BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 3

Architecture
School of Built Environment
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY SARAWAK

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Lecture 2 :
METAL (STEEL)
Metal
Definition:
A material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically
hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal
conductivity
Metal
Characteristics:

1. Malleable : can be hammered or pressed permanently out of

shape without breaking or cracking
Metal
Characteristics:

2. Fusible : able to be fused or melted

Metal
Characteristics:

3. Ductile : able to be drawn out into a thin wire

Metal
Characteristics:

4. Luster: Metals are shiny when cut, scratched, or polished.

CHALLENGE !!!
Metal
Characteristics:

5. Conductivity: Metals are excellent conductors of electricity

and heat
Metal
Characteristics:

6. High Melting Points : except for mercury

 Metal
Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals
METALS

FERROUS NON FERROUS

Pure Ferrous Ferrous Pure

Non Ferrous Alloys
Metals Alloys Non Ferrous Metals

Iron Steel Copper Alum. Brass Bronze Solder

Pig Carbon Zinc Tin Copper Copper Lead

+ + +
Zinc Tin Tin
Cast Stainless Lead Silver

Wrought High Gold Mercury Mercury is the only non ferrous metal that
Speed is liquid at room temperature.
Metal
Difference between Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals
Ferrous Metals Non-Ferrous Metals

1. Contains any amount of iron in its basic form. Does not contains any amount of iron in its
basic form.

2. That’s why they possesses magnetic property They do not possess magnetic property,
and makes them prone to corrosion. but resist corrosion much better than
ferrous metals.

3. They have a high tensile strength since they can They have very low tensile strength.
carry a high amount of strain.

4. They have the ability for oxidation, known as They have typically lighter weights, higher
corrosion. Oxidation of ferrous metals forms as a melting points & are basically resistant to
reddish-brown deposit on the surface & is oxide corrosion.
of iron.

5. Used where strength is the primary focal point. Ideal for electronic & electrical
Typically used when the magnetic attraction of applications.
iron may be a disadvantage.
History
19th Century-The Industrial Revolution:
Rapid development of steel industry due to increasing demand for machinery
and transportation
• Cast iron structural frameworks with load-bearing infill were being used in
English mills and warehouses
• Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton (1851) as the first cast iron and glass structure

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

History
The First Sky-Scraper:
Steel – less carbon percentage than iron, higher tensile & compressive strengths,
more durable
• Era of steel construction began in the 1880s with the emergence of Chicago
School
• First all-steel frame building is the Rand McNappy Building in 1885 in Chicago, US
With steel frame we have been able to build taller
and stronger structures ….

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Why Steel?

• Strength and resistance

• Design flexibility
• Adaptability
• Durability, sustainable and recyclable
• Faster speed of construction
• Lower construction costs
• Long term maintenance costs
• Lightweight material

Steel structure offers the opportunity for

architectural expression
Different Column Sections

I and H profiles

Cross-shaped sections

Circular Hollow sections

Rectangular Hollow sections

Filled hollow sections

Different Beam Sections

I channels and H profiles

Welded and composite sections

Box and open sections

Perforated sections to allow the

passage of horizontal services such
as pipes, cables, ducts
Forms of Steel Connections
1. Rigid Joints
• Also called fixed or moment
resisting connections.
• Capable of transferring axial
forces but can not transfer
moments.
video

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Forms of Steel Connections

2. Pinned Joints
• Also called simple joint
• Capable of transferring axial
forces as well as moment

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Simple
Connections

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Forms of Steel Connections

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Forms of Steel Structure
1. Braced frames
2. Rigid or ‘sway’ frames
3. Arch structures
4. Tension structures

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Braced Frames
• Commonly used in structures subject to lateral loads.
• Bracing increases stability against wind loading and seismic pressure
• Economical, easily to erect and flexibility to design according to required
strength & stiffness
• The bracing may affect the design of the façade and position of openings or
used as an internal/external design feature
• Usually pinned or ‘simple’ connections are used

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Braced Frames

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Braced Frames :
John Hancock Building, 1965

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Rigid Frames
• Require rigid connections for stability at least in one direction
• Often termed ‘sway’ frames because they are more flexible under lateral
loads than braced frames
• In rigid connections there is complete structural continuity between two
adjacent members
• Open space between columns offers flexibility in choice of cladding
• Requires extensive amount of fabrication therefore is more expensive
• Example are portal frame structures

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Rigid Frames

Portal frame is expressed internally

within the building for Modern Art
Glass (Foster & Partners)
Thamesmead, 1973

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Arch (or curved) Structures
• Primarily designed to resist compression due to their shape or loading
• Arches in steel can be made of I-sections that are either curved or from
multiple straight lengths
• Can also be a form of fabricated members such as trusses
• May have rigid or pinned bases, or both

Steel arch structure at

Broadgate, London by SOM

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Arch (or curved) Structures

Tubular steel members at Windsor Leisure Centre, Faulkner Brown

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Tension Structures
• ‘Ties’ are designed to resist tension
• Tall compression members or ‘masts’ provide for necessary vertical support
• Include cable-stayed roofs, suspended structures, cable nets and membrane
structures

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Tension Structures
Advantages:
• Simple & efficient structural form
• Suitable for long-span enclosures
• Erected fairly easily
• Flexibility
• Discrete supports with concentrated foundation forces

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Tension Structures

Schlumberger Research Centre, Hopkins & Partners

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Tension Structures

Central spine supported by

tension rods at Homebase,
London
(Nicholas Grimshaw &
Partners)

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Tension Structures

Fabricatedfork detail at IgusFactory,

Cologne
(Nicholas Grimshaw& Partners)
Tubular arch to support
cable structure at the HK
Aviary. Below: local tie detail

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Glazing Interface Details
Steel can provide essential support framework in a minimal way that
does not distract the appearance of function of glazing

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Glazing Interface Details
Typical bolted attachment to glazing
showing various components

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Glazing Interface Details
Trusses are one of the most commonly used support systems in
long-span glazing panels.
Glazing Interface Details
Lateral restraints can be provided by tension systems using wires or rods
Glazing Interface Details
A dual cable horizontal cable-mullion system is used at Newseum in Washington, D.C.

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Protecting Structural
Steelwork From Corrosion
Corrosion occurs when one or
more of the following is present:
1. High humidity
2. Atmospheric pollution
3. Presence of oxide layer

Common Protective Coatings:

1. Paints
2. Powder Coated
3. Hot dip galvanising
4. Zinc or aluminium metal spray
5. Combination of two or more of the above

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Influence of Design on Corrosion
The design and detailing of a structure can affect the durability of any protective
coating applied to it. The key issues to consider include:

1. Access for coating application and maintenance

2. Avoidance of moisture and debris traps
3. Avoidance or sealing of crevices
4. Drainage and ventilation to minimise the time of wetness
5. Careful management of contact with other materials
BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III
Fire Protection

• Sprayed and board protection

• Intumescent coating
• Partial encasement by concrete
• Concrete filling of tubular sections
• Water filling of tubular sections

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Fire Protection
•Sprayed and board protection
• Used in concealed applications such
as beams with suspended ceilings
• Cost-effective and fast
• Results in a rough surface texture

• Provides a boxed protection around

the member and are held in place
by a light framework

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Fire Protection
Intumescent coating

• Usually applied when the steelwork is exposed to view.

• They expand on heating to form an insulating layer which protects the steel
section

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Fire Protection
Partial encasement in concrete

• During fire the upper part of the section resists the applied
moment despite the reduced strength of the bottom flange
• Provides fire resistance of 60-90 mins
• Additional protection may be applied to bottom flange for
longer fire resistance

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Fire Protection
Concrete filling of tubular sections
• Tubular steel columns filled with
concrete with additional bar
reinforcement
• Can provide up to 120 mins fire
resistance
• Carried out on site with fast erection
time
• Columns subsequently possess good
compression resistance

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

Fire Protection
Water filling of tubular sections
• Provides up to 120 mins fire
resistance
• Rarely carried out due to
maintenance
• Requires continuous passage of
water through the tubular
structure and the need for water
replenishment system

Bush Lane House, London

(Arup Associates)

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

 Thank you

BSA 3533 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III