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8 Chemistry For Engineers Water
8 Chemistry For Engineers Water
Water, 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
▪ Inorganic compound
▪ High polarity
𝒈 𝒈 𝒈
▪ Density of liquid H2 O at 𝟐𝟓𝒐 , 𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟏 ; at 𝟗𝟓𝒐 𝑪, 𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝐜𝐦𝟑 ; at 𝟎𝒐 𝑪, 𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖 𝐜𝐦𝟑
𝐜𝐦𝟑
𝒈
▪ Density of solid H2 O at 𝟎𝒐 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝐜𝐦𝟑
𝒈
▪ Maximum density at 𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝐂 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐦𝟑
Entropy of vaporization – increase in entropy upon vaporization
𝐉
of a liquid substance, 118.8 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟎 𝑪
𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝒍) + 𝐇𝟐 𝑺(𝒂𝒒) ↔ 𝑯𝟑 𝑶+ −
(𝒂𝒒) + 𝐇𝐒(𝒂𝒒) basic
▪ Blue water
▪ Semi-permanent or ephemeral
surface water – persist for only
part of the year.
Waste water
▪ Water used for domestic. industrial and storm sewage
purposes
Potable water:
▪ Safe to drink, pleasant to taste,
and usable for domestic purposes.
Palatable water:
Esthetically pleasing has
chemicals not a threat to human
health
Contaminated or polluted
water:
▪ Contains unwanted physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological substances, and
unfit for drinking or domestic use.
Infected water::
▪ Contaminated with pathogenic organism.
Water Contamination
▪ Sewage releases
▪ Mineral water
- originates from mineral spring
containing S, Mg and Ca
▪ Distilled water
- water boiled, steam at condensed to liquid
form.
▪ Purified water
- tap water or ground water free from harmful
materials such as bacteria, fungi and parasites
Flavored or infused water
- water with infused sugar or artificial sugar and
other natural and artificial flavorings
▪ Alkaline water
- water with higher pH level than normal
tap water and contains alkaline minerals and
negative oxidation reduction potential
▪ Well water
- untreated ground water
Quality standard for drinking water
▪ Hydropower ▪ Drinking
▪ Tourism ▪ Recreation
▪ Transportation ▪ Industries
▪ Fisheries ▪ Photosynthesis
▪ Nutrients (N & P)
▪ Heat of vaporization – heat required to change one gram of liquid to gas state with no
𝒌𝐉
rise in temperature, For water: 𝐻𝑣 = 40.65 𝒎𝒐𝒍 at 100𝑜 C
Heat of vaporization = Latent of vaporization
CK Foundation (2022). Heat capacity and Specific heat. Accessed on August 30, 2022 at
https://chem.libretexts.org/