Advective Flows

Transport Flow Fields

• Surface Water - Water column flows carry both dissolved and

particulate material
• Pore Water - Pore water flows carry dissolved material only
• Solids 1, 2, 3 – Solids “i” flows (e.g., settling or resuspension) carry
particulate material only (Legacy Option)
• Evaporation/Precipitation – Evaporation and precipitation adjust
surface water volume only
 Surface Water Flow Options

1. Calculated stream network flows

• Flow routing (steady specified flow reaches)
• Stream routing (unsteady specified flow reaches)
• Kinematic wave (free-flowing reaches)
• Ponded weir (weir overflow reaches)
• 1-D Lake Transport (stratified water column)
• Dynamic flow (backwater reaches)
• Internal transfer flows (e.g., dam withdrawals)
2. Calculated flows from external hydrodynamic model
 Calculated Surface Flow Options

Free-flowing tributary segment

Free-flowing main stream segments Backwater segment

Ponded tributary segment, e.g., Ponded segment, e.g., pool behind low
riparian wetland with sill head dam with spillover and/or specified
withdrawals.

WASP internally calculates flows, volumes, depths, widths in:

free-flowing reaches (kinematic wave eq.), ponded reaches (weir
overflow eq.), and backwater reaches (dynamic flow eq’s.)
 Flow Routing Reaches
• Uses specified flow for each segment; volume, depth, and velocity are
not adjusted with flow

• Pertains to mass and water being moved without regard to net flow

• Used for cases with steady flow

 Stream Routing Reaches
• Uses specified flow for each segment; volume, depth, and velocity are
adjusted for variable flow based on hydrogeometry

• Default rectangular channel shape unless user specifies hydraulic

coefficients
 Kinematic Wave Reaches
• Calculates flow wave propagation and resulting variable flows,
volumes, depths, and velocities throughout the network

• Default rectangular channel shape unless user specifies hydraulic

coefficients

• Uses Manning’s equation

Kinematic Wave Equations

Continuity equation (mass balance):

Q A
  0
x t

Momentum equation (momentum balance):

g S 0  S f   0
gravity friction
Kinematic Wave Equations
Substitute in Manning’s equation:
5/3

Q 
1 A 2 /3 S
1/2
0
n B
Kinematic wave differential equation:

Q  1 Q
 Q  0
x t
3/ 5
nB  2/3

where   3/ 5 ,    
 S 
1/ 2
0
 Kinematic Wave Input Data
• Time-variable upstream and tributary inflows (m3/sec)
• Continuity flow paths for main stem and each tributary (IQ, JQ, BQ)
• Channel properties:
• length (m), mean-flow width (m), depth (m), vel (m/s)
• hydraulic exponents: set to 0 for velocity; options for depth:
• 0 or 0.6: rectangular channel
• 0.3 to 0.55: variable width
• minimum depth (m)
• residual depth when flow is 0
• 0.001 to 0.1 (m)
• bottom slope (m/m)
• Manning’s roughness coefficient
 Kinematic Wave
Dynamic Response Profiles
Wasp6 Flow Wave Profiles at Various Times

6.00

5.00

4.00 5.201

Flow, cms
5.404
3.00 5.607
5.803
2.00 6.006

Chapra Kinematic Wave, Example 14.6

1.00 Wasp6 Depth Profiles at Various Times

0.00
0.60
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77

0.50 Distance , km

0.40 5.201
5.404

Depth, m
0.30 5.607
5.803
Channel Width, "B", Channel Bottom Slope, Manning's Roughness 0.20 6.006
m "S", m/m Coefficient, "n" 0.10
Wasp6 Velocity Profiles at Various Times

0.00 0.70
15 0.004 0.07 1 5
0.60
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77
Distance , k m

Boundary Pulse Boundary Pulse Flow Duration of Boundary 0.50 5.201

Velocity, m/sec
Flow Period, day Range, m3/sec Pulse, day 0.40 5.404
5.607
0.30 5.803
0.5 2.5 0.25 0.20 6.006

Spatial Step, dx, m Time Step, dt, day 0.10

0.00
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77
1000 0.007 Distance, km
 Kinematic Wave
Response to Stepwise Flows
Small Stream Flow Test Small Stream, Gentle Slope
Depth versus Flow

6.0
4.50

4.00
5.0
3.50

3.00
4.0

Depth, m
2.50 Results from Wasp6
Flow, cms

2.00 Steady Kinematic Wave

3.0
1.50

2.0 1.00

0.50

1.0 0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Flow, cms
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time, days
Small Stream, Gentle Slope
Velocity versus Flow

0.70

0.60

Small Stream, Gentle Slope 0.50

Velocity, m/sec
0.40
Results from Wasp6
Segment Channel Channel Manning's Steady Kinematic Wave
0.30
Lengths Width Bottom Roughness
m m Slope Coefficient 0.20

m/m 0.10

1000 2 0.0001 0.04 0.00

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Flow, cms
 Ponded Reaches
• Calculates flow over top of low dam or weir
• Uses sharp crested weir overflow equation
• Specify height of weir or sill from segment bottom
• Residual depth is set to 0.001 m
 Ponded Segments
• For weir, specify weir or sill height, Hw
• Set segment width to weir/sill width, Bw

Qo  1.83 Bw H h3 / 2
Qin
Overflow height, Hh
 0 when H  H w
Pool Weir
depth, height,
H Hw

Bottom slope < 10-6

d Qo 1.83
Outflow differential dt

L
3 / 2 H h1/ 2 Qin  Qo 
equation:  0 when H  H w
 Wetland Reach: Hydrology
Wet conditions: overflow over sill: Qo  1.83 Bw H h3 / 2

Qin Hh Qstream
H
Hw

Dry conditions: no outflow: Qo  0

E
Qin
Hw Qstream
H
 1-D Lake Transport
• Lake Module subdivides a lake or reservoir into a series of vertical
layers
• The physical characteristics of the lake or reservoir are a function of
depth are described using a relationship between water surface
elevation and the volume and surface area.
• Changes in volume are computed from continuity based on a time
series of inflows and outflows, and water temperatures computed
based on a heat balance (Evaporation)
• Inflows – Specified
• Outflows - Controlled by ports, weirs and outflow timeseries
• Heat Balance – Calculated by the WASP Water Temperature Routine
• Water Quality – Both the Eutrophication and Toxicant can be used with
Lake Module
 1-D Lake Transport

• Convective mixing due to density instabilities

• Wind Driven Mixing
• Distribution of inflowing waters at depths with comparable density and
distributed as impacted by kinetic energy.
• Withdrawal of outflowing waters from depths influenced by the outlet
structure, discharge rate, and density stratification.
Lake Module – Layer Definition
Lake Module – Stage vs. Volume, Surface Area

• Calculates Volume and Surface

Area as a function changes in
depth
Lake Module – Weir Outflow

Fixed Height Weir

Submerged Weir enter

timeseries of Ouflow
 Lake Module – Port Outflows

Defined Port – Elevation & Dimensions

Timeseries of Port Outflow

Lake Module – Layer Parameters
Lake Module – Layer Initial Conditions
Lake Module – Output Options
1-D Lake Transport
1-D Lake Transport
 Dynamic Flow Reaches
• Used for backwater flow reaches
• Dynamic flow equations (1-D continuity and
momentum)
• Specify the bottom elevation and initial
surface elevation
• Residual depth is set to 0.001 m
 Dynamic Flow Option
• Flow Calculation based on:
• Water Surface Elevation/Slope
• Bottom Slope
• Uses Downstream Water Surface Elevation
• Within Model Network
• Downstream Boundary

• Unlike Kinematic Wave

• Need Consistent Vertical Datum
 Calculated Surface Flow Options
Free-flowing tributary segment

Free-flowing main stream segments Backwater segment

Ponded tributary segment, e.g., Ponded segment, e.g., pool behind low head
riparian wetland with sill dam with spillover and/or specified
withdrawals.

WASP internally calculates flows, volumes, depths, widths in:

free-flowing reaches (kinematic wave eq.), ponded reaches (weir overflow
eq.), and backwater reaches (dynamic flow eq’s.)
 Dynamic Flow

Freshwater Flow

Surface Elevation
Elevation
Bottom

Vertical Datum
 Dynamic Flow

Freshwater Flow
Surface Elevation

Vertical Datum
Mean Sea Level
Elevation
Bottom
 Hydraulic Geometry
Equations:

Width = bmult * Q bexp

Depth = dmult * Q dxp

Velocity = vmult * Q vexp

Hydraulic Exponents
Channel Velocity Depth Width
1. Rectangular 0.40 0.60 0.00
2. U-Shape 0.32 0.48 0.20
3. V-Shape 0.26 0.39 0.35
4. Shallow 0.20 0.30 0.50
Hydraulic Geometry Channel Cross Section
25.00

Rectangular Channel 20.00

Depth, m
15.00

Width = constant 10.00

5.00

Depth = dmult * Q 0.6 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

0.00

Width, m
Velocity = vmult * Q 0.4
Channel Cross Section
Eastern Channel 14.00

12.00

Width = bmult * Q 0.25

Depth, m
10.00

8.00

Depth = dmult * Q0.45

6.00

4.00

2.00

Velocity = vmult * Q 0.3 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

0.00

Width, m

Semi Arid Channel Channel Cross Section

10.00

Width = bmult * Q 0.4 9.00

8.00

Depth, m
7.00
6.00

Depth = dmult * Q 0.36

5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00

Velocity = vmult * Q 0.24

1.00
0.00
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Width, m
 Specified Withdrawals (transfer flows)
• Specified internal transfer flows (e.g., dam withdrawals )use a
separate flow function
• A single flow pathway is specified from segment “j” to “i”
• The flow time function transfers water from segment “j” to “i”
• Overflow will still occur if pond depth exceeds weir height
Qin
Segment “j” Specified withdrawal flow

Segment “i”
Surface Water Flow Options – WASP Screen
Transport Fields – WASP Screen
 WASP Transport Scheme

• Each Flow Field can have multiple flow patterns and

time functions.

• WASP sums the individual flows for each segment to

determine overall transport
Flow Boundary Forcing Types – WASP Screen
• Flow
• Water Surface Elevation
• Internal Flow
• Water Withdrawal
• Weir Outflow
 Flow Boundary Forcing Types – WASP Screen
• Flow – Conventional 1-Dimesional Flow
• Water Surface Elevation – Measured Water Surface Elevation to be
used as boundary forcing for Dynamic Flow Transport Option
• Internal Flow – Time Series of Transfer of Flow from One Segment to
Another
• Water Withdrawal – Remove Water and Constituents from Segment.
• Weir Outflow – Specify Outflow from Weir or Dam
Flow Patterns – WASP Screen
Flow Time Functions – WASP Screen
Examples of Specifying
Flows
 Flow through Simple Pond

0 1 0

Flow Path Flow Time Function

50
Continuity Function 45
40
35
From To Flow 30
25
Segm ent Segm ent Fraction 20
15
0 1 1 10
5
0
1 0 1 0 5 10 15
Time, days
 Upstream Flow Through River

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Flow Path
Flow Time Function
Continuity Function 200
180
From To Fraction 160
0 1 1 140
120
1 2 1
100
2 3 1 80
3 4 1 60

4 5 1 40
20
5 6 1
0
6 0 1 Time, days
 Flow through River with Tributary
Flow Path 0
Continuity Functions
7
From To Fraction
0 1 1 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 1
2 3 1
3 4 1
Flow Time Function
4 5 1 200
180
5 6 1
160
6 0 1 140
120
0 7 1
100
7 4 1
80
60
40
20
0
 Flow through River with Withdrawal
Flow Path 0

Continuity Functions
From To Fraction 0 0
0 1 1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 1.0
2 3 1.0
3 4 1.0
4 5 1.0 Flow Time Function
200
5 6 1.0
6 0 1.0 150

From To Fraction 100

0 3 1.0
50

-50
Time, days
 Branched Flow through River
4

0 1 2 3 6 7 0

Flow Path Continuity Function

Flow Time Function
200
From To Fraction 180
0 1 1.0 160
140
1 2 1.0 120
2 3 1.0 100
80
3 4 0.4 60
4 6 0.4 40
20
3 5 0.6 0
5 6 0.6
6 7 1.0
7 0 1.0
Hydrodynamic Linkage to
WASP
 Hydrodynamic Linkage
• Provides detailed flow, depth, volume and velocities to WASP at every
timestep for every segment.
 When to use Hydrodynamic Model

• High gradients
• For 1-dimensional, branching systems, use internal
kinematic wave option
• Accurate calculation of travel times under dynamic
flow conditions
• Where depth & velocity calculations are important
for reaeration
 Why EFDC Hydrodynamic Simulation?

• To drive the WASP water quality model

 Description of EFDC
• Development History
• Capabilities
• Hydrodynamic module
• Applications
• Example Application
• Linkage file to WASP
 ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID DYNAMICS
CODE

• EFDC is a public domain surface water modeling

system incorporating fully integrated hydrodynamics
• EFDC is extremely versatile, and can be used for 1D,
2DV, 2DH, or 3D simulations of rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, estuaries, coastal seas, and wetlands
 EFDC Development History

• Developed by John Hamrick at Virginia Institute of

Marine Science (VIMS) with primary support from
the State of Virginia
• Additional support has been provided by
EPA and NOAA
• Presently maintained by Tetra Tech, Inc.
• Currently used by federal, state and local agencies,
consultants and universities
 EFDC Capabilities
• Three-Dimensional hydrodynamics with coupled
salinity, temperature, sediment and contaminant
transport modules
• Simulates wetting & drying of flood plains, mud
flats, and tidal marshes
• Integrated near-field mixing zone model
• Simulates hydraulic control structures such as
dams and culverts
• Simulates wave boundary layers and wave-induced
currents
 EFDC Hydrodynamic Module
• Fully 3D, with 2DV, 2DH and 1D options
• Boundary fitted curvilinear-orthogonal grid or
Cartesian grid can be used
• Includes turbulence closure model
• Highly efficient finite difference semi-implicit solution
• Functionally similar to POM/ECOM and CH3D-WES
 Example EFDC Applications
• Rivers – Flint (AL), Housatonic (MA),
Chattahoochee (GA), Los Angeles (CA)
• Lakes - Lake Okeechobee (FL), Lake Jordan (NC),
Coosa River Reservoirs (AL), Lake Allatoona (GA),
Hartwell Reservoir (GA/SC)
• Estuaries - Mobile Bay (AL), Neuse River (NC),
Savannah River/Harbor (GA), Charleston Harbor
(SC), St Johns River (FL), Lower Duwamish
Waterway (WA)
• Lagoons – Curonian Lagoon (Lithuania)
 N

W E Neuse River Network

S
plan view
N ive
eu r
R

Swift Scale
se

Creek 0 5 km 10 km

Pamlico
Bachelor Sound
Creek

Upper
Broad Broad
Creek Goose Creek
Creek

Greens
Trent Creek
River Beard
Creek Dawson
Creek

Slocum
Creek
Hancock Adams
Creek Clubfoot South
Creek Creek
River
Neuse Bathymetry
depth (m)
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5