MATHEMATICS

Triangle Cylinder
A = ½ bh V = Bh

√3 2 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝐴𝐸𝑇 = 𝑎
4
P = 3a
Find Distances
Ex. (-5,-3)(2,y) is 9.9 units
Rectangle
√(2 − (−5))2 + (𝑦 − (−3))2 = 9.9 – shift solve
A = ab
V=lxwxh
Number of Diagonal
P = 2(a + b)
𝑛(𝑛−3)
ND = 2

Square
𝐴 = 𝑎2 Sides of Polygon using Angle
(𝑛−2)(180)
𝑉 = 𝑎2 ℎ Ꝋ= 𝑛

V = 4a
Find the Angle
Circle Inverse Trigo of Sin, Cos, Tan using SOH CAH TOA
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
Pythagorean Theorem
Cube
𝐴 = 6𝑠 2
𝐿𝐴 = 4𝑠 2
𝑉 = 𝑎3

Trapezoid
𝑏1 + 𝑏2
A= h
2

Sphere
𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4 3
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3

Cone
V = 1/3 Bh
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
Binomial Term ELECTRONICS
Ex. Find the 5th term of (𝑥 + 𝑦)10 Resistor Color Code
Given: r = 5 n = 10 Black 0
Brown 1 1% (F)
q = r-1 p = n-q Red 2 2% (G)
nC(r-1)𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 – Caltech Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5 0.5% (D)
QUADRANT – Add Sugar To Coffee Blue 6 0.25% (C)
Violet 7 0.1% (B)
Gray 8 0.05% (A)
White 9
Gold 10 5% (J)
Silver 11 10% (K)
No Color 12 20% (M)

Ohm’s Law

Notes:
Find Roots – Mode 5
F-C – Shift 8, 37
C-F– Shift 8, 38
A∩B =members are common both side
AUB = members are unique member/not in both side

Joule’s Law
Binary Conversion
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0+1
1 + 1 = 0, c1
1 + 1 + 1 = 1, c1
Note: C = 6.25 x 1018 , Q = 1C

1001.0010
1tc = 1 time constant
3210.-1-2-3-4 - n
(1-𝑒 −𝑡𝑐 ) = Percentage current
2𝑛 , 8𝑛 , 16𝑛

RLC Circuit and Resonance

Mass Number
1
P+N 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 Resonance Frequency

Atomic Number 1 𝐿
𝑄 = 𝑅 √𝐶 Q-Factor in Series
P
𝐶
𝑄 = 𝑅√ 𝐿 Q-Factor in Parallel
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 Inductance Shunt Resistance Formula
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 Capacitance
1
Z=1 1 1 Impedance in Parallel - Polar Form
+ +
𝑅 𝐿𝑗 −𝐶𝑗
Wheatstone Bridge
1 1
Z= √( )2 + (𝑋 )2 Parallel w/ one X
𝑅

Z = R + Lj + Cj Impedance in Series

Z = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋 2 One reactance
X = |𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 | Find X with 2 reactance
𝑉2
𝑃= = n + nj (TP + RP)
𝑍
𝑋
Ꝋ = arctan (𝑅 ) Phase Angle in series 𝑅𝑋 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑅 1 + 𝑅𝑋 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Ꝋ = arctan (𝑋) Phase Angle in parallel
𝑅1 𝑅2
Covert to Polar Form will get =
𝑅3 𝑅𝑥
Apparent Power (AP) 𝑅3
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑅 )
1 +𝑅3
TP = 𝐼 2 𝑅
RP = 𝐼 2 𝑋 = VAR
Types of Ground
AP = 𝐼 2 𝑍 = VA

Voltage Divider ---- Series

𝑅𝑛
𝑉𝑅𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Current Divider ---- Parallel
𝑅2
𝐼𝑅1 = 𝑅 𝐼𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 With 2 resistors Transformer
1+ 𝑅2

1
𝑅𝑥
𝐼𝑅𝑥 = 1 1 1 𝐼𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 With 3+ resistors
+ +
𝑅𝑥 𝑅1 𝑅2

Delta & WYE Circuits

𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠
= = = =
𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑝 𝑅𝑝
5
V = 1 𝑥 50

V = 250 V
𝑉2 2502
𝑃= = = 62.5𝑊
𝑅 1 𝑘𝑜ℎ𝑚
Rms Voltage Formula Rheostat – Current or resistance modification
Relay – Control one electrical circuit by opening
and closing contact in another circuit.
Ground – To protect the damaged circuits not to
affects anyone working.
IC – An amplifier, timer, oscillator, memory,
microprocessor, counter, etc.
Complete Circuit – Complete Component
Closed Circuit – Connected
Open Circuit – Not connected, No I, Zero
Short Circuit – Connected but faulty, Infinite
Oscilloscope – Use to display time domain
Spectrum Analyzer - Display frequency domain
Megger – Measure insulation resistance
𝑃𝐸𝑉
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2
𝑃𝑃 Notes:
𝑃𝐸𝑉 =
2

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 In Parallel
Magnetic and Conducting Properties 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 In Series
Quantity CGS SI Shortcut -Ꝋ negative angle means lagging
Magnetic Maxwell Weber FMW Ꝋ positive angle means leading
Flux
Magnetic Oersted At/m IOA -273C, 459F, 0K, - Absolute Value
Field ICE – 90 degree
Intensity
Magnetic Gauss Tesla DGT ELI – 90 degree
Flux Density
Cells in Series = + Voltage

Wirings Cells in Parallel = + Current

Purely Resistive – Unity
Neutral Blue
Ground Green Purely Inductive – Zero Lagging
Live Wire Brown
Earth Yellow/Green Purely Capacitive – Zero Leading
Ammeter – Series
Terms Multimeter – Series
Resistor – Limits and regulates the flow of Voltmeter – Parallel
electrical current
120V-240V – Standard power-line voltages
Capacitor – Store energy and release when it
needs. Block DC while AC is passing. As little 20mA – Human body can be fatal

Diode – Allows current to flow in one direction. 20A – Typical household

Transistor – Uses V and I signal to control current 1pA – Reverse current of GaAs diode
flow
5.0V – Forward voltage of blue LED
Inductor – Maintain a steady flow of a current and
0.707 Imax – Half power point
prevent sudden change in the voltage
Heart – Affected by very small amount of electrical
current
30V – Minimum voltage dangerous to human
Metallic cold water pipe – Alternative indoor
grounding point
Copper clad steel – Best ground rod driven
Green wire – Connected to chassis
Eyes – Most likely damaged from heating effects of
RF radiation
Thyristor: 3pn junction, 4 layers
0 internal resistance - Ideal voltage source
Infinite internal resistance – Ideal current source
Active Devices: Diodes, Transistor and Tubes
Amplifier – Linear
- To increase the level of inputs or
gain
Amplifier Class
AB – Above high cut-off
A – Middle
B – Cut-off
C – Below
RF Amplifier – To increase level of weak
radio signals from antenna
Audio Amplifier – “ “ microphone
300 – 3000Hz – Speech amplifier frequency
range
Can amplified: Voltage, Power, Current
Property of Amp: Distortion, Linearity,
Gain
Zener Diodes - Voltages regulator, reverse
biased
Demodulation – Recovering info from transmitted
signal
Rectification - changing AC to DC
Electrodes of semiconductor diode
- Anode
- Cathode
- flows from Cathode to Anode
Transistor – Semiconductor amplifying
device.
PNP Transistor – can amplify small signals
using low voltages.
3 Leads of PNP Transistor
- Base
- Emitter
- Collector
Bipolar Transistor – general purpose audio
NPN device.
Types of Bipolar Transistor
- NPN
- PNP
Base – closest to the control grid of a triode
vacuum tube.
Emitter – “” plate of a triode vacuum tube.
Collector – “” cathode of a vacuum tube.
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
- N and P channel – Types
- Gate, Source, Drain -Leads
Gate – terminal that controls the conductance
Source – terminal where the charge carriers
enter the channel.
Drain – The charge leaves the channel.
Source of FET corresponds to Emitter
Drain of FET corresponds to Collector
Gate of FET corresponds to Base
Vacuum Tube – can amplify signal but
must have high voltage.
Plate – operated with the highest positive
potential.
Grid – usually a cylinder of wire mesh.
One.
Filament – furthest away from the plate.
Hartley Oscillator Duty Cycle Pulse Formula
- Invented by Ralph Hartley in 𝑃𝑊
𝐷= 𝑥 100
1915 𝑃𝑅𝑇
- Uses tapped (2) inductance
Formula:
UJT, Intrinsic Standoff Ratio
1
𝑓𝑜 = 2𝜋 𝑅𝐵1
√𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐶
𝑅𝐵1 + 𝑅𝐵2
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 2𝑀 - Reinforced

𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 2𝑀 - Opposed

M = √𝐿1 𝐿2 - Coefficient / mutual COMMUNICATION

Spectrum of Radio Communication Frequency
Amplifier Gain Frequency Range Application
𝐿1 𝐿1 + 𝑀 ELF 3-30Hz Submarines
𝐴𝑉 = = SLF 30-300Hz Subm. w/ 50-60
𝐿2 𝐿2 + 𝑀
Hz
ULF 300-300Hz Mine Comms
VLF 3-30kHz Heart Rate
Colpitts Oscillator Monitor
- Invented by Edwin H. Colpitts LF 30-300kHz RFID, AM
longwave
- Uses tapped (2) capacitance.
MF 300-3000kHz AM medium,
Formula: Amateur Radio
1 𝐶1 𝑥𝐶2
HF 3-30MHz RFID, over the
𝑓𝑜 = 2𝜋√𝐿 where: C = 𝐶 horizon
1𝐶 1 +𝐶2
VHF 30-300MHz FM, TV, Land
Mobile
UHF 300-3000MHz TV, LAN,
Amplifier Gain Bluetooth, GPS
𝐶2 SHF 3-30GHz Microwave
𝐴𝑉 = devices, Satellites
𝐶1
EHF 30-300GHz Radio Astronomy
THF 300-3000GHz Xray, terahertz
imaging
Wein Bridge Oscillator
- Produces continuous output Formulas
oscillators
- Invented by Max Wein in 1819 𝑷 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟏𝒎𝑾 𝑷𝒊𝒏
Formula:
𝑪 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖
1 1 λ=𝒇= 𝒙 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝒇𝒕 wavelength
𝒇
𝑓𝑜 = =
2𝜋√𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶2 2𝜋𝑅𝐶 𝟏 𝟏
= period per cycle
𝒇 𝒕

nth x f = Harmonic Frequency

Types of Oscillators Approximately
Frequency Range
Crystal Fixed Frequency
Minimum Clearance: Installation of Aerial
Tickler Feedback Nearly Fixed
Wein Bridge 1Hz - 1MHz Cable
Phase-Shift 1Hz – 10MHz Walk, Balcony 1.4
Hartley 10kHz – 100MHz Sidewalk 3.5 – 11.5
Colpitts Residential 4.7 – 15.5
Streets 5.5 – 18
Railroad 7.3 – 25
MNEMONICS
ARMIDAS LAWS, RA9292, ETC
- Antenna
- RF Amplifier
RA9292
- Mixer
- IF Amplifier - The Electronics Engineering
- Demodulator Law of 2004
- Audio - Repealed RA 5734
- Speaker
- Article I – General Provision

MiSMoOFPA – FM Transmitter “Short and Statement ni Diane Cay Nate”

- - Microphone 1. Short
- - Speech Amplifier 2. Statement
- - Modulator 3. Definition
- - Oscillator 4. Categories
- - Frequency Multiplier 5. Nature & Scope
- - Power Amplifier
- - Antenna
Article II – PRC Board of ECE
“ C Power Q ay Tumutungga nang
CRSAF – Narrow to Wide Compensation at ni-Remove ang Custodian”
- CW 6. Composition
- RTTY 7. Power
- SSB 8. Qualification of Board Members
- AM 9. Terms
- FM 10. Compensation
11. Removal
ATReFReg
12. Custodian
- AC Source
- Transformer
- Rectifier Article III – Examination, Registration &
- Filter Licensure
- Regulator
“ LQ Sila ni Rati at Rea QuaSIS si Regie ay nag
Notes: No kay Prof Revo, Rein, Ros, and Exem “
Hz - cycle per second 13. Licensure
14. Qualification for Exam
Cargo Radio - CARA
15. Scope of Exam
Passenger VHF - PAV 16. Ratings
17. Release
3 Parameters – SSS
18. Qualification and Schedule
Selectivity, Sensitivity, Stability 19. Issuance
20. Registration
Transceiver --- Modem --- Computer 21. Non-Issuance
Infrared – longer than visible light 22. Professional
23. Revocation
Ultraviolet – shorter than visible light 24. Reinstatement
ILD & APD – light detectors in fiber optic system 25. Roster
26. Exemption
20 – 20,000Hz – Human can hear
Azimuth – Horizontal angle pointing of an earth
station antenna
Horizontal – VHF,UHF – SSB – Long Distance
Article IV – Practice of Profession People Behind RA9292
“PP ni Shaina Chua” Marcelo – BECE Chairman
27. Practice Drilon – Senate President
28. Prohibition
Venecia – House Speaker
29. Seal
30. Code Yabes – Sec. of Senate
Nazareno – Sec. of General House Speaker
Article V – Sundry Provision Arroyo – PH President
“C Inay ay may Foreign Position”
31. CPE Philippine Electronic Code
32. Integrated
33. Foreign Book 1 – Telecommunication
34. Position Book 2 – FDAS
Book 3 – Cable TV System
Article VI – Penal Provision Book 4 – Distributed Antenna System
“PenaAssa”
35. Penal Other Notes:
36. Assistance
28:48 – Board ECE
32:48 – PECE
Article VII – Transitory Provision
2684 – Senate Bill
“Transgender si Vestie”
5224 – House Bill
37. Transitory
38. Vested RA10912 – 4A, 19S , CPD Act of 2016
7,2 least ______ years (inclusive and/or aggregate),
at least ______ years
Article VIII – Final Provision
3,3 Professional Electronics Engineers are _____
“ I’m Approfessional Sex Repealer and that’s certifications signed by ____ Professional
Effective” Electronics Engineers

39. Implementation One R. A. No. 9292 states that there shall be ____
40. Appropriation integrated and accredited professional
organization(s) (APO) of PECE, ECE and ECT.
41. Separability
42. Repealing 10 Board must be in active practice of the
43. Effectivity electronics engineering profession for at least
____ years prior to his appointment, either in
self-practice.
Dates to Remember 6 months, 6months Philippine Government is a
signatory and has ratified: Provided, however,
SPAESPI
That: (6) the Special Permit herein granted shall
Jul 28, 2003 – Start be valid only for a period of not more than ____
and renewable every _____ thereafter subject to
Feb. 2, 2004 – Passed the discretion of the Board and the approval of
the Commission
Apr. 17, 2004 – Approved
100K, 1M Minimum and maximum fine who
May 27, 2004 – Effectivity violated RA9292
Aug. – 31, 2007 – Signed 15 Accredited professional organization for ECE
Sep. 17, 2007 – Published (IECEP) can recommend total of __ nominees to
commission for the selection of the board of
Oct. 2, 2007 – IRR took effect ECE
RA 1080 An Act of declaring Board and Bar as Current to the Capacitor
civil Service Examination
30 45 45 CPE points needed in renewing ECT,
ECE, and PECE licensed respectively.
3 CPE points earned as panelist
5 years Chairman and Board Members must be
citizen and resident in the Philippines
for at least ___.
100K,1M,6months, 6 years Min and Max Fine and 𝟏
Imprisonment 𝑿𝑪 =
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
RA8981 PRC Modernization Act 2000. It
provides the required examination to be 𝑽
𝑰𝑪 =
given by the Board. 𝑿𝑪

Power Dissipated
Rate of Change

𝟏
𝑽𝒐 = 𝒙 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝑪
𝑽
I=
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
Voltage Across the Capacitor
P = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 𝟒
Voltage Point

Z = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐
I = V/Z
V=IR = I x 𝑿𝑪
I = (V2-V1)/Rt

Output Voltage C = V1 + I (R1+R2+R3), or

C = V2 – (I x R4)

𝑹𝟏
Vo = 𝒙 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐
An ammeter of 0-25 A range has a guaranteed accuracy of 1% of full-scale reading. The current measured is 5 A.
The limiting error is

The coil of a moving iron instrument has a resistance of 500 Ω and an inductance of 1 H. It reads 250 V when a
250 V dc is applied. If series resistance is 2000 Ω, its reading when fed by 250 V, 50 Hz ac will be

If reference sound pressure P0 is 2 x 10-5 N/m2, a sound pressure of 90 dB is equal to

A moving coil instrument has a resistance of 0.6 Ω and full scale deflection at 0.1 A. To convert it into an
ammeter of 0-15 A range, the resistance of shunt should be

A piezoelectric force transducer has a charge sensitivity of 20 pC/N. It is connected to a charge amplifier and
overall gain of transducer and amplifier is 50 mV/N. The gain of amplifier is

An LVDT is used to measure displacement. The LVDT feeds a Voltmeter of 0-5 V range through a 250-gain
amplifier. For a displacement 0.5 mm the output of LVDT is 2 mV. The sensitivity of instrument is
Two resistors R1 = 36 Ω ± 5% and R2 = 75 Ω ± 5% are connected in series. The total resistance is

A meter with a resistance of 100 Ω and a full scale deflection of current of 1 mA is to be converted into
voltmeter of 0 - 5 V range. The multiplier resistance should be

A standard cell of 1.0185 V is used with a slide wire potentiometer. The balance was obtained at 60 cm. When
an unknown emf was connected, the balance was obtained at 82 cm. The magnitude of unknown emf is

Line voltage may have be from 105V rms to 125rms in a half-wave rectifier. With 5:1 step-down transformer,
the maximum peak load voltage is closest to

125√2 5
=
𝑋 1

A copper-wire conductor with a 0.3 in diameter has an area of

0.3 2
( )
0.001