1.

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO

2. ANNABELLE ADDY
3. STANLEY ABBEY
 HISTORY OF STEEL
The history of steel can be
traced back to the
emergence of iron the main
component of steel. Henry
Bessemer's breakthrough in
steel history came in 1856
when he developed a way
to use oxygen to reduce the
carbon content in iron.
Proving to be stronger and
harder than bronze, which
was the previously used
metal in weapons.

HENRY BESSEMER

Meteoritic Iron
Ancient Egypt has been
using meteoritic iron for
decorations and spear points
since 4000 BC. Only a few
meteorites contain iron-
nickel alloys, which were
used to recover the metal.
Meteoritic iron was used
sparingly and only for special
events and ceremonies.
Beads made of ironitic iron
were used in Iran as early as
5000 BC.
HABIBA NEINA AHMED-TINDOGO
 Types of steel
There are four types of steel, these are
1. Carbon steel
2. Stainless steel
3. Tool steel
4. Alloy steel

CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

TOOL STEEL CARBON STEEL

STANLEY ABBEY SHAMO

 TYPES OF STEEL
1.CARBON STEEL
Carbon steel looks dull, matte-like, and is known to be
vulnerable to corrosion. Overall, there are three subtypes to
this one: low, medium, and high carbon steel, with low
containing about .30% of carbon, medium .60%, and high
1.5%. The name itself actually comes from the reality that they
contain a very small amount of other alloying elements. They
are exceptionally strong, which is why they are often used to
make things like knives, high-tension wires, automotive parts,
and other similar items

STANLEY SHAMO ABBEY

 TYPES OF STEEL
2. STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steels are probably the most well-known type on the
market. This type is shiny and generally has around 10 to 20%
chromium, which is their main alloying element. With this
combination, it allows the steel to be resistant to corrosion and
very easily molded into varying shapes. Because of their easy
manipulation, flexibility, and quality, stainless steel can be
found in surgical equipment, home applications, silverware,
and even implemented as exterior cladding for
commercial/industrial buildings.

STANLEY SHAMO ABBEY

 TYPES OF STEEL
3. TOOL STEEL
Tool steel is famous for being hard and both heat and scrape
resistant. The name is derived from the fact that they are very
commonly used to make metal tools, like hammers. For these,
they are made up of things like cobalt, molybdenum, and
tungsten, and that is the underlying reason why tool steel has
such advanced durability and heat resistance features

STANLEY SHAMO ABBEY

 TYPES OF STEEL
4. ALLOY STEEL
Alloy steel, which is a mixture of several different metals, like
nickel, copper, and aluminium. These tend to be more on the
cheaper side, more resistant to corrosion and are favoured for
some car parts, pipelines, ship hulls, and mechanical projects.
For this one, the strength depends on the concentration of the
elements that it contains.

STANLEY SHAMO ABBEY

 STEEL
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL:
Steel has numerous properties; they are, hardness , toughness,
tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, fatigue strength,
corrosion, plasticity, malleability and creep

STANLEY SHAMO ABBEY

STRUCTURAL STEEL
COMPONENTS FOR BUILDINGS
Structural steel is a form of steel that can be molded into a
range of shapes and sizes. Because of its tremendous flexibility
it is feasible to do the same with other building materials. The
following are a few examples of common structural steel
components.
TEE
A tee beam is also known as a T-beam. The name is given
based on the T-shaped cross-section of the beam. It is majorly
used as a load-bearing beam. Given its stature, it can tolerate
heavy load with ease

Channel (C-Shaped)
A C-shaped structural channel or beam has a cross-section
that is both top and bottom flange. Traditionally, this kind of
beam was invented to support a bridge structure. Now they
are being used in various constructional sites as well as for
building work.

HABIBA NEINA AHMED- TINDOGO

STRUCTURAL STEEL
COMPONENTS FOR BUILDINGS
Angle (L-Shaped)
An angle beam is also known as an L-shaped beam. The shape
of the beam makes it good for floor system stability. Hence, the
angle beam component is majorly used in floor systems of
construction foundations

I-Beam
An I-Beam is also known as the universal beam as it has two
horizontal elements. They are available in various sizes. The
vertical web in between is resistant to force, and the horizontal
elements resist the bending movement of the beam

Custom shapes
As structural steel provides complete flexibility to mold it into
any shape, many constructors try innovative and artistic
shapes to create structures that stand out. These are known
as custom shapes. With the use of modern techniques such as
laser or plasma cutting.
HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO
types of connection
Steel connections can be classified into 6 main categories ,
and these are:
•Connecting Medium (fasteners / fixtures)
The most commonly used types of connecting medium and
bolts. Welds offer simplicity, whilst bolts off economical
installation in the field. Rivets have historically been used, but
have been replaced by bolts for a number of reasons.

BOLT CONNECTIONS WELDED CONNECTIONS RIVITED CONNECTIONS

•Internal forces the connections are

expected to transmit
One of the most significant factors when building a steel
connection is to design depending on the internal pressures
that the connection is anticipated to convey. Connections are
classed as axial, shear (semi-rigid), or moment (rigid) based
on the major load that the connection is to bear. Connections,
on the other hand, are often required to carry two or more of
these loads. Among these are:.
• Moment Connections
• Shear Connections
• Axial Connections
HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO
 Bolts
A bolt is a type of threaded fastener with an exterior male
thread that requires a nut with a corresponding pre-formed
female thread.
A bolted joint is a temporary junction between two pieces of
metal that can be fastened or disassembled at the same time.

•Advantages of using bolts

The bolted joint having simple design, which

1 helps to identify the joints are easy than

welded joint or riveted joint

Bolts have high strength joints. Bolted joint

2 required less number of bolts for the same
strength are getting from riveted joint

To perform the operation of bolted joint

3 the time required for it

•Disadvantages of using bolts

The accuracy of bolted joint is totally depend
upon the tightening of the joint 1
The bolted joint having less axial tensile
strength. 2
When the two plates joined by the bolted joint
having high weight compared to joining
riveted joint
3
HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO
 bolts
•Defects in using bolts
Overloading (stretching)
1
Galvanic corrosion
2

3 Shearing

Shearing Galvanic corrosion

Overloading (stretching) Fatigue

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO
 welding
Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts
are fused together by means of heat, pressure or both forming
a join as the parts cool
A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of
metal or plastic are joined together

•Advantages of welding

1 Their strength is high

2 They are tight and leak proof

There is no problem of stress

3 concentration

•Disadvantages of welding
Parts manufactured by It are prone to
thermal distortion due to heat generated 1
Quality of parts manufactured depends
on skills of operator 2
Inspection of welded joints is costly and
requires specialist 3
HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO
 welding
•Defects in welding

1 Cracks in the welded surface

Lack Of Penetration or Incomplete

2 Penetration

3 Burn Through

Burn through

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO

Standard sizes of steel
Steel is a common material used in construction and they’re
different sizes based on the use.
•Sizes of steel used in construction
Size of Steel bars used in construction are 6mm, 8mm, 10mm,
12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm,
60mm and so, and higher diameter/size of steel bar like
75mm, 90mm, 100mm are also customize according to
requirement by various steel company

•Sizes of steel used in building construction

Size of Steel bars used in building construction are 6mm,
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm and 25mm. 6mm & 8mm
size/diameter of steel bars are used for stirrup formation, 8mm
to 12mm size/diameter of steel bars/tmt bars are used in slab
and 12mm to 25mm size/diameter of steel bars/tmt bars are
used for beam and column

•Diameter/size of Steel bars used in slab

Diameter/size of Steel bars used in slab are required
according to design structure, one way slab, two way slab and
Flat slab. However, in general, steel bars size/diameter of
8mm, 10mm and 12mm are used in slab.

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO

Standard sizes of steel
Steel is a common material used in construction and they’re
different sizes based on the use.
•Sizes of steel used in construction
Size of Steel bars used in construction are 6mm, 8mm, 10mm,
12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm,
60mm and so, and higher diameter/size of steel bar like
75mm, 90mm, 100mm are also customize according to
requirement by various steel company

•Sizes of steel used in building construction

Size of Steel bars used in building construction are 6mm,
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm and 25mm. 6mm & 8mm
size/diameter of steel bars are used for stirrup formation, 8mm
to 12mm size/diameter of steel bars/tmt bars are used in slab
and 12mm to 25mm size/diameter of steel bars/tmt bars are
used for beam and column

•Diameter/size of Steel bars used in slab

Diameter/size of Steel bars used in slab are required
according to design structure, one way slab, two way slab and
Flat slab. However, in general, steel bars size/diameter of
8mm, 10mm and 12mm are used in slab.

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO

Standard sizes of steel
•Steel bar size for column and beam
Diameter/ size of Steel bar required for column and beam are
based on according to design structure, load acting on it, span
between two support. However, in general, steel bars
size/diameter of 12mm to 25mm are required for beam and
column.

•Size/diameter of Steel bar used in Hydraulic

structure
Diameter of Steel bar used in Hydraulic structure like Bridge,
Dam, Reservoir, adequet and other high rise building Industrial
and commercial building. However, in general, steel bars
size/diameter of 32mm to 50mm are used in formation of
Hydraulic structures.

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO

 CORROSION
•This is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a
more chemically stable form. Uniform Corrosion. ...
•Pitting Corrosion. ...
•Crevice Corrosion. ...
•Intergranular Corrosion. ...
•Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) ...
•Galvanic Corrosion. ...
•Conclusion

Pitting Corrosions a localized form of corrosion, in

which either a local anodic point, or more commonly a
cathodic point, forms a small corrosion cell with the
surrounding normal surface.
Types of Pitting Corrosion
 CORROSION
CERVICE CORROSION
Crevice corrosion is also a localized form of corrosion and usually
results from a stagnant microenvironment in which there is a
difference in the concentration of ions between two areas of a
metal.

GALVANIC CORROSION
Galvanic corrosion is the degradation of one metal near a joint or
juncture that occurs when two electrochemically dissimilar metals
are in electrical

PREVENTIVE CORROSION METHODS

1. BARRIER COATINGS

2. HOT-DIP GALVANIZATION
3. ALLOYED STEEL (STAINLESS)

4. CATHODIC PROTECTION
 Anti corrosion measures
When designing with steel , the architect or the engineer must
know that because steel is a metal that easily reacts to the
weather ,by deteriorating i.e corrosion, he must find ways in
order to prevent these from happening. There are different
types of ways of protecting steel from corroding.Here are a few
ways to protect steel

Galvanizing is a method of rust prevention. The

1 iron or steel object is coated in a thin layer of
zinc.

2 Powder coating is when a dry powder is

evenly applied to a clean surface.

3 A cost effective way to protect against rust is

using an organic coating which forms a
barrier against corrosive elements.

PTFE .The original non-stick coating, able to

withstand high temperatures 4
FOZZ is a balanced blend of Phosphoric Acid
and other chemicals, wetting agents, and
extenders that dissolve rust and prevent 5
further rusting.

If you build in regular maintenance it will help

to stop rust from forming and halt the progress
of any rust that occurred
6
HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO
 Anti corrosion measures
•Basis on which protection measure is
selected
Before the type of anti corrosion measure is selected , it is
based on some factors and these are:

1 Climate/ Weather

2 Location

3 The type of steel, and what it would be used

for

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO

 IMPORTANCE OF STEEL to an
architect ❑ Steel provides architects the flexibility
to express or conceal a
building's structural frame, either
externally or internally, and can help
facilitate the artistic expression the
client desires

SPENCER STREET STATION, MELBOURNE KINGS PARK WALKWAY, PERTH

Architects will appreciate the opportunities for architectural expression in

steel illustrated in these projects, such as the:

❑Clear expression of function enabled by externally exposed steel structure

❑Use of tubular members to provide efficient design with aesthetically slender
members
❑Flexibility of openings in members, which can be used to accentuate ‘lightness’ or to
accommodate services
❑Easy forming of curved members
❑Ability to design connections as ‘architectural statements’ with refined detailing
❑Flexibility of managing fire resistance of exposed steelwork,, concrete filling or
water filling (of tubular sections)
❑Visual effect enabled through colour and finish of coating steelwork, through
painting, galvanising or other proprietary finishes

SWAN BELL TOWER, PERTH

FEDERATION SQUARE, MELBOURNE ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDAI

ARC 18/01/0097
 WHY AN ARCHITECT SHOULD CONSIDER
USING STEEL ?
❑ Steel offers architects more design freedom in
colour, texture and shape. Its combination of
strength, durability, beauty, precision and
malleability gives architects broader parameter
to explore ideas and develop fresh solutions

❑ STAR EVENT CENTRE, SYDNEY: MULTI-

FACETED GEOMETRY MADE POSSIBLE BY
STEEL

❑The 7800sqm event centre extends over

16 metres above the roof of the existing
casino building, which was built in the
mid-1990s.
❑It exhibits a custom-designed glass facade
that replicates the multi-faceted geometry
of a gem and which can be backlit at night
to create a striking light feature. The
design also includes double-layered
acoustic walls that meet performance
requirements by absorbing high sound
energy across all acoustic bands.
Project Details
Architects: JPW Architects
Client: Echo Entertainment Group
Contractor: Brookfield Multiplex
Structure: Taylor Thomson Whitting
Steelwork Project Manager: ICMP Steel
Structures
Fabricators: S&L Steel, Pacific Steel, Cullen
Steel, Sebastian Steel
ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDAI
ARC 18/01/0097
 WHY AN ARCHITECT SHOULD CONSIDER
USING STEEL ?
WHAT MAKES STEEL SUCH AN ATTRACTIVE MATERIAL TO ARCHITECTS?

❑ Strength and durability

❑ Strength and durability is a highly important consideration for architects. When it comes to creating a
building’s frame, strength and ductility are of utmost importance. Stainless steel is manufactured to
cope flawlessly when exposed to tensile stresses and can withstand loads far heavier than other
materials.

❑ Cost-effectiveness
❑ Steel is an affordable material. If an architect wants to design a structure with superior levels of
support, they will have to use copious amounts of most material types. Steel is so durable that its
required thickness is much less than many other materials.

❑ Corrosion-resistance
❑ Stainless steel is widely known for its resistance to corrosion. Steel does not easily succumb to
damage from exposure to water, heat, or chemical damage. This makes steel the perfect match for
architecture, where function and aesthetics are primary design goals.

❑ Versatility
❑ Steel is extremely versatile, allowing architects a whole plethora of options when it comes to
designing a building. A wide variety of standard and custom shapes can be manufactured and used
to create nearly every component of a building.

❑ Sustainability
❑ The modern world requires that architects design buildings with sustainability in mind. Stainless steel
alloy is almost 100 per cent recyclable, and any waste produced in the manufacturing process can be
reused to make more steel. It is hard to find a more sustainable building material, making it one of
the most popular.
❑ Aesthetics
❑ Some of the world’s most notable buildings and structures are celebrated for the architectures
innovative use of steel. Its versatility means that steel can achieve any creative vision that an
architect could possibly dream of. There are also a vast array of surface treatments, coatings and
finishes which allow architects to achieve their desires aesthetic style.

ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDAI

ARC 18/01/0097
WHAT STEEL IS USED FOR IN
CONSTRUCTION
❑ Construction is one of the most important steel-using industries,
accounting for more than 50% of world steel demand. Buildings – from
houses to car-parks to schools and skyscrapers – rely on steel for their
strength. Steel is also used on roofs and as cladding for exterior walls

• Other uses of Steel includes : To build high Rise buildings , To build

bridges , To build parking garages and to also build Residential buildings

❑ Steel is used because it binds well to concrete, has a similar thermal

expansion coefficient and is strong and relatively cost-effective.
Reinforced concrete is also used to provide deep foundations and
basements and is currently the world's primary building material.

ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDAI

ARC 18/01/0097
 STRENGTHS

It can withstand strong weather

conditions such as hurricanes, high winds
DURABLE and earthquakes.

Steel frame housing components have the impressive

benefit of fire resistance,
able to withstand temperatures of more than
1000°C.

It is also understandably resistant to termites, creeping,

cracks, splitting and rotting, essentially all the
weaknesses of wood.

❑ Steel saves trees , but what makes

steel truly environmentally friendly
is its ability to be recycled ENVIRONMENT
FRIENDLY
❑ Steel can be continuously recycled and
repurposed without compromising its
quality

❑ Using recycled steel has a positive

environmental impact as it saves energy
and natural resources in production

ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDAI

ARC 18/01/0097
 weaknesses

❑One of the weaknesses of steel is

High Cost of Capital

❑There is low labour productivity

in Steel construction

❑High Social Costs

❑Distribution Network

❑Poor quality of basic infrastructure

❑IT LEVERAGE

❑Loss of strength at elevated

temperature

ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDAI

ARC 18/01/0097
 threats

❑Slow Industry Growth

❑Substitution by Aluminium,
plastics

❑Recession in other countries

resulting in dumping of
materials

OPPORTUNITIES WITH STEEL

❑ lightweight design: leading to reduced load on foundations and the ability

to retrofit floors onto existing buildings
❑ long-span solutions: taking advantage of steel’s incredible stiffness and
strength-to-weight ratio
❑ flexible repurposed solutions: where the client requires the building or
structure to have a flexible layout for future repurposing
❑ Architecturally exposed structural steelwork: to stimulate visually or
provide a signature look ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDAI
ARC 18/01/0097
STRUCTURES THAT HAVE USED STEEL
KURILPA BRIDGE, BRISBANE

Project Details
Client: Queensland Government
Department of Public Works
Architect: Cox Rayner Architects
Structural Engineer: Arup
❑The multiple-mast, cable-stay design
for the bridge showcases an array of
cables and flying struts that have been
designed to recall the ropes and spars
1 SHELLEY STREET, SYDNEY
of sailing ships.
Project Details
Builder: Brookfield Multiplex
Architect: fitzpatrick + partners
Structural Engineers: Arup

❑ This development at Number 1 Shelley

Street comprises a seven- and 11-storey
building linked via an atrium. They are
framed with an external diagonal grid of
steel housed outside the fully glazed
AUSTRALIAN PAVILION, SHANGHA façade
The Australian Pavilion, designed for the
World Expo in Shanghai 2010 is a bold
sculptural form, both modern and organic.
Set in a stark abstract landscape of the
World Expo site, the sensuous ribbon of the
facade generates an undulating form which
is designed to have no obvious front, rear
or sides.
❑The singular materiality of the cladding
reinforces the form, with the earthly
tones of the weathering steel referencing
the ubiquitous Australian landscape
while the highly sculptural skin expresses
the modernity and quality design of our
cities. ADDY ANNABEL NAA KORDA
ARC 18/01/0097
Where to get steel in
ghana
There are a number of places where one can get steel from,
youbcan choose to either import or buy local, below are some
companies that manufacture steel in Ghana.

1 MABANI STEEL
#45 Swaniker Rd., Abelenkpe, Accra

2 Donyma Steel Company Kumasi, Ghana

3 .Premier Steel Ltd. Accra.

Dalal Steel Industries Ltd Accra, Aflao road

4
.Multix limited. Accra
5

Metal & Steel Construction Company, Accra 6

HABIBA NEINA AHMED TINDOGO
 REFERENCES
❑https://worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/steel-
markets/buildings-and-infrastructure/
❑ Structural steel components
❑ https://northern-weldarc.com/structural-steel-
companies-in-alberta/
❑ Classifications of steel
❑ https://www.weldingandndt.com/types-of-steel-
classification-of-steel/
❑ Types of steel connections
❑ https://skyciv.com/technical/types-of-steel-connections-
and-their-
classifications/#:~:text=Connections%20are%20classified
%20as%20axial,the%20connection%20is%20to%20carry.
❑ Advantages and disadvantages of bolted joints
❑ https://www.mechlearning.com/2021/06/advantages-
and-disadvantages-of-bolted.html
❑ Bolt defects
❑ https://provenproductivity.com/6-types-bolt-failure-
prevent/
❑ Welding Definition
❑ https://clubtechnical.com/welding
❑ Sizes of steel bars
❑ https://civilsir.com/size-and-types-of-steel-bars-used-in-
construction/