1.

commander during the Texas War for Independence and first president of the Republic of Texas

- Sam Houston

2. Mexican president captured in the Battle of San Jacinto

- Antonio López de Santa Anna

3. successful empresario who went to Mexico City to negotiate with the government

- Stephen Austin

4. rallying cry of supporters of presidential candidate James K. Polk that referred to the Oregon Question

- “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”

5. owner of a trading post and ranch that was often the first stopping point for Americans reaching California

- John Sutter

6. religious leader who led the Mormons west to escape further persecution

- Brigham Young

7.frontier forts established by the Spanish

- presidios

8.persons of mixed European and Native American ancestry

- mestizos

9.American general who led the California uprising that created the Bear Flag Republic

- John C. Frémont

10.Magazine editor that coined phrase “manifest destiny” in 1845

- John Louis O’Sullivan

11. First used in 1845, the term “Manifest Destiny” referred to the idea that God had given the continent to
Americans and that

- God wanted them to settle the western lands.

12. In the 1830s, inventions such as the mechanical reaper and a plow with sharp-edged steel blades that cut cleanly
through sod allowed settlers in the Midwest to

- clear land and harvest more grain with far less labor.
13. Early travelers emigrating to the West feared attacks by Native American warriors, but in fact Native Americans

- often gave them food and useful information.

14. For the far northern territories of California, New Mexico, and Texas, Mexico’s independence from Spain in
1821 was followed by

- political chaos.

15. After Mexican independence, American influence in the borderlands

- increased.

16. Under the National Colonization Act, Mexico gave 26 empresarios large grants of Texas land in exchange for a
promise to

- fill the land with a number of settlers.

17. Mexico closed its borders to further immigration by Americans in 1830, a move that angered settlers in Texas
because

- their settlements could not grow without immigration.

18. The Battle of ____________________ in April 1836 marked the end of Texas’s War for Independence.

- San Jacinto

19. In the 1844 presidential race, winning candidate James K. Polk promised to

- annex Texas and Oregon and buy California from Mexico.

20. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded about 500,000 square miles of territory to the United States,
and the United States agreed to

- pay Mexico $15 million.

21. According to Mexican law, immigrants had to meet all of the following requirements EXCEPT

- learn to speak Spanish.

22. After winning independence from Mexico, most Texans voted

- for annexation to the United States.

23. The Bear Flag Republic came to an end when naval forces of the United States took possession of

- California.
24. Describe how the Native American groups of the Great Plains responded to the westward migration

of American settlers between 1840 and 1860.

- At first, Native Americans often gave emigrants gifts of food, as well as helpful information
about routes, edible plants, and sources of water. They also traded fresh horses for items such as
cotton clothing and ammunition. Over time, however, Native Americans on the Great Plains
became concerned and angry over the threat this influx of people posed to their way of life. The
Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other groups relied on buffalo, and they feared that the
wanderings of the buffalo herds would be disrupted. Hoping to ensure peace, the federal
government negotiated the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851. The treaty promised that specific
territories in the region of the Great Plains would belong to eight Native American groups, as
long as they allowed settlers to pass through peacefully.

25. Explain how trade and migration increased American influence in California and New Mexico between

1821 and 1846.

- After Mexican independence, American influence in California and New Mexico increased.
Trade with California increased significantly after 1821. Traders from the United States, Russia,
and other countries arrived to exchange manufactured goods for sea otter skins and tallow and
hides derived from cattle. The arrival of an American trader named William Becknell in Santa Fe
in 1821 marked the beginning of U.S. trade with New Mexico. Becknell opened the Santa Fe
Trail, which became a major trade route. Caravan wagons brought American manufactured
goods to New Mexico and exchanged them for silver, mules, and furs. As trade increased, a
small American population settled in Santa Fe. American immigration into California, which had
begun before independence, increased during this period as well. Although the American
population remained small—only about 700 Americans lived in California in 1845—the
differences between California and southern Mexico increased, fueling political tensions
between frontier leaders and the Mexican national government.