Hooria Umar

Sem IV
(P19-02)

Modern
Physics
Assignment
Contents
•Bernoulli’s Principle(1738)
•Faraday’s Law of Induction(1831)
Bernoulli’s Principle(1738)
It states that
“When a fluid(gas or liquid) moves
fast its pressure decreases and vice
versa.”
This principle was given by Daniel
Bernoulli in 1738.
Bernoulli’s principle is a relation between
pressure, kinetic energy, and
gravitational potential energy of a fluid in
a container.
It is given as:
p + ½ ρ v2 + ρgh =constant
Where,
• p is the pressure exerted by the fluid
• v is the velocity of the fluid
• ρ is the density of the fluid
• h is the height of the container
 Derivation
Consider a pipe with varying diameter
and height through which an
incompressible fluid is flowing. The
relationship between the areas of
cross-sections A, the flow speed v,
height from the ground y, and pressure
p at two different points 1 and 2 is
given in the figure below
dW = F1dx1 – F2dx2

dW = p1A1dx1 – p2A2dx2
dW = p1dV – p2dV = (p1 – p2)dV
We know that the work done on the fluid
was due to conservation of gravitational
force and change in kinetic energy.
The change in kinetic energy of the fluid is
given as:

The change in potential energy is given

dU = mgy2 – mgy1= ρdVg(y2 – y1)
From energy Equation
dW = dK + dU
 Applications
Some important applications of Bernoulli’s
principle are:
Working of an aeroplane
According to Bernoulli’s principle when a fluid
moves fast its pressure decreases and vice
versa. This is applied in designing the shapes
of airplane wings.
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Blowing of roofs
Roofs are also designed in accordance
with Bernoulli’s principle so that during a
storm, the roofs of huts or tinned roofs
are blown off without any damage to
other parts of the hut.
Venturi Meter
It is a device that is based on Bernoulli’s
theorem and is used for measuring the rate of
flow of liquid through the pipes.
Faraday’s discovery of
induction(1831)
“A changing magnetic field induces an
electric current in a nearby circuit “
Electromagnetic Induction was discovered
by Michael Faraday in 1831 .
Faraday, the greatest experimentalist
in electricity and magnetism of the 19th century
, worked on and off for 10 years trying to prove
that a magnet could induce electricity. In 1831
he finally succeeded.

Experiment
He used two coils of wire wound around
opposite sides of a ring of soft iron. The first
coil was attached to a battery; when
a current passed through the coil, the iron ring
became magnetized.
A wire from the second coil was extended to
a compass needle a metre away, far enough so
that it was not affected directly by any current
in the first circuit.
When the first circuit was turned on, Faraday
observed a momentary deflection of the
compass needle and its immediate return to
its original position.
When the primary current was switched off, a
similar deflection of the compass needle
occurred but in the opposite direction.
Results
•Faraday showed that changes in the magnetic
field around the first coil are responsible for
inducing the current in the second coil.
•He also demonstrated that an electric current
can be induced by moving a magnet, by turning
an electromagnet on and off, and even by
moving an electric wire in Earth’s magnetic
field.

Factors Affecting the Voltage

Produced
Faraday observed that various factors affected
the Voltage produced.
Numbers of coils
The induced voltage is directly proportional to
the number of turns/coils of the wire. Greater
the number of turns, greater is voltage
produced
Changing magnetic Field
Changing magnetic field affects the induced
voltage. This can be done by either moving the
magnetic field around the conductor or moving
the conductor in the magnetic field.
Faraday’s Law of induction
Faraday's law of induction is a
basic law of electromagnetism predicting
how a magnetic field will interact with an
electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF)—a
phenomenon known as electromagnetic
induction.
The mathematical expression is:
 Applications
Some important Applications of Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction are:
Transformer
Electrical equipment like transformers
works on the basis of Faraday’s law.
A transformer is an electrical device
designed to convert alternating current from
one voltage to another.

Induction Cooker
Induction cooker works on the basis of
mutual induction which is the principle of
Faraday’s law.
Induction cooking heats a cooking
vessel by electrical induction, instead of
by thermal conduction from a flame, or
an el ectrical heating element. An
induction hob contains a coil of copper wire
underneath the ceramic plate, and when a
cooking pot is placed on top an alternating
electric current is passed through it.

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