̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
( ) = (2𝑓𝑡̇ ) = 4( ) 𝑟̇ 𝑡̇ + 2𝑓𝑡̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑡̇ 𝑑𝑠 𝑟3
𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
⇒ 0 = 4( ) 𝑟̇ 𝑡̇ + 2𝑓𝑡̈
𝑟3
2 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
⇔ 0 = 𝑡̈ + ( ) 𝑟̇ 𝑡̇
𝑓 𝑟3
1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
Γ 𝑡𝑟𝑡 = Γ 𝑡𝑡𝑟 = ( )
𝑓 𝑟3
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1
= (𝑓𝑡̇ 2 − 𝑟̇ 2 − 𝑟 2 𝜃̇ 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑓
2
2𝑚 2𝑒 1 2𝑚 2𝑒 2 2
= ( 2 − 3 ) 𝑡 + 2 ( 2 − 3 ) 𝑟̇ − 2𝑟𝜃̇ 2 − 2𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
̇ 2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑓 𝑟 𝑟
2
𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 2
= 2( ) 𝑡 ̇ 2
+ ( ) 𝑟̇ − 2𝑟𝜃̇ 2 − 2𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑟3 𝑓2 𝑟3
𝜕𝐾 𝜕 1 2
= (− 𝑟̇ 2 ) = − 𝑟̇
𝜕𝑟̇ 𝜕𝑟̇ 𝑓 𝑓
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑 2 2 2 2𝑚 2𝑒 2 2 4 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 2
( ) = (− 𝑟̇ ) = − 𝑟̈ + 2 ( 2 − 3 ) 𝑟̇ 2 = − 𝑟̈ + 2 ( ) 𝑟̇
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑟̇ 𝑑𝑠 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑟 𝑟 𝑓 𝑓 𝑟3

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

2 2 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 2 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 2
⇒ 0 = 29 − 𝑟̈ + 2 ( ) 𝑟̇ − 2 ( ) 𝑡̇ + 2𝑟𝜃̇ 2 + 2𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑓 𝑓 𝑟3 𝑟3
1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 2 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 2
⇔ 0 = 𝑟̈ − ( ) 𝑟̇ + 𝑓 ( ) 𝑡̇ − 𝑟𝑓𝜃̇ 2 − 𝑟𝑓 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑓 𝑟3 𝑟3
1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
Γ 𝑟𝑟𝑟 = − ( )
𝑓 𝑟3
𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2
Γ 𝑟𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑟3
Γ 𝑟 𝜃𝜃 = −𝑟𝑓
Γ 𝑟 𝜙𝜙 = −𝑟𝑓 sin2 𝜃
𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (−𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 ) = −2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝐾 𝜕
= (−𝑟 2 𝜃̇ 2 ) = −2𝑟 2 𝜃̇
𝜕𝜃̇ 𝜕𝜃̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐾 𝑑
( ) = (−2𝑟 2 𝜃̇ ) = −4𝑟𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ − 2𝑟 2 𝜃̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜃̇ 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 0 = −4𝑟𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ − 2𝑟 2 𝜃̈ + 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
2
⇔ 0 = 𝜃̈ + 𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2
𝑟
1
Γ 𝜃𝑟𝜃 = Γ 𝜃𝜃𝑟 =
𝑟
Γ 𝜃𝜙𝜙 = − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝐾
=0
𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝐾 𝜕𝐾
= = −2𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇
𝜕𝜙 ̇ 𝜕𝜙̇
𝑑 𝜕𝐹
( ) = −4𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝑟̇ 𝜙̇ − 4𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇ − 2𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̈
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜙̇
⇒ 0 = −4𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝑟̇ 𝜙̇ − 4𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇ − 2𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̈
2
⇔ 0 = 𝜙̈ + 𝑟̇ 𝜙̇ + 2 cot 𝜃 𝜃̇ 𝜙̇
𝑟
𝜙 1
Γ 𝑟𝜙 =
𝑟
𝜙
Γ 𝜃𝜙 = cot 𝜃
The basis one-forms
1
𝜔𝑡̂ = √𝑓𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜔𝑡̂
√𝑓
1
𝜔𝑟̂ = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = √𝑓𝜔𝑟̂
√𝑓
𝜔𝜃
̂ 1 ̂
= 𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜔𝜃
𝑟
𝜔𝜙
̂ 1 ̂
= 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜔𝜙
𝑟 sin 𝜃

2 4 𝑚𝑟−𝑒 2 𝑚𝑟−𝑒 2 2 𝑚𝑟−𝑒 2

29
= − 𝑟̈ + ( ) 𝑟̇ 2 − 2 ( ) 𝑡̇ 2 − ( ) 𝑟̇ 2 + 2𝑟𝜃̇ 2 + 2𝑟 sin2 𝜃 𝜙̇ 2 =
𝑓 𝑓2 𝑟3 𝑟3 𝑓2 𝑟3

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1
−1
𝜂 𝑖𝑗 ={ }
−1
−1
The orthonormal null tetrad
𝑙 1 1 0 0 𝜔𝑡̂
𝑛 1 1 −1 0 0 𝜔𝑟̂
( ) = ( ) ̂ (9.10)
𝑚 √2 0 0 1 𝑖 𝜔𝜃
𝑚
̅ 0 0 1 −𝑖 (𝜔 𝜙̂ )
𝜔𝑡̂ + 𝜔𝑟̂
1 𝜔𝑡̂ − 𝜔𝑟̂
= ̂ ̂
√2 𝜔𝜃 + 𝑖𝜔 𝜙
̂
𝜃 ̂
𝜙
(𝜔 − 𝑖𝜔 )
1
√𝑓𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑟
√𝑓
1 1
= √𝑓𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟
√2 √𝑓
𝑟𝑑𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙
(𝑟𝑑𝜃 − 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙)
1 1
𝑙𝑎 = (√𝑓, , 0, 0)
√2 √𝑓
1 1
𝑛𝑎 = (√𝑓, − , 0, 0)
⇒ √2 √𝑓
1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, 𝑟, 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃)
√2
1
𝑎 =
̅̅̅̅
𝑚 (0, 0, 𝑟, −𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃)
√2
𝑡𝑡
1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑙 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑙𝑡 = 𝑓 √𝑓 =
√2 √2 √𝑓
𝑟𝑟
1 1 1
𝑙 𝑟 = 𝑔 𝑙𝑟 = −𝑓 =− √𝑓
√2 √𝑓 √2
𝑙𝜃 = 𝑙𝜙 = 0
𝑡𝑡
1 1 1 1
𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓 √𝑓 =
√2 √2 √𝑓
𝑟𝑟
1 1 1
𝑛𝑟 = 𝑔 𝑛𝑟 = −𝑓 = √𝑓
√2 √𝑓 √2
𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛𝜙 = 0
𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚𝑟 = 0
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝜃 = 𝑔𝜃𝜃 𝑚𝜃 = (− 2
) 𝑟=−
𝑟 √2 √2 𝑟
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝜙 = 𝑔𝜙𝜙 𝑚𝜙 = − 2 2 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃 = −𝑖
𝑟 sin 𝜃 √2 √2 𝑟 sin 𝜃
1 1
⇒ 𝑙𝑎 = ( , −√𝑓, 0, 0)
√2 √𝑓

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1 1
𝑛𝑎 = , √𝑓, 0, 0)
(
√2 √𝑓
1 1 1
𝑚𝑎 = (0, 0, − , −𝑖 )
√2 𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃
1 1 1
̅𝑎 =
𝑚 (0, 0, − , 𝑖 )
√2 𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃
The Spin Coefficients
𝜈 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏
= −∇𝑡 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑡 − ∇𝑟 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑟
𝑐
= −(𝜕𝑡 𝑛𝑎 − Γ 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝑛𝑡 − (𝜕𝑟 𝑛𝑎 − Γ 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
𝑎
̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑟
= Γ 𝑐𝜃𝑡 𝑛𝑐 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 𝑛𝑡 + Γ 𝑐𝜃𝑟 𝑛𝑐 𝑚̅ 𝜃 𝑛𝑟 + Γ 𝑐𝜙𝑡 𝑛𝑐 𝑚
̅ 𝜙 𝑛𝑡 + Γ 𝑐𝜙𝑟 𝑛𝑐 𝑚
̅ 𝜙 𝑛𝑟
=0
𝜆 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅𝑏
𝑎 𝜃
= −∇𝜃 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑚 ̅ − ∇𝜙 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅𝜙
= −∇𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑚 ̅ 𝜃𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 − ∇𝜙 𝑛𝜃 𝑚 ̅ 𝜃𝑚̅ 𝜙 − ∇𝜃 𝑛𝜙 𝑚 ̅ 𝜙𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 − ∇𝜙 𝑛𝜙 𝑚̅ 𝜙𝑚̅𝜙
= 30Γ 𝑟𝜃𝜃 𝑛𝑟 𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 + Γ 𝑟𝜙𝜙 𝑛𝑟 𝑚
̅ 𝜃𝑚 ̅ 𝜙𝑚
̅𝜙
1 1 2 1 1 2
= −𝑟𝑓𝑛𝑟 (− ) − 𝑟𝑓 sin2 𝜃 𝑛𝑟 (𝑖 )
2 𝑟 2 𝑟 sin 𝜃
=0
𝜇 = −∇𝑏 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏
𝑟
̅ 𝜃 𝑚𝜃 + Γ 𝑟𝜙𝜙 𝑛𝑟 𝑚
= Γ 𝜃𝜃 𝑛𝑟 𝑚 ̅ 𝜙 𝑚𝜙
1 1 2 1 1 1
= −𝑟𝑓𝑛𝑟 (− ) − 𝑟𝑓 sin2 𝜃 𝑛𝑟 (𝑖 ) (−𝑖 )
2 𝑟 2 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃
1
= − 𝑓𝑛𝑟
𝑟
1 1
= √𝑓
√2 𝑟
𝜅 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙𝑏
= ∇𝑡 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙 𝑡 + ∇𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑙 𝑟
= ∇𝑡 𝑙𝜃 𝑚𝜃 𝑙 𝑡 + ∇𝑟 𝑙𝜃 𝑚𝜃 𝑙 𝑟 + ∇𝑡 𝑙𝜙 𝑚𝜙 𝑙 𝑡 + ∇𝑟 𝑙𝜙 𝑚𝜙 𝑙 𝑟
= 310
𝜏 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑏 = 0
𝜌 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅𝑏
= ∇𝜃 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 + ∇𝜙 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚
̅𝜙
= ∇𝜃 𝑙𝜃 𝑚𝜃 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 + ∇𝜙 𝑙𝜃 𝑚𝜃 𝑚
̅ 𝜙 + ∇𝜃 𝑙𝜙 𝑚𝜙 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 + ∇𝜙 𝑙𝜙 𝑚𝜙 𝑚
̅𝜙
= 32 − Γ 𝑟𝜃𝜃 𝑙𝑟 𝑚𝜃 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 − Γ 𝑟𝜙𝜙 𝑙𝑟 𝑚𝜙 𝑚
̅𝜙
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑟𝑓 ((− )) + 𝑟𝑓 sin2 𝜃 (−𝑖 ) (𝑖 )
√2 √𝑓 2 𝑟 √2 √𝑓 2 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃
1 1
= √𝑓
√2 𝑟

30
= −(𝜕𝜃 𝑛𝜃 − Γ 𝑐𝜃𝜃 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅𝜃𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 − (𝜕𝜙 𝑛𝜃 − Γ 𝑐𝜙𝜃 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝜙 − (𝜕𝜃 𝑛𝜙 − Γ 𝑐𝜃𝜙 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝜃𝑚 ̅ 𝜙𝑚̅ 𝜃 − (𝜕𝜙 𝑛𝜙 − Γ 𝑐𝜙𝜙 𝑛𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝜙𝑚
̅𝜙 =
31 𝑐 𝜃 𝑡 𝑐 𝜃 𝑟 𝑐 𝜙 𝑡 𝑐 𝜙 𝑟
= (𝜕𝑡 𝑙𝜃 − Γ 𝑡𝜃 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑙 + (𝜕𝑟 𝑙𝜃 − Γ 𝑟𝜃 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑙 + (𝜕𝑡 𝑙𝜙 − Γ 𝑡𝜙 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑙 + (𝜕𝑟 𝑙𝜙 − Γ 𝑟𝜙 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚 𝑙 =
32
= (𝜕𝜃 𝑙𝜃 − Γ 𝑐𝜃𝜃 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝜃 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 + (𝜕𝜙 𝑙𝜃 − Γ 𝑐𝜙𝜃 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝜃 𝑚̅ 𝜙 + (𝜕𝜃 𝑙𝜙 − Γ 𝑐𝜃𝜙 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝜙 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 + (𝜕𝜙 𝑙𝜙 − Γ 𝑐𝜙𝜙 𝑙𝑐 )𝑚𝜙 𝑚
̅𝜙 =

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36
Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

𝜎 = ∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑏 = −Γ 𝑟𝜃𝜃 𝑙𝑟 𝑚𝜃 𝑚𝜃 − Γ 𝑟𝜙𝜙 𝑙𝑟 𝑚𝜙 𝑚𝜙 = 0
1
𝛾 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 )
2
1
= − (Γ 𝑟𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑟 𝑛𝑡 + Γ 𝑡𝑡𝑟 𝑙𝑡 𝑛𝑟 )𝑛𝑡
2
1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 1
= − 3( )
𝑟3 √𝑓
22
1
𝛼 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝑏)
2
1 1
= (∇𝜃 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 − ∇𝜃 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 ) + (∇𝜙 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚
̅ 𝜙 − ∇𝜙 𝑚𝑎 𝑚̅ 𝑎𝑚̅ 𝜙)
2 2
1 𝜙 𝜙
= 33 34 (Γ 𝜙𝜃 𝑚𝜙 𝑚 ̅ 𝜃𝑚̅ 𝜙 − (𝜕𝜃 𝑚𝜙 − Γ 𝜃𝜙 𝑚𝜙 ) 𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 + Γ 𝜃 𝜙𝜙 𝑚𝜃 𝑚
̅ 𝜙𝑚 ̅ 𝜙𝑚
̅ 𝜙)
2
1
= 35 − 𝑖 cos 𝜃 𝑚 ̅𝜙
2
1 1 1
= − 𝑖 cos 𝜃 𝑖
2 √2 𝑟 sin 𝜃
11
= 3 cot 𝜃
𝑟
22
1
𝛽 = (∇𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑏 − ∇𝑏 𝑚𝑎 𝑚 ̅ 𝑎 𝑚𝑏 )
2
1
= − 𝑖 cos 𝜃 𝑚𝜙
2
1 1 1
= − 𝑖 cos 𝜃 (−𝑖 )
2 √2 𝑟 sin 𝜃
11
= − 3 cot 𝜃
𝑟
22
Ψ2 = 𝛿̅𝜏 − Δ𝜌 − 𝜌𝜇̅ − 𝜎𝜆 + 𝜏(𝛽̅ − 𝛼 − 𝜏̅) + 𝜌(𝛾 + 𝛾̅ ) + 𝜅𝜈 − 2Λ
= −Δ𝜌 − 𝜌𝜇̅ + 𝜌(𝛾 + 𝛾̅ )
= −𝑛𝑟 ∂𝑟 𝜌 + 𝜌(2𝛾 − 𝜇)
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 1 1 1
=− √𝑓 𝑟∂ ( √𝑓 ) + ( √𝑓 ) (2 (− 3 ( 3 ) )− √𝑓 )
√2 √2 𝑟 √2 𝑟 𝑟 √𝑓 √2 𝑟
22
1 1 1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 1 1 1
= − √𝑓 ∂𝑟 (√𝑓 ) − ( ) − 𝑓 2
2 𝑟 2 𝑟3 𝑟 2 𝑟
1 1 1 1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 1 1 1
= − √𝑓 (√𝑓 ∂𝑟 ( ) + ∂𝑟 (√𝑓)) − ( ) − 𝑓 2
2 𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑟3 𝑟 2 𝑟
2
1 1 1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 1
= − √𝑓 (∂𝑟 (√𝑓)) − ( )
2 𝑟 2 𝑟3 𝑟

33 1 1 1
= (∇𝜃 𝑙𝑡 𝑛𝑡 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 − ∇𝜃 𝑚𝜃 𝑚
̅ 𝜃𝑚
̅ 𝜃 ) + (∇𝜙 𝑙𝑡 𝑛𝑡 𝑚
̅ 𝜙 − ∇𝜙 𝑚𝜃 𝑚
̅ 𝜃𝑚
̅ 𝜙 ) + (∇𝜃 𝑙𝑟 𝑛𝑟 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 − ∇𝜃 𝑚𝜙 𝑚
̅ 𝜙𝑚
̅ 𝜃) +
2 2 2
1
(∇𝜙 𝑙𝑟 𝑛𝑟 𝑚
̅ 𝜙 − ∇𝜙 𝑚𝜙 𝑚
̅ 𝜙𝑚
̅ 𝜙) =
2
1 1
34
= ((𝜕𝜃 𝑙𝑡 − Γ 𝑐𝜃𝑡 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑡 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 − (𝜕𝜃 𝑚𝜃 − Γ 𝑐 𝜃𝜃 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 ) + ((𝜕𝜙 𝑙𝑡 − Γ 𝑐𝜙𝑡 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑡 𝑚
̅ 𝜃𝑚 ̅ 𝜙 − (𝜕𝜙 𝑚𝜃 − Γ 𝑐 𝜙𝜃 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝜃𝑚
̅ 𝜙) +
2 2
1 1
((𝜕𝜃 𝑙𝑟 − Γ 𝑐𝜃𝑟 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑟 𝑚
̅ 𝜃 − (𝜕𝜃 𝑚𝜙 − Γ 𝑐 𝜃𝜙 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚 ̅ 𝜃 ) + ((𝜕𝜙 𝑙𝑟 − Γ 𝑐𝜙𝑟 𝑙𝑐 )𝑛𝑟 𝑚
̅ 𝜙𝑚 ̅ 𝜙 − (𝜕𝜙 𝑚𝜙 − Γ 𝑐 𝜙𝜙 𝑚𝑐 )𝑚
̅ 𝜙𝑚
̅ 𝜙) =
2 2
35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (cot 𝜃 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃 (− ) − ( 𝜕𝜃 (𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃) − cot 𝜃 ̅ 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃) 𝑚 𝑟 𝑖 ̅𝜙 =
)𝑚
2 √2 √2 𝑟 √2 √2 √2 √2 𝑟 sin 𝜃

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1 1 1 1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 1
= − √𝑓 ( ∂𝑟 (𝑓)) − ( )
2 𝑟 2√𝑓 2 𝑟3 𝑟

1 1 1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 1 𝑚𝑟 − 𝑒 2 1
=− ( 2( )) − ( )
2𝑟 2 𝑟3 2 𝑟3 𝑟
𝑒 2 − 𝑚𝑟
= QED
𝑟4
Final Exam 13
The deflection of a light ray is proportional to 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
The line element
2𝑚1 2𝑚2 −1 2
𝑑𝑠 2 = (1 − ) 𝑑𝑡 2 − (1 − ) 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑟 𝑟
Copying the method p.224
2𝑚1 2 2𝑚2 −1 2
0 = (1 − ) 𝑡̇ − (1 − ) 𝑟̇ − 𝑟 2 𝜙̇ 2
𝑟 𝑟
2𝑚1 2 2
𝑒 2 = (1 − ) 𝑡̇
𝑟
𝑙 2 = 𝑟 4 𝜙 2̇
2𝑚1 −1 2 2𝑚2 −1 2 𝑙 2
⇒ 0 = (1 − ) 𝑒 − (1 − ) 𝑟̇ − 2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1
𝑢 =
𝑟
′ 𝑑𝑢 1 ′ 1 𝑑𝑟 1
𝑢 = =( ) =− 2 = − 2 𝑟′
𝑑𝜙 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝜙 𝑟
′
𝑑𝑟 𝑟𝑙
⇒ 𝑟̇ = 𝜙̇ = 𝑟 ′ 𝜙̇ = 2 = −𝑙𝑢′
𝑑𝜙 𝑟
2𝑚 1 2𝑚2 −1 2 ′ 2 2𝑚1 2 2
⇒ 0 = 𝑒 2 − (1 − ) (1 − ) 𝑙 𝑢 − (1 − )𝑙 𝑢
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
(1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢) 2 ′ 2
= 𝑒2 − 𝑙 𝑢 − (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)𝑙 2 𝑢2
(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)
Differentiating with respect to 𝜙
2𝑚1 2 (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢) ′ 2 (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)
0 = 36𝑢′ 𝑙 2 ( 𝑢′ − 2𝑚2 𝑢 − 2𝑢 ′′
+ 2𝑚1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢(1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢))
(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢) (1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)2 (1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)
2
⇒ 0 = 37(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢′ − (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)𝑢′′ + (3𝑚1 𝑢 − 1)(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)2 𝑢
𝑚
In the limit where 𝑚𝑢 = 𝑟 → 0
⇒ 0 = (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢′ 2 − 𝑢′′ + 𝑢
From which we can conclude, that the deflection is somehow dependent on (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )
Final Exam 14
𝜔2
If the cosmological constant is not zero, The Einstein field equations in this case require that Λ = − 2

2𝑚 𝑢′ 2 (1−2𝑚 𝑢) 2 (1−2𝑚1 𝑢) 2
36 1
= (1−2𝑚 𝑙 2 𝑢′ − 2𝑚2 𝑢′ (1−2𝑚 1 2 𝑙 2 𝑢′ − 2𝑢′ 𝑢′′ (1−2𝑚2 𝑢)
𝑙 + 2𝑚1 𝑢′ 𝑙 2 𝑢2 − (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)𝑙 2 2𝑢𝑢′ =
2 𝑢) 2 𝑢)
2 2
37
= 𝑚1 (1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)𝑢′ − 𝑚2 (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)𝑢′ − (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)𝑢′′ + 𝑚1 (1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)2 𝑢2 −
2
(1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢) 𝑢 = (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢 − (1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)𝑢′′ + 𝑚1 (1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)2 𝑢2 −
2 ′

(1 − 2𝑚1 𝑢)(1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢)2 𝑢 =

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

The line element

1 1
𝑑𝑠 2 = [(𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦)2 − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑒 2𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2 ]
2 2
1 1
= [𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑧 2 ]
2 𝜔𝑥 2
2 2
The metric tensor
1 0 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 0
1 0 −1 0 0
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 1 2𝜔𝑥
2 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 0 𝑒 0
2
{ 0 0 0 −1}
and its inverse
−1 0 2𝑒 −𝜔𝑥 0
0 −1 0 0
𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 2 { −𝜔𝑥 }
2𝑒 0 −2𝑒 −2𝜔𝑥 0
0 0 0 −1
The stress energy tensor
1 0 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 0
𝜌 0 0 0 0
𝑇𝑎𝑏 = { 𝜔𝑥 }
2 𝑒 0 𝑒 2𝜔𝑥 0
0 0 0 0
The Einstein equation for a metric with a negative signature
8𝜋𝐺𝑇𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ (6.6)
⇒ 8𝜋𝐺𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑇𝑎𝑏 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝐺𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ
𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑇𝑎𝑏 = 𝜌(𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑇𝑡𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡𝑦 𝑇𝑡𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑡 𝑇𝑦𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑇𝑦𝑦 ) = 𝜌(−1 + 2 + 2 − 2) = 𝜌
1 1 1
𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝐺𝑎𝑏 = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 (𝑅𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅) = 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑎𝑏 − 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 4𝑅 = −𝑅
2 2 2
𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑔𝑎𝑏 Λ = 4Λ
⇒ 8𝜋𝐺𝜌 = −𝑅 − 4Λ
1
⇒ Λ = − (8𝜋𝐺𝜌 + 𝑅)
4
To find 𝑅 we work in the non-coordinate basis.
The basis one-forms:
1
𝜔𝑡̂ = (𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑡 = √2𝜔𝑡̂ − 2𝜔 𝑦̂
√2
𝑥̂ =
1
𝜔 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √2𝜔 𝑥̂
√2
𝑦̂ 1
𝜔 = 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝜔𝑥 𝜔 𝑦̂
2
1
𝜔 𝑧̂ = 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = √2𝜔 𝑧̂
√2
1
−1
𝜂 𝑖̂𝑗̂ = { }
−1
−1
The Curvature one-forms
̂
𝑑𝜔𝑎̂ = −Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑏 (5.9)
𝑡̂ = 𝑑(𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦)
𝑑𝜔
= 𝜔𝑒 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∧ 𝑑𝑦

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Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

= 𝜔𝑒 𝜔𝑥 (√2𝜔 𝑥̂ ) ∧ (2𝑒 −𝜔𝑥 𝜔 𝑦̂ )

= 2𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
= 𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂ − 𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
̂
⇒ Γ 𝑡 𝑥̂ = 𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂
̂
Γ 𝑡 𝑦̂
= −𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂
𝑑𝜔 𝑥̂ = 0
1
𝑑𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝑑 ( 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦)
2
1
= −𝜔 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ∧ 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= −𝜔 𝑒 𝜔𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝜔𝑥 𝜔 𝑦̂ ) ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
2
= −𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
𝑦̂
⇒ Γ 𝑥̂ = 𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂
Summarizing the curvature one forms in a matrix (Where 𝑎̂ refers to column and 𝑏̂ to row.):
0 𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ −𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂ 0
̂
𝑦
Γ 𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = { 𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂ 0 𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ 0}
−𝜔𝜔 −𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ 0 0
0 0 0 0
The Curvature two-forms and the Riemann tensor
(5.27)
1
Ω𝑎̂ 𝑏̂ = 𝑑Γ 𝑎̂
𝑏̂ +Γ 𝑎̂
𝑐̂ ∧Γ 𝑐̂
𝑏̂
̂
= 𝑅 𝑎̂𝑏̂𝑐̂𝑑̂ 𝜔𝑐̂ ∧ 𝜔𝑑 (5.28)
2
(6.21)
̂
𝑑Γ 𝑡 𝑥̂ = 𝑑(𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ) = 𝜔𝑑𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝜔(−𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂ ) = −𝜔2 𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
̂ ̂ 𝑦̂
Γ 𝑡 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑥̂ = Γ 𝑡 𝑦̂ ∧ Γ 𝑥̂ = (−𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂ ) ∧ (𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ) = −𝜔2 𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
̂
⇒ Ω𝑡 𝑥̂ =0
𝑡̂
𝑑Γ 𝑦̂ = 𝑑(−𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂ ) = −𝜔𝑑𝜔 𝑥̂ = 0
̂
Γ 𝑡 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑦̂ =0
̂
⇒ Ω𝑡 𝑦̂ =0
𝑦̂
𝑑Γ 𝑥̂
= 𝑑(𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ) = 𝜔𝑑𝜔 𝑦̂ = 𝜔(−𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂ ) = −𝜔2 𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
𝑦̂ 𝑦̂ ̂
Γ 𝑐̂ ∧ Γ 𝑐̂ 𝑥̂ =Γ 𝑡̂ ∧ Γ 𝑡 𝑥̂ = (−𝜔𝜔 𝑥̂ ) ∧ (𝜔𝜔 𝑦̂ ) = −𝜔2 𝜔 𝑥̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑦̂
𝑦̂
⇒ Ω 𝑥̂ = −𝜔2 𝜔 𝑦̂ ∧ 𝜔 𝑥̂
And we can conclude that the only nonzero element of the Riemann tensor in the non-coordinate basis
is
𝑦̂
𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂ = 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑦̂ = −𝜔2
The Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar
𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂ = 𝑅 𝑐̂ 𝑎̂𝑐̂𝑏̂ (6.26)
𝑅 𝑎̂𝑏̂
= 𝜂 𝑅𝑎̂𝑏̂
= 𝜂 𝑡̂ 𝑡̂ 𝑅𝑡̂𝑡̂ + 𝜂 𝑥̂𝑥̂ 𝑅𝑥̂𝑥̂ + 𝜂 𝑦̂𝑦̂ 𝑅𝑦̂𝑦̂ + 𝜂 𝑧̂ 𝑧̂ 𝑅𝑧̂ 𝑧̂
𝑦̂
= 𝜂 𝑥̂𝑥̂ 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂ + 𝜂 𝑦̂𝑦̂ 𝑅 𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑥̂𝑦̂
= 2𝜔2
Now we can find Λ

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40
Relativity Demystified – Solved Problems 05 May 2021

1 1
Λ = − (8𝜋𝐺𝜌 + 𝑅) = − (8𝜋𝐺𝜌 + 2𝜔2 )
4 4
𝜔2
The second term Λ = − is associated with a nonzero cosmological constant.
2

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