Basic Electrical Engineering

MODULE#4
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
4.1 : Sinusoids and Phasors
- Sinusoids
- Phasors
- Frequency
- Periodic Function
4.2: Impedance and Admittance
- Impedance
- Admittance
- Computation
✓ Identify the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency,
phase and period in a given sinusoids.
✓ Familiarize with complex numbers.
✓ Solve for impedance, susceptance and admittance.
 MODULE 4.1
SINUSOIDS and PHASORS
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Alternating Quantity – an alternating quantity either current or voltage is that

which flows in alternative direction and whose magnitude undergoes a definite
cycle of change in a definite interval of time. Each cycle consists of a positive half
cycle and a negative half cycle.
• Cycle – a complete change in value and direction of an alternating quantity is called
one cycle. A cycle completes in 360 electrical degrees.
• Frequency – it is the number of cycle made by the alternating quantity per unit time
denoted by letter f and its unit is cycles per seconds (cps) of Hertz (Hz)
• Period – the time taken by an alternating quantity to make one cycle,
denoted by letter T. the reciprocal of frequency.
• Instantaneous value – it is the value of the alternating quantity at any
instant.
• Maximum value – it is the maximum value attained by an alternating
quantity during positive or negative half cycle, also called the peak value
or amplitude of the alternating quantity.
• Average value – it is the average of all instantaneous values of a half
cycle of an alternating quantity.
• Effective or root mean square (RMS) value – it is the value of the alternating quantity which when
passed through a resistor with resistance will give the same heating effect as a direct quantity will give
when passed through the same resistor with same interval of time.
• Phase Difference – it is the angular displacement between two alternating quantities. It can be
between current and current, current and voltage or voltage and voltage.
• In phase – if two alternating quantities attain their maximum and zero values at the same time, then
they are in phase.
• Out of phase – if two alternating quantities do not attain their maximum and zero values at the same
time, then they are out of phase and if one attains before the other , then this is leading the other or
the other is lagging behind the first one.
• Vector – the alternating quantities can be represented with the help of the vectors. The length of the
vectors indicates the magnitude of the quantity, the arrowhead, the direction.
Source: Youtube Video uploaded by ColdFusion,Dec 10, 2017
 is a signal that has the form of the sine
SINUSOIDS or cosine function.

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
Where:
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑟𝑎𝑑
ω = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑠
PERIODIC Function that satisfies the equation:
FUNCTION 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑛𝑇 , for all t and integer T.

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒗(𝒕 + 𝑻)
Where:
𝑇 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑
The period is the time required to complete one cycle.
 𝟐𝝅
𝑻=
𝝎
 The number of cycles per second.
FREQUENCY Measure in Hertz (Hz)

𝟏
𝒇=
𝑻
Where:
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑇 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑
GENERALIZED SINUSOID
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)
Where:
𝑉𝑚 = amplitude of the sinusoid
rad
ω = angular frequency
s
𝜙 = phase of the sinusoid
1. Find the amplitude, phase, angular frequency,
period, and frequency of the sinusoid:

𝑣 𝑡 = 12cos(50𝑡 + 10°)
2. Find the amplitude, phase, angular frequency,
period, and frequency of the sinusoid:

𝑣 𝑡 = 30sin(4𝜋𝑡 − 75°)
RECALL: Trigonometric Identities
RECALL: Graphical Representation

The diagram shows

the relation between
the sine and cosine
sinusoids.
3. Calculate the phase angle between the sinusoids.
State which sinusoid is leading.

𝑣1 = −10cos(𝜔𝑡 + 50°)
𝑣2 = 12sin(𝜔𝑡 − 10°)
 is a complex number that represents
PHASORS the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid
OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
7. Transform the following in terms of phasors:

𝑖1 = 6 cos(50𝑡 − 40°)
𝑖2 = −4sin(30𝑡 + 50°)
PHASOR RELATIONSHIP (Resistor)

𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 𝑣 = 𝑅𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜙 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
PHASOR RELATIONSHIP (Inductor)

𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑑𝑡
PHASOR RELATIONSHIP (Capacitor)

𝑑𝑣 1
𝑖=𝐶 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐶 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑗𝜔𝐶
8. The voltage 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝟎𝒕 + 𝟒𝟓°) is applied to a
0.1 H inductor. Find the current through the
inductor.
9. The voltage 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒕 + 𝟑𝟎°) is applied to a
50 µF capacitor. Find the current through the
capacitor.
 MODULE 4.2
IMPEDANCE and ADMITTANCE
 IMPEDANCE
Involves the combination of resistance and reactance.
Measures the opposition to current flow in Ohms (Ω).

𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿
Where:
R = Resistance
X = Reactance (from Inductor and/or Capacitor)
 ADMITTANCE
The reciprocal of Impedance, measure of how well the
circuit allows circuit to flow. Measured in Siemens (S).

𝟏
𝒀 = = 𝑮 + 𝒋𝑩
Where:
𝒁
G = Conductance
X = Susceptance (from Inductor and/or Capacitor)
IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS (SERIES)
IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS (PARALLEL)
10.Find v(t) and i(t) of the circuit shown.
11.Find v(t) and i(t) of the circuit shown.
12.Find the ZIN of the circuit assume ω = 50 rad/s
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by Charkes K.
Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku
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