Types of Keyboard:

A. Multimedia Keyboard
- The multimedia PC keyboard has the one hundred and one keys
and the keys are frequently related to shortcuts or hot-keys.

B. Wireless Keyboards
- Uses an infrared light beams to transfer information to the PC. It
allows the user to communicate with computers, tablets, or laptops with
the help of radio frequency (rf), infrared (ir) or bluetooth technology

C. Ergonomic Keyboard
- An ergonomic PC keyboard bears an exceptional design that simplifies to place the hands at a normal
position while using keyboard.
Types of Ergonomic Keyboard:
1. The Split Keyboard 2. The Tented Keyboard

D. Illuminated Keyboards
- these keyboards have back lights so the keys are more viewable even in dim lighted circumstances.
E. Roll-up keyboard
Most keyboards are rigid, but this keyboard demonstrates one of many
variations from the norm.
Keyboards made of flexible silicone or polyurethane materials can roll up
in a moderately tight bundle. Tightly folding the keyboard may damage
the internal membrane circuits. When they are completely sealed in rubber,
they are water resistant. Like membrane keyboards, they are reported to be
very hard to get used to, as there is little tactile feedback, and silicone will
tend to attract dirt, dust, and hair.

F. Foldable Keyboard
These compact keyboards are folded to a size that you can carry in
your pocket. As a matter of fact, these even come with Bluetooth
connection and many other features.

G. Laser projection keyboard

A projection keyboard is a form of computer input device whereby the
image of a virtual keyboard is projected onto a surface: when a user
touches the surface covered by an image of a key, the device records the
corresponding keystroke. Some connect to Bluetooth devices, including
many of the latest smartphone, tablet, and mini-PC devices with Android,
iOS or Windows operating system.
Other types of Keyboard
1. Membrane keyboard
2. Dome-switch keyboard
3. Scissor-switch keyboard
4. Capacitive keyboard
5. Mechanical-switch keyboard
6. Buckling-spring keyboard
7. Hall-effect keyboard

Types of Printer:
1.Dot matrix printers
- These printers consist of print head, pins and ribbon.

2. Characters printer
- it consists of alphabets or characters. Each character strikes the ribbon to
insert a character on the paper.

3.Ink jet printers

- It consists of inkjet print cartridges or ink boxes.

4. Laser jet printers

- It consists of electrostatic charge, rotating drum, laser beam and toner.
 5. Bubble Jet Printers
- It uses special heating elements to prepare the ink whereas ink-
jet printers uses piezoelectric crystals.

Types of Mouse
1. Mechanical
- This type of personal computer (PC) mouse has a rubber or metal ball
on its underside and it can roll in every direction.

2. Optomechanical
- This type is the same as the mechanical mouse except that it uses optical sensors to the motion of the
ball.
3. Optical
-This type uses a laser for detecting the mouse's movement.

a. laser mouse- is a type of computer mouse that uses a laser beam

b. Cordless or Wireless Mouse

Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via infrared.
As we all know that Charles Babbage develop the analytical engine and he was recognized as the father
of modern computer. He’s invention inspires others that’s why scientist and engineers never stop
creating machines base from theory and concepts of analytical engine.

Table shows the timeline of computer evolution

Computer History Inventors/Inventions Description of Event

Year
1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer First freely programmable computer.
1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry Who was first in the computing biz is
ABC Computer not always as easy as ABC.
1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper The Harvard Mark 1 computer.
Harvard Mark I Computer
1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. 20,000 vacuum tubes later...
Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer
1948 Frederic Williams & Tom Baby and the Williams Tube turn on
Kilburn the memories.
Manchester Baby Computer &
The Williams Tube
1947/48 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain No, a transistor is not a computer, but
&Wiliam Shockley this invention greatly affected the
The Transistor history of computers.
1951 John Presper Eckert & John W. First commercial computer & able to
Mauchly pick presidential winners.
UNIVAC Computer
1953 International Business Machines IBM enters into 'The History of
IBM 701 EDPM Computer Computers'.
1954 John Backus & IBM The first successful high level
FORTRAN Computer programming language.
Programming Language
1955 Stanford Research Institute, Bank The first bank industry computer -
(In Use 1959) of America, and General Electric also MICR (magnetic ink character
ERMA and MICR recognition) for reading checks.
1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce Otherwise known as 'The Chip'
The Integrated Circuit
1962 Steve Russell & MIT The first computer game invented.
Spacewar Computer Game
1964 Douglas Engelbart Nicknamed the mouse because the tail
Computer Mouse & Windows came out the end.
1969 ARPAnet The original Internet.
1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world's first available dynamic
RAM chip.
1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor The first microprocessor.
Intel 4004 Computer
Microprocessor
1971 Alan Shugart&IBM Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its
The "Floppy" Disk flexibility.
1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox Networking.
The Ethernet Computer
Networking
1974/75 Scelbi& Mark-8 Altair & IBM The first consumer computers.
5100 Computers
1976/77 Apple I, II & TRS-80 & More first consumer computers.
Commodore Pet Computers
1978 Dan Bricklin& Bob Frankston Any product that pays for itself in two
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software weeks is a surefire winner.
1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Word Processors.
Barnaby
WordStar Software
1981 IBM From an "Acorn" grows a personal
The IBM PC - Home Computer computer revolution
1981 Microsoft From "Quick And Dirty" comes the
MS-DOS Computer Operating operating system of the century.
System
1983 Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer with a GUI,
graphical user interface.
1984 Apple Macintosh Computer The more affordable home computer
with a GUI.
1985 Microsoft Windows Microsoft begins the friendly war with
Apple.

ENIAC – Electronics Numerical Integrator and Calculator

UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer
IBM – International Business Machine
EDPM – Electronic Data Processing Machine
ERMA – Electronic Recording Method of Accounting
MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
FORTRAN – Formula Translator
Intel – Integrated Electronics
ARPANet – Advance Research Project Agency Network

In the early development of computer, most of the design is analog. Today, we are now in the digital
age and computers are converted into digital and hybrid type.

Analog Computer
- is a computing device that works on continuous range of values.
Digital Computers
- operates on digital data such as numbers.
Digital computers can be further classified as:
a. General Purpose Computers
- are used for any type of applications.
b. Special Purpose Computers
- one that is built for a specific application
Hybrid Computers
- are mostly use for automatic operations of complicated physical processes and machines.

Kinds of Computers based on Configuration

1. Supercomputers
- These computers can process billions of instructions per second (stock analysis, weather
forecasting)
2. Mainframe Computers
- can also process data at very high speeds, hundreds of million instructions per second (in
banking, airlines and railways)
3. Mini Computers
 - are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage capacity.
4. Micro Computers
A. Desktop Computers
B. Laptop Computers
C. Handheld Computers (PDAs)

Types of Expansion Cards:

 Graphics cards
 Sound cards
 Network cards
 Interface Adapter Cards

Types of Memory:
 ROM – Read Only Memory(non-volatile)
Stored information cannot be deleted or altered.
 RAM – Random Access Memory(volatile)
Information is temporarily stored but deleted once the computer is turn off or restarted.

Types of RAM:
 Static RAM
 Dynamic Ram
 Synchronous DRAM

Basic Parts of Motherboard

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. Identify the different number base system used in computers.

2. Convert decimal numbers to binary numbers and other number system of computer and vice –
versa.
3. Calculate numbers in binary and other number system of computer.

Week 3-4 (Topics)

Number Systems and Data Representation

What is binary?
In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral
system or binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols: typically "0" (zero) and "1" (one).
The base-2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Each digit is referred to as a bit.
Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary
system is used by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices.

Counting in binary

Decimal Binary
number number

0 0

1 1

2 10

3 11

4 100

5 101

6 110

7 111

8 1000

9 1001