Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/petrol

Effect of temperature on sandstone acidizing using non-Newtonian fluids

Hooman Afsar a, Fereshteh Samadi a, *, Feridun Esmaeilzadeh b, Abolhasan Ameri a
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
b
School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Rock formation is subjected to acid stimulation to increase oil reservoirs productivity. Acidizing of sandstone
Sandstone well stimulation rocks is a common method to remove damage and recover the oil flow to the wellbore. A matrix acid stimulation
Matrix acidizing will always require additives depending on mud acid (HF/HCl) components, which cause non-Newtonian fluid
Non-Newtonian fluid
behavior. In this study, the 3-D mathematical model of sandstone matrix acidizing in radial flow has been
Mathematical modeling
3-D dissolution patterns
presented by a modified two-parameter model to consider non-Newtonian fluids and temperature effects. To this
Energy equation end, the Carreau-Yasuda equation has been employed to predict dissolution patterns created by non-Newtonian
reactive fluids in sandstone formations. Meanwhile, the energy equation has been solved in the porous media to
estimate the temperature in each time step, which affects the dissolution patterns in matrix acidizing. Three main
phenomena are involved in dissolution patterns: surface reaction, diffusion and convection. Acidizing simulation
indicates the acid-rock reaction constant in the formation network is temperature sensitive, and increases
exponentially by increasing the reservoir temperature. In this work, the effects of various heterogeneity
magnitude and porosity in the porous media, injection rate, reaction rate constant, power-law index (n) and
temperature are considered by the various presented dissolution patterns of sandstone acidizing. The results
show that, to reach a certain penetration length, the pore volume (PV) of injected acid decreases sharply with
reservoir temperature, but after the critical temperature, it decreases slowly. The model discretized the Darcy,
mass and energy balance equations by finite difference method and pore evaluation by Karman-Cozney corre­
lations, and then employed the Tri-Diagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA) method to achieve the solution of the
model and analysis of dissolution patterns in various acidizing regimes and rheological properties. All mathe­
matical estimations including Darcy correlations, mass and energy balance and pore evaluation have been solved
in FORTRAN program by parallel processing to accelerate 3-D calculations.

1. Introduction
At the start of drilling, the formation damage is created around the
wellbore. Prevention, recovery and damage removal are the most
important topics in the oil reservoirs fields. Damages, fines migration to
clogging the pore throats and precipitates formation could reduce the
productivity index in oil wells and create more problems in low-
permeability formations. Thus, well performance is reduced during
well operation. One of the most practical methods to increase the pro­
duction index and restore the permeability of sandstone formations is
matrix acidizing (Leong et al., 2018).
In the matrix acidizing method, the reactive fluid is injected to
remove the damage zone near the wellbore that reduces the reservoir
production in sandstone rocks or to create new high convection channels
in carbonate formations. Acid could be injected below fracturing pres­
sure of formation through the natural fractured reservoirs (Luo et al.,
2021; Liu et al., 2017) or un-fractured reservoirs to remove the damaged
skin. Sandstone acidizing is more complex in comparison with carbonate
acidizing, and differing in many features. The use of the mud acid (HF
(hydrofluoric) and HCl (hydrochloric) mixture) for sandstone acidizing
instead of neat HCl, which is used for carbonate matrix acidizing, is the
first difference. The second one is creation of a face dissolution pattern
in sandstone matrix acidizing rather than wormholes creation during
carbonate acidizing, as shown in Fig. 1. In fact most of the reactive fluid
moves through the larger pores in sandstone matrix acidizing (De Oli­
veira et al., 2012). The damages are dissolved from the larger pores
therefore, the skin factor is reduced, and the permeability is increased
during matrix acidizing and damage removal. The “sandstone” is indi­
cated on the geological classification of rocks with high siliceous com­
ponents. Sandstone contains various minerals such as quartz, aluminum

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Fereshteh.samadi1@gmail.com (F. Samadi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110699
Received 9 January 2022; Received in revised form 9 April 2022; Accepted 29 May 2022
Available online 31 May 2022
0920-4105/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
H. Afsar et al.
Fig. 1. Three-dimensional matrix acidizing model for (a) carbonate reservoir,
(b) sandstone reservoir.
Fig. 2. Schematic view of pore, Darcy and core scales.
silicates, metallic oxides, sulphates, chlorides, carbonates and
non-crystalline (amorphous) siliceous materials, whichlead to chemical
and mechanical problems in sandstone reservoirs (Economides, Michael
J. Nolte, 2000) (see Fig. 2).
Sandstone matrix acidizing has been accomplished by removing
siliceous components, which may block the formation networks. HF is a
common acid that could dissolve siliceous components. Therefore, HF/
HCl (mud acid) is used to remove damages near the wellbore in sand­
stone matrix acidizing. The main effects of HCl include: 1)Catalyzing the
reaction of sandstone/HF. 2)Enhancing the dissolution capacity of hy­
drofluoric acid significantly. 3)Dissolving carbonate minerals in sand­
stone rocks and preventing the precipitation of silica gel and also
undesirable precipitation due to the reaction between H2 SiF6 and the
slow-reacting mineral around the wellbore. 4)Reduction of HF waste (Li
et al., 2016; Williams, B.B., Gidley, J.L., Schechter, R.S., 1979). The type
of damages which exist in the wellbore determines the concentration of
mixed acids and other solvents like additives for use in sandstone
acidizing according to the literature (Shafiq and Mahmud, 2017).
Additives have long been used for decades in matrix acidizing to
prevent corrosion in high-temperature sandstone reservoirs, avoid
sludging and emulsions, prevent iron precipitation, and to reduce the
leak off rate. These agents will change the fluid behavior to non-
Newtonian fluid, therefore, considering the fluid rheology in the simu­
lation ensures high accuracy in the numerical modeling (Frenier and
Hill, 2002).
2
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699
To obtain more reasonable and practical calculated results in the
matrix acidizing design, the temperature effects have been investigated
in the damage zone near the wellbore through the porous media (Alja­
wad et al., 2021; Xue et al., 2018; Li et al., 2017). The effects of tem­
perature on reaction rate constant, and fluid rheology directly affect the
dissolution patterns.
Sandstone acidizing with HF acid was experienced in Texas in 1933,
but the tests were not successful due to the formation plugging. Several
researchers have presented numerical models and experimental studies
in the acidizing process and have considered the acid flow through the
formation with transport and reaction phenomena. These investigations
provided the pore volume to breakthrough, permeability and penetra­
tion length in 2-D and 3-D.
Three key numerical models were presented to explain the experi­
mental data. These models have been classified as the capillary tube
model, the network model and the two-scale continuum or averaged
model. Jia et al. (2021),Buijse, (2000), Tianping et al., (2000), Gdanski,
(1999), Gong and El-Rabaa, (1999), Huang et al. (1999), and Hung et al.
(1989) presented the capillary tube model focused on the acid leakage,
reaction and transport mechanisms inside the wormholes, but ignored
the formation of wormholes while they were supposed to exist before.
The network model was presented by Fredd and Scott Fogler, (1998),
Hoefner and Fogler, (1988) and considered a network of tubes in the
formation. The model reached the dissolution patterns by increasing the
tube diameter, but the results had a huge deviation from the experi­
mental data. Three continuum models have been presented in the
literature. Golfier et al. (2002) ignored the reaction mechanism, and Liu
et al. (1997) ignored the mass transfer mechanism when presenting the
continuum model. Finally, Panga et al. (2005) developed the new
two-scale continuum model and presented the effect of acid-rock reac­
tion, mass transfer and heterogeneity phenomena in a linear model.
Samadi et al. (2013) and Kalia and Balakotaiah (2007), presented the
radial flow model in 2-D and 3-D, respectively. Kalia and Balakotaiah
(2009) studied the heterogeneity effects on the creation of various
dissolution patterns. Afsar et al. (2022) and Mou et al. (2019) used the
continuum model to simulate 3-D and 2-D sandstone matrix acidizing,
and considered the effect of various heterogeneities during matrix
acidizing. Also, Li et al. (2005) developed a new model to represent the
small-scale heterogeneities effects in sandstone matrix acidizing.
In the past years, experimental results have been presented to
investigate the effect of non-Newtonian injection acid on matrix acid­
izing (Akanni and Nasr-El-Din, 2016; Maheshwari et al., 2014; Taylor,
2003; Buijse and van Domelen, 1998; and Nierode and Kruk, 1973).
Additionally, Ratnakar et al. (2012) (Maheshwari et al., 2014)
(Maheshwari et al., 2014) (Maheshwari et al., 2014) (Maheshwari et al.,
2014), represented mathematical simulations of non-Newtonian fluid
acidizing, and described the flow dynamics of a reactive power-law fluid
through a formation network. The heat transfer phenomenon is an
important issue in matrix acidizing investigated previously by Aljawad
et al. (2021); Xue et al. (2018); Li et al. (2017); Liu et al. (2016); Kalia
and Glasbergen, (2010); and Hasan and Kabir, (1991).
In these studies, the heat loss from the reactive fluid to the formation
and also the temperature gradient which affected the reactive fluid
behavior have been investigated. Ramey (1962) and Squier et al. (1962)
developed a model to estimate temperature profiles in the injection tube
for the first time. Ramey (1962) considered the effects of wellbore
structure as thermal skin factor but Squier et al. (1962) did not inves­
tigate for those effects.
To the best of our knowledge, only a few of the 3-D radial mathe­
matical models of sandstone acidizing with non-Newtonian acids and
considering the temperature exist. Therefore, the authors used a modi­
fied two-parameter model to represent the reactive dissolution patterns
of sandstone rocks taking into consideration the non-Newtonian fluids
and temperature effects by solving the energy equation in 3-D radial
fluid, a sensitivity analysis of the transport and rheological properties
regarding the dissolution process. The model shows the dissolution
H. Afsar et al.
patterns to demonstrate the effects of reaction rate constant, porosity,
heterogeneity, n-index of power-law fluid, penetration length, and
temperature variation for acid with the rheological behavior that is
described by the Carreau-Yasuda model, which was introduced by Bonn
et al. (1995). Darcy equations, mass and energy balance and pore
evaluation have been solved in three radial dimensions by the finite
difference and TDMA (Tri-Diagonal matrix algorithm) numerical
methods. Simultaneous numerical solution of Darcy, mass, energy and
pore evaluation equations in 3-dimension presented an accurate model
of sandstone matrix acidizing in radial flow, hence, the model required
huge computational performance to scale up the model as a large field
scale.
2. Numerical modeling
Various numerical and mathematical models have been used to
indicate the reactive fluid flow, fluid reaction and diffusion phenome­
non in the rock formation, like sandstone reservoirs. In these models the
equations were discretized by the finite difference method to estimate
convection, diffusion, and chemical reaction equations with various
inherent rock properties. Since the model has been handled and
explained in detail in the literature (Jia et al., 2021; Qi et al., 2019;
Ghommem et al., 2015; Ghommem and Brady, 2015; Kalia and Bala­
kotaiah, 2007; Panga et al., 2005; Samadi et al., 2011) for Newtonian
fluids. As mentioned in the past studies this study presented a brief
description and modified a two-parameter model for non-Newtonian
fluids, and used the energy equation in the porous media separately to
consider the temperature effects on the reaction rate, diffusion coeffi­
cient and fluid viscosity. The two-parameter model was used to develop
an approach which accurately analyzed and improved the knowledge of
dissolution patterns during sandstone matrix acidizing.
2.1. Model description and implementation
A two-parameter model and differential equations including Darcy
and pore scales (Fig. 1) were used mass and energy equations and pore
evaluation were discretized and accomplished using the finite difference
method and were applied in logarithmic mesh in the 3-D radial porous
domain, which is based on TDMA method and solved in FORTRAN
programming language with parallel processing.
Various dissolution patterns were created due to mass and kinetic
limitations depending on fluid flow and reaction rate balance. Worm­
hole regime is created if the characteristic reaction rate coefficient at the
pore surface is smaller than the mass transport coefficient (ks ≫kc ) and
Fig. 3. Flow chart of the solution approach.
3
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699
the dissolution system is called mass transfer limited. Conversely, when
kc ≫ks , it is called reaction rate-limited and leads to face dissolution
pattern. The simulation workflow, which shows the sequence of calcu­
lations in the model is plotted in Fig. 3. Initial porosity and mineral
distributions of porous media have been generated. Darcy equations
were then calculated to obtain the reactive fluid velocity. The finite
volume method (as mentioned in appendix A) is used to calculate the 3-
D modified Darcy (Carreau-Yasuda) and concentration equations in the
two-parameter model. The equations are governed with the upwind
method. Next, the mass balance equations should be calculated to obtain
the acid concentration distribution, simultaneous the energy balance
equation is solved to estimate temperature for each time step and change
the reaction rate constant in according to Arrhenius equation which
effected the reaction term of two-parameter model equation. The ther­
mal analyses considered diffusion and viscosity change during the acid
injection in each time step. Finally, the porosity evaluation based on the
acid-rock reaction is estimated by Karman-Cozney equation.
3. Rheological and thermal models for non-Newtonian acids
3.1. Additives
No acidizing fluid is pumped through the tubing and into the for­
mation without the use of additives. The additives are used to increase
the penetration length of reactive fluid or to improve other functions like
preventing corrosion, sludging, and emulsions, iron precipitation, and
prevention of undesirable reaction products of the acidizing treatment
process (Frenier and Hill, 2002; Rabie and Nasr-El-Din, 2015; Sutton
et al., n.d.; Usie et al., 2017; Yarveicy et al., 2018; Yarveicy and
Haghtalab, 2017; Yarveicy and Javaheri, 2019).
Additives affected the rheology of injected fluid in the design process
during sandstone acidizing (Afsar et al., 2022; Shafiq and Mahmud,
2017; Maheshwari et al., 2014). The non-Newtonian fluid equations
were concluded from the Newtonian correlations. Generally, the rheo­
logical behavior of a reactive fluid is related to temperature and shear
rate. Therefore, to describe the flow dynamics of mud acid in the porous
domain, the effects of reservoir temperature and fluid velocity should be
considered.
In this section, a mathematical model of non-Newtonian fluid flow in
a Sandstone porous medium has been studied. Additives mixed with acid
demonstrate shear-thinning behavior, which means the viscosity of
reactive fluid decreases with increasing the injection velocity. The acid
flow in a porous medium is simulated as a compressible flow and the
Carreau-Yasuda (Bonn et al., 1995) constitutive equation is presented as
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

a non-Newtonian fluid model to describe the rheology of reactive fluid in mineral mass fraction, δ is the dissolving power of acid, Na is the reactive
the shear-thinning behavior. acid components, Nm is the number of minerals, ks1 = 2.25 × 10− 8 , ks2 =
μ − μ∞ 0.29 (Frequency factor) at 75 ◦ C and v is the stoichiometric coefficient
(1)
(n− 1)/2
= [1 + (λγ)a ] and the concentration equation should be solved separately for HF and
μ0 − μ∞
HCl to reach the reaction rate.
Where μ is acid viscosity, μ0 is initial acid viscosity, λ is time constant, γ Boundary conditions
is shear rate, n is the power law index (n < 1 for shear-thinning fluid)
K ∂P
and a is Carreau-Yasuda fluid variable in fact it shows the transition ui = − , Ci = C0 , at r = rw (12)
μ ∂r
from the zero shear-rate to the power law index zone. For the non-
Newtonian fluids, it could be assumed a = 2 and μ∞ = 0 and Eq. (1) ∂Ci
will be simplified as below: P = Pe , = 0 at r = re (13)
∂r
[ ](n−
(2)
1)/2
μ = μ0 1 + (λγ)2 P(r, θ, z) = P(r, 2π + θ, z) (14)

Ci (r, θ, z) = Ci (r, 2π + θ, z) (15)

3.2. Darcy scale model
P(r, − θ, z) = P(r, 2π − θ, z) (16)
As previously discussed, the two-parameter model is valid at Darcy
and pore scales. Continuity equation and mass transfer balance were Ci (r, − θ, z) = Ci (r, 2π − θ, z) (17)
solved in Darcy scale to calculate the effective dispersion tensor, local
mass-transfer coefficient, and local permeability. Convection mecha­ ∂P
= 0,
∂Ci
= 0 at z = 0 (18)
nism describes as follows: ∂z ∂z
( ( )
1 Kr ∂P Kθ ∂ P Kz ∂P ∂P ∂Ci
u = − K.∇P or (U, V, W) = − ,− ,− − Υ = 0, = 0 at z = h (19)
μ μ r∂r μ ∂θ μ ∂Z ∂z ∂z
(3) Initial conditions
The Carreau-Yasuda model appears as Eq. (4) by substituting Eq. (2) Ci = 0, ε(r, θ, t) = ε0 + f at t = 0 (20)
in (3).
1 ( )− 1
4. Porosity and mineral distributions
(4)
(n− 1)/2
u = − K [1 + (λγ)a ] .∇P
μ
The porosity distribution is affected by permeability magnitude in
∂ε
= − ∇. u u = (U, V, W) or
∂ε 1 ∂
+ (rU) +
1 ∂V ∂W
+ =0 (5) sandstone formation. Therefore, generating a porous medium by
∂t ∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂Z distributing the random porosities in the medium is extremely helpful to
The sandstone acidizing reaction could be either fast-reaction such as generate a real matrix model.
acid-clays-feldspar or a slow reaction such as acid-quartz. Hekim et al. Porous media are generated by adding a random number fand
(1982) proposed a two-parameter model considering fast and slow re­ distributing the initial average porosity into the domain. These numbers
actions simultaneously by simplifying a model previously reported by Li fluctuate in the interval [-Δε, +Δε] to the mean value of initial porosity
et al.’s (2016) model (Eq. 13). The two-parameter model is an accurate (ε0 ). The heterogeneity in the porous media could be simulated by this
model and is used widely in the oil and gas industry. fluctuation. Heterogeneity is one of the main factors which promotes
Two-parameter model: pattern formation during reactive dissolution and leads to the creation of
different dissolution patterns (Afsar et al., 2022; Maheshwari et al.,
∂(εCi ) ∑
Nm
n ( ) 2013; Kalia and Balakotaiah, 2007) . In these models the initial average
+ ∇.(uCi ) = ρs εi
vi,j ksi,j Ci i,j 1 + Kj CHCl MFj αsj (1 − ε) (6)
∂t j=1 porosity of the domain was considered 0.2 with a heterogeneity equal to
50%, meaning the porosity distribution profile values range from 0.05 to
( )
∂ MFj ∑Na
n ( ) 0.35.
= εi
MWi vi,j kri,j Ci i,j 1 + Kj CHCl MFj αsj δi,j (7)
∂t i=1

4.1. Pore-scale model

∂(ε) ∑
Nm ∑ Na
n ( )
= (1 − ε)ρs εi
ksi,j Ci i,j 1 + Kj CHCl MFj αsj (8)
∂t j=1 i=1 The pore-scale model describes porosity evaluation related to Darcy-
scale data. The existing data are the permeability and porosity values
Mathematical model of this work:
with time. The model can evaluate the parameters used in the structure-
( )
∂(εCi ) 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂Ci property relations via regression analysis. In the two-parameter struc­
+ (rur Ci ) + (uθ Ci ) + (uz Ci ) = rεDer ture-property relations, the pore diameter, permeability, and interfacial
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂Z r ∂r ∂r
( ) ( ) ∑
Nm (9) area are estimated as a function of porosity and given by the Karman-
1 ∂ εDeθ ∂Ci 1 ∂ ∂C
+ + εDez i + ρs R(Cs )(1 − ε) Cozney equation. The reactive dissolution, changes the pore structure
r ∂θ r ∂θ r ∂r ∂r j=1 continuously. Thus, the local porosity (ε), permeability (K), mean pore
( ) 1.22 radius (rp ), and the solid-fluid interfacial surface area s change during
0.59
R(Cs ) = ks1 1 + ks2 CHCl 1.22
CHF = ks1 CHF 0.59 1.22
+ ks1 ks2 CHCl CHF (10) the dissolution process. In this work, the following relationships adapt to
express the evolution of the aforementioned local quantities (Mahesh­
∑
Nm
∂(ε)
= (1 − ε)ρs R(Cs ) (11) wari et al., 2013; Kalia and Balakotaiah, 2007; Panga et al., 2005).
∂t (( ) (
j=1 ) )β
K ε 3 (1 − ε0 ) 2
Where Ci would be HF and HCl separately, MW is the mud acid = (21)
K0 ε0 (1 − ε)
muscular weight, Kj is the reaction rate constant, α is an empirical
parameter to tune the specific area, ρs is the rock density, MF is the

4
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
rp
=
K ε0
(22) Us = Vs = Ws = 0 (for rock part) (32)
r0 εK0
The reaction between sandstone rock and mud acid is an exothermic
( ) reaction. Therefore, heat generation is occurred instantly. In fact, heat
s ε(1 − ε0 ) η
= (23) source term shows the heat which generated during reaction of mud acid
s0 ε0 (1 − ε)
and sandstone rock in the acidizing process. where ε is the porosity, Kr ,
Mass transfer coefficient would be affected by reaction rate and pore Kθ and Kz are thermal conductivities in the r, θ, and z direction respec­
structure. The consequence of the mentioned variables on the mass tively, q is the volumetric heat generations in the solid and fluid, ρ is the
transfer coefficient was investigated comprehensively. Similarly, mass fluid density, cp is heat capacity, ΔHm heat of reaction and h is the in­
transfer and effective dispersion coefficients were formulated as follows jection zone thickness.
(Balakotaiah and West, 2002; Gupta and Balakotaiah, 2001). Boundary Conditions
( )0.5
2kc rp 0.7 dT dT
sh = = sh∞ + 0.35 0.5 Re0.5
p Sc
0.33
(24) r=0 = 0, r = r0 = 0 (33)
Dm m dr dr

λR |u|rp T(r, θ, z) = T(r, 2π + θ, z) (34)

DeR = αos Dm + (25)
ε
T(r, − θ, z) = T(r, 2π − θ, z) (35)
λθ |u|rp
Deθ = αos Dm + (26) dT dT
ε z=0 = 0, z = L =0 (36)
dz dz
λZ |u|rp
DeZ = αos Dm + (27)
ε t=0 T = T0 (37)

where Sh is the Sherwood number or dimensionless mass transfer dT dT

r = rw , T⎸rw+ = T⎸rw− , K ⎹ + = K ⎹rw− (38)
coefficient, Sh∞ is the asymptotic Sherwood number, Rep is the pore- dr rw dr
scale Reynolds number, defined as Rep = rp up /v. v is the kinematic
viscosity,m is the pore length to diameter ratio,αos is a constant and K represents the effective conductivity of acid at the wall of porosity,
depends on the pore connectivity, DeR is the longitudinal dispersion including a convection component over the radial increment at the wall.
coefficient, Deθ and Dez are the transverse dispersion coefficients in the θ
and z direction, and λR , λθ and λz are constant numbers which rely on the 5. Analysis of acidizing process
pore structure (λR = 0.5, λθ = 0.1 and λz = 0.1 for a packed bed of
spheres). As explained in the literature (Maheshwari et al., 2013; Kalia In this investigation the external radial well diameter is considered
and Balakotaiah, 2007; Panga et al., 2002, 2005), these correlations 40 cm, a length of 100 cm, and diameter of 4 cm. The simulation data
were validated for diffusive and convective mechanisms. At the initial
time of dissolution, the diffusive mechanism may dominate over the
Table 1
convective mechanism due to the small pore radius, but the convective
List of parameters used in the model.
phenomenon would be the main mechanism as the pore radius increases
due to dissolution. It should be noted, at a high acid-injection velocity, Parameter Value

the convective mechanism will dominate over thediffusion mechanism. Acid diffusivity (Dm ) 3.6 × 10− 9 m2 /s
Acid dissolving power (α) 50kg/kmol
Acid viscosity (μ)
4.2. Energy balance in porous media 10− 3 kg/m. s
Asymptotic Sherwood number (Sh∞ ) 3.66
Average porosity (ε0 ) 0.20
In this section, the heat transfer and heat-generation that take place Constant in dispersion correlations (αos ) 0.50
during the sandstone matrix acidizing are discussed. The reaction tem­ Constant in axial dispersion correlation (λr ) 0.50
perature directly affects the acidizing efficiency by altering dissolution Constant in transverse dispersion correlation (λθ , λz ) 0.10
Initial average permeability (K0 ) 0.55 × 10− 12 m2
and penetrating length. Therefore, the effects of temperature need to be
Initial interfacial area per unit volume (a0 ) 5000m− 1
taken into account to obtain accurate and practical results. The energy
Initial mean pore size (r0 ) 1 μm
equation includes the effect of conductivity, fluid flow and heat gener­ Pore structure relation constant (β) 1
ation during the reactions. The 3-D temperature distribution is obtained Porosity heterogeneity magnitude (Δε0 ) ± 0.10
by solving the energy equation balance for the solid and fluid phases Rock density (ρs ) 2650kg/m3
together. It should be noted that, acid-rock system could be considered Acid density (ρl ) 1075kg/m3
Surface dissolution reaction-rate constant (ks ) According to Arrhenius Eq.
isothermal since the fluid is in contact with the infinite high-
Wellbore radius (rp ) 0.44 m
temperature reservoir medium. The initial average pore radius of the medium (r0 ) 10− 6 m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) The initial acid concentration (c0 ) 6000mol/m3
∂ ρc p T ∂ rU ρcp T ∂ V ρcp T ∂ W ρc p T ∂ rKer ∂∂Tr ∂ Keθ ∂∂Tθ
+ + + = + Power-Law index (n) 0.68
∂t (
r∂r
)
r∂θ ∂z r∂r r∂r Temperature coefficient of viscosity (ξ) 0 < ξ < 1 for liquid
∂T
∂ Kez ∂z Activation energy (Ea ) 30.94 kJ/mol
qC0 Frequency factor (k0 ) 0.0030
+ +
r∂z T0 ρs cps Fluid specific heat (cpf ) 4.18 × 103 j/Kg.K
(28) Fluid specific heat (cps ) 1.04 × 103 j/Kg.K
Fluid density (ρf ) According to C.Y Eq.
( ) ( )
ρcp = ε ρcp + (1 − ε) ρcp s (29) Formation density (ρs ) 2.17 × 103 Kg/m3
Acid thermal conductivity (Kf ) 0.5 W/m.K
Formation thermal conductivity (Ks ) 3.6 W/m.K
Kr = Kθ = Kz = ε(K)f + (1 − ε)(K)s (30)
Heats for chemical reactions in matrix acidizing (ΔHm ) − 1.49 × 108
Asymptotic Nusselt number (Nu∞ ) 4.364
∂C Concentration of hydrochloric acid(CHCl ) 3 wt.%
q = − (1 − ε)hΔHm (31)
∂t Concentration of hydrofluoric acid(CHF ) 12 wt.%

5
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

have been given in Table (1) for sandstone matrix acidizing. The porous
media and numerical domain are applied on a mesh of 150× 100× 100 (i.
e., 150 grid blocks in radial direction and 100 grid blocks through each
of the transverse directions) as shown in Fig. 4. Note that the logarithmic
grid distribution has been used to create local porous media near the
wellbore and the time step set equal to 1 × 10− 3 . The 3-D radial simu­
lation has been run on a workstation featuring Intel (R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-
2630 @ 3.20 GHz processor (12 cores) by parallel processing in the
FORTRAN software. The computational time to plot each dissolution
pattern of the 3-D model, in the mentioned time step and mesh resolu­
tion, ranged from 12 to 15 h at various injection rates. The main concept
of this study is to analyze the creation of penetration channels under
various pumping rates, PV of injected acid, various reservoirs temper­
atures, power-law n-index and rock heterogeneity levels (see Table 2).

6. Simulation results and discussion

The propagation of penetration channels and their dimension(s)

during sandstone matrix acidizing via development of the two-
parameter model is presented. Here, non-Newtonian fluid effects are
considered, while simultaneously solving the energy equation balance to
illustrate the sensitivity performance of temperature, and to compare
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of 3-D core and porous media simulation.
the results with the previous models and experimental data.

coefficient and penetration length of acid. Investigating the temperature

6.1. 1. Sensitivity analysis of temperature
Knowledge of the reactive fluid temperature in the formation
network during the acidizing process especially in high-temperature
sandstone rocks is a critical issue. Sandstone matrix acidizing is a
temperature-sensitive process that affected acid rheology and penetra­
tion development. Temperature impacts the penetration growth mainly
by affecting the ks and u.
The reaction rate constant of injected acid and sandstone formation
is temperature-dependent and varies exponentially with temperature, as
depicted by the Arrhenius equation as mentioned bellow. This equation
should be solved separately for ks,HF and ks,HCl .
( )
Ea
ki = ki0 exp − (39)
RT
effects in a 3-D numerical model of sandstone matrix acidizing requires
thorough knowledge and considerable CPU power, meanwhile these
calculations present an accurate model.
The present paper addresses the conduction losses, convection
transport and heat generation during the acid-rock kinetics by solving
the energy equations (Eqs. 31-41).
According to the Arrhenius equation, increasing the temperature
accelerates the acid/rock reaction rate constant, which consequently
results in a higher dissolution rate at the same contact time. If mud acid
is injected into a reservoir with low temperature, the reaction rate will
be relatively small. However, in this case, the flow velocity will be
higher due to a smaller cross-sectional area of reaction at the same in­
jection rate, which creates a uniform dissolution profile (see Fig. 5a). In
the current study, as the temperature gradually increased, ks became
larger, and also the dissolution rate, which means a larger cross-

where ki is the reaction rate constant, k0 is the frequency factor and Ea is

the activation energy of the reaction. According to Li et al. (2016), mud
acid-sandstone reaction has lower activation energy in comparison with
HF/sandstone reaction. Thus, HCl promotes the HF/sandstone reaction.
When acid flows into the matrix, the acid-rock reaction rate (Eq. 39),
acid rheology and diffusion properties would change as a result of the
temperature. The acid diffusivity dependence on temperature and vis­
cosity is given below.
Dm2 μ1 T2
= (40)
Dm1 μ2 T1

where Dm1 and Dm2 are the acid diffusivity and μ1 and μ2 are the acid
viscosity at different temperatures T1 and T2 , respectively.
The temperature of the stimulated reservoir is an essential variable
and affects injected acid PV, reaction rate constant, viscosity, diffusion

Table 2
Arrhenius equations for various rocks
Formation rock Arrhenius equation Reference
( )
Calcite (Fig. 5-a) − 62770 (Williams et al., 1979)
ks = 72910 exp
RT
( )
Dolomite (Fig. 5-b) − 94114 (Williams et al., 1979) Fig. 5. Effect of various initial temperatures on heat transfer patterns (a)
ks = 78333 exp
RT reservoir temperature =350 K, ksT=350 K = 7.23 × 10− 8 , (b) reservoir temperature
( )
Sandstone (Fig. 5-c) − 30940 (Li et al., 2016) =410 K, ksT=410 K = 3.42 × 10− 7 , (c) reservoir temperature =500 K, ksT=500 K =
ks = 0.003 exp
RT
1.75 × 10− 6 .

6
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

sectional area of flow channels, increased. By increasing the tempera­

ture, a more branched dissolution pattern developed (see Fig. 5b). With
a continuing rise of temperature, the excessively fast acid-rock reaction
(ks ≫kc ) created more branched patterns near the wellbore (see Fig. 5c).
The viscosity of reactive fluid changes due to temperature and is pre­
sented as the following equation.
( ) ( )
T − T0 T − T0
μ0 (T) = μT0 exp − ξ ≈ μT 0 1 − ξ 0 < ξ < 1 for liquids
T0 T0
(41)

where μ0 (T) is the zero-shear viscosity at any temperature (T), μT0 is the
viscosity at reference temperature (To), and ξ is the temperature coef­
ficient of viscosity. The experimental studies by Nasr-El-Din et al. (2008)
and Navarrete et al. (2000), also confirm that the viscosity of
non-Newtonian acids decreases exponentially with temperature. In
Fig. 5, three reservoirs with different initial temperatures and constant
acid injection velocity (u0 = 8.4 × 10− 6 ) are plotted. In Fig. 5a, the
reservoir temperature was considered as 330 K, and for a certain
injected volume of acid the temperature increased about 30 K during the
acid/rock reactions, and smooth dissolution occurred (slow-reacting). In
Fig. 5b, where the initial reservoir temperature was considered 410 K
the dissolution pattern was started to create branch (moderate speed
reacting) and the temperature increased about 40 K during the re­
actions. In the very high temperature of the reservoir (500 K), where the
mass transfer coefficient was much lower than reaction rate constant,
and the pattern shown more branched (fast-reacting, see Fig. 5c), in this
case the reaction temperature for a certain volume of acid increased up
to 550 K. It is shown by increasing the initial temperature of the reser­
voir, the dissolution patterns are more branched, and the temperature
difference between the inlet point and the last moment of injection
increases.
Increasing the temperature increased the reaction rate constant
sensitively according to Arrhenius equation (Eq. 39). Fig. 6 indicates
three reservoir temperature ranges in the acidizing process. It has been
shown, to reach a specific penetration length, high-temperature reser­
voirs consumed less acid compared to low-temperature reservoirs.
6.2. Dissolution rate constant and HF concertation effect
The effects of dissolution rate constant on the penetration depth are
considered in this section, also the optimum pore volume of injected
acid required for three kinds of formation rocks with various reaction
rates are investigated. Fredd and Scott Fogler, (1998) represented that
more branched and thinner wormholes are created by high-reactive
acid, compared to those created by slow-reacting acid. In this simula­
tion, where the porosity value is greater than 70%, the fluid flow is
considered as the penetration phenomenon. As shown in Fig. 7, at a
certain temperature and constant injection velocity, the penetration
Fig. 7. Effect of various kind of reservoirs on dissolution patterns at u0 = 8. 4 ×
10− 6 and T = 410 K (a) Calcite formation, (b) Dolomite formation, (c) Sand­
stone formation.
length is different for various rock properties due to different acid-rock
reaction rates. In a high-reaction rate constant, the mass transfer has
limited the system and the wormhole regime is created with high
penetration length, but in a low reaction rate constant, the system was
kinetically controlled, therefore, the face dissolution regime occurred
with a lower penetration diameter. High-reaction rate of acid-rock leads
to lower PV injected values, which are shown in Fig.8. Similar trends
have been observed in the experimental and numerical studies by
Akanni and Nasr-El-Din, (2016), Bazin, (2001) and Furui et al. (2012).
The case with the lower reaction rate constant shows a higher PV
injected value.
Mahmoud et al. (2020) investigated the effect of surfactant additives
on the residual acid concentration during penetration depth. These ex­
periments are proposed to investigate changes in acid concentration
profiles during acid penetration through the formation. Fig.9 shows the
HF changes once considering the effects of the additives and once
without the presence of the additives (the presence of the additives will
change the fluid behavior from Newton to non-Newtonian). As it shown,
the results of modeling in this study are consistent with the experimental
data.
Li et al. in 1998 examined laboratory results related to permeability
changes during acid injection as well as changes in HF residual

Fig. 6. The effect of temperature on the penetration length of acid in sandstone Fig. 8. The effect of different reaction rate constants (various rock formations)
reservoir in various PV injected. on acid penetration length.

7
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

Fig. 9. HF concertation versus penetration length of acid change comparison

between experimental and model data.

concentrations at different volumes of acid injection. Fig. 10 shows the

comparison and deviation of the model results in this study with the
experimental data.

6.3. Effects of porosity and permeability

Some important phenomena arise from a change in the pore struc­
ture. Porosity distribution (heterogeneity) in the porous media must be
calculated to guide the petroleum engineer. Approach through the use of
a mathematical model to represent the real system is a complex process.
Porosity dissolution pattern was studied by consideration of 0.1, 0.2,
and 0.3 value of initial average porosity with constant 50% heteroge­
neity range are simulated in Fig. 11 when the other parameters fixed
during calculations. Dissolution diameter of the damage zone and pore
volume injected would be increased when fluid loss around the wellbore
increases.
Fig. 12 indicates that, to reach a certain penetration length of acid by
increasing the temperature, PV of injected acid decreases sharply until
the temperature reaches its critical value in various initial porosities.
After that phenomenon, there is no significant effect observed on the PV
of injected acid. As shown in Fig. 12a, in the low acid injection velocity
with lower initial average porosity values, a higher amount of acid is
required. Conversely, in high acid injection velocity, the fluid loss will
be increased through the porous media for high initial porosity value
and additional acid is needed to reach a specific value for permeability
enhancement in comparison with the low average initial porosity cases
(see Fig. 12b).
The numerical method is used to measure the penetration depth in
the formation during acidizing. The calculation strongly depends on the
porosity-permeability correlation (see Eq. 21). Therefore, in the
Fig. 10. Effluent HF concertation versus PV injected change comparison be­
tween experimental and model data.
Fig. 11. Effect of porosity value on dissolution patterns at optimum injection
velocity (a) ε0 = 0.1, (b) ε0 = 0.2 (c) ε0 = 0.3. at the constant heterogeneity.
mathematical studies by Kalia and Balakotaiah, (2009, 2007),
Maheshwari et al. (2013), Samadi et al. (2013, 2011), and Afsar et al.
(2022), the modified Carman- Kozeny relation was used to represent the
permeability and porosity evaluation. 3-D cylindrical mathematical
model and dissolution patterns at a specific acid-injection rate and
multiple heterogeneity values in a sandstone formation are shown in
Figs. (13a-c). At low heterogeneity of medium, dissolution patterns are
straight and without fluid losses. More branch and higher penetration
length occurred by increasing the heterogeneity value.
The results showed power of acid would be decreased during the
acid/rock reactions and the reaction fluid would penetrate through the
formation therefore, as shown in Fig. 14, by increasing the penetration
length of acid in porous medium, the permeability decreased in several
initial temperatures. Obviously, higher temperatures lead to higher
permeabilities due to the higher reaction rates of acid in comparison
with low reservoir temperatures.
6.4. Acid-injection rate effects
Acid flow moves through the formation networks under fracturing
pressure. Different injection velocities create various dissolution pat­
terns in sandstone matrix acidizing when the acidic solution is injected
at high, medium or low velocities. Various inherent rock properties like
heterogeneity cause some deviation between the mathematical simula­
tion and experimental results. In this section, matrix acidizing with three
different injection velocities have been plotted when all of the other
parameters are considered to be constant, and the results are shown in
Fig. 15. In very low acid injection velocity (see Fig. 15a), the mass
transfer coefficient is smaller than the dissolution reaction rate constant
of acid/rock and the mass-transfer mechanism controls the dissolution
limit, therefore, the wormhole regime occurs. When injection velocity
increases, acid transport is influenced by both the transport and
dispersion mechanisms (see Fig. 15b). Finally, when the magnitude of
the mass transfer mechanism is greater than the reaction rate constant,
the acid reaches the higher dispersion but shorter penetration is chan­
neled from the wellbore to the sandstone formation (see Fig. 15c). To
predict the first approximation of creating dissolution patterns, Λr has
been defined as shown below.

8
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

Fig. 12. Effect of injection velocity on PV injected at different initial porosities and temperatures with (a) low injection velocity, (b) high injection velocity.

Fig.15. Dissolution patterns for various injection rates (a) wormholing regime
Fig. 13. Effect of heterogeneity magnitude (a)Δε0 = ±0.02, (b) Δε0 = ±0.1 at u0 = 8. 4 × 10− 8 m/s, (b) uniform dissolution at u0 = 8. 4 × 10− 7 m/s (Actual
(Real sandstone acidizing pattern), (c)Δε0 = ±0.19. sandstone acidizing conditions), (c) uniform dissolution with more dispersion at
u0 = 8. 4 × 10− 4 m/s.

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
r ε0 Deθ keff
Λr = (42)
u0 r0

kc ks av
keff = (43)
(kc + ks )

for face or compact dissolution to occur, Λr ≫1, for wormholing Λ0 ≈

0.1 − 1 and for uniform dissolution to occur, Λ0 ≪1 (Kalia and Balako­
taiah, 2007).

6.5. Power-law index (n) effect

Polymer-based gelled or emulsified acids are normally used in

Fig. 14. The permeability profile along the sandstone core length at different
reservoir temperatures.
sandstone matrix acidizing. When the mud acid is mixed with additives,
the power-law index will change, and non-Newtonian behavior of fluid
would occur. This kind of acid/additive has been used extensively in
high-temperature sandstone reservoirs to create deeper penetration

9
H. Afsar et al.
Fig.16. Effect of power-law index; (a)wormhole regime for n = 0.1, (b) conical
regime for n = 0.68 (real fluid rheology), (c)face dissolution for n = 1 (New­
tonian fluid).
channels by reducing transverse leakage. The effect of various n-indexes
and the rheology of injected acid on dissolution patterns are considered
in this paper, while the other parameters are constant.
The injection acid system (mud acid/additives) is a shear-thinning
fluid. The velocity near the porosity wall approaches zero (see Eq. 4),
therefore, the viscosity near the penetration channels can be very high.
As a result, considerable resistance near the porosity wall occurs, pre­
venting the leakage of transverse flow, and leading to thinner and longer
dissolution channels for the non-Newtonian acid fluid phase. Fig. 16
indicates that, by decreasing the n-index, the penetration length will
increase and a deeper acid penetration length will be reached. Hence,
the acidizing performance increases. The reason for the thinner pene­
tration channel for non-Newtonian acid is the power-law character of
reactive fluid. When n-index < 1, the reactive fluid is considered as a
shear-thinning characteristic, therefore by decreasing the fluid velocity
in the boundary layer near the pore wall, the viscosity increases
dramatically and causes a greater resistance to transverse flow and fluid
leakage, therefore sharp and thin channels with high penetration length
occur.
Viscosity increases and diffusivity decreases by decreasing n-index.
Thus, acid with a higher n index creates uniform distribution inside the
Fig. 17. Impact of various power-law indexes (n) on the penetration length vs
PVof injected acid curve.
10
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699
formation instead of wormhole regime creation by a lower n-index.
Therefore, at optimum acid injection rates, acid with a lower n index is
more efficient in comparison with an acid having the higher n-index. As
illustrated in Fig. 17, by decreasing the n-index in various PV injected, a
higher penetration length has been reached at a constant injection ve­
locity. Conversely, by increasing the n-index, transverse flow makes
penetration channels shorter.
7. Conclusions
In this research, a two-parameter model has been developed to
present 3-D radial flow in sandstone acidizing by using non-Newtonian
fluid flow. Meanwhile, the energy balance equation has been solved to
consider temperature effects on the acidizing process. The effects of
temperature and additives are unclear and directly affect the dissolution
patterns and acidizing performance. The main results are:
1) The effect of dissolution rate constant has been represented in the
model. The results show reduced dissolution rate constant of acid-
rock reaction (ks ), increase in the pore volume of injected acid,
and a lower penetration length was reached. This numerical model
confirms our scaling results as well as experimental data represented
in previous studies.
2) The effect of initial porosity on dissolution patterns has been studied,
and it was found to reach a certain acid penetration length in various
initial porosity values. Moreover, by increasing the temperature, PV
of injected acid decreased sharply until the temperature reached its
critical value. In high injection velocity, by increasing the porosity
values, fluid losses increased, thus the PV injected increased. But in
low injection velocity, the trend was reversed.
3) To investigate the penetration channel formation by mathematical
modeling, the critical point to produce a natural porous media is to
introduce the heterogeneity in the domain. The results show the
higher value of permeability occurred near the wellbore compared to
a point far from the wellbore during and after acidizing.
4) The authors considered the effects of various acid injection rates on
dissolution patterns. In sandstone acidizing, usually uniform disso­
lution patterns occur as near wellbore damages of formation are
dissolved, however, on carbonates the competing effects of injection
rate through the media cause several dissolution patterns.
a) At low velocity, the acidizing process is mass transfer controlled
when (ks ≫kc ), thus, when the mass transfer coefficient is very
low, the penetration channels propagation are occurred instead of
face dissolution patterns.
b) At moderate injection velocity, the acidizing process kinetically
controlled dissolution limit (due to low reaction rate constant of
the acid-rock reaction ≈ ks = 2.4 × 10− 8 @ 100 ◦ C), and uniform
dissolution patterns occurred.
c) At high injection velocity, again the acidizing process is kineti­
cally controlled (ks ≪kc ), and uniform dissolution with more
dispersion of dissolution parts occurred.
5) The model was improved to study non-Newtonian fluids such as
viscoelastic acids in sandstone matrix acidizing. When the viscosity
rises in the boundary layer near the pore wall, it could provide extra
resistance to the flow, and limit the fluid flow in the transverse di­
rection. Thus, viscoelastic acids cause thinner dissolution patterns to
form and consume less PV injected. The results showed that acidizing
becomes more efficient by decreasing the n index, which causes a
decrease of the injected acid volume to reach a certain penetration
length, and the fractal dimension of the penetration length decreases
linearly with decreasingn index. Therefore, acid with high shear-
thinning behavior (i.e., acid having a low n index) seems more
practical for operations in the field. More uniform dissolution pat­
terns and higher PV of injected acid requirements for highn index in
comparison with lowern index. As shown in Fig. 17, higher pene­
tration length was created in lower n-index at various PV injected.
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

6) The results show temperature has a dramatic effect on penetration
length in the formation network since the acid reaction rate constant
increases exponentially with temperature. In carbonate reservoirs,
high temperatures increase the reaction rate constant. Therefore,
damages near the wellbore would be completely dissipated, and
uniform dissolution occurs. Hence, the penetration length decreases.
But unlike carbonate in sandstone reservoirs, where the face disso­
lution is the dominant regime, penetration length increases by
increasing the reaction rate constant.
Author statement
Hooman Afsar: Software; Writing – original draft; Fereshteh
Samadi: Conceptualization; Feridun Esmaeilzadeh: Methodology;
Abolhasan Ameri: Writing – review & editing
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz and
Shiraz University for supporting this investigation.

Nomenclature

a0 The initial interfacial area of the medium (m− 1 )

b distance between two plates of liquid layers (m)
Cf Cup-mixing concentration of the acid in the fluid phase (mol/m3 )
Cs The concentration of the acid at the fluid–solid Phase (mol/m3 )
Der Effective dispersion coefficient in the fluid phase in the radial direction (m2 /s)
Dez Effective dispersion coefficient in the fluid phaseinthe Z-direction (m2 /s)
f Random number
h Injection zone thickness (m)
K0 The initial average permeability of the medium (mD)
kc Local mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
ker Thermal conductivity in the radial direction (W/mk)
keθ Thermal conductivity in the circumferential direction (W/mk)
m The pore length to diameter ratio
P Formation pressure (MPa)
q Heat generated (kj)
rp The internal radius (m)
rw The wellbore radius (m)
Rep Pore scale Reynold’s number
Sh Sherwood number, defined as the ratio of convective to diffusive mass transport
S The skin factor after wormhole breaks through the damaged zone
T Temperature (K)
|u| The magnitude of fluid velocity tensor
V Volume
w The velocity in the axial direction (m /s)
av The interfacial area of the medium (m− 1 )
C0 The initial acid concentration (mol/m3 )
cp Specific heat
D∗ Effective dispersion tensor
Deθ Effective dispersion coefficient in the fluid phase in the circumferential direction (m2 /s)
Dm Effective molecular diffusivity of the acid species (m2 /s)
Ea Activation energy (j/mol)
k0 Frequency factor
K Permeability of the medium (mD)
keff Effective volumetric reaction rate constant (m/s)
kez Thermal conductivity in the Z-direction (W/mk)
ks reaction rate constant (m/s)
n Power-law index
pe The external pressure
re The external radius
r0 The initial average pore radius of the medium (m)
R(Cs ) The rate of the dissolution reaction for single step irreversible reaction (mol/s/L)
Sc Schmidt number, defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity
Sh∞ Asymptotic Sherwood number
t Time (s)
u The velocity in the radial direction (m/s)
U Darcy velocity vector
v The velocity in the circumferential direction (m /s)

11
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

Greek symbols
α Acid dissolving power
β Pore structure relation constant
Δ ε0 Porosity heterogeneity magnitude
ΔHm Heat of reaction (J/kgmol)
Λ The position dependent wormholing criterion
ν The kinematic viscosity
λθ Constant in transverse dispersion correlation
μ Acid viscosity (MPa s)
μT 0 Viscosity at reference temperature (MPa s)
ρl Acid density
Υ Specific gravity of fluid
αos Constant in dispersion correlations
ε0 Average porosity
ε Porosity
ζ Thermal factor
λ Time constant
λr Constant in radial dispersion correlation
λz Constant in Z-dispersion correlation
μ0 Initial acid viscosity(MPa s)
μ0 (T) Zero shear viscosity at any temperature(MPa s)
ρs Rock density
γ Shear rate (s− 1 )

Appendix. Discretization formulation

In 3D algebraic calculations, each computational cell has 6 neighbouring cells. Therefore, the matrix of generated coefficients is 7 diagonals. The
generated coefficient matrix is large and requires a lot of computational time if direct methods (inverse matrix or Gaussian elimination) are used.
Repetitive or indirect methods are faster methods than the direct method but always have convergence problems. Another problem with iteration
methods is the number of iterations required for convergence, which usually takes a long time.
Convergence checks could be performed only for variables which are monitoring residuals. In each iteration a residual value is displayed and in
ideal conditions, the residuals should have a decreasing trend approaching zero. Acceptance criteria for residual amounts were considered 10− 6 . The
residual amount would be estimated for pressure, velocity, acid concentration and temperature separately in each time step. The calculations for each
⃒ ⃒
variable should be continued until the convergence reached (⃒xoldΔt+t − xnewΔt+t ⃒ < ε).
Mass balance:
( ) ( ) ( )
∫
∂(εC) ∂(̂r UC) ∂(VC) ∂(WC) ∂ rDr ∂̂r
∂C
∂ Dθ ∂C ∂ Dz ∂C rdθdrdz (εC)n+1 − (εC)n ( ) (
̂
r ∂θ ∂̂
z
+ + + = + + − R(Cs ) ̅̅̅ ̅→ rdθdrdz + (rUC)|up − (rUC)|do dθdz + (VC)|ri
̂
∂t ̂r ∂̂r ̂r ∂θ ∂̂z ̂r ∂̂r ̂r ∂θ ∂ ̂z Δt
( ) (( )⃒ ( )⃒ )(( )⃒
) rdz ⃒ rdz ⃒ dzdr ⃒
− (VC)|le drdz + (WC)|fo − (WC)|ba rdrdθ = + Dr (CUP − CP ) ⃒⃒ − Dr (CP − CDO ) ⃒⃒ Dθ (CRI − CP ) ⃒⃒
dr up dr do rdθ ri
( )⃒ ) (( )⃒ ( )⃒ )
dzdr ⃒ rdθdr ⃒ rdθdr ⃒
− Dθ (CP − CLE ) ⃒⃒ + Dz (CFO − CP ) ⃒⃒ − Dz (CP − CBA ) ⃒⃒ − R(Cs )rdθdrdz
rdθ le dz fo dz ba

(A-1)
Unwinding method:
In this research, the upwind method is used to perform numerical calculations.
PUP − PP KUP + KP
Uup = − Kup Kup =
dr 2
PP − PDO KP + KDO
Udo = − Kdo Kdo =
dr 2
PRI − PP KRI + KP
Vri = − Kri Kri =
rdθ 2
(A-2)
PP − PLE KP + KLE
Vle = − Kle Kle =
rdθ 2
PFO − PP KFO + KP
Wfo = − Kfo Kfo =
dz 2
PP − PBA KP + KBA
Wba = − Kba Kba =
dz 2
The algebraic equation formed after the complete calculation of the parameters in Equation (A-1). For algebraic calculations, the terms f is used to
express the convection term and d is used to express the diffusion term.

12
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

ri+1 dθdz
fup = Uup ri+1 dθdz dup = Lup
dr
ri dθdz
fup = Udo ri dθdz ddo = Ldo
dr
drdz
dri = Lri
ri+12 dθ
fri = Vri drdz (A-3)
drdz
dle = Lle
fle = Vle drdz ri+12 dθ
ffo = Wfo ri+12 drdθ ri+12 dθdr
dfo = Lfo
fba = Wba ri+12 drdθ dz
ri+12 dθdr
dba = Lba
dz

ap CP = aup CUP + ado CDO + ari CRI + ale CLE + afo CFO + aba CBA + Su (A-4)
( )
aup = dup + max − fup , 0 ado = ddo + max(fdo , 0)

ari = dri + max(− fri , 0) ale = dle + max(fle , 0)

( )
afo = dfo + max − ffo , 0 aba = dba + max(fba , 0)

rdθdrdzε
ap = aup + ado + ari + ale + afo + aba + fup − fdo + fri − fle + ffo − fba + sp + (A-5)
Δt

sp = R(Cs )rdθdrdz (A-6)

rdθdrdz
Su = (εφ)n−p 1
(A-7)
Δt
Energy balance:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ∂T ∫ ( )n+1 ( )n (( )⃒ ( )⃒ )
∂ ρc p T ∂ rKtr ∂∂Tr ∂ Ktθ r∂∂Tθ ∂ Ktz ∂z rdθdrdz ρcp T − ρcp T dzdr ⃒ dzdr ⃒
= + + + q ̅̅̅ ̅→ rdθdrdz = Ktθ (TRI − TP ) ⃒⃒ − Ktθ (TP − TLE ) ⃒⃒
∂t r∂r r ∂θ ∂z Δt rdθ ri rdθ le (A-8)
(( )⃒ ( )⃒ ) (( )⃒ ( )⃒ )
rdz ⃒ rdz ⃒ rdθdr ⃒ rdθdr ⃒
+ Ktr (TUP − TP ) ⃒⃒ − Ktr (TP − TDO ) ⃒⃒ + Ktz (TFO − TP ) ⃒⃒ − Ktz (TP − TBA ) ⃒⃒ + qrdθdrdz
dr up dr do dz fo dz ba

Unwinding method:
ap TP = aup TUP + ado TDO + ari TRI + ale TLE + afo TFO + aba TBA + Su (A-9)

Su = εqrdθdrdz (A-10)

∂C
q = − (1 − ε)hΔHm (A-11)
∂t
In this study, semi-direct methods are used to solve computational and divergence problems. One of the semi-direct methods is the TDMA (Tri-
diagonal Matrix Algorithm) method. In this method, the computational parameter (concentration or pressure) in one direction (eg. r) is considered
unknown and in the other direction (θ, z) is assumed to be known. Therefore, each of these stages is divided into three separate stages. The general
form of the equation for concentration and temperature is as follows. And φ could be concentration or temperature.
ap φP = aup φUP + ado φDO + ari φRI + ale φLE + afo φFO + aba φBA + su (A-12)

First step:

(A-13)
k+1 k+1 k+1
ap φP 3 − aup φUP3 − ado φDO3 = ari φkRI + ale φkLE + afo φkFO + aba φkBA + su

Second step:

(A-14)
k+2 k+2 k+2 k+1 k+1 k+1 k+1
ap φP 3 − ari φRI 3 − ale φLE 3 = afo φFO3 + aba φBA3 + aup φUP3 + ado φDO3 + su

Third step:

(A-15)
k+2 k+2 k+2 k+2
ap φk+1 k+1 k+1
P − afo φFO − aba φBA = aup φUP + ado φDO + ari φRI + ale φLE + su
3 3 3 3

13
H. Afsar et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699

References Kalia, N., Balakotaiah, V., 2009. Effect of medium heterogeneities on reactive dissolution
of carbonates. Chem. Eng. Sci. 64, 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ces.2008.10.026.
Afsar, H., Samadi, F., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Ameri, A., 2022. 3-D numerical simulation of
Kalia, N., Balakotaiah, V., 2007. Modeling and analysis of wormhole formation in
sandstone matrix acidizing by non-Newtonian fluid. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 208, 109666
reactive dissolution of carbonate rocks. Chem. Eng. Sci. 62, 919–928. https://doi.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PETROL.2021.109666.
org/10.1016/j.ces.2006.10.021.
Akanni, O.O., Nasr-El-Din, H.A., 2016. Modeling of wormhole propagation during matrix
Kalia, N., Glasbergen, G., 2010. Fluid temperature as a design parameter in carbonate
acidizing of carbonate reservoirs by organic acids and chelating agents. In:
matrix acidizing. In: SPE Production and Operations Symposium, Proceedings.
Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), pp. 286–306. https://doi.org/10.2118/
Engineers (SPE). https://doi.org/10.2118/181348-ms.
135654-ms.
Aljawad, M.S., Aboluhom, H., Schwalbert, M.P., Al-Mubarak, A., Alafnan, S.,
Leong, V.H., Ben Mahmud, H., Law, M.C., Foo, H.C.Y., Tan, I.S., 2018. A comparison and
Mahmoud, M., 2021. Temperature impact on linear and radial wormhole
assessment of the modelling and simulation of the sandstone matrix acidizing
propagation in limestone, dolomite, and mixed mineralogy. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 93,
process: a critical methodology study. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 57, 52–67. https://doi.
104031 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNGSE.2021.104031.
org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.06.044.
Balakotaiah, V., West, D.H., 2002. Shape normalization and analysis of the mass transfer
Li, C., Xie, T., Pournik, M., Zhu, D., Hill, A.D., 2005. Fine-scale simulation of sandstone
controlled regime in catalytic monoliths. Chem. Eng. Sci. 57, 1269–1286. https://
acidizing. J. Energy Resour. Technol. Trans. ASME 127, 225–231. https://doi.org/
doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00059-3.
10.1115/1.1944027.
Bazin, B., 2001. From matrix acidizing to acid fracturing: a laboratory evaluation of acid/
Li, N., Zeng, F.B., Li, J., Zhang, Q., Feng, Y., Liu, P., 2016. Kinetic mechanics of the
rock interactions. SPE Prod. Facil. 16, 22–29. https://doi.org/10.2118/66566-PA.
reactions between HCl/HF acid mixtures and sandstone minerals. J. Nat. Gas Sci.
Bonn, D., Kellay, H., Ben Amar, M., Meunier, J., 1995. Viscous finger widening with
Eng. 34, 792–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.07.044.
surfactants and polymers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2132–2135. https://doi.org/10.1103/
Li, Y.-H., Fambrough, J.D., Montgomery, C.T., 1998. Mathematical modeling of
PhysRevLett.75.2132.
secondary precipitation from sandstone acidizing. SPE J 3, 393–401. https://doi.
Buijse, M.A., 2000. Understanding wormholing mechanisms can improve acid treatments
org/10.2118/53001-PA.
in carbonate formations. SPE Prod. Facil. 15, 168–175. https://doi.org/10.2118/
Li, Y., Liao, Y., Zhao, J., Peng, Y., Pu, X., 2017. Simulation and analysis of wormhole
65068-PA.
formation in carbonate rocks considering heat transmission process. J. Nat. Gas Sci.
Buijse, M.A., van Domelen, M.S., 1998. Novel application of emulsified acids to matrix
Eng. 42, 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNGSE.2017.02.048.
stimulation of heterogeneous formations. In: All Days. SPE. https://doi.org/
Liu, P., Xue, H., Zhao, L., Zou, H., Feng, Y., Wang, P., 2016. Modeling of wormholes in
10.2118/39583-MS.
carbonate reservoirs considering temperature and damage. Electron. J. Geotech.
De Oliveira, T.J.L., Melo, A.R., Oliveira, J.A.A., Pereira, A.Z.I., 2012. Numerical
Eng. 21, 409–419.
simulation of the acidizing process and PVBT extraction methodology including
Liu, P., Yao, J., Couples, G.D., Huang, Z., Sun, H., Ma, J., 2017. Numerical modelling and
porosity/permeability and mineralogy heterogeneity. In: Proceedings - SPE
analysis of reactive flow and wormhole formation in fractured carbonate rocks.
International Symposium on Formation Damage Control. OnePetro, pp. 909–917.
Chem. Eng. Sci. 172, 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CES.2017.06.027.
https://doi.org/10.2118/151823-ms.
Liu, X., Ormond, A., Bartko, K., Li, Y., Ortoleva, P., 1997. A geochemical reaction-
Economides, at al., 2000. Reservoir Stimulation Handbook, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons,
transport simulator for matrix acidizing analysis and design. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 17,
Ltd.
181–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(96)00064-2.
Fredd, C.N., Scott Fogler, H., 1998. Influence of transport and reaction on wormhole
Luo, Z., Cheng, L., Zhao, L., Xie, Y., 2021. Study on the mechanism of reactive acid
formation in porous media. AIChE J. 44, 1933–1949. https://doi.org/10.1002/
transport in fractured two-mineral carbonate rocks. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 94, 104118
aic.690440902.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNGSE.2021.104118.
Frenier, W.W., Hill, D.G., 2002. Effect of acidizing additives on formation permeability
Maheshwari, P., Maxey, J., Balakotaiah, V., 2014. Simulation and analysis of carbonate
during matrix treatments. In: Proceedings - SPE International Symposium on
acidization with gelled and emulsified acids. In: Society of Petroleum Engineers -
Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), pp. 35–47.
30th Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, ADIPEC 2014:
https://doi.org/10.2118/73705-ms.
Challenges and Opportunities for the Next 30 Years, pp. 503–530. https://doi.org/
Furui, K., Burton, R.C., Burkhead, D.W., Abdelmalek, N.A., Hill, A.D., Zhu, D.,
10.2118/171731-ms.
Nozaki, M., 2012. A comprehensive model of high-rate matrix-acid stimulation for
Maheshwari, P., Ratnakar, R.R.R., Kalia, N., Balakotaiah, V., 2013. 3-D simulation and
long horizontal wells in carbonate reservoirs: Part i-scaling up core-level acid
analysis of reactive dissolution and wormhole formation in carbonate rocks. Chem.
wormholing to field treatments. In: SPE Journal. Society of Petroleum Engineers,
Eng. Sci. 90, 258–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2012.12.032.
pp. 271–279. https://doi.org/10.2118/134265-PA.
Mahmoud, M., Aljawad, M.S., Kamal, M.S., Shakil Hussain, S.M., 2020. Sandstone
Gdanski, R., 1999. Fundamentally new model of acid wormholing in carbonates. In: SPE -
acidizing using a new retarded acid system based on gemini surfactants. J. Pet. Sci.
Eur. Form. Damage Control Conf. Proc, pp. 107–116. https://doi.org/10.2118/
Eng. 194, 107459 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PETROL.2020.107459.
54719-ms.
Mou, J., Wang, L., Zhang, S., Ma, X., Li, B., 2019. A research on the effect of
Ghommem, M., Brady, D., 2015. Multifidelity modeling and analysis of matrix acidizing
heterogeneities on sandstone matrix acidizing performance. Geofluids 2019 2019,
under radial flow conditions. In: Onepetro.Org. https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-
1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6328909.
18264-ms.
Nasr-El-Din, H.A., Al-Mohammad, A.M., Al-Aamri, A.D., Al-Fuwaires, O.A., 2008.
Ghommem, M., Zhao, W., Dyer, S., Qiu, X., Brady, D., 2015. Carbonate acidizing:
Reaction of gelled acids with calcite. SPE Prod. Oper. 23, 353–361. https://doi.org/
modeling, analysis, and characterization of wormhole formation and propagation.
10.2118/103979-pa.
J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 131, 18–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.04.021.
Navarrete, R.C., Holms, B.A., McConnell, S.B., Linton, D.E., 2000. Laboratory,
Golfier, F., Zarcone, C., Bazin, B., Lenormand, R., Lasseux, D., Quintard, M., 2002. On the
theoretical, and field studies of emulsified acid treatments in high-temperature
ability of a Darcy-scale model to capture wormhole formation during the dissolution
carbonate formations. In: SPE Production and Facilities. Soc Pet Eng (SPE),
of a porous medium. J. Fluid Mech. 457, 213–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/
pp. 96–106. https://doi.org/10.2118/63012-PA.
S0022112002007735.
Nierode, D.E., Kruk, K.F., 1973. An Evaluation of Acid Fluid Loss Additives Retarded
Gong, M., El-Rabaa, A.M., 1999. Quantitative model of wormholing process in carbonate
Acids, and Acidized Fracture Conductivity. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE).
acidizing. In: Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE Mid-continent Operations
https://doi.org/10.2118/4549-ms.
Symposium 1999. MCOS. https://doi.org/10.2118/52165-ms, 1999.
Panga, M.K.R., Balakotaiah, V., Ziauddin, M., 2002. Modeling, simulation and
Gupta, N., Balakotaiah, V., 2001. Heat and mass transfer coefficients in catalytic
comparison of models for wormhole formation during matrix stimulation of
monoliths. Chem. Eng. Sci. 56, 4771–4786. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509
carbonates. In: Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.
(01)00134-8.
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), pp. 373–391. https://doi.org/10.2118/
Hasan, A.R., Kabir, C.S., 1991. Heat transfer during two-phase flow in wellbores. Part I.
77369-ms.
Formation temperature. In: Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Panga, M.K.R., Ziauddin, M., Balakotaiah, V., 2005. Two-scale continuum model for
Exhibition. Publ by Soc of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, pp. 469–478. https://doi.
simulation of wormholes in carbonate acidization. In: AIChE Journal,
org/10.2118/22866-ms.
pp. 3231–3248. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10574.
Hekim, Y., Fogler, H.S., McCune, C.C., 1982. The radial movement of permeability fronts
Qi, N., Chen, G., Liang, C., Guo, T., Liu, G., Zhang, K., 2019. Numerical simulation and
and multiple reaction zones in porous media (includes associated papers 11284 and
analysis of the influence of fracture geometry on wormhole propagation in carbonate
11590). Soc. Petrol. Eng. J. 22, 99–107. https://doi.org/10.2118/9495-PA.
reservoirs. Chem. Eng. Sci. 198, 124–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
Hoefner, M.L., Fogler, H.S., 1988. Pore evolution and channel formation during flow and
CES.2018.12.047.
reaction in porous media. AIChE J 34, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/
Rabie, A.I., Nasr-El-Din, H.A., 2015. Effect of acid additives on the reaction of
aic.690340107.
stimulating fluids during acidizing treatments. In: Society of Petroleum Engineers -
Huang, T., Zhu, D., Hill, A.D., 1999. Prediction of wormhole population density in
SPE North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition 2015, NATC 2015. Society of
carbonate matrix acidizing. In: SPE - Eur. Form. Damage Control Conf. Proc,
Petroleum Engineers, pp. 1123–1149. https://doi.org/10.2118/175827-ms.
pp. 161–167. https://doi.org/10.2523/54723-ms.
Ramey, H.J., 1962. Wellbore heat transmission. J. Pet. Technol. 14, 427–435. https://
Hung, K.M., Hill, A.D., Sepehrnoori, K., 1989. Mechanistic model of wormhole growth in
doi.org/10.2118/96-pa.
carbonate matrix acidizing and acid fracturing. JPT, J. Pet. Technol. 41, 59–66.
Ratnakar, R.R., Kalia, N., Balakotaiah, V., 2012. Carbonate matrix acidizing with gelled
https://doi.org/10.2118/16886-pa.
acids: an experiment-based modeling study. In: SPE Production and Operations
Jia, C., Huang, Z., Sepehrnoori, K., Yao, J., 2021. Modification of two-scale continuum
Symposium, Proceedings. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), pp. 207–222.
model and numerical studies for carbonate matrix acidizing. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 197,
https://doi.org/10.2118/154936-ms.
107972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107972.

14
H. Afsar et al.
Samadi, F., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Mowla, D., 2013. 3-D Simulation of acid injection into a
carbonate porous media: nonlinear chemistry. J. Porous Media 16, 959–966. https://
doi.org/10.1615/JPorMedia.v16.i10.70.
Samadi, F., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Mowla, D., 2011. Modeling of dissolution patterns for
carbonate acidizing in the porous media. In: AIP Conf. Proc, 1453, pp. 167–170.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4711170.
Shafiq, M.U., Mahmud, H. Ben, 2017. Sandstone matrix acidizing knowledge and future
development. J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 7, 1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13202-017-0314-6.
Squier, D.P., Smith, D.D., Dougherty, E.L., 1962. Calculated temperature behavior of hot-
water injection wells. J. Pet. Technol. 14, 436–440. https://doi.org/10.2118/95-pa.
Sutton, G., Petroleum, R.L.-F.M. Of the S. of, 1972, Undefined, n.D. Aspects of Acid
Additive Selection in Sandstone Acidizing. onepetro.org..
Taylor, K.C., 2003. Rheology of hydrophobically associating polymers for oilfield
applications. Annu. Trans. Nord. Rheol. Soc. 11, 13–18.
Usie, M., Carman, P., Langlinais, K., Nino-Penaloza, A., McCartney, E., 2017. Unique
design and performance of a high temperature viscoelastic diverter pill for sandstone
acid yields better diversion response and increased production. In: Proceedings - SPE
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE).
https://doi.org/10.2118/187351-ms.
15
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215 (2022) 110699
Williams, B.B., Gidley, J.L., Schechter, R.S., 1979.... - Google Scholar [WWW Document],
n.d. URL https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0%
2C5&cites=9988547641793424376&scipsc=&q=Williams%2C+B.B.%2C+Gidley
%2C+J.L.%2C+Schechter%2C+R.S.%2C+1979.+Acidizing+Fundamentals%2C+
SPE+Monograph+Volume+6.+Richardson%2C+TX%2C+US.&btnG= (accessed
3.9.21)..
Xue, H., Huang, Z., Zhao, L., Wang, H., Kang, B., Liu, P., Liu, F., Cheng, Y., Xin, J., 2018.
Influence of acid-rock reaction heat and heat transmission on wormholing in
carbonate rock. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 50, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
JNGSE.2017.12.008.
Yarveicy, H., Habibi, A., Pegov, S., Zolfaghari, A., Dehghanpour, H., 2018. Enhancing oil
recovery by adding surfactants in fracturing water: a montney case study. In: Soc.
Pet. Eng. - SPE Canada Unconv. Resour. Conf. URC 2018 2018-March. https://doi.
org/10.2118/189829-MS.
Yarveicy, H., Haghtalab, A., 2017. Effect of Amphoteric Surfactant on Phase Behavior of
Hydrocarbon-Electrolyte-Water System-An Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery,
39, pp. 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2017.1332525.
Yarveicy, H., Javaheri, A., 2019. Application of Lauryl Betaine in enhanced oil recovery:
a comparative study in micromodel. Petroleum 5, 123–127. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.petlm.2017.09.004.