Statistics for Business and Economics

11th Edition Anderson Solutions

Manual
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Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing

Learning Objectives

1. Learn how to formulate and test hypotheses about a population mean and/or a population proportion.

2. Understand the types of errors possible when conducting a hypothesis test.

3. Be able to determine the probability of making various errors in hypothesis tests.

4. Know how to compute and interpret p-values.

5. Be able to use critical values to draw hypothesis testing conclusions.

6. Be able to determine the size of a simple random sample necessary to keep the probability of
hypothesis testing errors within acceptable limits.

7. Know the definition of the following terms:

null hypothesis two-tailed test

alternative hypothesis p-value
Type I error level of significance
Type II error critical value
one-tailed test power curve

Solutions:

9-1
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Chapter 9

1. a. H0:   600 Manager’s claim.

Ha:  > 600

b. We are not able to conclude that the manager’s claim is wrong.

c. The manager’s claim can be rejected. We can conclude that  > 600.

2. a. H0:   14

Ha:  > 14 Research hypothesis

b. There is no statistical evidence that the new bonus plan increases sales volume.

c. The research hypothesis that  > 14 is supported. We can conclude that the new bonus plan
increases the mean sales volume.

3. a. H0:  = 32 Specified filling weight

Ha:   32 Overfilling or underfilling exists

b. There is no evidence that the production line is not operating properly. Allow the production
process to continue.

c. Conclude   32 and that overfilling or underfilling exists. Shut down and adjust the production
line.

4. a. H0:   220

Ha:  < 220 Research hypothesis to see if mean cost is less than $220.

b. We are unable to conclude that the new method reduces costs.

c. Conclude  < 220. Consider implementing the new method based on the conclusion that it lowers
the mean cost per hour.

5. a. The Type I error is rejecting H0 when it is true. This error occurs if the researcher concludes that
young men in Germany spend more than 56.2 minutes per day watching prime-time TV when the
national average for Germans is not greater than 56.2 minutes.

b. The Type II error is accepting H0 when it is false. This error occurs if the researcher concludes that
the national average for German young men is  56.2 minutes when in fact it is greater than 56.2
minutes.

6. a. H0:   1 The label claim or assumption.

H a:  > 1

b. Claiming  > 1 when it is not. This is the error of rejecting the product’s claim when the claim is
true.

c. Concluding   1 when it is not. In this case, we miss the fact that the product is not meeting its
label specification.

9-2
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 Hypothesis Testing

7. a. H0:   8000

Ha:  > 8000 Research hypothesis to see if the plan increases average sales.

b. Claiming  > 8000 when the plan does not increase sales. A mistake could be implementing the
plan when it does not help.

c. Concluding   8000 when the plan really would increase sales. This could lead to not
implementing a plan that would increase sales.

8. a. H0:   220

Ha:  < 220

b. Claiming  < 220 when the new method does not lower costs. A mistake could be implementing
the method when it does not help.

c. Concluding   220 when the method really would lower costs. This could lead to not
implementing a method that would lower costs.

x − 0 19.4 − 20
9. a. z= = = −2.12
/ n 2 / 50

b. Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.12: p-value =.0170

c. p-value  .05, reject H0

d. Reject H0 if z  -1.645

-2.12  -1.645, reject H0

x − 0 26.4 − 25
10. a. z= = = 1.48
/ n 6 / 40

b. Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 1.48: p-value = 1.0000 - .9306 = .0694

c. p-value > .01, do not reject H0

d. Reject H0 if z  2.33

1.48 < 2.33, do not reject H0

x − 0 14.15 − 15
11. a. z= = = −2.00
/ n 3 / 50

b. Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -2.00: p-value = 2(.0228) = .0456

9-3
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Chapter 9

c. p-value  .05, reject H0

d. Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or z  1.96

-2.00  -1.96, reject H0

x − 0 78.5 − 80
12. a. z= = = −1.25
/ n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.25: p-value =.1056

p-value > .01, do not reject H0

x − 0 77 − 80
b. z= = = −2.50
/ n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.50: p-value =.0062

p-value  .01, reject H0

x − 0 75.5 − 80
c. z= = = −3.75
/ n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -3.75: p-value ≈ 0

p-value  .01, reject H0

x − 0 81 − 80
d. z= = = .83
/ n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = .83: p-value =.7967

p-value > .01, do not reject H0

13. Reject H0 if z  1.645

x − 0 52.5 − 50
a. z= = = 2.42
/ n 8 / 60

2.42  1.645, reject H0

x − 0 51 − 50
b. z= = = .97
 / n 8 / 60

.97 < 1.645, do not reject H0

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 Hypothesis Testing

x − 0 51.8 − 50
c. z= = = 1.74
/ n 8 / 60

1.74  1.645, reject H0

x − 0 23 − 22
14. a. z= = = .87
/ n 10 / 75

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = .87: p-value = 2(1 - .8078) = .3844

p-value > .01, do not reject H0

x − 0 25.1 − 22
b. z= = = 2.68
/ n 10 / 75

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.68: p-value = 2(1 - .9963) = .0074

p-value  .01, reject H0

x − 0 20 − 22
c. z= = = −1.73
/ n 10 / 75

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.73: p-value = 2(.0418) = .0836

p-value > .01, do not reject H0

15. a. H0:   

Ha:  < 1056

x − 0 910 − 1056
b. z= = = −1.83
/ n 1600 / 400

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.83: p-value =.0336

c. p-value  .05, reject H0. Conclude the mean refund of “last minute” filers is less than $1056.

d. Reject H0 if z  -1.645

-1.83  -1.645, reject H0

16. a. H0:   3173

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Chapter 9

Ha:  > 3173

x − 0 3325 − 3173
b. z= = = 2.04
/ n 1000 / 180

p-value = 1.0000 - .9793 = .0207

c. p-value < .05. Reject H0. The current population mean credit card balance for undergraduate
students has increased compared to the previous all-time high of $3173 reported in April 2009.

17. a. H0:  = 125,500

Ha:   125,500

x − 0 118, 000 − 125,500

b. z= = = −1.58
/ n 30, 000 / 40

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.58: p-value = 2(.0571) = .1142

c. p-value > .05, do not reject H0. We cannot conclude that the year-end bonuses paid by Jones & Ryan

differ significantly from the population mean of $125,500.

d. Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or z  1.96

z = -1.58; cannot reject H0

18. a. H0:  = 4.1

Ha:   4.1

x − 0 3.4 − 4.1
b. z= = = −2.21
/ n 2 / 40

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -2.21: p-value = 2(.0136) = .0272

c. p-value = .0272 < .05

Reject H0 and conclude that the return for Mid-Cap Growth Funds differs significantly from that for
U.S. Diversified funds.

19. H0:   14.32

Ha:  > 14.32

x − 0 14.68 − 14.32
z= = = 2.15
/ n 1.47 75

9-6
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 Hypothesis Testing

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 2.15: p-value = 1.0000 - .9842 = .0158

p-value  .05, reject H0. Conclude that there has been an increase in the mean hourly wage of
production workers.

20. a. H0:   32.79

Ha:  < 32.79

x − 0 30.63 − 32.79
b. z= = = −2.73
/ n 5.6 50

c. Lower tail p-value is area to left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = -2.73: p-value = .0032.

d. p-value  .01; reject H 0 . Conclude that the mean monthly internet bill is less in the southern state.

21. a. H0:   15

Ha:  > 15

x −  17 − 15
b. z= = = 2.96
 / n 4 / 35

c. Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 2.96: p-value = 1.0000 - .9985 = .0015

d. p-value  .01; reject H0; the premium rate should be charged.

22. a. H0:  = 8

H a:   8

b. Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 1.37: p-value = 2(1 - .9147) = .1706

c. Do not reject H0. Cannot conclude that the population mean waiting time differs from 8 minutes.

d. x  z.025 ( / n )

8.4 ± 1.96 (3.2 / 120)

8.4 ± .57 (7.83 to 8.97)

Yes;  = 8 is in the interval. Do not reject H0.

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Chapter 9

x − 0 14 − 12
23. a. t= = = 2.31
s/ n 4.32 / 25

b. Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 24

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .01 and .025

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.31 is .0149

c. p-value  .05, reject H0.

d. With df = 24, t.05 = 1.711

Reject H0 if t  1.711

2.31 > 1.711, reject H0.

x − 0 17 − 18
24. a. t= = = −1.54
s/ n 4.5 / 48

b. Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 47

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .05 and .10; therefore, p-value is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.54 is .1303

c. p-value > .05, do not reject H0.

d. With df = 47, t.025 = 2.012

Reject H0 if t  -2.012 or t  2.012

t = -1.54; do not reject H0

x − 0 44 − 45
25. a. t= = = −1.15
s/ n 5.2 / 36

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 35

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .10 and .20

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.15 is .1290

p-value > .01, do not reject H0

x − 0 43 − 45
b. t= = = −2.61
s/ n 4.6 / 36

9-8
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 Hypothesis Testing

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .005 and .01

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.61 is .0066

p-value  .01, reject H0

x − 0 46 − 45
c. t= = = 1.20
s/ n 5 / 36

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .80 and .90

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.20 is .8809

p-value > .01, do not reject H0

x − 0 103 − 100
26. a. t= = = 2.10
s/ n 11.5 / 65

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 64

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table; area in upper tail is between .01 and .025; therefore, p-value is between .02 and .05.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.10 is .0397

p-value  .05, reject H0

x − 0 96.5 − 100
b. t= = = −2.57
s/ n 11/ 65

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .005 and .01; therefore, p-value is between .01 and .02.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.57 is .0125

p-value  .05, reject H0

x − 0 102 − 100
c. t= = = 1.54
s/ n 10.5 / 65

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table: area in upper tail is between .05 and .10; therefore, p-value is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.54 is .1285

p-value > .05, do not reject H0

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Chapter 9

27. a. H0:   238

Ha:  < 238

x − 0 231 − 238
b. t= = = −.88
s/ n 80 / 100

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 99

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .10 and .20

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -.88 is .1905

c. p-value > .05; do not reject H0. Cannot conclude mean weekly benefit in Virginia is less than the
national mean.

d. df = 99 t.05 = -1.66

Reject H0 if t  -1.66

-.88 > -1.66; do not reject H0

28. a. H0:   9

H a:  < 9

x − 0 7.27 − 9
b. t= = = −2.50
s/ n 6.38 / 85

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 84

Lower tail p-value is P(t ≤ -2.50)

Using t table: p-value is between .005 and .01

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.50 is .0072

c. p-value  .01; reject H0. The mean tenure of a CEO is significantly lower than 9 years. The claim of
the shareholders group is not valid.

29. a. H0:  = 5600

Ha:   5600

x − 0 5835 − 5600
b. t= = = 2.26
s/ n 520 / 25

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 24

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .01 and .025; therefore, p-value is between .02 and .05.

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 Hypothesis Testing

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.26 is .0332

c. p-value  .05; reject H0. The mean diamond price in New York City differs.

d. df = 24 t.025 = 2.064

Reject H0 if t < -2.064 or t > 2.064

2.26 > 2.064; reject H0

30. a. H0:  = 600

Ha:   600

x − 0 612 − 600
b. t= = = 1.17
s/ n 65 / 40

df = n - 1 = 39

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table: area in upper tail is between .10 and .20; therefore, p-value is between .20 and .40.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.17 is .2491

c. With  = .10 or less, we cannot reject H0. We are unable to conclude there has been a change in the
mean CNN viewing audience.

d. The sample mean of 612 thousand viewers is encouraging but not conclusive for the sample of 40
days. Recommend additional viewer audience data. A larger sample should help clarify the situation
for CNN.

31. H0:   423

Ha:  > 423

x − 0 460.4 − 423.0
t= = = 2.20
s/ n 101.9 / 36

Degrees of freedom = n - 1 = 35
Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .01 and .025.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.02 is .0173

Because p-value = .0173 < α, reject H0; Atlanta customers have a higher annual rate of consumption
of Coca Cola beverages.

32. a. H0:  = 10,192

Ha:   10,192

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Chapter 9

x − 0 9750 − 10,192
b. t= = = −2.23
s/ n 1400 / 50

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 49

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .01 and .025; therefore, p-value is between .02 and .05.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.23 is .0304

c. p-value  .05; reject H0. The population mean price at this dealership differs from the national mean
price $10,192.

33. a. H0:   21.6

Ha:  > 21.6

b. 24.1 – 21.6 = 2.5 gallons

x − 0 24.1 − 21.6
c. t= = = 2.08
s/ n 4.8 / 16

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 15

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .025 and .05

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.08 is .0275

d. p-value  .05; reject H0. The population mean consumption of milk in Webster City is greater than
the National mean.

34. a. H0:  = 2

H a:   2

xi 22
b. x= = = 2.2
n 10
 ( xi − x )
2

c. s= = .516
n −1

x − 0 2.2 − 2
d. t= = = 1.22
s/ n .516 / 10

Degrees of freedom = n - 1 = 9

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table: area in upper tail is between .10 and .20; therefore, p-value is between .20 and .40.

9 - 12
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 Hypothesis Testing

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.22 is .2535

e. p-value > .05; do not reject H0. No reason to change from the 2 hours for cost estimating purposes.

p − p0 .175 − .20
35. a. z= = = −1.25
p0 (1 − p0 ) .20(1 − .20)
n 400

b. Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.25: p-value = 2(.1056) = .2112

c. p-value > .05; do not reject H0

d. z.025 = 1.96

Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or z  1.96

z = − 1.25; do not reject H0

p − p0 .68 − .75
36. a. z= = = −2.80
p0 (1 − p0 ) .75(1 − .75)
n 300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.80: p-value =.0026

p-value  .05; Reject H0

.72 − .75
b. z= = −1.20
.75(1 − .75)
300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.20: p-value =.1151

p-value > .05; Do not reject H0

.70 − .75
c. z= = −2.00
.75(1 − .75)
300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.00: p-value =.0228

p-value  .05; Reject H0

.77 − .75
d. z= = .80
.75(1 − .75)
300

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Chapter 9

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = .80: p-value =.7881

p-value > .05; Do not reject H0

37. a. H0: p  .125

Ha: p > .125

52
b. p= = .13
400

p − p0 .13 − .125
z= = = .30
p0 (1 − p0 ) .125(1 − .125)
n 400

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = .30: p-value = 1.0000 - .6179 = .3821

c. p-value > .05; do not reject H0. We cannot conclude that there has been an increase in union
membership.

38. a. H0: p = .64

Ha: p  .64
52
b. p= = .52
100

p − p0 .52 − .64
z= = = −2.50
p0 (1 − p0 ) .64(1 − .64)
n 100

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -2.50: p-value = 2(.0062) = .0124

c. p-value  .05; reject H0. Proportion differs from the reported .64.

d. Yes. Since p = .52, it indicates that fewer than 64% of the shoppers believe the supermarket brand is
as good as the name brand.

39. a. H0: p = .75

Ha: p  .75

85
b. 30 – 49 Age Group p = = .85
100

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 Hypothesis Testing

p − p0 .85 − .75
z= = = 2.80
p0 (1 − p0 ) .85(1 − .85)
n 100

Because z >0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.80: p-value = 2(.0026) = .0052

Reject H0. Conclude that the proportion of users in the 30 – 49 age group is higher than the overall
proportion of .75.

144
c. 50 – 64 Age Group p = = .72
200

.72 − .75
z= = −.94
.72(1 − .72)
200

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using the normal table with z = -.94: p-value = 2(.1736) = .3472

Do not reject H0. The proportion for the 50 – 64 age group does not differ significantly from the
overall proportion.

d. The proportion of internet users increases from .72 to .85 as we go from the 50 – 64 age group to the
younger 30 – 49 age group. So we might expect the proportion to increase further for the even
younger 18 – 29 age group. Indeed, the Pew project found the proportion of users in the 18 – 29 age
group to be .92.

414
40. a. p= = .2702 (27%)
1532

b. H0: p  .22

Ha: p > .22

p − p0 .2702 − .22
z= = = 4.75
p0 (1 − p0 ) .22(1 − .22)
n 1532

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 4.75: p-value ≈ 0

c. These studies help companies and advertising firms evaluate the impact and benefit of commercials.

41. a. H0: p  .70

Ha: p < .70

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Chapter 9

p − p0 .67 − .70
b. z= = = −1.13
p0 (1 − p0 ) .70(1 − .70)
n 300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.13: p-value =.1292

c. p-value > .05; do not reject H0. The executive's claim cannot be rejected.

42. a. p = 12/80 = .15

p (1 − p ) .15(.85)
b. = = .0399
n 80

p (1 − p )
p  z.025
n

.15  1.96 (.0399)

.15  .0782 or .0718 to .2282

c. H0: p = .06

Ha: p  .06

p = .15

p − p0 .15 − .06
z= = = 3.38
p0 (1 − p0 ) .06(.94)
n 80

p-value ≈ 0

We conclude that the return rate for the Houston store is different than the U.S. national return rate.
43. a. H0: p ≤ .10

Ha: p > .10

b. There are 13 “Yes” responses in the Eagle data set.

13
p= = .13
100

p − p0 .13 − .10
c. z= = = 1.00
p0 (1 − p0 ) .10(1 − .10)
n 100

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 1.00: p-value = 1 - .8413 = .1587

9 - 16
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 Hypothesis Testing

p-value > .05; do not reject H0.

On the basis of the test results, Eagle should not go national. But, since p > .13, it may be worth
expanding the sample size for a larger test.

44. a. H0: p  .51

Ha: p > .51

232
b. p= = .58
400

p − p0 .58 − .51
z= = = 2.80
p0 (1 − p0 ) (.51)(.49)
n 400

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 2.80: p-value = 1 – .9974 = .0026

c. Since p-value = .0026  .01, we reject H0 and conclude that people working the night shift get
drowsy while driving more often than the average for the entire population.

45. a. H0: p = .30

Ha: p  .30

24
b. p= = .48
50

p − p0 .48 − .30
c. z= = = 2.78
p0 (1 − p0 ) .30(1 − .30)
n 50

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.78: p-value = 2(.0027) = .0054

p-value  .01; reject H0.

We would conclude that the proportion of stocks going up on the NYSE is not 30%. This would
suggest not using the proportion of DJIA stocks going up on a daily basis as a predictor of the
proportion of NYSE stocks going up on that day.

 5
46. x = = = .46
n 120

9 - 17
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Chapter 9

c = 10 - 1.645 (5 / 120 ) = 9.25

Reject H0 if x  9.25

a. When  = 9,

9.25 − 9
z= = .55
5 / 120

P(Reject H0) = (1.0000 - .7088) = .2912

b. Type II error

c. When  = 8,

9.25 − 8
z= = 2.74
5 / 120

 = (1.0000 - .9969) = .0031

47. Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or if z  1.96

 10
x = = = .71
n 200

9 - 18
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 Hypothesis Testing

c1 = 20 - 1.96 (10 / 200 ) = 18.61

c2 = 20 + 1.96 (10 / 200 ) = 21.39

a.  = 18

18.61 − 18
z= = .86
10 / 200

 = 1.0000 - .8051 = .1949

b.  = 22.5

21.39 − 22.5
z= = −1.57
10 / 200

 = 1.0000 - .9418 = .0582

c.  = 21

21.39 − 21
z= = .55
10 / 200

 = .7088

48. a. H0:   15

Ha:  > 15

Concluding   15 when this is not true. Fowle would not charge the premium rate even though
the rate should be charged.

b. Reject H0 if z  2.33

9 - 19
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Chapter 9

x − 0 x − 15
z= = = 2.33
/ n 4 / 35

Solve for x = 16.58

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if x < 16.58

Reject H0 if x  16.58

For  = 17,

16.58 − 17
z= = −.62
4 / 35

 = .2676

c. For  = 18,

16.58 − 18
z= = −2.10
4 / 35

 = .0179

49. a. H0:   25

Ha:  < 25

Reject H0 if z  -2.05

x − 0 x − 25
z= = = −2.05
 / n 3 / 30

Solve for x = 23.88

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if x > 23.88

Reject H0 if x  23.88

b. For  = 23,

23.88 − 23
z= = 1.61
3 / 30

 = 1.0000 -.9463 = .0537

c. For  = 24,

9 - 20
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 Hypothesis Testing

23.88 − 24
z= = −.22
3 / 30

 = 1.0000 - .4129 = .5871

d. The Type II error cannot be made in this case. Note that when  = 25.5, H0 is true. The Type II
error can only be made when H0 is false.

50. a. Accepting H0 and concluding the mean average age was 28 years when it was not.

b. Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or if z  1.96

x − 0 x − 28
z= =
/ n 6 / 100

Solving for x , we find

at z = -1.96, x = 26.82
at z = +1.96, x = 29.18

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if 26.82 < x < 29.18

Reject H0 if x  26.82 or if x  29.18

At  = 26,

26.82 − 26
z= = 1.37
6 / 100

 = 1.0000 - .9147 = .0853

At  = 27,

26.82 − 27
z= = −.30
6 / 100

 = 1.0000 - .3821 = .6179

At  = 29,

29.18 − 29
z= = .30
6 / 100

 = .6179

At  = 30,

29.18 − 30
z= = −1.37
6 / 100

9 - 21
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Chapter 9

 = .0853

c. Power = 1 - 

at  = 26, Power = 1 - .0853 = .9147

When  = 26, there is a .9147 probability that the test will correctly reject the null hypothesis that
 = 28.

51. a. Accepting H0 and letting the process continue to run when actually over - filling or under - filling
exists.

b. Decision Rule: Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or if z  1.96 indicates

Accept H0 if 15.71 < x < 16.29

Reject H0 if x  15.71 or if x  16.29

For  = 16.5

16.29 − 16.5
z= = −1.44
.8 / 30

 = .0749

c. Power = 1 - .0749 = .9251

d. The power curve shows the probability of rejecting H0 for various possible values of . In
particular, it shows the probability of stopping and adjusting the machine under a variety of
underfilling and overfilling situations. The general shape of the power curve for this case is

9 - 22
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 Hypothesis Testing

1.00

.75

Power .50

.25

.00
15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4

Possible Values of u

 4
52. c = 0 + z.01 = 15 + 2.33 = 16.32
n 50

16.32 − 17
At  =  z = = −1.20
4 / 50

 = .1151

16.32 − 18
At  =  z = = −2.97
4 / 50
 = .0015

Increasing the sample size reduces the probability of making a Type II error.

53. a. Accept   100 when it is false.

b. Critical value for test:

 75
c = 0 + z.05 = 100 + 1.645 = 119.51
n 40

119.51 − 120
At  = 120 z = = −.04
75 / 40

 = .4840

119.51 − 130
c. At  = 130 z = = −.88
75 / 40

 = .1894

d. Critical value for test:

9 - 23
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Chapter 9

 75
c = 0 + z.05 = 100 + 1.645 = 113.79
n 80

113.79 − 120
At  =  z = = −.74
75 / 80

 = .2296

113.79 − 130
At  =  z = = −1.93
75 / 80

 = .0268

Increasing the sample size from 40 to 80 reduces the probability of making a Type II error.

( z + z ) 2  2 (1.645 + 1.28) 2 (5) 2

54. n= = = 214
( 0 −  a ) 2
(10 − 9)2

( z + z )2  2 (1.96 + 1.645)2 (10)2

55. n= = = 325
( 0 −  a ) 2 (20 − 22) 2

56. At 0 = 3,  = .01. z.01 = 2.33

At a = 2.9375,  = .10. z.10 = 1.28

 = .18

( z + z ) 2  2 (2.33 + 1.28) 2 (.18) 2

n= = = 108.09 Use 109
( 0 −  a ) 2 (3 − 2.9375) 2

57. At 0 = 400,  = .02. z.02 = 2.05

At a = 385,  = .10. z.10 = 1.28

 = 30

( z + z )2  2 (2.05 + 1.28)2 (30) 2

n= = = 44.4 Use 45
( 0 −  a ) 2
(400 − 385) 2

58. At 0 = 28,  = .05. Note however for this two - tailed test, z / 2 = z.025 = 1.96

At a = 29,  = .15. z.15 = 1.04

 =6

( z / 2 + z )2  2 (1.96 + 1.04)2 (6) 2

n= = = 324
( 0 −  a ) 2 (28 − 29) 2
59. At 0 = 25,  = .02. z.02 = 2.05

At a = 24,  = .20. z.20 = .84

9 - 24
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 Hypothesis Testing

 =3

( z + z ) 2  2 (2.05 + .84)2 (3)2

n= = = 75.2 Use 76
( 0 −  a ) 2 (25 − 24) 2

60. a. H0:  = 16

Ha:   16

x − 0 16.32 − 16
b. z= = = 2.19
/ n .8 / 30

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.19: p-value = 2(.0143) = .0286

p-value  .05; reject H0. Readjust production line.

x − 0 15.82 − 16
c. z= = = −1.23
/ n .8 / 30

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.23: p-value = 2(.1093) = .2186

p-value > .05; do not reject H0. Continue the production line.

d. Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or z  1.96

For x = 16.32, z = 2.19; reject H0

For x = 15.82, z = -1.23; do not reject H0

Yes, same conclusion.

61. a. H0:  = 900

Ha:   900


b. x  z.025
n

180
935  1.96
200

935  25 (910 to 960)

c. Reject H0 because  = 900 is not in the interval.

x − 0 935 − 900
d. z= = = 2.75
/ n 180 / 200

9 - 25
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Chapter 9

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.75: p-value = 2(.0030) = .0060

62. a. H0:   119,155

Ha:  > 119,155

x − 0 126,100 − 119,155
b. z= = = 2.60
/ n 20, 700 / 60

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 2.60: p-value = 1.0000 - .9953 = .0047

c. p-value  .01, reject H0. We can conclude that the mean annual household income for theater goers
in the San Francisco Bay area is higher than the mean for all Playbill readers.

63. The hypothesis test that will allow us to conclude that the consensus estimate has increased is given
below.

H0:   250,000

Ha:  > 250,000

x − 0 266, 000 − 250, 000

t= = = 2.981
s/ n 24, 000 / 20

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 19

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is less than .005

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.981 is .0038

p-value  .01; reject H0. The consensus estimate has increased.

64. H0:  = 25

Ha:   25

x − 0 24.0476 − 25.0
t= = = −1.05
s/ n 5.8849 / 42

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 41

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .10 and .20; therefore, p-value is between

.20 and .40.

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 Hypothesis Testing

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.05 is .2999

Because p-value > α = .05, do not reject H0. There is no evidence to conclude that the mean age at
which women had their first child has changed.

65. a. H0:   6883

Ha:  < 6883

x − 0 6130 − 6883
b. t= = = −1.89
s/ n 2518 / 40

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 39

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .05 and .025

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.89 is .0331

c. We should conclude that Medicare spending per enrollee in Indianapolis is less than the national
average.

d. Using the critical value approach we would:

Reject H0 if t  −t.05 = -1.685

Since t = -1.89  -1.685, we reject H0.

66. H0:   125,000

Ha:  > 125,000

x − 0 130, 000 − 125, 000

t= = = 2.26
s/ n 12,500 / 32

Degrees of freedom = 32 – 1 = 31

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .01 and .025

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.26 is .0155

p-value  .05; reject H0. Conclude that the mean cost is greater than $125,000 per lot.

67. H0:  = 2.357

Ha:   2.357

xi
x= = 2.3496
n

9 - 27
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Chapter 9

 ( xi − x )
2

s= = .0444
n −1

x − 0 2.3496 − 2.3570
t= = = −1.18
s/ n .0444 / 50

Degrees of freedom = 50 - 1 = 49

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .10 and .20; therefore, p-value is between .20 and .40.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.18 is .2437

p-value > .05; do not reject H0.

There is not a statistically significant difference between the National mean price per gallon and the
mean price per gallon in the Lower Atlantic states.

68. a. H0: p  .50

Ha: p  .50

64
b. p= = .64
100

p − p0 .64 − .50
c. z= = = 2.80
p0 (1 − p0 ) .50(1 − .50)
n 100

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 2.80: p-value = 1.0000 - .9974 = .0026

p-value  .01; reject H0. College graduates have a greater stop-smoking success rate.

69. a. H0: p = .6667

Ha: p  .6667

355
b. p= = .6502
546

p − p0 .6502 − .6667
c. z= = = −.82
p0 (1 − p0 ) .6667(1 − .6667)
n 546

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -.82: p-value = 2(.2061) = .4122

p-value > .05; do not reject H0; Cannot conclude that the population proportion differs from 2/3.
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 Hypothesis Testing

70. a. H0: p  .80

Ha: p > .80

252
b. p= = .84 (84%)
300

p − p0 .84 − .80
c. z= = = 1.73
p0 (1 − p0 ) .80(1 − .80)
n 300

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 1.73: p-value = 1.0000 - .9582 = .0418

d. p-value  .05; reject H0. Conclude that more than 80% of the customers are satisfied with the
service provided by the home agents. Regional Airways should consider implementing the home
agent system.

503
71. a. p= = .553
910

b. H0: p  .50

Ha: p > .50

p − p0 .553 − .500
c. z= = = 3.19
p0 (1 − p0 ) (.5)(.5)
n 910

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 3.19: p-value ≈ 0

You can tell the manager that the observed level of significance is very close to zero and that this
means the results are highly significant. Any reasonable person would reject the null hypotheses and
conclude that the proportion of adults who are optimistic about the national outlook is greater than
.50

72. H0: p  .90

Ha: p < .90

49
p= = .8448
58

p − p0 .8448 − .90
z= = = −1.40
p0 (1 − p0 ) .90(1 − .90)
n 58

9 - 29
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Chapter 9

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.40: p-value =.0808

p-value > .05; do not reject H0. Claim of at least 90% cannot be rejected.

73. a. H0: p  .24

Ha: p < .24

81
b. p= = .2025
400

p − p0 .2025 − .24
c. z= = = −1.76
p0 (1 − p0 ) .24(1 − .24)
n 400

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.76: p-value =.0392

p-value  .05; reject H0.

The proportion of workers not required to contribute to their company sponsored health care plan
has declined. There seems to be a trend toward companies requiring employees to share the cost of
health care benefits.

74. a. H0:   72

Ha:  > 72

Reject H0 if z  1.645

x − 0 x − 72
z= = = 1.645
/ n 20 / 30

Solve for x = 78

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if x < 78

Reject H0 if x  78

b. For  = 80

78 − 80
z= = −.55
20 / 30

9 - 30
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 Hypothesis Testing

 = .2912

c. For  = 75,

78 − 75
z= = .82
20 / 30

 = .7939

d. For  = 70, H0 is true. In this case the Type II error cannot be made.

e. Power = 1 - 

1.0

.8
P
o
.6
w
e
r .4

.2

72 74 76 78 80 82 84
Possible Values of 
Ho False

75. H0:   15,000

Ha:  < 15,000

At 0 = 15,000,  = .02. z.02 = 2.05

At a = 14,000,  = .05. z.10 = 1.645

( z + z )2  2 (2.05 + 1.645)2 (4, 000)2

n= = = 218.5 Use 219
( 0 −  a ) 2
(15, 000 − 14, 000)2

76. H0:  = 120

Ha:   120

At 0 = 120,  = .05. With a two - tailed test, z / 2 = z.025 = 1.96

At a = 117,  = .02. z.02 = 2.05

( z / 2 + z ) 2  2 (1.96 + 2.05) 2 (5) 2

n= = = 44.7 Use 45
( 0 −  a ) 2 (120 − 117) 2

b. Example calculation for  = 118.

9 - 31
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Chapter 9

Reject H0 if z  -1.96 or if z  1.96

x − 0 x − 120
z= =
/ n 5 / 45

Solve for x . At z = -1.96, x = 118.54

At z = +1.96, x = 121.46

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if 118.54 < x < 121.46

Reject H0 if x  118.54 or if x  121.46

For  = 118,

118.54 − 118
z= = .72
5 / 45

 = .2358

Other Results:

If  is z 
117 2.07 .0192
118 .72 .2358
119 -.62 .7291
121 +.62 .7291
122 +.72 .2358
123 -2.07 .0192

9 - 32
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