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r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak2008

ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ
TidæPaBTUeTA

FnaKarBiPBelak
v:asIunetan DIsIu
© 2007 FnaKarGnþrCati edIm,IkarGPivDÆnigsþareLIgvij¼FnaKarBiPBelak
1818 H Street, NW

v:asIunetan DIsIu 20433

TUrs½BÞ ³ 202-473-1000
GiuneFIeNt ³ www.worldbank.org
GIuem:l ³ feedback@worldbank.org
rkSasiTi§
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ÉksarenH segçbGMBIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak qñaM 2008. vaKWCar)aykarN_rbs;buKÁlikFnaKarGnþrCati
edIm,IkarGPivDÆnigsþareLIgvij¼FnaKarBiPBelak. lT§pl karbkRsay nigkarsniñdæanenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH
minqøúHbBa©aMgGMBITsSn³rbs;RkumnaykRbtibtiþrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak b¤rdæaPi)alNa mYyEdlBYkKat;tMNag[enaHeT.
FnaKarBiPBelak minFanaGMBIPaBRtwmRtUvrbs;Tinñn½yenAkñúgr)aykarN_enHeT. RBMEdn BN’ tMél nigB½t’mandéTeTot
Edl)anbgðajenAelIEpnTIkñúgr)aykarN_enH minBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarvinicä½yelIEpñkNa mYyrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakTak;Tin
eTAnwglkçxniþk³c,ab;rbs;RbeTsNamYy b¤karGnum½t b¤mYykarTTYlykRBMEdnNamYyenaHeT.

siTi§ nigkarGnuBaØat
ral;B½t’manTaMgGs;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH RtUv)anrkSasiTi§. karftcMlg nig¼b¤karpSBVpSayEpñkNamYy b¤ TaMgRsug
énr)aykarN_enH edayKμankarGnuBaØati KWCakarrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;. FnaKarGnþrCati edIm,IkarGPivDÆ nig
sþareLIgvij¼FnaKarBiPBelakelIkTwkcitþdl;karpSBVpSayr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn ehIynwgpþl; karGnuBaØat[e)aHBumÖ
eLIgvijnUvEpñkNamYyénr)aykarN_tamtMrUvkarPøam².
edIm,IsuMkarGnuBaØatftcMlg b¤e)aHBum<eLIgvijnUvEpñkNamYyénr)aykarN_enH sUmbBa¢ÚnsMeNIEdlmanlkçN³
pøÚvkarmkkan;Rkumh‘unrkSasiTi§ EdlmanGas½ydæan 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. TUrs½BÞ ³
978-750-8400 TUrsar ³ 978- 750-4470. GiuneFIeNt ³ www.copyright.com .

sMNYrdéTepSgeTotTaMgGs;EdlTak;TgnwgsiTi§ nigGaCJab½NÑ rYmTaMgsiTi§bnÞab;bnSM KYrEtRtUv)anepIJeTAkan;kariyal½y

rbs;caghVage)aHBum<pSay FnaKarBiPBelak 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
TUrsar ³ 202-522-2422 GIuem:l ³ pubrights@worldbank.org .
rcnaRkbesovePA eday Chris Lester of Rock Creek Strategic Marketing and Bill Pragluski of Critical
Stages .

vaybBa©ÚlGtßbT eday Precision Graphics.

rUbPaBenAelIKMrb eday buKÁlikrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak tMerobtamRTnicnaLikaecjBIRCugelIxageqVg ³ ]NðmaRtTwkedaHeKa

¬edayelak Lillian Foo¦ kare)akEbnRsUvsalI ¬edayelak Alexander Rowland¦ emeKa Holstein ¬edayelak
Lillian Foo¦ sENþksMrab;TIpSarTMenIb ¬edayelak Lillian Foo¦ RsIþnigkUn Adean enATIpSar ¬eday Curt

Carnemark/bNÑal½yrUbPaBrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak¦ eragcRkkb,as ¬eday Arne Hoel¦.

ISBN: 978-0-8213-7297-5
 matikarrbs;r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak qñaM 2008

TidæPaBrYm
EpñkTI I
etIksikmμGaceFIVGIV)anxøHsMrab;karGPivDÆ?
1> kMeNIn nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkñúgBiPBbIrbs;ksikmμ
cMNuc k ³ PaBRkIRkenAtamCnbTEdlkMBugfycuH KWCaktþad¾sMxan;mYyenAkñúg
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCarYm.
2> karGnuvtþ karbegIáneRcInRbePT nigPaBminR)akdRbCarbs;ksikmμ
cMNuc x ³ CIv\n§n³ ³ karsnüa nighaniP½y
3> RkumRKYsarenAtamCnbT nigmeFüa)ayrbs;BYkeKkñúgkarcakecjBIPaBRkIRk
cMNuc K ³ etITMnak;TMngrvagplitkmμksikmμ nigsniþsuxes,óg manGIVxøH?
EpñkTI II
etIynþkarEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBedIm,IeRbIR)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmanGIVxøH?
4> eFIVkMENTMrg;BaNiC¢kmμéfø nigeKalneya)aypþl;R)ak;]btßmÖ
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cMNuc X ³ ksiBaNiC©kmμ sMrab;karGPivDÆ
6> KaMRTPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;ksikrtUctac tamry³karEklMGsßab½n
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cMNuc g ³ bgðajGMBIGtßRbeyaCn_énsrIr³esenTic sMrab;CnRkIRk
8> eFIVeGayRbB½n§ksikmμkan;EtmannirnþPaBxagbrisßan
cMNuc c ³ karsMrbtam nigkarkat;bnßybMErbMrYlbriyakasenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
9> elIsBIEpñkksikmμ
cMNuc q ³ karGb;rM nigCMnaj sMrab;karGPivDÆCnbT
cMNuc C ³ TMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmk rvagksikmμ nigsuxaPi)al

iv
v r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008

EpñkTI III
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10> rebobvar³CatiEdlmanRsab; sMrab;BiPBelakbIrbs;vis½yksikmμ
11> karBRgwgGPi)alkic© BIkñúgRsukeTACaskl

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eGay)an 50PaKry enARtwmqñaM 2015 nUvkarQWcab;rbs;RbCaCnedaysarPaBRkIRkxøaMg nigPaBeRskXøan.
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RbCaCnRkIRkenAtamCnbT rab;rylannak;.
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tMélx<s;pSaP¢ab;eTAnwgvis½yminEmnksikmμenACnbT EdlmanlkçN³skmμ.
enARKb;tMbn;TaMgGs; CamYynwgPaBkSt;exSaycMeBaHTwknigdIEdlecHEtekIneLIg nigsm<aFbEnßmBIsakl
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vi
 sBVéf¶enH TIpSarkñúgRsuknigsaklelakrIkFMy:agelOn karEklMGkñúgTIpSartamlkçN³sßab½n hirBaØvtßú nig
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nigRbqaMgnwgkarrIkraldalénCMgWKMramkMEhgEdlb:HBal;dl;rukçCati stV nigmnusS. bc©úb,nñ manRbCaCnRkIRkcMnYn
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nigmanlkçN³rab;bBa©Úl.

r:b;eb‘Ít b‘Í hSÚlIk

RbFan
RkumFnaKarBiPBelak

vii
 EføgGMNrKuN
r)aykarN_enH RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayRkumd¾sMxan;mYy EdldwknaMedayelak Derek Byerlee nig
Alain de Janvry rYmTaMg Elisabeth Sadoulet, Robert Townsend, nig
Irina Klytchnikova . RkumenH )anTTYlkarKaMRTBI Harold Alderman, Beatriz Avalos-
Sartorio, Julio Berdegué, Regina Birner, Lynn Brown, Michael Carter, Luc
Christiaensen, Marie-Helene Collion, Klaus Deininger, Peter Hazell, Karen Macours,
Michael Morris, Paula Savanti, and Dina Umali-Deininger EdlGñkTaMgGs;enH
)anCYyeFIVBeRgogr)aykarN_enH mYyEpñk. RkumenH k¾)anTTYlkarKaMRTpgEdrBI Noora Aberman,
Jorge Aguero, Shahrooz Badkoubei, Sarah Baird, Leandre Bassole, Benjamin Davis,
Nango Dembele, Ashok Gulati, Corinna Hawkes, Tidiane Kinda, Melissa Klink, Alex
McCalla, Claudio Montenegro, Stefano Pagiola, Eija Pehu, Catherine Ragasa, Antti
.
Seelaff, and John Staatz
kargarenH RtUv)aneFIVeLIgeRkameKalkarN_ENnaMCaTUeTArbs;elak François
Bourguignon edaymankarshkarCamYyEpñk bNþajGPivDÆn_EdlmannirnþPaB. elak Bruce
Ross-Larson KWCaRbFanEkBinitü. dMbUnμanl¥nigmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay TTYl)anBI Kym
Anderson, Hans Binswanger, Karen Mcconnell Brooks, Mark Cackler, Manuel
Chiriboga, Kevin Cleaver, Christopher Delgado, Shantayanan Devarajan, Josue
Dione, Gershon Feder, Alan Harold Gelb, Ravi Kanbur, Jeffrey Lewis, Were Omamo,
Keijiro Otsuka, Rajul Pandya-Lorch, Prabhu Pingali, Pierre Rondot, Kostas
Stamoulis, Erik Thorbecke, C . Peter Timmer, Joachim von Braun,
buKÁlikrbs;naykdæanksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT nigbuKÁlikrbs;EpñkbNþajGPivDÆn_EdlmannirnþPaB
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sUcnakrGPivDÆn_BiPBelakEdl)aneRCIserIs.

viii
 RkumenH k¾)anEføgGMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaH karKaMRTd¾sb,úrsBImUlniFimrtktamry³kmμviFI
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rbs;Cb:un cMeNHdwgedIm,IkmμviFIpøas;bþÚr RkumRbwkSaviTüasaRsþrbs;RkumBieRKaHeyabl;sIþGMBI
karRsavRCavksikmμGnþrCati TIPñak;garshRbtibtiþkarGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;RbeTss‘uyEGt
TIPñak;garedIm,IGPivDÆn_nigkic©shRbtibtiþkarrbs;RbeTssIVs RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;cRkPB
Gg;eKøs TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;shrdæGaemrik nigmUlniFi The William and Flora
Hewlett .
RkumenH )anTTYlnUvkarBieRKaHeyabl;CaeRcIn. kic©RbCMunigsikçasalaRbcaMtMbn;CaeRcIn
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RtUv)aneFIVeLIgtamry³RbB½n§ GIuneFIeNt. RkumenH sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHGñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;
enAkñúgsikçasalaTaMgenH snñisITvIedGU nig kic©BiPakSa EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsßab½nGb;rMCan;x<s;
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nigvis½yÉkCn.
elakRsI Rebecca Sugui )aneFIVCaCMnYykarRbtibtiþCan;x<s;rbs;RkumenH elakRsI Ofelia
Valladolid eFIVCaCMnYykarkmμviFI nigelak Jason Victor nigelakRsI Maria Hazel
Macadangdang eFIVCaCMnYykarRkum. Evangeline Santo Domingo eFIVCaCMnYykarRKb;RKg
FnFan.

ix
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epSg²EdlBak;B½n§nwgvis½yksikmμ mansar³
sMxan;cMeBaHkMeNIn nigcMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaB
RkIRknigGsniþsuxes,ógEdlmanTMhMFMeFg.
kareRbIvis½yksikmμCamUldæanRKwHsMrab;kMeNInesdæ manlkçN³TUlMTUlaymYy EdlbnþedIrtamviFIsaRsþ
kic©enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμTamTar cMruHkñúgkarcakecjBIPaBRkIRk dUcCapøas;bþÜreTArk
eGaymankarEkERbplitPaB enAkñúgksikmμrbs;
ksikrtUctac ebIKitGMBIsßanb½n nigksikmμ
Edlmanlkç N ³Bi e ssrbs; G aRhi V k Gnu t M b n;
sahara:vij karEkERbenH nwgRtUvmanlkçN³
xusKñaBIkarEkERbfIμrbs;RbeTsGas‘an. viFIGnuvtþ
rebobvar³enH eRkayry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMénkar
TTYleCaKC½yEdlmankMritenAEtCabBaðaRbQm
mYyd¾lM)ak. k¾b:uEnþ lkçxNÐ nana)anpøas;bþÚr
ehIymaneCaKC½yCaeRcInenAkñúgRsuk nig»kas
fIμ²EdlRtUvbegIáteLIg.
enAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERbCaeRcIn
EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbeTsPaKeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;
GasIuPaKGaeKñy_ nigmCÄwmbUBa’ nigGaRhiVkxag
eCIgpgenaH PaBxusKñaénR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT
nigTIRkugkMBugekIneLIgy:agelOn nigPaBRkIRk
xøaMgenACnbTEdlbnþekItman KWCaRbPBd¾sMxan;
énPaBtantwgEpñksgÁm nigneya)ay. bBaðaenH
minGacRtUv)anedaHRsayeGayyUrGEgVgtam
ry³karkarBarvis½yksikmμ EdlbegIántMél
mðÚbGahar ¬BIeRBaHRbCaCnRkIRkd¾eRcIn k¾CaGñk
TijmðÚbGahar¦ b¤tamry³]btßmÖFnnana)aneT.
karedaHRsayPaBxusKña rvagR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúg
RbeTskMBugeFIVkarEkERb TamTarnUvyuT§saRsþEdl

ksikmμEdlmantMélx<s; kareFIVvimCÄkarskmμPaB
esdækic©minEmnksikmμenAtMbn;CnbT nigpþl;CMnYynana
edIm,ICYyCMrujeGayBYkKat;cakecjBIvis½yksikmμ.
kareFIVdUecñH TamTarnUvKMnitpþÜcepIþmelIeKal
neya)ayfIμ nigkarebþCJacitþd¾xøaMgkøaxag
neya)ay. k¾b:uEnþ vaGacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;
RbCaCncMnYn 600 lannak;kñúgcMeNamRbCaCn
RkIRkenACnbTenAelIBiPBelak.
enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn rYmbBa©ÚlTaMg
RbeTsPaKeRcInenAGaemrikLaTIn nigGWrub nig
GasIukNþalpgenaH ksikmμGacCYykat;bnßy
PaBRkIRkenaCnbTEdlenAesssl;)an Rbsin
ebIksikrtUctacTaMgLay køayCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;
edaypÞal;enAkñúgTIpSares,ógGaharTMenIb kargar
l¥²CaeRcIn RtUv)anbegIáteLIgenAkñúg vis½y
ksikmμ nigksi]sSahkmμ nigTIpSarsMrab;esva
kmμbrisßan RtUv)anbgðajeGaysÁal;.
CamYynwgPaBRkkSt;énFnFanEdlkMBugekIn
eLIg nigktþaxageRkAEdlkMBugekIneLIgEdrenaH
karGPivDÆ vis½yksikmμ nigkarkarBarbrisßan
)ankan;EtmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKñay:agCitsiñTi§.
søaksñaménbBaðabrisßancMeBaHvis½yksikmμ Edl
manRTg;RTayFMGacRtUv)ankat;bnßy)an RbB½n§ksikmμ
EdleFIVeGayGakasFatuERbRbYltictYc nigksikmμman
TMnak;TMngeTAnwgkarpÁt;pÁg;nUvesvakmμbrisßan. dM
TidæPaBTUeTA 3
eNaHRsay KWminEmneFIVeGayyWty:avdl;kar
GPivDÆvis½yksikmμeT ¬vaRtUvEsVgrkRbB½n§
plitkmμEdlkan;EtmannirnþPaB. CMh‘andMbUg
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH KWRtUveFIVeGaymanlkçN³
RtwmRtUvcMeBaHkarelIkTwkcitþ tamry³karBRgwg
siTi§kan;kab;RTBüskmμ niglb;bM)at;ecal]btßmÖ
Fnnana EdleFIVeGayxUcxatdl;FnFanFmμCati.
ehIykarsMrbsMrYleTAtamkarpøas;bþÚrénbriya
kask¾manplb:HBal;pgEdr dl;ksikrRkIRk
xøaMgCageKbMput¦ ehIyb:HBal;enH minyutiþFm’
dl;BYkeKeT BIeRBaHBYkeK)ancUlrYmcMENktictYc
enAkñúgbuBVehtuenH.
dUecñH ksikmμpþl;nUvskþanuBlPaBd¾FMeFg
sMrab;kMeNIn karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigesvakmμ
brisßan k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IsMerc)annUvskþanuBlPaBenH
k¾TamTarpgEdrnUvkarCYy]btßmÖCak;Esþgrbs;
rdæ edaypþl;nUvTMnijsaFarN³sMxan;² EklMG
briyakasvinieyaK eFIVniy½tkmμelIkarRKb;RKg
FnFanFmμCati nigFanadl;lT§plsMerc)an
sMxan;²rbs;sgÁm. edIm,IbnþGnuvtþtamrebobvar³
sIþBIksikmμedIm,IGPivDÆn_ GPi)alkic©fñak;mUldæanfñak;
Cati nigfñak;saklsMrab;vis½yksikmμcaM)ac;RtUveFIV
karEklMG. rdæ nwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;nUvsmtßPaB
kan;EteRcIneLIgsMrab;karsMrbsMrYlTUTaMgvis½y
nigedIm,IbegIátnUvPaBCaédKUCamYyédKUÉkCn
nigédKUsgÁmsIuvilnana. édKUsaklTaMgGs;
4 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
caM)ac;RtUvpÁt;pÁg;tamrebobvar³EdlsμúRKsμaj
mYyrbs;kic©RBmeRBogEdlmanGnþrTMnak;TMng
nigTMnijsaFarN³GnþrCati. karpþl;siTi§GMNac
dl;sgÁmsIuvil CaBiess cMeBaHGgÁkar Gñkplit
mansar³sMxan; cMeBaHkarEklMGGPi)alkic©enA
RKb;lMdan;fñak;.
r)aykarN_enH eqIøytbeTAnwgsMNYrsMxan;
cMnYn 3 KW³
-karGPivDÆ? vis½yksikmμ)anedIrtYnaTICa
mUldæanRKwHmYysMrab;karGPivDÆ nig)ankat;
bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn k¾b:uEnþ
RbeTsCaeRcIneTot GacTTYl)anGtß-
RbeyaCn__ RbsinebIrdæaPi)al nigm©as;CMnYy
nana pøas;bþÚreKalneya)ayxøÜnEdl)anGnuvtþ
CaeRcInqñaMmun edayminykcitþTukdak;cMeBaH
vis½yksikmμ nigEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK
EdlminRKb;RKan; nigkarvinieyaKxusenAkñúg
vis½yksikmμ.
- etIynþkarEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBedIm,IeRbI
R)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmanGIVxøH? GaTi-
PaBsMxan;bMput KWRtUvbegIánRTBüskmμrbs;
RKYsarRkIRk eFIVeGayksikrtUctaceGaykan;
EtmanKMnitécñRbDit ¬nig ksikmμ CaTUeTA¦
nigbegIátnUv»kasCaeRcInenAkúñúgesdækic©CnbT
minEmnksikmμ EdlRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT
Gaccab;yk»kasenH)an.
-etIrebobvar³sIþGMBIksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ
GacRtUv)anGnuvtþRbesIrbMputtamviFINa?
tamry³karbegIáteKalneya)ay nigdMeNIr
eFIVesckIþsMerccitþ EdlskþismbMputsMrab;
lkçxNÐesdækic©nigsgÁmrbs;RbeTsnimYy²
tamry³karekogKrkarKaMRTEpñkneya)ay
nigtamry³karEklMGGPi)alkic©énvis½y
ksikmμ.
etIksikmμGaceFIVGIV)an sMrab;karGPivDÆ?
ksikmμmanlkçN³sm,tiþ EdleFIVeGayvis½yenH
køayCaynþkarEtmYyKt;sMrab;karGPivDÆ ksikmμ
GaceFIVkarrYmKñaCamYyvis½ydéTepSgeTot)an
edIm,IbegIánkMeNIneGaykan;EtelOnkat;bnßy
PaBRkIRk nigRTRTg;dl;brisßan. enAkñúg
r)aykarN_enH ksikmμ rYmman dMNaM bsustV
ksirukçkmμ nigvarIvb,kmμ. vis½yksikmμ
minrYmbBa©Úl rukçkmμ nigkarensaTCalkçN³
BaNiC¢kmμeT BIeRBaHEpñkTaMgenH TamTar
nUvkarviPaKepSgKñay:agRcIn. k¾b:uEnþ TMnak;
TMngrvagksikmμnigrukçkmμ RtUv)aneKBicarNa
enAkñúgkic©BiPakSaGMBIkarbMpøajéRBeQI kar
pøas;bþÜrbriyakas nigesvakmμbrisßan.
ksikmμ rYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆtamviFI
CaeRcIn. ksikmμ rYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆCa

skmμPaBesdækic©mYy CaCIvPaBrs;enAmYy nig
CaGñkpþl;esvakmμbrisßanmYyeFIVeGayvis½y
enHeTACaynþkarEtmYyKt;sMrab;karGPivDÆ.
- CaskmμPaBesdækic©mYy - ksikmμGacCa
RbPBénkMeNInmYysMrab;esdækic©CatiCaGñk
pþl;nUv»kas vinieyaKsMrab;vis½yÉkCn nig
CakMlaMgCMrujmYYyd¾sMxan;sMrab;]sSahkmμ
nana EdlTak;Tgnwgvis½y ksikmμ nig
esdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ. BIrPaKbI
éntMélbEnßmelIksikmμrbs;BiPBelak RtUv
)anbegIáteLIgenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.
enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ
tMélbEnßmenH begIátCamFüm 29PaKry
énplitplsrubkñúgRsuk ¬GDP¦ nigpþl;
kargar 65PaKry énkMlaMgBlkmμ.
]sSahkmμ nigesvakmμmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwg
ksikmμ enAkñúgExScgVak;tMél ¬value
chains¦ eRcInCag 30PaKryén GDP
enAkñúgkMBugGPivDÆ nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_.
plitkmμksikmμ mansarsMxan;cMeBaHsniþsux
es,óg BIeRBaHvaKWCaRbPBmYyénR)ak;cMNUl
sMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkPaKeRcIn. CaBiess
vamansarsMxan; enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInenA
GaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: EdlmanRbCaCn
rYmcMnYn RbEhl 200 lannak; nigman
plitkmμkñúgRsukERbRbYlx<s; karTijdUrenA
TidæPaBTUeTA 5
mankMritsMrab;es,ógGahar nigkarlM)ak
énGRtabþÚrrUbIyb½NÑbreTs edIm,IbMeBjeTA
nwgtMrUvkares,ógGaharrbs;BYkeKtamry³
karnaMcUl. RbeTsTaMgenH bgðajeGaydwg
GMBIPaBGasnñénes,ógGaharEdlekIteLIgjw
kjab; nigPaBminR)akdRbCaénCMnYyes,óg
Gahar nigsMrab;BYkeKkarbegIán nigkareFIV
eGaymanesßrPaBdl; plitkmμkúñgRsukman
sar³sMxan;cMeBaHsniþsuxes,óg.
- CaCIvPaBrs;enAmYy - ksikmμ KWCaRbPB
énCIvPaBrs;enAmYy sMrab;RbCaCnRbEhl
86PaKryénRbCaCnCnbT. vapþl;nUvkargar
sMrab;ksikrtUctac nigkmμkrEdlKμandIFIø
cMnYn 1/3Ban;lannak; :suxmalPaBsgÁm
Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TansMrab;ksikmμ : enAeBl
Edlmanplb:HBal;sMrab;TIRkug nigmUlniFi
sMrab;shKmn_CnbTCak;Esþg. kñúgcMeNam
RbCaCn 5/5 Ban;lannak;rbs;BiPBelak
enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ manRbCaCncMnYn
3Ban;lannak; rs;enAtMbn;CnbTCitBak;
kNþalénRbCaCn. kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnenA
CnbTTaMgenH RbEhl 2/5 Ban;lannak;
KWCaRKYsarksikr nig1/5 Ban;lannak; KWCa
RKYsarksikrtUctac.
karfycuHfIμ²enH elIGRtaPaBRkIRkkñúg
R)ak;cMNUl 1duløarkñúgmYyéf¶ enAkñúgRbeTs
6 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
kMBugGPivDÆ ¬BI 28PaKry enAkñúgqñaM 1993
mkenARtwm 22PaKry kñúgqñaM 2002¦
KWCalT§plsMxan;énkarFøak;cuHénPaBRkIRk
enACnbT ¬BI 37PaKry mkenA 29
PaKry¦enAeBlEdlGRtaPaBRkIRkenATIRkug
esIÞrEtsißtefr ¬kñúgkMrit 13 PaKry¦. Cag
80 PaKry énkarfycuHelIPaBRkIRkenA
CnbT bNþalmkBIlkçxNÐd¾RbesIrCaeRcIn
enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT eRkABIkareFIVcMNakRsuk
rbs;RbCaCnRkIRk. dUecñH pÞúyeTAnwgTsSn³
rYmkareFIVcMNakRsukeTAkan;TIRkugminEmnCa
ynþkarsMxan;cMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenA
rUb 1 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnRkIRk )ankMBugekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg nigGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: BIqñaM 1993 dl; qñaM
2002 ¬bnÞat;RkIRkénR)ak;cMNUl 1 duløarkñúgmYyéf¶¦
PaBRkIRkenACnbT
CnbT ¬enAkñúgBiPBelak¦ enaHeT.
k¾b:uEnþ karfycuHd¾eRcInelIcMnYnén
RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT ¬BI 1>036 lannak;
enAkñúgqñaM 1993 mkenA 883 lannak;
enAkñúgqñaM 2003¦ KWekItmancMeBaHtMbn;
GasIubUBa’ nig)a:sIuhiVk ¬rUb 1¦. enAtMbn;
GasIuxagt,Úg nigGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara:
cMnYnRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT )anbnþekIneLIg
ehIynwgTMngCaekInelIscMnYnRbCaCnRkIRk
enATIRkug rhUtdl;qñaM2040. enAkñúgtMbn;
TaMgenH GaTiPaBsMxan; KWRtUvekogKrerobcM
ksikmμsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.
PaBRkIRkenATIRkug

- CaGñkpþl;esvakmμbrisßanmYy - enAkñúgkar
eRbIR)as; ¬nigkareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvCa
jwkjab;¦ FnFan FmμCati ksikmμ GacbegIát
lT§plbrisßanl¥nigGaRkk;. ksikmμ KWCa
vis½yeRbIR)as;TwkeRcInCageKbMput dUcenH
vaBitR)akdehIyEdlfavis½yenH rYmcMENk
kñúgkareFVIeGaykSt;Twk. vak¾bgáeGaymankar
kat;bnßyTwkeRkamdI karbMBulKImIksikmμkM
esaHdI nigbMErbMrYlbriyakassaklmancMnYn
dl; 30 PaKryénkarsayPay]sμ½npÞH
kBa©k;. k¾b:uEnþva k¾CaGñkpþl;esvakmμbrisßan
d¾sMxan;mYy ehIyEdlCaTUeTARtUv)aneKemIl
rMlg nigmineGaytMélcMeBaHkarRsUbyk
kae)an nigCYyRKb;RKgGagrgTwkePøóg nig
GPirkSCIv³cMruH. CamYynwgPaBkSt;énFnFan
EdlkMBugekIneLIg bMErbMrYlbriyakas nig
kgVl;GMBIkarcMNayelIbrisßanGaCIvkmμtam
Fmμta tamviFIEdlksikmμeRbIR)as;FnFan
FmμCatiminEmnCaCMerIseT. kareFIVeGayRbB½n§
ksikmμrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenACnbTkan;Et
manplb:HBal;ticeTAelIbMErbMrYlbriyakas
KWCabBaðasMxan;. karRKb;RKgTMnak;TMngkñúg
cMeNamksikmμ GPirkSFnFanFmμCati nig
brisßanRtUvEtCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;énkareRbI
R)as;ksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ.
TidæPaBTUeTA 7
karrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yksikmμ manlkçN³xusKña
enAkñúgBiPBCnbTbI. viFIEdlksikmμeFIVkar
sMrab;karGPivDÆ manlkçN³xusKñaBIRbeTs
mYyeTARbeTsmYy edayGaRs½yeTAelIviFI
EdlRbeTsenaH BwgEp¥kelIksikmμ EdlCa
RbPBkMeNInmYy nigCaynþkarmYysMrab;kar
kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. karrYmcMENkrbs;vis½y
ksikmμenAkñúgkMeNIn nigkarkat;bnßyPaB
RkIRkGacRtUv)aneKemIleXIj tamry³kar
kMNt;lkçN³RbeTsedayGnuelameTAtam
karEbgEckksikmμenAkñúgkMeNInrYmkalBI
15 qñaMmk nøgeTA ehIykarEbgEckbc©úb,nñ
énPaBRkIRksrubenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT eday
eRbIbnÞat;RkIRk EdlmanR)ak;cMNUl 2 duløar
kñúgmYyéf¶ ¬rUb 2¦. TsSn³enH eFIVeGayman
karEbgEckRbeTs CabIRbePTBiPBCnbT
bIepSgKña¬tarag 1¦³
- RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ - ksikmμ KW
CaRbPBkMeNInd¾sMxan;mYy EdlmancMnYn 32
PaKry énkMeNIn GDP CamFümCaBiess
edaysarEtksikmμ KWCacMENkd¾FMmYyrbs;
GDP nigPaKeRcInénRbCaBlrdæRkIRkrs;enA
kñúgtMbn;CnbT ¬70 PaKry¦. RkumRbeTs
TaMgenH manRbCaCnrs;enACnbT cMnYn 417
lannak; CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTssißtkñúg
GnutMbn;sahara:. 82 PaKry énRbCaCn
8 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
CnbT kñúgGnutMbn;sahara: rs;enAkñúgRbeTs
EdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ.
- RbeTskMBugeFIVkarpøas;bþÚr - ksikmμElg
CaRbPBd¾sMxan;énkMeNInesdækic©eTotehIy
Edlvis½yrYmcMENkCamFümEt 7PaKry
b:ueNÑaH kñúgkMeNIn GDP k¾bu:Enþ PaBRkIRkenA
Etmany:ageRcInenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ¬82
PaKry énRbCaCnRkIRkTaMgGs;¦. Rkum
RbeTsTaMgenH ¬rYmman RbeTs cin \NÐa
\NÐÚeNsIu mU:rukU nigrU:m:anI¦ manRbCaCn
rs;enACnbTcMnYn 2/2 Ban;lannak;. 98
PaKry énRbCaCnrs;enACnbT kñúgtMbn;
GasIuxagt,Úg 96 PaKry enAkñúgtMbn;
GasIuxagekIt nig)a:sIuhiVk nig 92 PaKry enA
kñúgtMbn;mCÄwmbUBa’ nigGaRhiVkxageCIg KWsißt
enAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb.
- RbeTsBwgEp¥kelITIRkug - ksikmμrYm
cMENkedaypÞal;eTaHbICamanlkçN³tictYc
cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic©k¾eday ¬5 PaKry Ca
mFüm¦ nigPaBRkIRkekItmaneRcInenAkñúg
TIRkug. eTaHbICadUecñHk¾eday tMbn;CnbT
enAEtman 45PaKryénRbCaCnRkIRk ehIy
ksiBaNiC¢kmμ nig]sSahkmμmðÚbGahar nig
esvakmμ mancMnYnesIμ nwgmYyPaKbIén GDP.
rYmbBa©ÚlenAkñúgRkumEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enA
CnbTcMnYn 255 lannak; KWCaRbeTs
PaKeRcInenAkñúgGaemrikLaTIn nigkarIbg; nig
RbeTsCaeRcInenAkñúgTIVbGWrub nigGasIukNþal
88 PaKry énRbCaCnrs;enAtMbn;CnbT enA
kñúgtMbn;TaMgBIr KWsißtenARkumRbeTsEdlBwg
Ep¥kelITIRkug.
RbeTsCaeRcIn edIrtampøÚvEdlmankarvivtþ
EdlGacpøas;bþÚrRbeTsTaMgenHBIRbePTRbeTs
mYyeTACaRbePTRbeTsmYyeTot. RbeTscin
nig \NÐa )anpøas;bþÚrBIRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelI
vis½yksikmμ eTACaRkumRbeTs EdlkMBugeFIVkar
EkERbkalBI20qñaM muncMENkÉRbeTs\NÐÚ
eNsIu kMBugpøas;bþÚreq<aHeTArkRkumRbeTsEdl
BwgEp¥kelITIRkug ¬rUb2¦. elIsBIenH RbeTs
CaeRcIn manPaBxusKñaxøaMgelIEp¥kPUmisaRsþ
fñak;GnuCati - ]TahrN_ RbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkar
EkERb nigRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkug mantMbn;
EdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμerog²xøÜn ¬dUcCa
b‘Íha enARbeTs\NÐa nigCIy:a)a: enARbeTs
miucsIukU¦. karEbgEckRbePTtMbn;enAkñúgRbeTs
nana EdlGaRs½yeTAelIskþanuBlksikmμ nig
»kasQancUlTIpSarrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH bgðaj-
fa 61 PaKry énRbCaCnrs;enAtMbn;CnbT
enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkugrs;enA
kñúgtMbn;CnbTEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH dUcCa
tMbn;EdlmanRbB½n§FarasaRsþesIm nigBak;
 TidæPaBTUeTA 9

kNþalesIm CamYynwgsm<aFsMeNImtictYc lμmeTAl¥ ¬ticCag 5 em:ag BItMbn;TIpSarmYyEdl

RBmTaMgCatMbn;EdlmanpøÚveTAkan;TIpSarsmrmü man cMnYn 5000 b¤eRcInCagenH¦.
rUb2 ³ karrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yksikmμenAkñúgkMeNInesdækic© nigkarEbgEckPaBRkIRkenACnbTCabIRkumRbeTs
epSgKña ³ RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ RbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb nigRbeTsEdlGaRs½yelITIRkug
10 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
k¾b:uEnþ BIrPaKbIénRbCaCnenACnbTkñúgGaRhiVk
GnutMbn;sahara: rs;enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaB
GnueRKaHticCag EdleKcat;TukfaCatMbn;s¶Üt
b¤Bak;kNþals¶Üt b¤k¾manpøÚveTAkan;TIpSarminl¥.
enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 5 EdlmanEpnTIPaBRkIRk
lMGitGRtaPaBRkIRk mankMritx<s;CagenAkñúgtMbn;
EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictYc k¾b:uEnþ PaKeRcInén
RbCaCnRkIRkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaBGnu-
eRKaH. dUecñH karkMNt;ykksikmμedIm,Ikat;bnßy
PaBRkIRk minRtwmEtTamTarnUvkarvinieyaKelI
tMbn;EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictYc edIm,IRbqaMgnwg
PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶rb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþEfmTaMgTamTar
nUvkarkMNt;eKaledAcMnYnénRbCaCnRkIRkd¾eRcIn
enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHpgEdr.
PaBxusKña ¬visPaKPaB¦ kMNt;sBaØaNenA
CnbT. visPaKPaBénesdækic© nigsgÁm KWCa
lkçN³kMNt;GtþsBaØaNéntMbn;CnbT. ksikr
BaNiC¢kmμFM²CaeRcIn ekIteLIgrYmKñaCamYyksikr
tUctac. PaBcMruHenH RCabcUlkñúgRbCaCnEdlCa
ksikrtUctacpgEdr. ksikrBaNiC¢kmμtUctac
pÁt;pÁg;TIpSarmðÚbGaharelIscMnYn nigrYmcMENk
kñúgkarBRgIkTIpSarsMrab;skmμPaBksikmμfIμEdlm
anKuNtMélx<s;. k¾b:uEnþ ksikrdéTeTot CaeRcIn
KWRKan;EteFIVksikmμedIm,IciBa©wmCIvitb:ueNÑaH Ca
BiessedaysarEtTayC¢TanRTBüskmμmancMnYn
tictYc nigbribTminGnueRKaH. TnÞwmnwgmantMrUv
kares,ógGaharesÞIEtTaMgGs;EdlBYkeKplit
BYkeKk¾edIrtYenAelITIpSarCaGñkTijes,ógGahar
pg nigCaGñklk;kMlaMgBlkmμpg. smaCikPaB
enAkñúgRkumTaMgenH TTYlrgplb:HBal;minRtwmEt
BITItaMgRTBüskmμb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgTTYlrg
plb:HBal;BIeynD½rCnCati niglkçxNÐsgÁm
eTotpg BIeRBaHBYkeKmanlT§PaBxus²Kñakñúg
kareRbIR)as;RTBünigFnFandUcKña edIm,IeqøIytb
eTAnwg»kasnana.
visPaKPaBenH RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgTIpSar
BlkmμenACnbT CakEnøgEdltMrUvkarCMnajTab
kargarksikmμEdlmanR)ak;kMérTab nigkargar
EdlmanCMnajx<s;mancMnYntictYc Edlpþl;eGay
kmμkrnUv»kasedIm,IcakecjBIPaBRkIRk. eKrk
eXIjenAkñúgesdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ Edl
kargarsMrab;xøÜnÉg nigkargarmanR)ak;kMérkñúg
kMritplitPaBTabekItmanrYmKñaCamYy nwgkargar
enAkñúgshRKasnana. eKk¾rkeXIjenAkñúg
lT§plénkareFIVcMNakRsuk)anCYymnusSmYy
cMnYnkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbTeGay
rYcputBIPaBRkIRk k¾b:uEnþ )annaMmnusSdéTeTot
eTArs;enAkñúgtMbn;RkIRkkñúgTIRkug nigbnþrs;enA
kñúgPaBRkIRk.
visPaKPaBd¾eRcInenAkñúgksikmμ nigsgÁm
enACnbTenH mankarBak;B½n§y:agxøaMgcMeBaH

eKalneya)aysaFarN³ enAkñúgkarkMNt;yk
ksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ. kMENTMrg;eKalneya-
)ayBiessmYyTMngCaGacTTYl)anTaMgeCaKC½y
nigbraC½y. esrIPavUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμ Edl
begIántMéles,ógGaharb:HBal;dl; GñkTijsuT§
¬RkumRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbTmancMnYneRcInCageK
bMputenAkñúgRbeTsdUcCa bUlIvI nigbg;køaeds¦
nigpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_ dl;Gñklk;suT§ ¬Rkum
RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbTeRcInCageKbMput dUcCa
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam¦. eKalneya-
)ayCaeRcIn RtUvmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIKñaeTAtam
lkçxNÐnigbribTrbs;RKYsar edayBicarNa
CaBiesseTAelIbTdæaneynD½rbc©úb,nñ. eKal
neya)ayEdlmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIeKRtUv)an
begIáteLIgminEmnRtwmEtedIm,IKaMRTCacaM)ac;
dl;RkummYyeGayelIsRkumdéTeTotb:ueNÑaHeT
b:uEnþ vaEfmTaMgedIm,IbMerIdl;RkumRKYsarTaMgGs;
eGaykan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBéføEfmeTotpg eday
EktMrUveKalneya)ayTaMgenH eTAtamlkçxNÐ
nigtMrUvkarrbs;BYkeK CaBiesscMeBaHRbCaCn
EdlRkIRkCageKbMput. karykcitþTukdak;esIμ
KñaeTAelIGnuvis½yEdlmanPaBGnueRKaH nig
Gnuvis½yEdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictMbn; nigRKYsar
KWCabBaðamYykñúgcMeNambBaðaeKalneya)ayEdl
tantwgbMputkMBugRbQmeTAnwgRbeTsRkIRknana
EdlmankMhitFnFanxøaMg.
TidæPaBTUeTA 11
ksikmμmankarkt;sMKal;xøaMgenAkñúgkarGPivDÆ ksikmμ
man\Ti§BlBiessenAkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.
kMeNInksikmμman\Ti§BlBiessenAkñúgkarkat;
bnßyPaBRkIRk kñúgRKb;RkumRbeTsTaMgGs;. kar
)a:n;sμanqøgkat;RbeTsbgðajfakMeNIn GDP
Edl)anmkBIvis½yksikmμ y:agehacNas;man
RbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkBIrdgdUc
kMeNIn GDP Edl)anmkBIvis½yminEmn
ksikmμEdr ¬rUb3¦. sMrab;RbeTscin kMeNInrYm
EdlTTYl)anBIksikmμ RtUv)an)a:n;sμanfa man
cMnYn 3/5 dg manRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarkat;bnßy
PaBRkIRkeRcInCagkMeNIn Edl)anmkBIvis½ymin
Emnksikmμ ehIysMrab;RbeTsGaemrikLaTIn
mancMnYn 2/7 dgeRcInCag. kMeNInksikmμ
d¾elOnenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa bnÞab;BIkarEklMG
bec©kviC¢a ¬karEckcayRbePTEdlmanTinñpl
x<s;¦ nigenAkñúgRbeTscin bnÞab;BIkarEklMG
sßab½n ¬RbB½n§TTYlxusRtUvrbs;RKYsar nigesrI
PavUbnIykmμTIpSar¦ man\T§iBleFVIeGaymankar
Føak;cuHy:agelOnénPaBRkIRkenACnbT. fIμ²enH
enARbeTshÁaNa RkumRKYsarenACnbT tMNag
eGaymYycMENkFMénkarFøak;cuHy:agxøaMgénPaB
RkIRk KWmYyEpñkbNþalmkBIkMeNInksikmμ.
ksikmμ GacCavis½yQanmuxsMrab;kMeNInCarYm
enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ. ksikmμ
12 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
mankMNt;Rtal,Il,ajmYyCaynþkarmYYy sMrab;
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. k¾b:uEnþ etIvak¾GacCa
vi s ½ y Qanmu x ényu T § s aRsþ k M e NI n mY y sM r ab;
RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμpgEdrb¤eT?
eRkABITMhMBiténvis½yenH TsSn³BIrEdl)an
GnuvtþeTAelIRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ
enAkñúgGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: )anKaMRTnUv
TsSn³EdlvaGaceTArYc.
TImYy KWfaenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgcMeNam
RbeTsTaMgenH es,ógGaharenAEtminmanPaB
RbesIrsMrab;karTijdUr edaysarEtcMNay
Rbtibtiþkarx<s; nigGRtaénes,ógGaharmUldæan
RtUv)aneKTijdUrEtbniþcbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH dUcCa
RbePTb£s nigemIm nigFBaØCatikñúgRsuk. dUecñH
RbeTsCaeRcInkñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgenH RtUvkar
karpÁt;pÁg;edayxøÜnÉgy:ageRcIn.
rUb 3 ³ kMeNIn GDP Edl)anBIksikmμpþl;Gtß
RbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCnRkIRkCageKbMputcMnYnBak;kNþal
énRbCaCn
RbPB³ Ligon and Sadoulet 2007
sMKal;³ Ep¥kelITinñn½yBIRbeTscMnYn 42kñúg kMLúgqñaM 1981-
2003. GtßRbeyaCn_manlkçN³xusKñaKYreGaykt;sMKal;
sMrab;eRkamBak;kNþalcMNaymYyPaKdb;
plitPaBksikmμ kMNt;tMélrbs;es,ógGahar
EdlbnÞab;mk kMNt;nUvcMNayelIR)ak;ebovtSr_
nigPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;vis½y EdlGacgay
TijdUr)an. plitPaBénes,ógGaharmUldæan
mansar³sMxan;cMeBaH kMeNIn.
TIBIr KWfaGtßRbeyaCn_eRbobeFobenAkñúg
Gnuvis½yEdlGacgayTijdUr)an nwgenAEtsißt
enAkñúgskmμPaBcMbg² ¬ksikmμ nigEr:¦ nigkar
Ekécñp lit plksik mμsMrab;ry³eBleRcI n qñ aM
edaysarEtTayC¢TanFnFan nigbriyakas
vinieyaK EdlmankarlM)aksMrab;plitkr.
RbeTsPaKeRcIn BwgEp¥kelIplb½RtcMruHmYyén
TMnijnaMecjsMxan;²EdlminTan;Ekécñ nigEkécñ
ehIy ¬rYmTaMgeTscrN_¦ edIm,IbegIátnUvkarbþÚr
rUbIyb½NÑGnþrCati. kMeNIn enAkñúgvis½yEdlmin
GacTijdUr)angay nigvis½yEdlGacTijdUr
)angaykñúg Epñkksikmμ k¾rYmbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUv
kMeNInd¾rwgmaM enAkñúgvis½ydéTeTotrbs;esdækic©
tamry³RbsiTi§PaBcMruHkan;EteRcIn.
GaRs½yehtuenHehIy sMrab;ry³eBlCaeRcIn
qñaMxagmuxeTot yuT§saRsþkMeNInsMrab;RbeTs
PaKeRcIn EdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμRtUvEtFana
kñúgkareFIVeGayksikmμmandMeNIrkareTAmux.
erOgeCaKC½yCaeRcInrbs;ksikmμ EdlCamUl
dæanRKwHsMrab;kMeNIn KWenAcMnuccab;epIþméndMeNIr
karGPivDÆ. kMeNInksikmμ KWCamUldæanRKwHénkar

eFIVbdivtþ]sSahkmμ EdlrIkraldalTUTaMg
BiPBelak BIRbeTsGg;eKøs enAkñúgBak;kNþal
stvtSr_TI 18 eTARbeTsCb:un enAcugstvtSr_TI
19. fIμ²enH kMeNInksikmμd¾elOnenAkñúgRbeTs
cin \NÐa nigevotNam KWCamUldæanRKwHsMrab;
kMeNInén]sSahkmμ. cMeBaHPaBRkIRk\Ti§Bl
Biessrbs;ksikmμEdlCamUldæansMrab;kMeNIn
dMbUg RtUvEtbegIáteLIgeGay)anl¥.
k¾bEu: nþ ksikmμRtUv)aneRbIR)as;xH¢ x¢aysMrab;karGPivDÆ.
RsbKñaCamYynwgeCaKC½yTaMgenH mankarbraC½y
d¾eRcInkñúgkarkMNt;ykvis½yksikmμedIm,Ikar
GPivDÆpgEdr. RbeTsCaeRcInEdlBwgEp¥kelI
ksikmμenAEtbgðajGMBIkMeNInksikmμTn;exSay
sMrab;mnusSmñak; nigkarpøas;bþÚrrcnasm<½n§bniþc
bnþÚc ¬karfycuH énkarEbgEckksikmμkñúg GDP
nigkarEbgEckekIneLIgén]sSahkmμnigesvakmμ
enAeBlEdl GDP kñúgmnusSmñak;ekIneLIg¦.
dUcKñaEdr vaeqøIytbcMeBaHRKb;RbeTsTaMgbI
RbePTxagelI. kMeNInRbCaCn d¾elOnTMhM
épÞdIERscMkarfycuH CIkñúgdIfycuH nig)at;bg;
»kassMrab;karbegIánR)ak;cMNUl nigkareFIVcMNak
RsukbegIátCabBaða edaysarEt\Ti§Blénksikmμ
sMrab;karGPivDÆenAminTan;RbesIr. eKalneya-
TidæPaBTUeTA 13
)ayCaeRcIn EdlkMNt;ykBn§elIvis½yksikmμ
eRcInhYs nigvinieyaKminRKb;lkçN³elIvis½y
ksikmμ RtUvEtsIþbenÞas edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgeGay
eXIjesdækic©neya)aymYy EdlykcitþTukdak;
x<s;elIsuxmalPaBTIRkug. ebIeRboeFobCamYy
RbeTskMBugeFIVkarpøas;bþÚrEdlTTYleCaKC½y
enAeBlEdlRbeTsTaMgenH enAEtmankarcUlrYm
cMENkeRcInBIvis½yksikkmμeTAkñúg GDP enaH
bNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ)ancMNay
Tabkñúgvis½yksikmμEdlvaCaEpñkmYyén GDP
BIksikmμrbs;RbeTsBYkeK ¬4 PaKry enAkñúg
bNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ enAkñúgqñaM
2004 eRbobeFobCamYynwg 10 PaKry enAkñúg
qñaM 1980 enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugeFIVkarEkERb
rUb 4¦. sm<aFénvibtiþes,ógGaharcrnþ
k¾)anbEgVkareRbIR)as;fvikasaFarN³nigGaTiPaB
rbs;m©as;CMnYy cMeBaHkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógedaypÞal;
CaCagkareFIVvinieyaKelIkMeNIn nigsMerc)an
sniþsuxes,óg tamry³karbegáInR)ak;cMNUl.
TINaEdlmanRsIþPaKeRcInCaksikrtUctacenaH
karbraC½ykñúgkarbeBa©jnUv skþanuBleBlelj
rbs;RbeTskñúgvis½yksikmμ KWCaktþarYmcMENk
mYykñúgkMeNInTab nigGsniþsuxes,óg.
14 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008

rUb 4 ³ cMNaysaFarN³elIvis½yksikmμmankMritTabbMputenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμenAeBl
EdlkarrYmcMENkkñúgksikmμrbs;RbeTsTaMgenHenAkñúg GDP mankMritx<s;bMput.

kareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvénksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ cMnYn 3dg énvinieyaKTunsaFarN³ enAkñúgvis½y

minRtUv)aneKdak;kMhitcMeBaHbNþaRbeTsEdlBwg
Ep¥kelIvis½yksikmμenaHeT. enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs
kMBugeFIVkarEkERb EdlmankMeNInd¾elOnenAkñúg
vis½yminEmnksikmμ karEbgEckBlkmμeLIgvij
sMrab;vis½yminEmnksikmμenAEtminRbesIreday
TukeGayRbCaCnRkIRkcMnYnd¾eRcInrs;enAkñúgtMbn;
CnbTKμankargareFVI nigBRgIkKMlaténR)ak;
cMNUlrvagTIRkug nigCnbTFMEfmeTot. RbCa
ksikr RtUvkar]btßmÖFn nigkarkarBar. k¾b:uEnþ
smtßPaBsareBIBn§Tn;exSaykñúgkarRTRTg;kar
pøas;bþÚrenH edIm,Ikat;bnßyKMlatR)ak;cMNUl
nigtMrUvkarenATIRkugEdlenAEtbnþ sMrab;tMél
es,ógGaharcuHTab begIátCabBaðaeKalneya
)aymYy. »kastMélén]btßmÖFn ¬Edlman
ksikmμ enARbeTs\NÐa¦ RtUv)ankat;bnßyTMnij
saFarN³sMrab;kMeNIn nigesvakmμsgÁmenA
kñúgtMbn;CnbT. begáInR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgvis½y
ksikmμ nigesdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ RtUvEtCa
EpñkmYyéndMeNaHRsayenH.
»kasfIμ²kMBugekItman. BiPBelakénksikmμ)an
pøas;bþÜrKYreGaykt;sMKal; cab;taMgBIr)aykarN_
GPivDÆn_BiPBelakqñaM 1982 sIþGMBIksikmμecj
mk. TIpSarfIμ²EdlmanskmμPaBkarEklMG
sßab½n nigbec©kviC¢aEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay
nigtYnaTIfIμsMrab;rdæ vis½yÉkCn nigsgÁm
sIuvilTaMgGs;enHbgðajGMBIbribTfIμsMrab;vis½y
ksikmμ. ksikmμfIμnaeBlbc©úb,nñ RtUv)andwknaM

edayshRKinÉkCnenAkñúgExScgVak;tMél¬value
chains¦ EdlP¢ab;TMnak;TMngrvagplikr nig
GtifiCn ehIyrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgksikr BaNiC¢kmμtUc
tacCaeRcIn EdlKaMRTedayGgÁkarrbs;RbeTs
BYkeK.
ksikmμéndMNaMsMxan;² nigTMnijnaMecjFmμta
k¾rkeXIjTIpSarfIμpgEdr enAeBlEdlvakan;Et
manlkçN³xusEbøkBIeK kñúgkareqIøytbeTAnwg
tMrUvkareRbIR)as;EdlkMBugmankarpøas;bþÚr nigkar
eRbIR)as;fIμ² ¬]TahrN_ CIv\n§n³¦ nigGtß-
RbeyaCn_BIkareFIVsmahrNkmμTIpSarkñúgtMbn;.
k¾b:uEnþ vis½yksikmμ CYbRbTHPaBminc,as;las;
CaeRcIn EdlmankarlM)akkñúgkarBüakrN_ nig
RbugRby½tñ kñúgkarRKb;RKgkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógelI
saklelak ¬RbGb; 1¦.
TsSn³vi s ½ y rbs; v i s ½ y ksi k mμ s M r ab; k ar
GPivDÆkñúgeBlenH bgðajeLIgvijGMBItYnaTIrbs;
plitkr vis½yÉkCn nigrdæ. plitkmμ CaTUeTA
ekIteLIgBIksikrtUctac EdleRcInEtsißtenA
BI e Rkaypli t krEdlmanRbsi T i § p lx< s ; b M p u t
CaBiess enAeBlEdlKaMRTedayGgÁkarrbs;
RbeTsBYkeK. k¾b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlGgÁkarTaMgenH
minGaccab;ykCBa¢Igesdækic©enAkñúgplitkmμnig
kñúgTIpSar)ankareFIVksikmμCalkçN³BaNiC¢kmμ
edayeRbIRbBlvb,kmμ GacCaKMrUénplitkmμ
d¾RbesIrmYy nigTIpSarBlkmμEdlmanRbsiTi§pl
nigyutiþFm’ KWCaynþkard¾sMxan;sMrab;karkat;
bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbT. vis½yÉkCnCMruj
eGayGgÁkarTTYl)annUvExSsgVak;tMél ¬value
chains¦ EdlnaMTIpSarmkeGayksikrtUctac
nigksidæanEdllkçN³CaBaNiC¢kmμ. rdæ ¬tam
RbGb; 1 etIGnaKtsMrab;karpÁt;pÁg;es,ógCalkçN³saklKWGIV?
ksikmμ TTYl)aneCaKC½yy:ageRcInkñúg
kareqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkares,óg Edl
manRbsiTi§PaBrbs;BiPBelak. k¾b:uEnþ
RbCaCneRcInCag 800 lannak; enAEtxVH
es,óg ehIyksikmμ)anbnSl;TuknUvbBaða
Epñkbrisßand¾FM. ehIyGnaKtkan;Etman
PaBminc,as;las;.
KMrUCaeRcIn BüakrN_fatMéles,óg
enAkñúgTIpSarsakl GacRtLb;eTArk
ninñakarfycuHry³eBlEvgvij begIáteLIg
nUvPaBminc,as;las;kan;EtFMGMBIsniþsux
es,ógelIsaklelak. bMErbMrYl
briyakas karxUcxatdl;brisßan kar
RbkYtRbECgeRcIneLIg edIm,ITamTaryk
dI nigTwktMélfamBlkan;Etx<s; nigkar
RBYy)armÖGMBIGRtaTTYlykbec©kviC¢afIμ
naeBlGnaKt TaMgGs;enHbgðajGMBI
bBaðaRbQmFM² nighaniP½yCaeRcIn Edl
eFIVeGaylkçxNÐTaMgenHmankarlM)ak.
edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkar)a:n;sμanplit
kmμFBaØCati nwgRtUvbegIánCit 50PaKry
nigbegIánplitkmμsac;Rtwm 85PaKry BI
TidæPaBTUeTA 15
qñaM 2000 dl;qñaM 2030. bEnßmBIelIenH
KWCatMrUvkarekIneLIgsMrab;snñiFipÁt;pÁg;
EpñkksikmμsMrab;CIv\n§n³ Edl)aneFIV
eGaytMéles,ogBiPBelakeLIgrYceTA
ehIyenaH.
karRKb;RKgkareqIøytbCarYmrbs;
vis½yksikmμ eTAnwgtMrUvkarekIneLIg
nwgTamTarnUveKalneya)ayEdll¥ nig
karvinieyaK EdlmannirnþrPaB minEmn
BaNiC©kmμdUcFmμtaenaHeT. vinieyaKTun
EdlekIneLIgy:agelOnmanPaBcaM)ac
;bnÞan;CaBiessenAkñúgGaRhiVkGnutMbn;
sahara: EdlkarnaMcUles,ógRtUv)aneK
BüakrN_fa mancMnYneRcICagBIrdgRtwmqñaM
2030 eRkamrUbPaBBaNiC©kmμFmμta
mYy plb:HBal;énbMErbMrYlbriyakas
RtUv)aneKrMBwgfa nwgmanTMhMFMRBmCamYy
nwgsmtßPaBtictYckñúgkarTb;sáat; nig
karrIkcMerIn bnþeTAmuxyWt² kñúgkarbegIán
brimaNes,ógsMrab;mnusSmñak;.
RbPB³ Rosegrant and others 2007 .
16 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
ry³smtßPaBEdl)anEklMG nigTMrg;fIμénGPi-
)alkic©¦ EktMrUvPaBbraC½yrbs;TIpSareFIV
niy½tkmμ sMrab;karRbkYtRbECg nigcUlrYmCa
yuT§saRsþkúñgPaBCaédKUrvagÉkCnnigsaFarN³
edIm,ICMrujPaBRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½yksiBa-
NiC¢kmμ nigKaMRTdl;kardak;bBa©ÚlksikrtUctac
nigkmμkrenACnbT[)ankan;EteRcIneLIg. enA
kñúgTsSn³vis½ycMeBaHmuxenH ksikmμcab;epIþm
mantYnaTId¾sMxan;mYyenAkñúgrebobvar³GPivDÆn_.
etI y nþ k arEdlmanRbsi T i § P aBkñ ú g kareRbI v i s ½ y
ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmanGIVxøH?
vis½yksikmμ GacCaRbPBd¾sMxan;mYyrbs;kMeNIn
sMrab;bNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ
nigGackat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ehIynigEklMGbrisßan
enAkñúgRkumRbeTsTaMgbIRbePT eTaHbICakñúgviFI
epSg²Kñak¾eday. bBaðaenH TamTarnUvkarEklMG
karkMNt;RTBüskmμrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT
eFIVeGaykareFVIksikmμrbs;ksikrtUctackan;Et
manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg nigmannirnþPaBCagmun
karbegIánRbPBR)ak;cMNUlEdlmanTMnak;TMng
eTAnwgTIpSarBlkmμ nigesdækic©CnbTminEmn
ksikmμ nigsMrbsMrYlkarcakecjBIvis½yksikmμ
RbkbedayeCaKC½y.
begIán»kassMrab;TTYl)anRTBüskmμ RTBüskmμ
rbs;RKYsar KWCaktþakMNt;d¾sMxan;énlT§PaB
edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúgTIpSarksikmμ Fanadl;CIvPaB
rs;enAkñúgkareFIVksikmμsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit RbkYt
RbECgCalkçN³shRKinenAkñúgesdækic©CnbTmin
Emnksikmμ nigEsVgrkkargarenAkñúgGaCIB
CMnaj. RTBüskmμbIsMxan;² KW dI Twk nigFnFan
mnusS. k¾b:uEnþ RTBüskmμrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenA
CnbTCaerOy² RtUv)anTTYlrgsm<aFeday
kMeNInRbCaCn karxUcxatdl;brisßankardkhUt
RTBüskmμtampøÚvc,ab;BIRbCaCnmkeFIVCasm,tiþ
rdæ edayplRbeyaCn_sMxan; nigPaBlMeGogrbs;
sgÁmenAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigkñúgkarEbgEck
TMnijsaFarN³.
Kμ a nTI N aEdlxV H xatRTBüskmμ e RcI n Cag
enAkñúgGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara:enaHeT EdlTMhMdI
ERscMkarenAkñúgtMbn;Edlmandg;sIuetRbCaCn
eRcIn manTMhMtUc nigfycuHdIxUcKuNPaBxøaMg
xVHxatkareFIVvinieyaK elIRbB½n§FarasaRsþ ehIy
karGb;rM nigsuxPaBminl¥ )andak;sm<aFelIplit
PaB nig»kasTTYl)anCMerIsEdlRbesIr. sm<aF
RbCaCnRBmCamYynwgTMhMdIERscMkarEdlkMBug
fycuH nigPaBkSt;énTwk k¾CabBaðaRbQmd¾cMbg
enAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcInenAGasIuEdr. karbegIánRTBü
skmμTamTarnUvkarvinieyaKsaFarN³sMxan;²
elIRbB½n§FarasaRsþ suxPaB nigGb;rM. enAkñúg
krNIdéTeTot vaKWCabBaðaénkarGPivDÆsßab½n

dUcCa karelIkkMBs;sniþsux siTi§kan;kab;RTBü
skmμ nigKuNPaBénrdæ)aldIFøI. karbegIánRTBü
skmμ k¾GacTamTarpgEdrnUvviFankarc,as;las;
edIm,IeFIVeGayman»kasesIμKñasMrab;RkumEdlmin
)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_ nigRkumEdleKminrab;
bBa©Úl dUcCa RsIþ nigCnCatiPaKtic.
dI - TIpSardI CaBiess pSarCYl GacbegIán
plitPaB)an nigCYyRKYsarnana begIánR)ak;
cMNUlrbs;xøÜn nigGacQanecjBIkareFVIksikmμ.
edaysarGayurbs;ksikr edaysaresdækic©
CnbTekIneRcInRbePT nigedaysarkareFIV
cMNakRsukekIneLIg TIpSardIEdlmandMeNIrkarl¥
tMrUvkarcaM)ac; edIm,IepÞrdIeTAeGayGñkeRbIR)as;
EdlGacplit)aneRcInCageKbMput nigedIm,Ibgá
eGaykarcUlrYmenAkñúgvis½yminEmnksikmμenA
CnbT nigkarcakecjBIkareFVIksikmμ. k¾b:uEnþ enA
kñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn siTi§kan;kabRTBüskmμEdl
KμansuvtßiPaB karGnuvtþkic©snüaminRtwmRtUv
nigkardak;kMhitxøaMgedayc,ab; sMrab;kMNt;RBMEdn
énkarGnuvtþ TIpSardI begIáteLIgnUvbBaðaKμan
RbsiTi§PaBCaeRcIn TaMgenAkñúgkarEbgEckdInig
kMlaMgBlkmμ nigkarBRgwkPaBminesIμKña Edl
kMBugekItmaneLIgenAkñúgkarTTYl)annUvdIFIø.
bNþajkarBarsuvtißPaB nig»kasTTYl)an
\NTan RtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Ikat;bnßykarlk;dI
TidæPaBTUeTA 17
enAeBlEdlksikrTTYlrgplb:HBal; b¤man
bBaða.
kMENTMrg;dIFIø GacCMrujkarcUlrYmrbs;ksikr
tUctaceTAkñúgTIpSar kat;bnßyvismPaBkñúgkar
EbgEckdIFøI begIánRbsiTi§pl nigGacerobcMtam
viFICaeRcInEdlTTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;RsIþ. karEbg
EckeLIgvijnUvGclnRTBüFM²Edl)aneRbIR)as;
minRtwmRtUveTAeGayksikrtUctacedIm,IeFVICa
TIlMenAdæanGaceFIVeTA)an RbsinebImankarCYy
eRCamERCgtamry³kMENTMrg; edayFananUvPaB
RbkYtRbECgrbs;GñkTTYlpl b:uEnþvaKWCaGIVEdl
mankarlM)akkñúgkarsMerceGay)an. eKaledA
]btßmÖFn edIm,IsMrbsMrYlkMENTMrg;dIFIøEp¥kelI
TIpSarRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTseRbsIul nig
GaRhiVkxagt,Úg ehIyemeronCaeRcInRtUvEtyk
ecjmkBIbTBiesaFn_fIμ² TaMgenH sMrab;karGnuvtþ
kan;EtRbkbedayskþanuBlTUlMTUlay.
Twk - karTTYl)anTwk nigRbB½n§FarasaRsþ KWCa
ktþaCMrujd¾cMbgmYyrbs;plitPaBdI nigesßrPaB
énTinñpl. plitPaBdIEdlmanRbB½n§FarasaRsþ
mancMnYnBIrdgeRcInCagRbsiTi§PaBdIEdlpÁt;pÁg;
edayTwkePøóg. enAGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara:man
Et 4PaKryénépÞdIb:ueNÑaHenAkñúgplitkmμman
RbB½n§FarasaRsþ ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgGasIuxag
t,Úgman 39 PaKry nig 29 PaKryenAGasIu
18 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
bUBa’. CamYynwgbMErbMrYlbriyakas EdlnaMeGay
manPaBminR)adkRbCaekIneLIg enAkñúgvis½y
ksikmμEdlBwgEp¥kelITwkePøóg nigkarkat;bnßy
karrlayTwkkkr karvinieyaKelIkarsþúkTwkTuk
KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;. sUm,IEtCamYynwgPaB
kSt;énTwkEdlkMBugekIneLIg nigtMélekIneLIg
énKMeragFarasaRsþRTg;RTayFMk¾eday k¾enAman
»kasCaeRcIn sMrab;elIkkMBs;plitPaBtamry³
karsþareLIgvijnUvKMeragEdlmanRsab; nigtam
ry³karBRgIkKMeragRTg;RTaytUc nigkarRbmUl
Twk.
Gb;rM - enAeBlEdldI nigTwk KWCaRTBüskmμd¾
sMxan;enAtMbn;CnbT karGb;rM KWCaRTBüskmμ
EdlmantMélbMputsMrab;RbCaCnenACnbTedIm,I
cab;yk»kasnanaenAkñúgvis½yksikmμfIμTTYl
)annUvkargarEdlmanCMnajGaCIvkmμl¥²enAkñúg
esdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ nigkarcakecj
edayeCaKC½y. k¾b:uEnþ kMritGb;rMenAtMbn;CnbT
TMngCamankMritTabKYreGaysegVKenATUTaMgBiPB
elak ³ CamFümeron)an 4 qñaM sMrab;yuvCnenA
CnbT nigticCag 3 qñaM sMrab;yuvnarIenACnbT
enAtMbn;GaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: nigmCÄwmbUBa’ nig
GaRhiVkxageCIg. karEklMGkarGb;rMmUldæanenA
CnbTmansPaByWtCagenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug. enA
TINaEdltMrUvkarsMrab;karGb;rMkMBugmanbBaða
kñúgcMeNamRKYsarenACnbT enaHkarGb;rMenH
GacRtUv)anelIkkMBs;)antamry³karepÞrsac;
R)ak; ¬dUcenAkñúgRbeTsbg;køaeds eRbsIul nig
muicsIukU¦ edaydak;lkçxNÐelIvtþmankñúgkar
cUleron. k¾b:uEnþ karbegáInKuNPaBGb;rMenACnbT
EdlTamTarnUvkarEklMGeRcInbMput CamYynwg
karGb;rMEdl)anbegIáteLIgy:agTUlMTUlayedIm,I
bBa©ÚlkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ EdlGacpþl;nUv
CMnajbec©keTs nigCMnajBaNiC¢kmμEdlman
sarsMxan;enAkñúgvis½yksikmμfIμ nigesdækic©CnbT
minEmnksikmμ KWmansar³ sMxan;Nas;Edr.
suxPaB - CMgWEdlrIkraldal nigkarsøab;bNþal
mkBICMgWhIuv¼eGds_ nigCMgWRKuncaj;Gackat;bnßy
)any:ageRcInnUvplitPaBksikmμ nigb:HBal;dl;
CIvPaBrs;enA. PaKeRcInénRbCaCnEdlTTYlrg
eRKaHedaysarCMgW hIuv eFIVkarenAkñúgEpñkksikmμ
nigmanTMhMFMeFgsMrab;eKalneya)ayksikmμ
edI m ,I e GaymankareqI ø y tbkan; E teRcI n eLI g
cMeBaHCMgWhIuv kñúgkarKaMRTdl;karpøas;bþÚrcMeBaH
plb:HBal;elIkMlaMgBlkmμ nigkarepÞrcMeNH
dwgeTAeGaykumarkMRBa. enACnbTkñúgRbeTs
hSaMebo karfycuHéncMnYnRbCaCnmanlkçN³
F¶n;F¶rCaBiess sMrab;yuvv½yekμg²enAtMbn;CnbT
³ 19 PaKry énRbCaCnEdlmanGayucenøaHBI
15 eTA 24 qñaM enAkñúgqñaM 1990 EdlCaRkum

mnusSEdlmanRbeyaCn_bMputRtUv)an)a:n;sμanfa
)ansøab;)at;bg;CIvitenARtwmqñaM 2000. k¾b:uEnþ
ksikmμk¾bgánUvkarKMramkMEhgpgEdr dl;suxPaB
rbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenAtamCnbT. RbB½n§Fara
saRsþ GacbegIánnUvGRtaénCMgWRKuncaj; nigCati
Bulrbs;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfa
)ansMlab;mnusSGs; 355 000 nak; Caerog
ral;qñaM. CMgW Zoonotic dUcCa CMgWRKunpþasay
EdlekItecjBIkar enACitKñarvagmnusSnigstV
bgánUvkarKMramkMEhgeRcIneLIgdl;suxPaBrbs;m
nusS. karsMrbsMrYld¾RbesIr énrebobvar³ksikmμ
nigsuxPaB Gacpþl;nUvlT§plFM²sMrab;plitPaB
nigsuxmalPaB.
eFIVeGaykareFIVksikmμrbs;ksikrtUctackan;Etman
sar³RbeyaCn_ nigmannirnþPaB
karEklMGplitPaB lT§PaBR)ak;cMeNj nig
nirnþPaBsMrab;kareFIVksikmμrbs;ksikrtUctac KW
CaviFId¾sMxan; mYykñúgkarcakecjBIPaBRkIRk
tamry³kareRbIR)as;ksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ.
etIviFIenH nwgRtUvkarGIV? ynþkareKalneya)ay
mYycMnYnFM EdlkñúgenHmanynþkarCaeRcIn Gnuvtþ
epSg²Kña sMrab;ksikrBaNiC¢kmμtUctac nigsMrab;
ksikrEdleFIVksikmμsMrab;EtciBaw©mCIvitGacRtUv
)aneRbIR)as;edImI,sMercnUveKalbMNgdUcxag
eRkam ³
TidæPaBTUeTA 19
-EklMGkarelIkTwkcitþxagtMél nigbegIán
brimaNnigKuNPaBrbs;vinieyaKTunsaFarN³
¬CMBUk 4¦
-eFIVeGayTIpSarplitpl mandMeNIrkan;Et
RbesIr ¬CMBYk 5 nig 6¦
-EklMG»kasTTYl)annUvesvakmμhriBaØvtßú
nigkat;bnßynUvhaniP½y ¬CMBUk 6¦
-elIkkMBs;karRbtibtiþrbs;GgÁkarGñkplit
¬CMBYk 6¦
-CMrujkarEklMGtamry³viTüasaRsþ nig bec©k
viTüa ¬CMBYk 7¦
-eFIVeGayksikmμkan;EtmannirnþPaB nigeFIV
eGayeTACaGñkpÁt;pÁg;esvakmμbrisßanmYy
¬CMBUk 8¦
EklMGkarelIkTwkcitþxagtMél nigbegIánbrimaN
nigKuNPaBrbs;vinieyaKTunsaFarN³. kMENTMrg;
fIμ²enH )anEklMGkarelIkTwkcitþxagtMélsMrab;
plitkrksikmμenAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
kat;bnßy k¾b:uEnþ minEmnlb;bM)at;PaBlMeGogén
eKalneya)ayBIGtItkaleTAelIksikmμenaHeT.
enAcenøaHBIqñaM 1980-84 nig 2000-2004
karkMNt;Bn§suT§elIksikmμ)anfycuH CamFümBI
28 PaKry mkdl; 10 PaKry enA kñúgbNþa
RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ fycuHBI 15
PaKry mkenA 4 PaKry enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs
20 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008

EdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb nigfycuHmkenA 9 PaKry xatbg; ehIykmμviFInanaEdlEktMrUveTAtamkal³

kñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆrYcehIy. k¾ eTs³ sMrab;RbeTsCak;lak;enaH nwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;
b:uEnþ kMritd¾TabénkarkMNt;Bn§suT§ min)anbgðaj edIm,IsMrYldl;karpøas;bþÚrPaBBitR)akdrbs;TIpSar
GMBIkarrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénkarkarBarTMnijnaMcUl nig fIμ.
karkMNt;Bn§elITMnij naMecjenaHeT ¬CaBiess pÞúyeTAvij mankarrIkcMerInBak;B½n§bniþcbnþÜc
enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ nig enAkñúgkarfycuHCarYménkarKaMRTdl;plitkrenA
bNþaRbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb¦ EdlGacman kñúgRbeTs EdlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarkic©sh
kMritx<s;TaMgBIr ¬rUb 5¦. dUecñH cMNucEdl RbtibtiþkarnigGPivDÆn_esdñkic© ¬OECD¦. kar
KYrBicarNa enAEtmansMrab;begIánRbsiTi§pl KaMRTdl;plitkr )anfycuHBI 37 PaKry
EfmeTot tamry³kareFIVkMENTMrg;enAkñúgeKal éntMélsrubrbs;ksikmμenAkñúgqñaM 1986-88
neya)ayBaNiC¢kmμpÞal;rbs;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ mkenA 30 PaKrykñúgqñaM 2003-05. mankar
n_TaMgGs;. esrIPavUbnIykmμénkarnaMcUles,óg pøas;bþÚrecjBIkarKaMRT EdlmanTMnak;TMngeday
sMxan;² k¾GacKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRkpgEdr pÞal;eTAnwgtMélrbs;plitpl cMeBaHTMrg;déT
BIeRBaH RbCaCnRkIRkeRcInbMputrYmTaMgksikr eTot Edlmankarpøas;bþÚrtictYc dUcCakarepÞrsac;
tUctacpg KWCaGñkTijes,ógsuT§saF. k¾b:uEnþ R)ak;Edl :)anbBa©b;TMnak;TMng : BIplitkmμCa
RbCaCnRkIRkCaeRcInEdlCaGñklk;suT§saF ¬CYn Biess enAshPaBGWrub ¬EU¦. k¾b:uEnþ kar
kalRbCaBlrdæRkIRkRkumFMCageKbMput¦ nwg epÞrEbbenH Canic©kalminmanlkçNGBüaRkit
rUb 5 RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ kMBugkMNt;Bn§ticelITMnijksikmμnaMecj

RbPB³ Anderson, forthcoming.

sMKal; ³ GRtaminBiténCMnYy KWCakarvas;EvgmYyéntMélTinñplkñúgRsukTak;TgeTAnwgtMélkMrit EdlBicarNaeTA
elIR)ak; ]btßmÖelIFatucUlkñúgRsuk

cMeBaHplitkmμeT BIeRBaHvakat;bnßyPaB min
eBjcitþcMeBaHhaniP½y ¬plb:HBal;dl;RTBüFn¦
kat;bnßyPaBERbRbYlelIR)ak;cMNUl)anBIksikmμ
¬plb:HBal;elIkarFana¦ nigGnuBaØateGay
FnaKarpþl;R)ak;kmI©dl;ksikr ebImindUcecñHeT
vaeTAminrYceT.
plb:HBal;)a:n;sμanelIsuxmalPaBrbs;esrIPa-
vUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμeBjeljmanTMhMFM. tam
ry³kardkecjnUvkMritkarBarbc©úb,nñrbs;BYkeK
RbeTs]sSahkmμCaeRcIn nwgnaMmknUvGtßRb-
eyaCn_énsuxmalPaBRbcaMqñaM sMrab;bNþaRbeTs
kMBugGPivDÆn_ EdlRtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamancMnYn
5 dg énlMhUrCMnYysMrab;ksikmμRbcaMqñaM naeBl
bc©úb,nñ. k¾b:uEnþ plb:HBal;enH manlkçN³
cMruHRKb;plitpl nigRbeTs. CamYynwgesrIPa-
vUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμeBjelj tMélTMnijksikmμ
GnþrCati RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfa ekIneLIgCamFüm
Rtwm 5/5 PaKry cMENkÉTMnijkb,asRtUv
)aneKrMBwgfanwgekIneLIgRtwm 21PaKry nig
eRbgRKab;FBaØCatiRtwm 15 PaKry. bBaðaenH
eFIVeGaymankarRBYy)armÖCaBiesssMrab;RbeTs
EdlnaMcUles,ógGahar EdlmanbBaðaxøaMgelI
GRtabþÚrR)ak; dUcCaRbeTsbUran;DI r:Uv:an;da nig
nIhÁ½r. RbeTsRkIRkCaeRcInEdlnaMecjkb,as
b¤eRbg RKab;FBaØCati dUcCaRbeTs qat suydg;
eb‘ÍKINa hVasU m:alI nigebnIn Gac)ancMeNj
TidæPaBTUeTA 21
eRcIn. kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdleKrMBwgfa nwg)an
cMeNjeRcInCageK man RbeTseRbsIul éfLg;d_
nigevotNam.
snñisITdUhaénkarcrcaEpñkBaNiC¢kmμRtUvEt
tak;EtgbBa©b;CabnÞan; CaBiessedIm,Ilb;bM)at;
karERbRbYl dUcCa ]btßmÖFnsMrab;kb,asrbs;
Gaemrik Edlmanplb:HBal;dl;RbeTsRkIRkCag
eKbMput. eKalneya)ay nigkmμviFIbMeBjbEnßm
nana ¬rYmTaMgCMnYysMrab;BaNiC¢kmμ¦ RtUvkarcaM
)ac;edIm,ITUTat;sgdl;Gñkxatbg; ¬epÞrkmμviFI¦
nigedIm,IsMrbsMrYldl;karEkERbd¾qab;rh½s nig
manlkçN³esIμPaB edayksikrtUctac tMrUveTA
nwgGtßRbeyaCn_eRbobeFobenAcMeBaHmux ¬karvi-
nieyaKelITMnijsaFarN³ nigkMENTMrg;sßab½n¦.
esdækic©neya)ay nwgkMNt;el,Ón nigvisal
PaBénkareFIVkMENTMrg;bEnßmelIBaNiC¢kmμ tMél
nigcMNaysaFarN³. smaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkar
BaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ GacCYyeFIVkMEN
TMrg;)an ehIybNþajB½t’mankñúgRsukGacpSBV-
pSayGMBIéføcMNayrbs;Gñkbg;Bn§ nigGRta
vismPaBénR)ak;cMeNj. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn
KMeragTUTat;sMNgnigsMrbsMrYlEdl)ancrca
sMrab;Gñkxatbg;GacmanRbsiT§iPaB dUcCaenA
kñ ú g kareFI V k M E NTM r g; e Kalneya)ayRsU v rbs;
RbeTsCb:un kMENTMrg;sárrbs; EU nigkMENTMrg;
sMrab;es,ógGaharmUldæan kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990
22 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
rbs;RbeTsmiucsIukU. karP¢ab;TMnak;TMngkMEN
TM r g; k si k mμ k ú ñ g Rsu k eTAnw g kM E NTM r g; e sdæ k i c ©
TaMgmUlGacbegIánnUvCIvPaBrs;RbkbedayeCaK-
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KWrebobrbbénkarRKb;RKgtMéleLIgcuHEdlmin
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resIbxagneya)ayenAkñúgRbeTsEdlTTYlrab;
rgmYyEpñkFM cMeBaHkarcMNayrbs;GñkeRbI
R)as;. RbsinebIGaharmUldæanenaH GaceFVICMnYj
)an EdlmankarFanara:b;rgtamry³kic©snüa
 TidæPaBTUeTA 23

edaHdUrCMnYjsMrab;GnaKt enaHeBlxøHGacRKb; KMramkMEhgdl;CIvPaBGñkplitrab;lannak;. kar

RKghaniP½yéntMél)an dUcCaRbeTs b¤GñkCMnYj bBa©úHtMélBn§ nigesrIPavUbNIykmμd¾FMeFgén
enAtMbn;GaRhVikxagt,Úg eRbIR)as;karedaHdUrTMnij TIpSarnaMecj )aneFVI[RbesIrelIcMNUlenAkñúg
rbs;RbCaCnenAGaRhikxagt,Úg . karRKb;RKg TMrg;CaeRcIn. b:uEnþTIpSarPavUbNIykmμTaMgenH
haniP½yGaceFVI[RbesIr eLIgedaykarebIk TamTarnUvtYnaTIfμImYysMrab;rdæaPi)al CaBiess
cMhrBaNiC¢kmμtamRBMEdn nigCalkçN³ÉkCn enAkñúgEpñkc,ab;TMlab; nigRbsiTi§PaBénRbtibtiþ-
]TahrN_ karRKb;RKgRbkbedayeCaKC½y karenAkñúgTIpSar. enATINaEdlkarTamTarenH
énkarCYyse®gÁaHkarxVHxatGaharenARbeTs RtUv)aneKGnuvtþenaHplitkmμ nigKuNPaBKW
bg;køaedsedaysarTwkCMnn;enAqñaM1998 . b:uEnþ RbesIreLIg dUcCa kb,asenARbeTs Esmebo
GaharmUldæan esÞIrEtTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsEdl EdlenATIenaHplitkmμeFVI)anbIdgkñúgmYyqñaM .
GaRs½yelIksikmμ GaceFVICMnYj)anEtmuxTMnij CacMNucsMxan;EdrenaH KWkarbegáInplitkmμén
mYyPaK²b:ueNÑaH ehIyRbeTsCaeRcInEdlTTYl karnaMecjtYya:geCaKC½yfμI²EdlRbeTshÁaNa
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ePaKplrbs;eKTaMgenaHsMrab;Tb;tMélenAeBl KuNPaB nigkareFVICMnYyRbkbedayyutiþFm’Gac
EdltMélminmanesßrPaB EdlkargarTaMgenH ebIk»kassMrab;elIkTwkcitþTIpSarkan;EteRcIn
TTYl)aneCaKC½ycMruHKña . haniP½yx<s;éntMél cMeBaHksikrtUctacmYycMnYn .
eLIgcuHEdlminGacdwgmun)anenAEtb:HBal;dl;
ksikr nigGñkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTsEdl TIpSarmantMélx<s; - karcUlrYmrbs;ksikrtUctac
GaRs½ynwgksikmμ ehIysuvtßPaBes,ógGahar GacRtUv)aneKelIkkMBs;sMrab;tMélTIpSarx<s;TaMg
enAelITIpSarBiPBelak nigTIpSarkñúgRsukrYmTaMg
RbkbedayRbsiTi§PaBnwgenAEtbnþedIrtYd¾sMxan;
rhUtdl;cMNUlekIneLIg b¤karRbtibtiþénTIpSarTIpSarTMenIb²enAkñúgRbeTsEdlekIneLIg\tQb;
RbesIreLIg . Qr. tMélTIpSarx<s;sMrab;tMrUvkarkñúgRsukman
kMeNInya:gelOncMeBaHTIpSarksikmμenAkñúgRbeT
TMnijnaMecjmanbrimaNeRcIn - CayUryamkehIy skMBugGPivDÆesÞIrEtTaMgGs;edayBRgIkrhUtdl;
KnøgéntMélTIpSarBiPBelak énkarnaMecjCaRb- 6 eTA 7 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM² naMmuxedayplit
éBNIeTA ehIyenaH dUcCa kaehV nigkb,as)an kmμstVBahn³ nigksikmμEkécñ ¬rUbTI 6¦.
24 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
EpøeQIRss; nigEkécñ nigbEnø RtI nigplitplRtI
sac; RKab;FujCati eRKOgeTs nigbubövb,kmμ
¬pliplksikmμsMrab;emSA¦ eBlenH manRbmaN
43 PaKryénkarnaMecjcMNIGaharksi]sSa-
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ksikmμ Ca]TahrN_)anQaneTAdl; 60 PaKry
enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYnenAGaemrikLaTIn .
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plitplCnbTGaccUlrYmenAkñúgTIpSarEdlman
tMélx<s; enHEbbNa TaMgCaGñkplitedaypÞal;
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kMBugekIneLIgy:agxøaMg
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sþg;darGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½yenAkñúgTIpSar
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emIlCMgW¦.
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TIpSar} edIm,Icab;epþImdMeNIrkarcMeBaHTIpSar
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dl;RkumeKaledAedIm,I[ksikrGacTijnUvFatucUl
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pþl;CaCMnYynanaedIm,IFanatMélénkarcab;epþImcUl
rYmCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;EpñkÉkCnkñúgTIpSar FatucUlenH .
dUc]btßmÖFnÉeTot²Edr ]btßmÖFnFatucUl
RtUvEteRbIR)as;edayRbugRby½tñBIeRBaHmantMél
kalanuvtþPaBx<s;sMrab;plitrbs;rbbsaFarN³
nigkarcMNaysgÁm ehIyvamanhaniP½yeRcIn
cMeBaHkarcab;ykCaneya)ay nigminGacfy
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[)anhμt;ct;cMeBaHkareRbIR)as;]btßmÖFnenH
vanw g GacCY y karBarhani P ½ y énkarTTY l yk
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sa®sþRKb;RCugeRCaymYy edIm,IelIkkMBs;plit
PaB nigRtUvEtman»kassMrab;dk;]btßmÖFnenH
TidæPaBTUeTA 25
vijRbkbedaykar eCOTukcitþ)an .
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haniP½yEdlminR)akdRbCa. pllM)aksMrab;
hirBaØvtßúkñúgvis½yksikmμ enAEtekItmaneLIg
dEdl ehIymantMélx<s; nigkarEckcaymin
RKb;RKan; nig)andak;kMritén»kassMrab;ksikr
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edIm,Idak;CaeRKÓgbBa©aM ¬sniTanRTBüskmμ¦ nig
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enAEtminTan;manGVIERbRbYlenAeLIyeTaHbICaman
rebobrbbfμI²énsßab½nCaeRcInk¾ eday.
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skmμ P aBEdlTTY l )ankarRtLb; m kvi j x< s ;
dUcCa bsustV nigsakvb,kmμ ¬sil,³énkar
26 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008

daMdMNaM¦. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday visalPaB minmanPaBR)akdRbCa dUcCa lT§pléneRKaH

énplitkmμhirBaØvtßúEdlmansMrab;RbCaCnenA mhnþray FmμCati karraldalénCMgW karpøas;
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karpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ay )anbgá[mankarxat
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nigCMerIssMrab;CYl. edaymankarekIneLIgén bg;tMélx<s;cMeBaHplEdlCaTIkab;citþ nigsumal
smahrNkmμcgVak;pÁt;pÁg; nigkic©snüasMrab; PaBsMrab;RbCaCnenACnbT. edIm,IRKb;RKgkar
ekIteLIgnUvhaniP½yTaMgenH ksikrRtUvEtbBaÄb;
ksikdæan GnþrkmμhirBaØvtßútamry³Pñak;garTak;
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bnßytMélGnþrkal nigeFVI[R)ak;km©Imankar b:HBal;dl;tMélx<s;ry³eBlEvg BIeRBaHva
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edayBMumankarbegáItGVI EdlCakarBwgBak;GaRs½y
enAEtCakarRbQmmYy .
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nigvis½yÉkCn)an[dwgfa RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ
vinieyaKEt 1¼9 eFobnwgRbeTs]sSahkmμ
28 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
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tictYc ebIeFobeTAnwgtMbn;epSg²eTot kñúgkar
TTYlplRbeyaCn_BIkarepÞrbec©kviTüaGnþrCati
ehIyRbeTsEdltUc²CaeRcIn raraMgBYkeKBIkar
TTYl)anTMhMesdækic©enAkñúgkarRsavRCav nig
GPivDÆvis½yksikmμ. karvinieyaKtictYckñúg
karRsavRCav nigkarTTYl)ankarepÞrbec©kviTüa
GnþrCatitictYc )aneFVI[karplitFBaØaCatienA
kñúgTVIbGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: ecjCalT§pl
[eXIjfamanKMlatd¾FMmYycMeBaHePaKpl ebI
eFobeTAnw g RbeTsÉeTot²enAelI B i P Belak
¬rUbTI 7¦. sMrab;RbeTsTaMgenH karbegáIn
karvinieyaK nigshRbtibtiþkarenAkñúgtMbn;sMrab;
karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆRtUveFVIeLIgCabnÞan; .
karcMNayTab KWCaEpñkmYyénbBaða. GgÁkar
sikSaRsavRCavsaFarN³CaeRcIn CYbRbTHnUv
bBaðaCaeRcIn dUcCa kardwknaMkarRKb;RKg nig
hirBaØvtßú EdlTamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;
CabnÞan;. b:uEnþtMélTIpSarx<s; ebIkcMhr»kas
fμIsMrab;vis½yÉkCn edIm,IBenøÓnKMnitpþÜcepþImfμI²
CamYynwgsgVak;éntMél. karcUlrYmTaMgenH
CaerOy²TamTar[manPaBCaédKUkñúgcMeNam
vis½ysaFarN³ vis½yÉkCn ksikr nigsgÁm
sIuvilenAkñúgvis½yhirBaØvtßú karGPivDÆ nigKMnitpþÜc
epþImfμI²[)anRKb;RKan;. CamYynwgvisalPaBd¾
TUlMTUlaymYyénCMerIssßab½nEdlmaneBlenH
tMrUv[mankarvaytMélbEnßmeTot faetIGVIdMeNIr
kareTA)anl¥enAkñúgbirbTEbbNa .
karRbQmnaeBlGnaKtmYyKWeFVIkar[rYmtUc
 TidæPaBTUeTA 29

énKMlatcMNUl nigplitkmμ rvagtMbn;EdlRbesIr rUbTI 7 KMlatePaKplsMrab;FBaØCatirvagTVIbGaRhVik

nig tMbn;EdlmanPaBRbesIrtictYc. PaBRbesIr GnutMbn;sahar:a nigtMbn;ÉeTot²xusKñaxøaMg
xagbec©kviTüasMrab;dITwk nigkarRKb;RKgbsustV
nigRbB½n§ksikmμRbkbedaycIrPaB nigGaceRsac
RsgeLIgvij)an edayrYmTaMgmantulüPaBBBYk
stVl¥itCMgW nigPaBraMgs¶Üt KWRtUvkarCacaM)ac;
sMrab;tMbn;EdlrIkcMerIneRkayeK. viFIsa®sþEdl
eRbIR)as;CIv³sa®sþ nigeGkULÚsIu Gacbnßy
kareRbIR)as;FatucUlBIxageRkA[enAGb,brima
CaBi e sskareRbI s arFatu K I m I s M r ab; k si k mμ .
]TahrN_rYmman karP¢Ürras;dI EklMGdIEdlTuk
enATMenrukçCatiEbtgsMrab;KMrbdMNaM karrkSadI[
manCICatil¥ ehIyRKb;RKgstVl¥itEdlGaRs½y KitEtBIBaNiC¢kmμ ehIyvaminTan;man\T§iBldl;
elIkarRKb;RKgCIv³sa®sþcMruH nigRbB½n§CIv³cMruH plitkmμrbs;ksikrtUc²enAeLIyeT enAkñúg
CaCagkareRbIfñaMKImIsMlab;stVl¥it. edaysarEt RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ elIkElgEtkb,asbIFI enAcin
bec©kviTüaTaMgenH KWmanenAkEnøgd¾Cak;lak; nig\NÐa. PaBTn;exSaykñúgkarvinieyaKkñúgbec©k
karGPivDÆ nigkarTTYlykrbs;BYkeKTamTar viTüaCIv³sa®sþrbs;vis½ysaFarN³ nigkaryWt
[manviFIsa®sþsMrab;vimÄkar nigkarcUlrYmeRcIn y:avkñúgdMeNIrkarbriyakasc,ab;Edl GaceFVI)an
EfmeTot edaybUkrYmCamYynwgskmμPaBrYm nighaniP½yelIsuvtßPaBcMNIGahar )anbnßykar
edayksikr nigshKmn_. GPivDÆplitplesrIragÁesenTic (GMO) Edl
»kasvivDÆn_enAkñúgbec©kviTüaCIv³sa®sþpþl; vaRbEhlCaGacCYyGñkRk)an. plRbeyaCn_
skþanuBlCaRbeyaCn_FMsMebImdl;GñkplitEdl CaskþanuBlénbec©kviTüaTaMgenH nwgGacminman
RkIRk nigGñkeRbIR)as;RkIRkpgEdr. b:uEnþkarvini vtþmaneT luHRtaEtshKmn_GPivDÆn_GnþrCati
eyaKelIbec©kviTüaCIv³sa®sþenAeBlenH KWepþat CY y KaM R Tdl; R beTsEdlmancM N ab; G armμ N _
eTAelIEtvis½yÉkCn nigTajykedayGñkEdl GPivDÆn_vis½yenH .
30 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
eFVI[ksikmμmannIrnþrPaBCagmun nigCaGñkpþl;esva
dl;brisßan. søaksñambMpøicbMpøaydl;brisßan
edaysarksikmμmanTMhMFMeFgNas; b:uEnþ vaenA
man»kaseRcInNas;sMrab;kat;bnßyvaeLIgvij.
cab;taMgBIqñaM 1992 snñisITEpndI EdleFVIenA
rIyU (Rio) )anTTYlsÁalfa rebobvar³brisßan
minGacbMEbkecjBI rebobvar³ksikmμeT sMrab;
karGPivDÆn_. ehIyGnaKtsMrab;ksikmμ KW
cMNgsñÚlcMeBaHPaBRbesIreLIgénFnFanFmμ
CatiEdlvaBwgGaRs½y.
TaMgksikmμEbbRbBlvb,kmμ nigEbbyfapl
)anb:HBal;dl;brisßan b:uEnþvamanlkçNHxusKña.
ksikmμRbBlvb,kmμ )anbegáItbBaðadl;brisßan
edaykarkat;bnßyCIv³sa®sþcMruH karRKb;RKg
RbB½n§eRsacRsBmin)anl¥ karbMBuledayksikmμ
eRbIKImI nigtMélsuxPaB nigkarsøab;edaykarBul
fñaMKImIsMlab;stVl¥it. bdivtþbsustVmantMél
rbs;va CaBiessenAtMbn;EdlmanRbCaCneRcIn
nigtMbn;CitTIRkug tamry³sMNl; stV nigkarrIk
raldalénCMgWstV dUcCapþasaybkSI. tMbn;Edl
minGnueRKaHCaeRcInTTYlrgTukçBIkarbMpøicbMpøaj
éRBeQI kareRcaHdIQaneTArkvalxSac; nigkar
fycuHéntMbn;valesμA nigTICMral. enAtMbn;
x<g;rab GaRhVikxagekIt karhUreRcaHdI CalT§pl
énkar)at;bg;plitkmμx<s;rhUtdl; 2 - 3
PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM² elIsBIenHeTAeTot )an
begáIt[mankarb:HBal;dl;kEnøgepSg²eTot
dUcCakarcak;bMeBjGaMgTwknana .
cMelIycMeBaHbBaðaenH KWminEmneFVI[fy
eRkay énkarGPivDÆksikmμenaHeT b:uEnþ RtUv
EsVgrkRbB½n§plitkmμRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nig
elIkkMBs;karpþl;rbs;ksikmμ cMeBaHesvakmμ
brisßan. bec©kviTüa RbkbedaykþIsgÇwm nigKMnit
pþÜcepþImfμI²CaeRcIn GaceFVI[ksikmμman
nirnþrPaB CamYynwgkaredaHdUr[mankMritCa
Gb,brimarvagkMeNIn nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.
yuT§sa®sþRKb;RKgTwkenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanRbB½n§
eRsacRsB RtUvEtelIkkMBs;énkareRbIR)as;Twk
pþl;dl;tMrUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; ¬rYmTaMgbrisßan¦
ehIykat;bnßykarbMBulTwk nigkardkykFnFan
TwkeRkamdIEdlminmannirnþrPaB. yuT§sa®sþ
TaMgenH GaRs½yelIkareRbIR)as; Twkminx¢Hx¢ay
karGPivDÆkarRKb;RKgTwksMrab;RkumGñkeRbIR)as;
enAmUldæan karvinieyaKelIbec©kviTüad¾RbesIr
nigerobcMc,ab;[manRbsiTi§PaB . eFVIvimCÄkar
GPi)alkic©enAkñúgkarRKb;RKgRbB½n§eRsacRsB
KWman»kaseRcInsMrab;PaBeCaKC½y RbsinebI
Rkbx½NÐc,ab;RtUv)aneKtak;EtgeLIgya:gc,as;
las;cMeBaHtYnaTI nigsiT§iénRkumeRbIR)as; ehIy
RbsinebIsmtßPaBRkumGñkeRbIR)as;RKb;RKgRbB½n§
eRsacRsB rYmKñaekIneLIg .
bec©kviTüaRbesIr nigmeFüa)ayRbesIrénkar

RKb;RKgFatucUlénksidæanTMenIb GacCYy[
ksidæan EdlBwgGaRs½yTwkePøógmannIrnþrPaB
Cagmun. erOgra:veCaKC½yd¾FMmYyénksikmμ
nary³eBl 2 TsvtSr_ knøgeTA KWkarGPirkS
¬minP¢Ürras;¦. viFIsa®sþenH mandMeNIrkar
RbesIrenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmμksikmμenAGaemrik LaTIn
kúñgcMeNamksikrtUctacxøH²rbs;GasIuxagt,Úg
EdldaMRsUv nigRsUvsalI nigenARbeTshÁaNa.
enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictYc viFIsa®sþ
GaRs½yelIshKmn_cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgFnFan
FmμCati dUcCa kmμviFIRKb;RKgTICMral enAtMbn;
PaKxagekItrbs;GalatUelo RbeTstYKIpþl;
plRbeyaCn_ya:gsMxan;. dUcEdlTinñn½y
énkarsikSaeFVIeLIgcMnYn 20 RbeTs )anbgðajfa
karcUlrYmya:gskmμrbs;®sþIkñúgGgÁkarshKmn_
KWCYyCMrujRbsiTi§PaBénkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCa
ti niglT§PaBkñúgkaredaHRsayCMuelaH .
karpþl;eRKÓgelIkTwkcitþRtwmRtUv KWCaCMhan
dMbUgQaneq<aHeTArkkarRKb;RKgFnFanRbkm
edaynirnþrPaB. karTTYlykviFIsa®sþRbkb
edaynirnþrPaBEdlkMBugEtrIksayPayya:g
eRcInKWCaerOy²RtUvTTYlkarraraMgedaytMél
minsmrmü nigeKalneya)ay]btßmÖFn nig
karbraC½ycMeBaHkarRKb;RKgktþaxageRkA. kar
BRgwgkmμsiTi§bBaØa ¬dUcCa ksikmμéRBeQItMbn;
karBarenAnIehÁI¦ nigkarpþl;eRKÓgelIkTwkcitþ
TidæPaBTUeTA 31
ry³eBlEvg sMrab;karRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati
CamYynwgplRbeyaCn_minEmnkareFVIksidæan
¬dUcCa karpþl;CMnYysMrab;GPirkSCIvCatidI¦
KWRtUvkarCacaM)ac;TaMgenAtMbn;RbBlvb,kmμ nig
ksikmμyfapl. eRKÓgelIkTwkcitþminsmrmü
EdlelIkTwkcitþdl;FnFaneRkamdI dUcCa
]btßmÖFndl;dMNaMRbBlvb,kmμ EdlRtUveRbI
TwkeRkamdIeRcInelIslub RtUvEtkat;bnßy .
kMENTMrg;nana CaerOy²EtgEtCYbkarlM)ak
xagneya)ay. karRKb;RKgFnFanTwkRbesIr
EdleFVItamry³bec©kviTüa ¬karRKb;RKgeday
RbB½n§páayrNb¦ esvakmμRbB½n§eRsacRsBman
KuNPaBRbesIr nigkarTTYlxusRtUvx<s;rbs;
GñkeRbIR)as;Twk GacnaMeTArkkarKaMRTCaneya-
)ay sMrab;kMENTMrg; .
karcMNayeTAelIesvakmμbrisßanGacCYy
edaHRsaybBaðabraC½yénTIpSarenAkñúgkarRKb;
RKgktþabrisßanBIxageRkA. karkarBartMbn;TI
CMral nigéRBeQIbegáIt)anCaesvakmμbrisßan
¬dUcCa RbPBTwkbriePaKs¥atlMhUrTwkeTAkñúg
RbB½n§eRsacRsBmanesßrPaB bwtyk]sμ½nkabUnic
nigkarkarBarCIv³sa®sþcMruH¦ EdlesvaEbbenH
KYEtTTYl)ansMNgRtLb;vijtamry³karbg;BIGñ
kTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIesvaenH. cMNab;GarmμN_
CaeRcInkMBugEtekItmaneLIg CaBiessenAGaem
rikLaTIn. enARbeTs nIhÁara:hÁ½r karbg; tMélenH
32 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
kat; b nß y tM b n; v alesμ A EdlTTY l rgkarbM p ø i c
bMpøaj nigdMNaMRbcaMqñaM )anCag 50 PaKry
kñúgkarGnueRKaHdl;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij ehIy
kargarenHRbmaNCaBak;kNþaleFVIeLIgedayksi
krRkIRk. sBaØab½Rtbrisßanénplipl KWpþl;[Gñk
eRbIR)as;bg;R)ak;cMNaysMrab;nIrnþrPaBénkarRKb;
RKgbrisßanpgEdr k¾dUcCapþl;CUnsMrab;karGnuvtþ
BaNiC¢kmμRbkbedayyutiþFm’ b¤tamKMrUénkar
daMkaehV .
PaBCabnÞan;énkaredaHRsaykarpøas;brÚþ briyakas.
RbCaCnRkIRkEdlrs;BwgGaRs½ynwgksikmμ KW
CaGñk EdlgayTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;CageKbMput
cMeBaHkarERbRbYlGakasFatuenH. karekIneLIg
nUvPaBbraC½ycMeBaHdMNaM nigkarsøab;rbs;bsustV
)annwgkMBugeFVI[esdækic©xatbg;ya:gx<s; nig
bgá[manbBaðadl;suvtßPaBes,óg enAEpñkxøHén
TVIbGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: ehIyBYkeKnwgTTYl
rgeRKaHEfmeTot edaysarEtkMedABiPBelak
enAEtbnþekIneLIg. PaBraMgs¶ÜtEdlekItmanCa
erOy² nigkarekIneLIgkgVHxatTwk nwgbMpøaj
Epñkd¾FMeFgéntMbn;RtUBik nigGnþraydl;RbB½n§
eRsacRsB nigTwksMrab;briePaKsMrab;shKmn_
TaMgmUl EdleBlenHBYkKat;Rk niggayTTYl
rgeRKaHRsabeTAehIyenaH. shKmn_GnþrCati
RtUvEtBRgIkkarKaMRTrbs;xøÜnCabnÞan;edIm,IerobcM
RbB½n§ksidæanEdlCMnH)ancMeBaHkarbMErbMrYlGa
kasFatusMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk CaBiessenATVIb
GaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: tMbn;hwum:alaya nig
Ganeds. eyagtameKalkarN_cMNayénGñk
bgáehtu KWfavaCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RbeTs
GñkmanedIm,IsgCMgWcitþdl;RbeTsGñkRksMrab;
tMélERbRbYlenH. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH karebþCJa
rbs;BiPBelakcMeBaHmUlniFiedIm,IbeBa¢óskar
ERbRbYlenAminTan;RKb;RKan;enAeLIy .
ksikmμenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ nigkarbMpøic
bMpøajéRBeQI KWCaRbPBd¾FMmYyénkarbegáIt[
man]sμ½npÞHkBa©k; ³ edayTegVIEbbenHRtUv)an
eKRbmaNfaman BI 22 eTA 30 PaKry
énkarbeBa©j]sμ½nsrub ehIyelIsBIBak;kNþal
éncMnYnenH KWbgáeLIgedaykarbMpøicbMpøajéRBeQI
edaysarkarru k ranedI m ,I c ab; y kdI e FV I k si k mμ
¬13 lanhiktaénépÞdIéRBeQIRtUv)anbMpøaj
Caerogral;qñaM¦ ¬rUbTI 8¦ . KMeragBaNiC¢kmμkabUn
CaBiess RbsinebIvisalPaBRKbdNþb;rbs;eK
RtUvpþl;[CahirBaØvtßúsMrab;ecosvagkarbMpøic
bMpøajéRBeQI nigCICatidIEdlbwtyk]sμ½nkabUnic
¬]TahrN_ GPirkSkarP¢Ürras;¦ pþl;skþanuBl
ya:gsMxan;cMeBaHkarkat;bnßykarbeBa©j]sμ½n
BIdIEdlpøas;bþÚrsMrab;ksikmμ. PaBRbesIrxøH² enA
kñúgkarRKb;RKgdI nigbsustV ¬]Ta> karGPirkS
karP¢Ürras; nigksiéRBeQI¦ KWCaerOy²CadMeNaH

RsayQñHQñH ³ bnÞab;BIkarmanKMnitsMrrab;
vinieyaK BYkeKGacTTYl)anpleRcInbEnßmeTot
cMeBaHplitkmμ nigRbB½n§ksidæanRbkbeday
nirnþrPaB .
CIv³\n§n³ »kas nigbMErbMrYl. karsgÇwmelI
»kasfμIsMrab;kat;bnßybMERbbMrYlGakasFatu nig
karbegáItTIpSarfμId¾FMsMrab;ksikmμ)anekIteLIg
tamry³plitkmμCIv³\n§n³ EdlCMrujedaytMél
famBlx<s;. b:uEnþmankmμviFIBIr b¤bIb:ueNÑaHna
eBlenHEdldMeNIrkarcMeNjxagesdækic© ehIy
kmμviFIeRcIn eTotenAmanbBaðadl;sgÁm ¬karekIn
eLIgtMélcMNIrGahar¦ nigmanhaniP½ybrisßan
¬karbMpøicbMpøajéRBeQI¦. bcú©b,nñ plitkmμ
enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmμ )anGPivDÆenABIeRkay
karkarBaredayBn§naMecjnaMcUl cMeBaHCIv³\n§n³
nigman]btßmÖFnya:geRcIn . eKalneya)ayenH
b:HBal;dl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ EdlCa b¤køayCa
GñkplitRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)an
plcMeNjBITIpSarnaMecjfμIenH. GñkeRbIR)as;
EdlCaGñkRk bg;tMélx<s;sMrab;GaharmUldæan
edaysarplitplenH mantMélekInenAelITIpSar
BiPBelak BIeRBaHkarbEgVBIkarplitva eTACakar
begáItCIv³\n§n³edaypÞal; b¤BIeRBaHdIRtUv)aneK
eRbIR)as; epSgminsMrab;plitcMNIGahar .
RbeTseRbsIul CaRbeTsEdlplitCIv³\n§n³
TidæPaBTUeTA 33
FMCageKbg¥s;enAelIBiPBelak GaRs½yeday
GMeBAmantMélplitTab. b:uEnþRbeTskMBug
GPivDÆepSg²eTotTMngCamansmtßPaBCaGñk
plitEdredaysarEtbec©kviTüanaeBlbc©úb,nñ .
karsMerccitþelIeKalneya)aysþIGMBICIv³\n§n³
TamTar[mankarEkERbc,ab;bTdæan b¤RbB½n§
sBaØab½Rt edIm,Ikat;bnßykarb:HBal;brisßand¾
F¶n;F¶rénkarplitCIv³\n§n³enH . karekIneLIg
nUvkarvinieyaKedaysaFarN³ nigÉkCnelIkar
sikSaRsavRCav KWmansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,I
begáItdMeNIr karplitkmμRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB
nignirnþrPaB edayGaRs½yeTAelIkarciBa©wmCIvit
nigcMNIGaharmUldæan .
QaneTAmuxelIsBIksidæan³ famvnþesdækic©CnbTmYy
nigCMnajedim,IcUlrYmenAkñúgvis½yenH begáItkargarenA
CnbT. CamYynwgkMeNInRbCaCnya:gelOnenA
CnbT nigPaByWty:avkñúgkarBRgIkkargarkñúg
rUbTI 8 ksikmμ nigkarbMpøicbmpøajéRBeQIcUlrYmcMENkya:geRcIndl;
karsayPayén]sμ½npÞHkBa©k;
34 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
vis½yksikmμ nigkarekIneLIgkMlaMgBlkmμeRcIn
enACnbT KWmankarRbQmEdlTTYlsÁalfa
manTMhMFMeFg nigedayxVHsmtßPaBedaHRsay.
BI 45 eTA 60 PaKryénkMlaMgBlkmμenACnbT
KWcUlrYmenAkñúg TIpSarBlkmμksikmμ nig
skmμPaBesdækic©EdlminEmnksikmμenACnbT
tMbn;GasIu nigGaemrikLaTIn. manEtTVIbGaRhVik
GnutMbn;sahara:eT EdleFVIkaredayxøÜnÉg enA
kñúgkargarksikmμ nigenAEtmankMlaMgBlkmμ
eRcInenACnbTCaBiess®sþI. b:uEnþ edaysar
kMeNInRbCaCnekIneLIgelOnenACnbT RsbeBl
TMhMénksidæanfycuH bBaðakargarenACnbTRtUv
EtedaHRsayCacaM)ac; .
TIpSarBlkmμCnbTpþl;kargarsMrab;RbCaCn
enACnbTenAkñúgvis½yksikmμfμI nigvis½ynana
EdlminEmnksikmμ. b:uEnþ»kasKWsMrab;EtGñk
EdlmanCMnaj ehIy®sþIEdlmankarGb;rMTab KW
)at;bg;»kasenaH. cMNakRsukGacQaneLIg
elIkaMCeNþIrcMNUlsMrab;kmμkrNaEdl)anerobcM
xøÜn)anl¥ nigmanCMnaj b¤vaGacCakarpøas;bþÚr
kEnøgénPaBRkIRkdl;briyakasTIRkugsMrab;Gñk
epSgeTot .
GaTiPaBeKalneya)ay KWbegáItkargar[
)aneRcInTaMgenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ nigminEmnERs
cMkarsMrab;esdækic©. FatupSMmUldæanénkMlaMg
clkrcMeBaHesdækic©enACnbTEdlminEmnkar
eFVIERscMkar KWCaksikmμEdlmankMeNInya:g
elOn nigbriyakasvinieyaKl¥. karP¢ab;TMnak;
TM n gesdæ k i c © m U l dæ a neTAnw g TI p Sar[)anTU l M
TUlayedaykarkat;bnßytMélGnþrkal kar
vinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarpþl;esvaCMnYj
nigPaBévqøatxagTIpSar KWmansar³sMxanbMput.
kMrg b¤RkumEdlGaRs½yelIksikmμ ¬Rkumh‘un
enAkñúgtMbn;PUmisa®sþ sMrbsMrYl]mankarRbkYt
RbECgenAkñúgkarpþl;esvaTIpSar¦ eXIjman
RbsiTi§PaBedaymankarerobcMÉksarc,as;las;
énbTBiesaFn_sMrab;karnaMecjTMnijEdlminFøab;
naMecj enAtMbn;QUgsan;R)an; sIusáÚRbeTs
eRbsIul nigplitkmμTwkedaHeKa enAebr:U
nigeGkVaD½r .
karRbQmBitR)akd KWkarCYyRbCaCnenA
CnbT enAdMNak;kalGnþrkaledIm,ITTYl)an
kargarEdlmankMérx<s;. c,ab;kargar KWRtUv
dak;bBa©ÚlpgEdrcMeBaHkmμkrenACnbTsMrab;karcU
lTIpSarpøÚvkar ehIylubbM)at;karerIseGIg rvag
burs nig®sþI . karGb;rM CMnaj nigPaBCashRKin
GacBenøÓn[)anelOnEfmeTot edaypþl;eRKÓg
elIkTwkcitþsMrab;«BukmþaycMeBaHkarpþl;»kas[
kUn²rbs;eKTTYl)ankarGb;rM elIkkMBs;KuNPaB
salaeron nigpþl;»kassMrab;karGb;rMEdlTak;
TgeTAnwgTIpSarkargarEdlekItmaneLIg .

pþl;sMNajsuvtßPaB. karpþl;CMnYysgÁmdl;
RbCaCnRkIRkGacbegáInTaMgsmtßPaB nigsuxmal
PaB. plcMeNjxagsmtßPaB KWTTYl)anBIkar
kat;bnßytMélénkarRKb;RKghaniP½y nig
haniP½yénRTBüskmμ Edldak;CaTun edIm,I
se®gÁaHCMgW. plcMeBajsuxmalPaB KW)anmk
BIkarKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRkCaCMnYyes,ógGahar
b¤karpþl;Casac;R)ak;. enARbeTseRbsIul nig
GaRhVikxagt,Úg nigRbeTsCaeRcIneTotenAGWur:ub
nigGasIukNþal karbegáIt[manmUlniFiesaFn
enACnbTCYykarBarGayuCIvit sRmbsRmYlmun
eBlkarepÞrkmμsiTi§dI eTA[ekμgCMnan;eRkay nig
CY y Gñ k EdleFV I k arrklu y CY y KaM R Tcas; C ra.
eKalneya)ayTaMgenH RtUv)aneKbgðajfa va
mansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHkarrIksayPaBRbkb
esay\T§Bldl;suxPaB nigkarGb;rMdl;ecA²
rbs;GñkEdlTTYl)anmUlniFIesaFnenH. sM
Naj;suvtßPaB dUcCakmμviFIFanakareFVIkareday
yutiþFm’ nigCMnYyCaes,ógGahar b¤ karepÞr
sac;R)ak; k¾mantYnaTIFanara:b;rgmYyenAkñúg
karkarBarCnEdlgayrg;eRKaHedaysarCMgW .
kmμviFITaMgenH RtUvEterobcMeLIg dUcenHvamin
)anraraMgdl;TIpSarkargarenACnbT nigesdækic©
es,ógGahar ehIyminbegáItkargarEdlminelIk
TwkcitþsMrab;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_eT b:uEnþkar
CYyKaMRTBYkeKTaMgenaHRtUveFVIeLIg[Tan;eBl
TidæPaBTUeTA 35
evla. CamYynwgkarpøas;bþÚrEdlmanenAkñúg
kmμviFIrbs;rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyEdlman
CagBIrTsvtSr_knøgQaneq<aHeTArkkarepÞr Edl
CameFüa)aymYysMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
nigmankarRbugRby½tñx<s;cMeBaHkarvaytMélénp
lb:HBal;rbs;va TaMgBIrenHRtUv)aneKrkeXIj
GMBIrebobeFVIya:gNakMNt;eKaledA[)anRbesIr
ehIykMritCaemeroncMeBaHkmμviFITaMgenH[man
RbsiTi§PaBx<s; .
faetIrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆGacGnuvtþ)an
RbesIrya:gNa? eyageTAtamrebobvar³ksikmμ
sMrab;karGPivDÆsMrab;RbeTsmYy RtUvbBa¢ak;BI
niymn½yfaGIVEdlRtUveFVI ehIyeFVIvarebobNa.
GVIEdlRtUveFVI KWTamTar[manRkbx½NÐeKalneya
)aymYyTak;TgnwgGtþcrikénPñak;garnana manCa
GaT× Gñkplit nigGgÁkarrbs;eKvis½yÉkCn
enAkñúgExScgVak;tMél nigrdæ . faetIeFVIvarebobNa
KWTamTar[manGPi)alkic©RbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB
edIm,IRbmUlpþúMkarKaMRTCaneya)ay nigsmtßPaB
énkarGnuvtþ EdlCafμImþgeTotKWGaRs½yeTAelI
GtþcrikénPñak;gar KWrdæ sgÁmsIuvil vis½yÉkCn
m©as;CMnYy nig sßab½nBiPBelak .
karkMNt;niymn½yrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆn_
mYyebIkcMhr nigRTUsRtaypøÚvQanecjBIPaBRkIRk .
 36 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
RbCaCnenACnbTTTYlykskmμPaBksidæan nig
minEmnksidæan EdlGnuBaØat[BYkeKTTYl)an
edImTunelICMnajxus²KñaénbuKÁlmñak;² nigpøas;
bþÚrhaniP½y. pøÚvEdlQanecjBIPaBRkIRkGac
eFVIeTA)antamry³ksikrtUc² kargarTTYl)an
R)ak;QñÜlenAkñúgvis½yksikmμR)ak;QñÜl b¤sV½y
kargarsMrab;xøÜnÉg enAkñúgvis½yesdækic©CnbT
EdlminEmneFVIERscMkar nigkareFVIcMNakRsuk
ecjBICnbT b¤GacrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénFatuTaMgenH.
PaBxusKñaéneynD½rkñúgkarTTYl)anRTBüskmμ
nigplvi)akénRbmUlpþMúFnFan KWvamansar³
sMxan;Nas;EdleyIgRtUvEtkMNt;sMrab;pøÚvenH .
kareFVI[ksikmμmanRbsiTi§PaBkan;EtRbesIr
kñúgkarKaMRTkMeNInRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigkat;
rUbTI9 eKaledAéneKalneya)ay4 énrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ)anbegáItCa CMnajTab .
RCugéneKalneya)aymYy
bnßyPaBRkIRk cab;epþImCamYynwgkarGnueRKaHén
briyakasneya)aysgÁm manGPi)alkic©RKb;
RKan; nigRKwHmUldæanénma:RkUesdækic© .
bnÞab;mkvatMrUv[kMNt;niymn½yrebobvar³
mYyeTAtamRbePTénRbeTsnImYy² edayEp¥k
eTAelIkarrYmpSMKñamYy éneKaledAeKalneya
)ay 4 sMrab;begáIteKalneya)aymYymanFatu
RKb;RKan; ¬rUbPaBTI 9¦ .
• eKaledATI 1 elIkkMBs;karTTYl)anTIpSar nig
karbegáItExSsgVak;tMélRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB
• eKaledATI 2 eFVI[RbesIreLIgcMeBaHkarRbkYt
RbECgBIksikrtUctac nigkarsRmbsRmYlTIpSar
• eKaledATI 3 elIkkMBs;karrs;enAcMeBaHksi-
kmμsMrab;RKYsar nigkargarenACnbT EdlRtUvkar
• eKaledATI 4 begáInkargarenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
nigesdækic©CnbTminEmnksidæan nigelIkkMBs;
CMnaj.
enAkñúgkareRbIR)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ
RbeTsmYyKYbegáItnUvrebobvar³mYyedaydak;
bBa©Úl lkçNHxageRkamenH ³
• begáItbuerlkçxNÐ ebIBMumansnþiPaBsgÁm
GPi)alkic©RKb;RKan; nigmUldæanRKwHma:RkUesdækic©
manEtEpñkmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHénrebobvar³ksi-
kmμGacRtUv)aneKGnuvtþRkkbedayRbsiTi§PaB.
karsnμt;CamUldæanenH CaerOyGvtþmanenA

RbeTsmYycMnYnEdlGaRs½yelIksikmμrhUtdl;B
ak;kNþalTsSvtSTI 90 CaBiessRbeTsenATVIb
GaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: .
• rebobvar³RKb;RCugeRKay niggayyl;. rebob-
var³EdlrYmbBa©ÚlKñaéneKaledATaMgbYnsMrab;
eKalneya)ayEdlmanFatuRKb;RKan; GaRs½y
eTAelIbribTrbs;RbeTs nigsUcnakrCak;lak;
EdlCYytamdan nigvaytMélelIvDÆnPaBeq<aH
eTArkeKaledAéneKalneya)ay nImYy² .
• Gviklkmμ ¬pøas;bþÚrTMlab;¦. rebobvar³xusKña
eTAtamRbeTsnImYy² edayqøúHbBa©aMgeTAnwg
GaTiPaBxus²Kña niglkçxNÐrcnasm<½n§elIvis½y
ksikmμTaMgbIenAelIBiPBelak. rebobvar³RtUvEt
eFVIeTAtamPaBCak;lak;rbs;RbeTs tamry³
yuT§sa®sþksikmμCati edaymankarcUlrYmBI
GñkBak;B½n§[)an TUlMTUlay .
• nirnþrPaB. rebobvar³RtUvEtKitKUGMBInirnþr
PaBbrisßan TaMgkarkat;bnßybBaðadl;brisßan
cMeBaHksikmμ nignirnþrPaBsMrab;GnaKtén
kMeNInksikmμ .
• GacemIleXIj nigRbtibtþieTA)an. edIm,I
Gnuvtþ)an nigman\T§BlRbesIr eKalneya)ay
nigkmμviFInana RtUvEteqøIytbeTAnwglkçxNÐ
énsßanPaBneya)ayEdlmansmtßPaBrdæ)al
nighirBaØvtßú RKb;RKan; .
TidæPaBTUeTA 37
RbeTsEdlGaRs½yelIksikmμ ³ karTTYl)ankMeNIn
nigsnþisuxes,óg. RbeTsenAGnutMbn;sahara: man
RbCaCnCag 80 PaKry rs;enACnbTkñúgcMeNam
RbeTsEdlGaRs½ynwgksikmμ. sMrab;BYkKat;
edaysarkareFVICMnYjes,ógGahar nigkarTTYl
)an»kasmankMritenAkñúgGnuvis½yTImYyenaH
plRbeyaCn_BIplitkmμksikmμ KWCamUldæansM
rab;kMeNInesdækic©Cati nigCa]bkrN_d¾sMxan;bM
putsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsnþisuxes,óg.
bBaðaenH)anbgðajkarRbQmd¾FMeFgcMeBaHrdæa
Pi)al nigshKmn_GnþrCati b:uEnþvamanCMerIs
tictYcNas;edIm,ITTYl)aneCaKC½ysMrab;edaH
RsaybBaðaenH EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾man
»kasfμI Edlpþl;nUvmUldæanRKwHmYyénsuTidæi
niymEdr .
edaylkçxNÐma:RkUesdækic© nigtMélTMnijman
PaBRbesIrenATVIbGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara:Edl
cab;epþImenABak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM 90 ¬rUbPaBTI
10¦ kMeNInksikmμ)anekIneLIgBI 2/3 PaKry
kñúgmYyqñaM naTsvtSr_qñaM 80 dl; 3/8 PaKry
rvagqñaM 2001 nig 2005. PaBRkIRkenACnbT
cab;epþImfycuH enAkEnøgNaEdlmankMeNIn
ekIteLIg b:uEnþkMeNInRbCaCnya:gelOn)anRsUb
ykplcMeNjenHesÞIrEtGs; edaybnßykMeNIn
ksikmμsMrab;mñak;²rhUtdl; 1/5 PaKry.
38 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
kMeNInya:gelOn nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
eBlenHKWbgðaj[eXIjCaEpøpáa b:uEnþkMeNInTaMg
enaHTamTar[mankarebþCJacitþCMnaj nigFnFan
EfmeTot .
lkçxNÐenACnbTepSg²KñaenATVIbGaRhiVk
GnutMbn;sahara: begáItRbB½n§ksidæand¾TUlM
TUlaymYy nigesckþIsgÇwmcMeBaHes,ógGahar
eRcInRbePT EdlkMNt;CaKnøgmYyQaneTArk
kMeNInplitkmμEdlmanPaBepSg² KñaCamYynwg
tMbn;GasIu. eTaHbICamanPaBsaMujaMuepSg² Kñaén
karGPivDÆedaysarbec©kviTüafμI² b:uEnþva)anpþl;
nUv»kasd¾TUlMTUlaymYysMrab;karbBa©Úlrebob
fμI² . karGaRs½yelIeBlevla nigcMnYnénTwk
ePøóg begáInPaBgayrg;eRKaHdl;PaBrn§t;xag
GakasFatu nigkarkMritcMeBaHsmtßPaBedIm,I
rUbTI 10 kMenInksikmμenATVIbGaRhVicGnutMbn;sahar:a)anekIneLIIgedaykaelIkkMBs;lkçxNÐm:aRkUesdækic©
eRbIR)as;bec©keTs EdlmanehIysMrab;begáIn
ePaKpl. b:uEnþskþanuBlEdlminykmkeRbI
R)as;sMrab;karsþúkTwkTuk nigeRbIR)as;va[man
RbsiTi§PaB KWenAmanTMhMFMeFgenAeLIy. kar
GnuvtþedayRbeTsEdlmanépÞdItUc nigBMuman
RBMRbTl;Cab;nwgsmuRTEtÉg minGacsMerc)an
TMhMesdækic©enAkñúgTIpSarplitkmμeT k¾dUcCaenA
kñúgkarsikSaRsavRCav nigbNþúHbNþalpgEdr
dUcenHehIysmahrNkmμtMbn;mansar³sMxan;
Nas; . dg;sIuet RbCaCnTabbegáIntMélpþl;esva
ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig)at;bg;FnFanmnusSeday
sarCMgWeGds¾ k¾eFVI[raMgsÞHbEnßmeTotEdr .
rebobvar³sMrab;TVIbGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: KW
karEklMGkMeNInedayelIkkMBs;karRbkYtRbECg
BIksikrtUc² enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBl

mFüm nigx<s;EdleKGacrkR)ak;cMeNj)anx<s;
BIvinieyaK EdlvaGacFanakarrs;enA nigsnþisux
es,ógcMeBaHksikrEdldaMduHsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit.
kareFVI[ksikmμQandMeNIreTAmuxTamTarkar
elIkkMBs;karTTYl)anTIpSar nigkarbegáItExS
cgVak;TIpSarTMenIb. vaTamTar[ksikrtUc²Edl
GaRs½yTaMgRsugplitkmμksikmμsMrab;EtCaes,ó
gGaharCamUldæaneFVIkarpøas;bþÚr ehIyRtUvEtrYm
bBa©ÚlpgEdrcMeBaHTMnijEdlnaMecjCaerOy²
nigTMnijEdlminFøab;naMecjehIyeBlenHkMBug
Etcab;epþImKitKUrsMrab;naMecj. karvinieyaKry³
eBlyUelIkarRKb;RKgdI nigTwkRtUvEtEklMG
edIm,IseRgÁaH eLIgvijénRbB½n§ksidæanCaBiess
sMrab;RbCaCnEdldaMduHsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvitenA
tMbn;dac;Rsy:al nigmanhaniP½yx<s;cMeBaH
brisßan. vak¾RtUvkarkarTTYl)anCaTuncMeBaH
kMeNInksikmμ edIm,IeFVI[skmμPaBesdækic©
EdlminEmnkareFVIERscMkarenACnbTmanPaBpul
pussMrab;karplitTMnij nigesvakmμ EdlmineFVI
BaNiC¢kmμ. rebobvar³RtUvEtTTYlsÁal;GMBItY
naTIrbs;®sþIEdlCaksikr CaGñkEkécñplitpl
ksikmμ nigCaGñkCMnYjenATIpSarmUldæan .
bribTrbs;GnutMbn;sahara: mansßanPaBxus²
KñabYncMeBaHrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;GPviDÆn_ . TI1
viFIsa®sþcMruHvis½yRtUvEtKitKUGMBIkMlaMgrYmpSM
rvagbec©kviTüa ¬BUC CI karbgáat;BUCbsustV¦
TidæPaBTUeTA 39
karRKb;RKgTwk nigdIRbkbedaynirnþrPaBesva
kmμsßab½n ¬esvapSBVpSaycMeNHdwgksikmμFana
ra:brg; nig hirBaØvtßú¦ nigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS
¬Gb;rM nigsuxPaB¦ ehIyTaMgGs;enHRtUvEtP¢ab;
eTAnwgTIpSar. TI2 skmμPaBGPivDÆn_RtUvEteFVI
viCÄkaredIm,I[smRsbeTAnwglkçxNÐmUldæan.
TaMgenHedayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgviFIsa®sþEdldwknaM
edayshKmn_edayman®sIþcUlrYm EdlBYkKat;
TTYlbnÞúkeRcInbMputCaksikrenAtMbn;enaH nig
edIrtY ya:gsMxan;enAkñúgkargarenH . TI 3 rebob-
var³TaMgenaHRtUvEtshRbtibtiþkarrvagRbeTs nwg
RbeTsenAkñúgtMbn; edIm,Ipþl;visalPaBTIpSar
nigTTYl)anesdækic©l¥RbesIr dUcCaenAkñúgesva
sikSaRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_CaedIm . TI 4 rebob-
var³RtUvEtpþl;GaTiPaBcMeBaHkarGPirkSFnFan
FmμCati nigkarsMrbtam nwgbMErbMrYlGakasFatu
Qaneq<aHeTArkkMeNInRbkbedaynirnþrPaB.
rebobvar³enH nwgTamTar[manesßrPaBma:RkU
esdækic© eKalneya)ayRtUvEtelIkkMBs;kar
elIkTIkcitþdl;plitkr nigBaNiC¢kmμ nigkar
begáInkarvinieyaKTunsaFarN³[)anqab;rh½s
CaBiessenAkñúgehdæa rcnasm<½npøÚvfñl; nig
sarKmnaKmn_ edIm,IEklMGkarTTYl)anTIpSar
ehIykarsikSaRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆedIm,IedaH
Rsaydl;dMNaMepSg²Kña nigRbB½n§eGkULÚsIu ksi-
kmμrbs;GaRhVik dUcEdl)anesñIreLIgkñúgPaBCa
40 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
édKUfμIsMrab;karGPivDÆrbs;RbeTsenAGaRhVik .
sßanPaBkMeNInbc©úb,nñénksikmμrbs;TVIb
GaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: KWekIteLIgedaykarEk
lMGkarelIkTwkcitþtMélBIkMENTMrg;ma:RkU nig
vis½ynana nigedaysartMélrbs;rbreRbIR)as;
x<s;. vaCakargayRsYlNas;sMrab;Tajpl
cMeNjBIkMENTMrg;tMélsMrab;RbeTsCaeRcInEdl
mankMENTMrg;EbbenH b:uEnþkMeNInnaeBlGnaKt
nwgBwgGaRs½yya:gxøaMgeTAelIkarekIneLIgplit
kmμ. karekIneLIgénqnÞ³rbs;rdæaPi)al vis½y
ÉkCn nigm©as;CMnYyedIm,IvinieyaKeTAelIksikmμ
enAtMbn;sab;sahara: ebIkcMhrbg¥ÜcmYysMrab;
»kas EdlRbeTsTaMgenaHminRtUvemIlrMlg
eLIy .
RbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚr³ karkat;bnßyPaBxusKñaén
cMNUlenACnbT nigTIRkug nigkarkat;bnßyPaKRkIRk
enACnbT. enAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugpøas;bþÚrman
RbCaCnRkIRk 600 lannak; nigRbCaCn 2/2
Ban;lannak;rs; enACnbT vis½yminEmnksikmμ
kMBugEtekIneLIgelOnbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak.
karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;xøaMgeTAelIksikmμ
sMrab;karGPivDÆ KWkarbRgÜm[tUcnUvPaBxusKña
rvagcMNUlGñkenACnbT nigGñkenATIRkug nig
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbT xN³eBlEdl
BüayameCosecjBIkar]btßmÖFn nigeCosBI
degÁóbénkarkarBar b:uEnþkarRbQmTaMgenaH
minTan;)anedaHRsayenAeLIyeTrhUtmkdl;
eBlenH ¬rUbTI 11¦. edaymankarekIneLIg
cMNab;GarmμN_xagneya)aycMeBaHPaBxusKña
ya:gxøaMgéncMNUlenH eyIgmansm<aFxøaMg edIm,I
eRbIR)as;GMNac[manRbsiTi§PaBsMrab;ksikmμedI
m,IGPivDÆn_ .
enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenaH ksikmμ esÞIrEtTaMg
Gs;KWminsßitenAkñúgédksikrtUc²eT. eday
mansm<aFRbCasa®sþenAEtbnþ bgá[mankar
Føak;cuHnUvTMhMksidæan ehIyva)ankøayeTACabBaða
Pøam²sMrab;CIvitrbs;BYkeK RbsinebI»kascMNUl
Edl)anmkBIskmμPaBminEmnkareFVIERscMkarmin
manenATIenaHeT. karRbkYtRbECgedIm,I)anTwk
eRbIR)as;KWmanbBaðaRbQmeRcInNas; edaysar
tMrUvkarenATIRbCMuCnekIneLIg nigRsbeBlEdl
KuNPaBRbPBTwkTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKbMpøaj .
edaymankarekI n eLI g cM N U l BI s kmμ P aBmi n
EmnERscMkar sm<aFedIm,IedaHRsayPaBxusKña
éncMNUlrvagCnbT nigTIRkug tamry³]btßmÖFn
RbQmCamYynwgkarcMNayrUbvnþ nigQaneTA
dl;cMNucéntMél»kasx<s;mYysMrab;RTBüsm,tiþ
saFarN³ nigtMrUvkarmUldæanenACnbT. pÞúymk
vij karedaHRsayPaBxusKña tamry³karraraMg
karnaMcUl nwgeFVI[tMéles,ógGaharx<s;sMrab;
GñkeRbIR)as;EdlCaCnRkIRkd¾eRcIn EdlBYkeK

rUbTI 11 PaBxusKñarvagcMNUlTIRkug nigCnbT)anekIneLIgenAkñúgRbeTskMBugpøas;bþúresÞIrEtTaMGs;
rs;BwgGaRs½yelIkarTijTMnijmUldæanTaMgenaH.
edaysarEtsm<aFkMeNInRbCaCn nigbBaðadIFIø
rebobvar³ sMrab;RbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚrRtUvEtbBa©Úl
rYmKña nUvkareKorKRKb;RckTaMgGs;énkarQan
ecjBIPaBRkIRk dUcCakareFVIksikmμkargarenA
kñúgvis½yksikmμ nigskmμPaBesdækic© Edl
minEmnkareFVIksikmμenACnbT nigkareFVIcMNak
Rsuk. karkarBarnanaman lkçNHRbesIrcMeBaH
karbegáIncMNUlCnbT ehIyeCosvag)ancMeBaH
GnÞak;énkarkarBareday]tßmÖFn RbsinebIqnÞ³
neya)ayRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg. karrIkFMeLIgya:g
elOnénTIpSarsMrab;plitplEdlmantMélx<s;
CaBiesssakvb,kmμ bsubkSI mcäa nigplit
plTwkedaHeKa pþl;»kasdl;PaBcMruHénRbB½n§
ksidæan nigbegáItkarRbkYtRbECgmYy nigvis½y
ksikmμxñattUcEdlRtUvkarkMlaMgBlkmμeRcIn.
TidæPaBTUeTA 41
karnaMecjnUvplitplminFøab;naMecj k¾Gac
eFVIeTA)anEdr edaysarRbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚr
TaMgenaH man»kasRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgtMrUvkar
Blkmμ nigkarRKb;RKg. RbeTsCaeRcInenAkñúg
tMbn;EdlminGnueRKaH ehIymankMritPaBRkIRk
x<s;TamTar[mankarksagehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig
bec©kviTüasMrbeTAtamtMbn;enaH .
edIm,IedaHRsayPaBGt;kargarenACnbTeKal
edAeKalneya)aybM e BjbEnß m mY y RtU v CM r u j
kMlaMgclkrmYysMrab;vis½yminEmnksikmμenA
CnbT[manenATIRbCMuCntUc² edIm,IP¢ab;TaMg
ksikmμ nigesdækic©enATIRkug. RbeTscin)an
ksag]sSahkmμenACnbT begáIt[manPaBcMruH
éncMNUl ehIyviFIsa®sþenHGac CaKMrUdl;RbeTs
kMBugpøas;bþÚrepSg²eTot. enAkñúgRbeTskMBug
pøasbþÚr\TaMgGs; karepÞrkMlaMgBlkmμdl;vis½y
42 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
famvnþnanaénesdækic©RtUvEtbegáInel,Óneday
karvinieyaK[)aneRcInEfmeTotcMeBaHCMnaj
sMrab;Rb CaCnCMnan;enH nigRbCaCnCMnan;eRkay.
kar pøas;bþÚrd¾sMxan;énkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvij
Edl)ankMNt; RtUvFanaedaykmμviFIsMNaj
suvtßPaBRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB edIm,IGnuBaØat[
RbCaCnGacbeBa©óshaniP½ynana enAkñúgkar
eRCIserIsCMerIs d¾RbesIrsMrab;QaneCIgecjBI
PaBRkIRk. karTTYl)aneCaKC½ycMeBaHbBaðaén
PaBxusKña enAkñúgRbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚrGaceFVI[
PaBRkIRkenAkñúgBiPBelakfycuHya:geRcIn .
RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkug ³ karP¢ab;ksidæanxñattUc
eTAnwgTIpSares,ógGaharTMenIb nigkarpþl;kargar
l¥². eKalKMnitd¾TUlMTUlay KWkarTTYl)anTun
BIkarrIksayPaBya:gelOnénTIpSares,ógGahar
kñúgRsukTMenIb² nigkarrIkcMerInya:gelOnén
Gnuvis½yksikmμ edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenA
CnbTEdlkMBugEtmanx<s;enAeLIy. RbeTs
EdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkug EdlmanRbCaCn 32
lannak;enACnbTtMNag[ 39 PaKry én
RbCaCnRkIRk kMBugmanbTBiesaFn_CamYynwgkar
ERbRbYlTIpSarTMenIbkñúgkarlk;raycMeBaHes,óg
Gahar. sMrab;ksikrtUc² EdlRbkYtRbECg
kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;pSarTMenIb enAEtCakarRbQmd¾
FMmYy ehIyEdlTamTar[eKarBtamsþg;dar
nigbrimaNEdlGacTTYlyk)ankñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;
dUcenHehIy RbsiTi§PaBRkumplitkrmansar³
sMxan;Nas;. GsmPaBtMbn;x<s;Edlmindak;
bBa©ÚlenAGaemrikLaTIn k¾CakarlM)aksMrab;kar
cUlrYmrbs;ksikrtUc²Edr.
karbegáInkarTTYl)anRTBüskmμrbs;ksikr
tUc² CaBiessdIFøInigkarbegáItsMelgBYkeKenAkñúg
sgÁmEdlKμansmPaBGacCMruj[manTMhM nigkar
RbkYtRbECgrbs;ksidæantUc². eRkABIkareFVI
ksikmμdaMduH viFIsa®sþebIkRBMRbTl;rvagextþ
nigextþ KWkMBugEtsVHEsVgrkedIm,ICMrujkargar
enACnbTtamry³GnþrGMeBIEdlP¢ab;kardaMduH nig
ksi]sSahkmμCnbT ehInbTBiesaFn_TaMgenH
RtUvEtEsVgyl;[)anRbesIrsMrab;karBRgIkva[
TUlMTUlay. kMeNInksikmμ KWmansar³sMxan;
Nas;edIm,IEklMGPaBRbesIrdl;PaBRkIRkenAkñúg
tMbn;CamYynwgskþanuBlksikmμl¥². sMrab;tMbn;
EdlKμanskþanuBlenH GnþrkalénkarQanecj
BIksikmμ nigkarpþl;esvabrisßanGacpþl;CaTI
sgÇwm)an. b:uEnþkarKaMRTEpñkksikmμsMrab;ksikr
EdlplitsMrab;EtkarciBa©wmCIvit nwgbnþCaeRcInqñaM
eTAmuxeTot .

Gnuvtþrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmYy rebob
var³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆbgðajnUvkarRbQm
cMnYnBIrsMrab;karGnuvtþ. TI 1 KWkarRKb;RKg
esdæ k i c © n eya)ayéneKalneya)ayksi k mμ
edIm,IBuHBaredaHRsayPaBlMeGogéneKalneya
)ay karvinieyaKminRKb;RKan; nigkarvinieyaK
minRtwmRtUv. mYyeTot KWkarBRgwgGPi)alkic©
sMrab;karGnuvtþeKalneya)ayksikmμ CaBiess
enAtMbn;EdlGaRs½yEtksikmμ nigRbeTspøas;bþÚr
EdlGPi)alkic©manBinÞúenATab ¬rUb 12¦.
karminykcitþTukdak;[)anRbesIr cMeBaH
esdækic©neya)ayTaMgenH nigkarRbQmépñk
GPi)alkic© KWCaehtupld¾FMmYyEdleyIg)an
dak;CaGnusasn_sMxan;enAkñúgr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_
BiPBelakqñaM 1982 sþIGMBIksikmμ ehIy
Gnusasn_TaMgenaHmin)anGnuvtþTaMgGs;enaHeT
CaBiess cMeBaHesrIPavUbNiC¢kmμ begáInkar
vinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarsikSaRsavRCav
nigGPivDÆn_enAGaRhVik nigkarpþl;esvasuxPaB
nigGb;rM[)anRbesIrdl;RbCaCnenACnbT .
GnaKtpþlk; arsgÇwmeRcInEfmeTotcMeBaHksikmμsrM ab;
karGPivDÆ. kþIsgÇwm KWmanBnøWcaMgEcgsMrab;eBl
enH ebIeFobeTAnwgqñaM1982. PaBlMeGogcMeBaH
karRbqaMgeTAnwgksikmμenAkñúgeKalneya)ay
ma:RkUesdækic©RtUv)ankat;bnßyedaysarkMEN
TidæPaBTUeTA 43
TMrg;d¾TUlMTUlayelIvis½yesdækic©. ksikmμ
KW T M n gCaTTY l )anplRbeyaCn_ B I k M E NTM r g;
GPi)alkic©CaTUeTA EdleBlenH)anelIkeLIg
enAkñúgrebobvar³ dUcCa kMENTMrg; vimCÄkar nig
karRKb;RKgvis½ysaFarN³. b:uEnþkMENTMrg;Edl
edACak;lak;sMrab;eRbIelIksikmμsMrab; karGPivDÆ
enAminTan;RtUv)aneKGnuvtþ[)anTUlMTUlayenA
eLIy .
manPsþútagbgðajfa esdækic©neya)aykMBug
EtRtUv)aneKpøas;bþÚreTArkPaBGnueRKaHcMeBaH
ksikmμ nigkarGPivDÆCnbT. TaMgGgÁkarsgÁm
sIuvilenACnbT nigvis½yÉkCnenAkñúgExScgVak;
tMélénksikmμ KWrwgmaMCagqñaM 1982 . dMeNIr
kareq<aHeTArkRbCaFibetyü nigkarekIneLIgén
kareFVIeKalneya)ay Rbkb edayRKb;RCugeRCay
)anbegáIn»kassMrab;ksikrEdlCam©as;ksidæan
tUc² nigRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT edIm,IelIkkMBs;
sMelgneya)ayrbs;BYkeK. vis½yksiBaNiC¢
kmμÉkCnmanskmμPaBeRcInCagmun CaBiess
enAkñúgRbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚr nigRbeTsEdlBwg
Ep¥kelITIRkug. eBlenH tYGgÁEdlmanGMNac
nana )ancUlrYmenAkñúgExScgVak;ksikmμ ehIy
eKmancMNab;GarmμN_xagesdækic© enAkñúgfamvnþ
mYy nigPaBrIkcMerInvis½yksikmμ nigsMelg
mYyenAkñúgkargarneya)ay. b:uEnþkarEklMG
lkçxNÐEtmYymuxminGacFana[maneCaKC½y
44 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
cMeBaHksikmμ sMrab;karGPivDÆeRcInEfmeTot
)aneT. sMelgrbs;ksikrtUc²RtUvEtB¤enAkñúg
kargarneya)ay ehIyGñkeFVIeKalneya)ay
nigm©as;CMnYyRtUvkþab;yk»kasfμIenH .
tYnaTIsMrab;rdæ. braC½yTIpSar KWkMBugEtsayPay
CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTsEdlGaRs½ynwgksikmμ
ehIyTamTar[maneKalneya)aysaFarN³
mYy edIm,IFana)annUvlT§plsgÁmEdleBjcitþ.
rdæRtUv)antYnaTI enAkñúgkarGPivDÆTIpSar ¬eday
pþl;RTBüFnsaFarN³sñÚl EklMGbriyakas
vinieyaKTunsMrab;vis½yÉkCn¦ nigenAkñúgkarRKb;
RKgFnFanFmμCati edaykareRbIR)as;eRKÓg
elIkTwkcitþ nigkmμsiTi§bBaØa .
karBRgwgsmtßPaBdl;rdæenAkñúgtYnaTIfμIrbs;
xøÜnénkarsRmbsRmYlvis½ycMruH nig édKUCamYy
rUbTI12 RbeTsBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ nigRbeTsEdlkMBugpøas;bþúÚrmanBinÞúxagGPi)alkic©Tab
vis½yÉkCn nigsgÁmsIuvil KWRtUvkarCabnÞan;
sMrab;karGnuvtþksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ. enAkñúg
RbeTsCaeRcIn RksYgksikmμ KWRtUvmanskmμPaB
sMrab;kMENTMrg;edIm,IkMNt;eLIgvij nUvtYnaTI
rbs;eK nigbegáItsmtßPaBfμI . TMrg;fμI²)anekIt
manehIyenAeBlenH. rebobrbbfμI énkar
pþl;kic©snSaeTA[esvakmμRbwkSaksikmμRbeTs
GUkg;da pþl;[RkumplitkrmansiTi§cUlrYmenA
kñgkic©snüaenaH .
BRgwgsgÁmsIuvil nigRbCaFibetyü . vis½yTI3
¬shKmn_ plitkr nigGgÁkarBak;B½n§nana
nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al¦ GacCMruj[RbCa
CnRkIRkenACnbTTTYlplRbeyaCn_ nigTamTar
[manGPi)alkic©. RkumplitkrGacpþl
;sMelgxagneya)aydl;ksikr nigesñI[GñkeFVI

neya)ay nigPñak;garGnuvtþmankarTTYlxusRtUv
edaykarcU l rY m enAkñ ú g kareFV I e Kalneya)ay
ksikmμ kartamdanfvika nigkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkar
GnuvtþeKalneya)ay . enARbeTs ehSnIhÁal
GgÁkarq½RtsMrab;GgÁkarplitkreQμaH Conseil
National de Concertation et de
Coopération des Ruraux KWmanskmμPaB
xøaMgkøaenAkñgkarGPivDÆ nigkarGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþ
ksikmμCati nigeKalneya)ay. esrIPaBsMrab;
smaKm nigesrIPaBsarB½t’man nigkarvinieyaK
elITunsgÁmsMrab;GgÁkarenACnbT edayrYmTaMg
GgÁkar®sþI KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;yuT§sa®sþ
Epñk TamTartMrUvkarénkarEklMGGPi)alkic© .
esvakmμcMruHenAfñak;kNþal nigvimCÄkar. edaysar
karnaMykrdæaPi)aleTACitRbCaCn enACnbT
vimCÄkar RKb;RKgskþanuBl edIm,IedaHRsayCa
mYynwgTidæPaBmUldæan nigPaBxusKñaénksikmμ
CaBiesssMrab;karpSBVpSay. b:uEnþminEmnRKb;
esvaksikmμRtUvEteFVIvimCÄkarenaHeT dUcCa
karRsavRCavEbbviTüasa®sþ nigkarBinitüemIl
CMgWstV KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHesdækic©.
sßab½nvimCÄkar RtUvEtedaHRsaykaq,amyk
edayGñkmanenACnbT nigkarmindak;bBa©Úl
BYkeK EdlbBaðaenH CaerOy²ekItmaneLIg
CaTUeTAenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ. enARbeTs \NÐa
TidæPaBTUeTA 45
karrkSaTukekAGIsMrab;®sþI enAkñúgRkumRbwkSaCnbT
CYyCMruj[man karvinieyaKsaFarN³cMeKal
edAsMrab;tMrUvkarCak;lak;xageynD½r. GMeBIBuk
rlYyRtUv)ankat;bnßyedayRbB½n§tamdanenA
CnbT lT§plsavnkmμrdæaPi)alpSBVpSay
tamry³sarB½t’man ehIyeRbIR)as;yuT§sa®sþ
B½t’man nigsarKmnaKmn_ edIm,Ikt;Rta nig
EckrMElkB½t’man .
karGPivDÆEdldwknaMedayshKmn_ ¬CDD¦
GacbegáItskþanuBlsMrab;shKmn_CnbT dUcCa
cMeNHdwgenAmUldæanrbs;eKkarbegáIt nigTun
sgÁm. vimCÄkar nig CDD cUlrYmcMENkdl;
rebobvar³ ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆkñúgmeFüa)ay
bnþmindac; dUcCakarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;dMbUg
elIesvamUldæan nigRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³ ehIy
karcUlrYmkñúgskmμPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUlenAeBl
EdltMrUvkarmUldæanRtUv)aneKedaHRsay. kar
GPivDÆRBMRbTl;rvagextþ nigextþGacCYRKb;RKg
cMeNalesdækic©CamYynwgTMhMTUlMTUlayCagviFI
sa®sþ CDD .
EklMGRbsiTi§PaBm©as;CMnYy. enARbeTsEdl
GaRs½yelIksikmμ m©as;CMnYyman\T§iBlya:g
FMeFg. enARbeTscMnYn 24 rbs;GnutMbn;sahara:
karcUlrYmcMENkrbs;m©as;CMnYymanya:gehac
Nas; 28 PaKry énkarcMNaysMrab;karGPivDÆ
46 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008
ksikmμ ehIyeRcInCag 80 PaKry enARbeTs
xøH². yuT§sa®sþksikmμ nigkarkat;bnßyPaB
RkIRk[)anRbesIrEdldwknaMedayRbeTsenaH
pþl;nUvRkbx½NÐmYysMrab;m©as;CMnYy edIm,ItMEr
tMrg;karKaMRTrbs;eKsMrab;vis½yksikmμ nig
CamYym©as;CMnYyÉeTot² edayeRbIR)as;kar
cMNaysaFarN³rbs;rdæaPi)al nigRbB½n§lT§kmμ
CaynþkarsMrab;GnuvtþkmμviFITaMgenaH. enAkMrit
tMbn;kmμviFIGPivDÆksikmμrbs;GaRhVikgay²
pþl;GaTiPaBsMrab;kic©sRmbsRmYlvinieyaKrbs;
m©as;CMnYy. eTaHbICakic©xitxMRbwgTaMgenAkñgkMrit
Cati nigkMrittMbn;edaypþl;Rkbx½NÐsßab½nsMrab;
karKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYycMeBaHksikmμ dMeNIrkarkñúg
karGnuvtþenAyWtenAeLIy .
kMENTMrg;sßab½nskelak. rebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;
karGPivDÆminGacsMerceTA)aneT RbsinebIBMu
mankarebþCJacitþBIGnþrCati[)anRbesIr nigeRcIn
EfmeTot. kargarEdlsklelak)anEcksMrab;
stvtSr_TI 21 mandUcCa karbBa©b;karGt;Qøan
nigPaBRkIRk nirnþrPaBbrisßan pþl;snþisux
nigkarRKb;RKgsuxPaBskl nwgminGacsMerc
)aneT RbsinebIminmanvis½yksikmμcUlrYm.
rebobvar³ksikmμsklelak manRckcMruH dUcCa
karbegáItc,ab;RbkbedayyutiþFm’sMrab;BaNiC¢kmμ
GnþrCati karyl;RsbKñaelIsþg;darplitkmμ
kmμsiTi§bBaØa karpþl;bec©kviTüafμI sMrab;Capl
RbeyaCn_dl;GñkRk nigeCosvagPaBGviC¢man
BIxageRkAekItmaneLIg dUcCa CMgWbsustV
GPirkStMbn;CIv³sa®sþcMruHBiPBelak nigkat;bnßy
nigsMrbeTAtambMErbMrYlGakasFatu .
CamY y nw g karepþ a teTAelI v i s ½ y tU c ceg¥ ó t
sßab½nsklelakEdl)anbegáItsMrab;ksikmμenA
stvtSr_ TI 20 enAminTan;erobcM[)anRKb;RKan;
edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdlmanGnþrGMeBI nigrebob-
var³cMruHvis½yenAéf¶enHenAeLIy eTaHbICasßab½n
enHTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaeRcInmkehIyk¾eday.
kMENTMrg;sßab½n nigKMnitpþÜcepþImfμI² RtUvEt
sRmbsRmYl[)anRbesIrdl;Pñak;garGnþrCati
TaMgGs; nigCamYytYGgÁfμI²enAkñúgBiPBelak
edayrYmTaMgsgÁmsIuvil vis½yCMnYj nigCnanuCn
TaMgLay .
karGnuvtþrebobvar³sklelak tMrUv[man
karerobcMCasßab½ncMruHmYy . sßab½nCMnaj dUcCa
Rku m Bi e RKaHeyabl; s þ I G M B I k arsi k SaRsavRCav
ksikmμGnþrCati GgÁkares,ógGahar nig
ksikmμshRbCaCati nigmUlniFiGnþrCatisMrab;
karGPivDÆksikmμ Gacpþl;karKaMRTry³eBlyUr
nig karebþCJacitþedayEklMG RbsiTi§PaBrbs;BYkeK
nigkarsRmbsRmYlPñak;garTaMgGs;. vis½ycMruH
EdlTak;TgKñaelIbNþajCak;lak;mYy GaceqøIy
tb)anya:gqab;rh½scMeBaHcMeBaHPaBGsnñ dUcCa

karRKb;RKgCMgWpþasaybkSI nigkarq,amyk
»kasEdlekIteLIg dUcCa bec©keTsCIv³sa®sþ
tamry³elIkkMBs;ePaKplbMrugragkay. kñúg
krNI epSgeTot karbeBa¢óbGaTiPaBBiPBelak
dUcCakarsMrbeTAtambMErbMrYlGakasFatu eTAkñúg
karbegáInCMnYy BIm©as;CMnYycMeBaHksikmμRbEhl
CaGaceTArYcya:gRbesIr. karsMerc[)an
eCaKC½yelIrebobvar³GnþrCati KWminEmnEtCa
karcab;GarmμN_rbs;buKÁlmñak;eT vaTamTar[
mankarcUlrYmedayBiPBelakTaMgmUl b:uEnþk¾
RtUvmansmPaB nigyutiþFm’ rvagRbeTskMBug
GPivDÆ nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigrvagRbCaCn
CMnan;enH nigRbCaCnCMnan;eRkay .
etIGVIEdleFVIeBlenH? eq<aHeTArkkarGnuvtþ
RbsinebIBiPBelakmankarebþCJacitþedIm,Ikat;bnß
yPaBRkIRk nigTTYl)annirnþrPaBkMeNInGMNac
énksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆRtUvEtedaHRsay. b:uEnþ
vaminmanvtßúskiþsiTi§NaeFVI[sMerc)anPøam²enaH
eT. kareRbIR)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ KWCa
dMeNIrkarsμúRKsμajmYy. vaTamTar[mankar
RbwkSaenAfñak;RbeTs edIm,IerobcMrebobvar³[
smRsb nigkarkMNt;yuT§sa®sþsMrab;Gnuvtþ.
TidæPaBTUeTA 47
vak¾TamTar[mankargarksikmμenAkñúgvis½ynana
nigCamYytYGgÁenAkMritmUldæankMritCati nigkMrit
skl. vaTamTarkarksagsmtßPaBsMrab;
ksikrtUc² nigkarplitrbs;eKksiBaNiC¢kmμ
ÉkCn nigrdæ. vaTamTarsßab½n edIm,ICYyksikmμ
bMerI[karGPivDÆ nigbec©kviTüasMrab;kareRbIR)as;
FnFanFmμCati[mannirnþrPaB. ehIyvak¾TamTar
[mankarekoKr karKaMRTEpñkneya)ay CMnaj
nigFnFan .
mankarekIneLIgcMeBaHkarTTYlsÁalBIrdæaPi-
)alnana nigm©as;CMnYyEdlfa ksikmμRtUvEtCa
EpñkmYyd¾Cak;lak;enAkñúgrebobvar³GPivDÆn_
edayva)anCYypÁt;pÁg;kMeNInenAkñúgRbeTsEdl
GaRs½yksikmμ b¤ sMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
enACnbT nigedaHRsayrebobvar³brisßanRKb;
TIkEnøg. karEklMG»kas nigqnÞ³ d¾RbesIrna
eBlenH kñúgkarvinieyaKenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
pþl;suTidæiniymfa rebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;
karGPivDÆ GacdMeNIrkareTA)an. Rckén»kas
Edl)anpþl;[enH minRtUv)aneKemIlrMlgenaH
eT edaysareCaKC½yenH nwgpþl;CalT§plx<s;
eq<aHeTArkeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_ nigelIs
BIenH .