Wireless Personal Communications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06671-w

High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN,

Bluetooth and 5.8 GHz/ISM Band Applications

Kalyan Mondal1 · Partha Pratim Sarkar2 · Debasree Chanda Sarkar2

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
A high gain triple bands microstrip patch antenna with modified radiating patch is pro-
posed. Two slits and a T-shaped slot are loaded at the optimum positions on the radiating
patch to enhance the number of frequency bands with high gain. A parametric study has
been done to enhance the results. Three valuable frequency bands at the resonant frequen-
cies of 4.11 GHz, 4.47 GHz, 4.86 GHz and 5.80 GHz are achieved. The achieved percent-
age bandwidths are 5.8%, 12.73% and 3.62%. The measured peak antenna gain of 7 dBi
at 4.17 GHz is achieved. The proposed antenna may be used in mobile handset, WLAN,
WiMAX and ISM band applications.

Keywords Modified patch · High gain · Multiband · Wireless communication

1 Introduction

Different problems in communication systems were solved by the development of Micro-

strip Patch Antenna [1]. Low gain, narrow bandwidth and losses of radiation power are the
main drawbacks of the microstrip patch antenna. Pair of slots loaded at the two opposite
edges of the rectangular patch was developed to enhance the frequency band and antenna
gain in [2]. The reported antenna was provided maximum 4.2% impedance bandwidth with
5.3 dBi peak gain. In reference [3], Mondal and Sarkar was developed a high gain micro-
strip patch antenna by modified ground plane. The bandwidth of the antenna was enhanced
by the modification of patch and ground plane techniques in [4, 5]. The multiband micro-
strip patch antennas have incredible applications in wireless communication system along
with single broadband. Multiband antenna is much more efficient for signal broadcasting.
Different frequency bands can be used simultaneously by the multiple number of subscrib-
ers for different purposes. In [6], triple bands microstrip antenna was developed for wire-
less communication. Using L shaped slots on the both sides of the antenna (radiating patch
and ground plane), three frequency bands was found in reference [7]. Five frequency bands

* Kalyan Mondal
kalyankgec@gmail.com
1
Modern Institute of Engineering & Technology, Bandel, Hooghly, West Bengal 712123, India
2
Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani,
West Bengal 741235, India

13
Vol.:(0123456789)
 K. Mondal et al.

Table 1  Dimensions of Parameters Dimensions Parameters Dimensions

the fabricated antenna (all
dimensions are in mm)
A 8
B 21
C 3
D 2
E 4
F 19
G 25
H 20
I 6
J 10
K 14
L 43
M 34
N 47

patch antenna was designed by defected ground structure in [8]. In references [9–13],
reconfigurable multiband and broadband microstrip patch antennas using different shapes
of the patch was reported. In reference [14], a dual band printed antenna was developed.
The reported antenna covered percentage bandwidth of 19.1%. In this work a triple bands
high gain microstrip patch antenna has been designed using modified radiating patch for
multiband operations. The proposed antenna is simulated by ansoft designed software and
practically tested using vector network analyzer.

2 Antenna Designed Configuration

A conventional antenna has been designed with dimensions of 47 mm × 37 mm

(0.313λ0 × 0.247λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at resonant frequency of 2 GHz).
The feeding point is located at 2P/3 mm from the left edge and Q/3 mm from the top edge
of the patch. The reference antenna is resonating at 2 GHz with 5.14 dBi peak gain. The
reference antenna is designed using PTFE substrate with parameters (εr = 2.4, h = 1.6 mm
and tanδ = 0.0022). The proposed antenna has been designed introducing slot and slits on
the patch. Two slits of dimensions 19 mm × 3 mm and 34 mm × 4 mm with a ‘t’-shaped
slot are incorporated at the optimum positions on the patch. The length and width of the
ground pale is considered as 57 mm and 43 mm. The feeding point of the proposed antenna
is located at 21.5 mm from the right edge and 18 mm from the bottom edge of the patch.
Figures 1 and 2 are showing the reference antenna, proposed modified patch antenna and
fabricated antenna. All the dimensions of the proposed antenna are presented in Table 1.

3 Parametric Study of the Designed Antenna

Parametric studies have been done by the variation of different parameters H, M, A and F.
All the simulated and measured results for different variable parameters are presented from
Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.

3.1 Effect of Slot Length H on Antenna Results

The reflection coefficient and gain for frequency range 4–6 GHz of the designed antenna
are investigated. The reflection coefficient and antenna gain for the different values of
parameter H are plotted in Figs. 3 and 4. The value of parameter H is varied from 18 to

13
High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN, Bluetooth…

Fig. 1  a Reference antenna structure. b Proposed antenna structure

Fig. 2  Photograph of proposed fabricated patch antenna

Fig. 3  Reflection coefficients

versus frequency response for
different values of H

24 mm and other parameters are remain constant as shown in Table 1. For the variation
of parameter H, positions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd resonant frequencies are not changed
significantly. It is almost constant at 4.11 GHz, 4.77 GHz and 4.88 GHz. An empirical
formula between slot length H and resonant frequency for frequency range 4–6 GHz of

13
 K. Mondal et al.

Fig. 4  Antenna gain versus

frequency response for different
values of H

Fig. 5  Reflection coefficients

versus frequency response for
different values of parameter M

Fig. 6  Antenna gain versus

frequency response for different
values of parameter M

13
High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN, Bluetooth…

Fig. 7  Reflection coefficient

versus frequency response for
different values of parameter A

Fig. 8  Antenna gain versus

frequency response for different
values of parameter A

Fig. 9  Reflection coefficients

versus frequency response for
different values of parameter F

13
 K. Mondal et al.

Fig. 10  Antenna gain versus

frequency response for different
values of parameter F

Fig. 11  Reflection coefficient

versus frequency graph of pro-
posed antenna

Fig. 12  Gain versus frequency

graph of the proposed antenna

13
High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN, Bluetooth…

Fig. 13  Radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at a 4.11 GHz, b 4.47 GHz, c 4.86 GHz, and d
5.80 GHz

the proposed antenna is developed. The shifting of 4th resonant with slot length is given
in Eq. 1.
fsr = 0.07 × Hdl GHz (1)
Here fsr is the changing resonant frequency (in GHz) and Hdl is the distance (in mm)
between two consecutive changes of the slot length H.
Three frequency bands of 0.18 GHz, 0.08 GHz and 0.51 GHz are obtained. The
antenna gain is varied slightly for the variation of parameter H. The peak gain of
6.25 dBi, 6.28 dBi, 6.32 dBi and 6.44 dBi is found at the frequency of 4.17 GHz,
4.17 GHz, 4.5 GHz and 4.47 GHz for different value of H.

13
 K. Mondal et al.

3.2 Effects of Parameters M and A on Antenna Results

Reflection coefficient and antenna gain with frequency for the different slit length of
parameter M is presented in Figs. 5 and 6. From Fig. 5 it is found that the 2nd and 3rd
resonant frequencies are changed with the variation of parameter M. Maximum six number
of resonant frequencies are found at M = 28 mm and peak gain of 6.24 dBi at 4.41 GHz is
obtained for parameter M = 30 mm.
The dimensions of the ground plane is varied with the hepl of parameter A and its
effects on bandwidth and gain are investigated as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. The peak gain
is reduced from 6.6–6.33 dBi without shifting of resonant frequencies for the variation of
parameter A (0–6 mm).

3.3 Effects of Parameter F on Antenna Results

The reflection coefficient and gain for different values of parameter F is demonstrated in
Figs. 9 and 10. Total five number of resonant frequencies are obtained for the variation
of parameter F (11–17 mm). 3rd resonant frequency is varied with respect to the value of
parameter F. The 3rd resonant is shifted towards left by 0.03 GHz for the open ended slot
length chanced F = 1 mm. A relationship between the resonance frequency and open ended
slot length F is obtained in equation number 2 by empirical study from 4–6 GHz frequency
band.
fsr = 0.03 × Fdl GHz (2)
Here fsr is the variable resonant frequency (in GHz) and Fdl is the distance (in mm)
between two consecutive changes of the open ended slot length F. The peak antenna gains
for different values of parameter F = 11 mm, 13 mm, 15 mm and 17 mm are 6.70 dBi,
6.57 dBi, 6.51 dBi and 6.41 dBi obtained at 4.2 GHz, 4.17 GHz, 4.17 GHz and 4.17 GHz
respectively. All the simulated results of the proposed antenna are portrayed in Table 2.

4 Proposed Antenna Results

The parametric study of the microstrip patch antenna has been done. The proposed antenna
offers multiple number of frequency bands with good antenna gain. For the modified
patch (by slots and slits), normal behaviour of current flowing throughout the patch is
changed. For the modified current path in the surface, multiple number of resonant fre-
quencies are developed. The reflection coefficient versus frequency and antenna gain ver-
sus frequency are plotted in Figs. 11 and 12. Three simulated frequency bands of 0.19 GHz
(4.06–4.25 GHz), 0.51 GHz (4.42–4.93 GHz) and 0.18 GHz (5.72–5.90 GHz) are obtained.
The measurements have been done by vector network analyzer and microwave test bench.
Three measured frequency bands of 0.24 GHz (4.02–4.26 GHz), 0.6 GHz (4.41–5.01 GHz)
and 0.21 GHz (5.70–5.91 GHz) are achieved. The maximum antenna gain of 7 dBi at
4.17 GHz is achieved.
Simulated E plane radiation patterns both co and cross polarizations at four different
resonant frequencies of 4.11 GHz, 4.47 GHz, 4.86 GHz and 5.80 GHz are plotted as shown
in Fig. 13. Electric field distribution with different elevation angle θ is plotted in Fig. 13.
The co polarization is much better than cross polarization because of same polarization

13
 Table 2  Results of the antenna for the variation of different parameters
Parameters and values (in Resonant frequencies (in GHz) Bandwidth (in GHz) Peak gain (in dBi)
mm)

H = 18 4.11, 4.47, 4.87 and 5.96 4.07–4.24, 4.42–4.93 and 5.92–6.1 6.25 (4.17 GHz)
H = 19 4.11, 4.47, 4.87 and 5.89 4.07–4.25, 4.42–4.93 and 5.85–5.93 6.28 (4.17 GHz)
H = 22 4.11, 4.47, 4.88 and 5.66 4.07–4.25, 4.39–4.65, 4.76–4.95 and 5.84–5.92 6.32 (4.5 GHz)
H = 24 4.11, 4.46, 4.88 and 5.52 4.07–4.25, 4.39–4.65, 4.77–4.97 and 5.48–5.56 6.44 (4.47 GHz)
M = 28 4.11, 4.44, 4.74, 4.92, 5.22 and 5.82 4.08–4.18, 4.36–4.96 6.18 (4.44 GHz)
M = 30 4.14, 4.41, 4.92 and 5.82 4.09–4.19, 4.33–4.56, 4.63–4.72, 4.8–5.05 and 5.78–5.86 6.26 (4.41 GHz)
M = 32 4.14, 4.35, 4.89 and 5.82 4.09–4.19, 4.30–4.96 and 5.78–5.86 6.23 (4.26 GHz)
M = 36 4.11, 4.44, 4.83 and 5.82 4.08–4.16, 4.38–4.91 and 5.77–5.85 6.24 (4.47 GHz)
A=0 4.14, 4.47, 4.89 and 5.85 4.10–4.25, 4.43–4.53, 4.85–4.92 and 5.81–5.90 6.61 (4.17 GHz)
A=2 4.14, 4.47, 4.86 and 5.82 4.09–4.25, 4.43–4.54, 4.8–4.93 and 5.78–5.86 6.44 (4.17 GHz)
High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN, Bluetooth…

A=4 4.11, 4.47, 4.86 and 5.82 4.09–4.25, 4.43–4.58, 4.78–4.93 and 5.77–5.86 6.37 (4.17 GHz)
A=6 4.11, 4.47, 4.86 and 5.82 4.07–4.25, 4.43–4.62, 4.74–4.93 and 5.77–5.86 6.33 (4.17 GHz)
F = 11 4.14, 4.26, 4.63 and 5.79 4.08–4.19, 4.23–4.28 and 5.75–5.84 6.70 (4.20 GHz)
F = 13 4.14, 4.23, 4.57 and 5.79 4.08–4.27, 4.48–4.64 and 5.76–5.83 6.57 (4.17 GHz)
F = 15 4.14, 4.23, 4.51, 4.89 and 5.79 4.08–4.26, 4.45–4.61, 4.86–4.90 and 5.78–5.84 6.51 (4.17 GHz)
F = 17 4.11, 4.23, 4.45, 4.86 and 5.82 4.07–4.25, 4.42–4.59, 4.8–4.90 and 5.77–5.86 6.41 (4.17 GHz)

13
 K. Mondal et al.

states of transmitted and received waves. The front to back radiation is attractive due to the
front radiated power is much better than back radiation. Only simulated results of the radia-
tion patterns at different resonant frequencies are demonstrated.

5 Conclusion

The proposed antenna is obtained by defected radiating patch. After the parametric study,
three valuable frequency bands at 4.11 GHz, 4.47 GHz, 4.86 GHz and 5.80 GHz are
0.19 GHz (4.06–4.25 GHz), 0.51 GHz (4.42–4.93 GHz) and 0.09 GHz (5.77–5.86 GHz)
achieved. The simulated and measured results are in good parity. The achieved measured
frequency bands are 0.24 GHz (4.02–4.26 GHz), 0.6 GHz (4.41–5.01 GHz) and 0.21 GHz
(5.70–5.91 GHz). The peak antenna gain of 7 dBi at 4.17 GHz is achieved. The proposed
microstrip antenna may be use in modern wireless communication system especially
(4.41–5.01 GHz) for WLAN (5.70–5.91 GHz) for 5.8 GHz license-free ISM band and
bluetooth applications.

References
1. Deschamps, G. A. (1953). Microstrip microwave antennas. In 3rd USAF symposium on antennas.
2. Jia, Y. S., & Wong, K. L. (2000). Bandwidth enhancement bandwidth enhancement using Z-shaped
defected ground structure for a microstrip antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
48, 1149–1152.
3. Mondal, K., & Sarkar, P. P. (2014). Design of compact broadband high gain microstrip patch antennas
with modified ground plane. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 56, 1255–1259.
4. Mondal, K., & Sarkar, P. P. (2014). A high gain broadband circular patch antenna with spiral shaped
slot loaded modified ground plane. Microwave and Optical Technology Letter, 56, 2044–2046.
5. Mondal, K., & Sarkar, P. P. (2014). Studies on a rectangular shaped compact broadband microstrip
patch antenna. Microwave Review, 20, 26–31.
6. Anguera, J., Martínez-Ortigosa, E., Puente, C., Borja, C., & Soler, J. (2006). Broadband triple-fre-
quency microstrip patch radiator combining a dual-band modified Sierpinski fractal and a monoband
antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54, 3367–3373.
7. Chen, S., Fang, M., Dong, D., Han, M., & Liu, G. (2015). Compact multiband antenna for GPS/
WiMAX/WLAN applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57, 1769–1773.
8. See, C. H., Raed, A., Alhameed, A., Zhou, D., Lee, T. H., & Excell, P. S. (2010). A crescent-shaped
multiband planar monopole antenna for mobile wireless applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, 9, 152–155.
9. Asif, S. M., Iftikhar, A., Khan, S. M., Usman, M., & Braaten, B. D. (2016). An E-shaped microstrip
patch antenna for reconfigurable dual-band operation. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 58,
1485–1490.
10. Rhee, C. Y., Kim, J. H., Jung, W. J., Park, T., Lee, B., & Jung, C. W. (2014). Frequency-reconfig-
urable antenna for broadband airborne applications. IEEE Antenna Wireless Propagation Letters, 13,
189–192.
11. Behdad, N., & Sarabandi, K. (2006). Dual-band reconfigurable antenna with a very wide tunability
range. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54, 409–416.
12. Hu, Z. H., Song, C. T. P., Kelly, J., Hall, P. S., & Gardner, P. (2009). Wide tunable dual-band reconfig-
urable antenna. IET Electron Letters, 10, 1094–1100.
13. Rajagopalan, H., Kovitz, J., & Samii, Y. R. (2012). Frequency reconfigurable wideband E-shaped
patch antenna: Design, optimization, and measurements. In IEEE antenna and propagation society
international symposium Chicago (vol. 6, pp. 1–2).

13
High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN, Bluetooth…

14. Joutsai, C., & Tsai, B. Y. (2015). A U-matched printed antenna for dual-band WiFi applications. Inter-
national journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 7, 551–556.

Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Dr. Kalyan Mondal received the B.Tech. and M.E. degrees in Electron-
ics and Communication Engineering from Kalyani Govt. Engineering
College, West Bengal, India in 2008 and IIEST (Indian Institute of
Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur) former BESUS, How-
rah, India in 2011 respectively. His research interests are Broadband
Microstrip patch antennas and FSS. He received Ph.D degree from
Kalyani University in 2018. He has contributed more than 32 research
articles in different reputed journals and conference.

Dr. Partha Pratim Sarkar obtained his Ph.D. in Engineering from

Jadavpur University in the year 2002. He has obtained his M.E. from
Jadavpur University in the year 1994. He earned his B.E. degree in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from Bengal Engi-
neering College (Presently known as I.I.E.S.T, Shibpur) in the year
1991. He is presently working as the rank of professor at the Depart-
ment of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani.
His area of research includes Microstrip Antenna, microstrip Filter,
Frequency Selective Surfaces and Artificial Neural Network. He has
contributed to numerous (more than 250 publications) research articles
in various journals and conferences of repute. He is a life fellow of
IETE, and IE (India).

Dr. Debasree Chanda Sarkar was felicitated with a Ph.D. in engineer-

ing from Jadavpur University in the year 2005. She has obtained her
M.E. from Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur in the
year 1994. She earned her B.E. degree in Electronics and Telecommu-
nication Engineering from Bengal Engineering and Science Univer-
sity, Shibpur (Presently known as I.I.E.S.T, Shibpur) in the year 1991.
She is presently working as Scientific Officer (Associate Professor
Rank) at the Department of Engineering and Technological Studies,
University of Kalyani. Her area of research includes, Microstrip
Antenna, Microstrip Filter, Frequency Selective Surfaces, and Artifi-
cial Neural Network. She has contributed to numerous research articles
in various journals and conferences of repute.

13