Rate Ratio Proportion

RATE, RATIO AND
PROPORTION
A REVIEW
RATIO AND PROPORTION
Definition 10
Given two numbers x and y, y  0, a ratio
is the quotient x divided by y.
A ratio can be written as

𝒙
x to y, x : y, or
𝒚
All of these ratios are read x to y.
Example 1
Use //gram ABCD to express the ratio in
simplest form. 16
B C
a. AB to BC 8
70
b. BC : AD A D
c. mA : mD Answers:
a. 1:2
b. 1:1
c. 7:11
•Rate is used to compare two quantities of

different kinds and therefore has units.
a. rate of walking : 4 km/h
b. Rate of typing : 50 words per minute
•Ratio is used to compare two quantities of
the same kind and therefore has no units.
Example 2
Write each ratio in simplest form.
3𝑥
a.
6𝑥 2 Solution:
3𝑥 3∙1∙𝑥 𝟏
a. 2 =
6𝑥 3∙2∙𝑥𝑥
=
𝟐𝒙
𝑥−7 (𝑥−7)
𝑥−7 b.
2𝑥 2 −98
=
2(𝑥+7)(𝑥−7)
b. =
𝟏
2𝑥 2 −98 𝟐(𝒙+𝟕)
Example 3
The measure of the acute angles of a right triangle
are in the ratio 2 : 3. Find their measures.
2x
Solution:
Let: 2x be the measure of the 1st acute angle
3x be the measure of the 2nd acute angle
3x
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 90 Measure of the 1st acute angle:
5𝑥 = 90 2𝑥 = 2 18 = 36 Answer:
𝑥 = 18 Measure of the 2nd acute angle: The acute angles
measure 36 and 54.
3𝑥 = 3 18 = 54
Example 4
Find the measures of the angles of a triangle that are
in the ratio 3: 5 : 7.
5x
Solution:
Let 3x, 5x, and 7x be the measure of the
three angles of the triangle. 7x 3x
3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 = 180 Measure of each angle:

15𝑥 = 180 3𝑥 = 3 12 = 36
 The angles of the
𝑥 = 12 5𝑥 = 5 12 = 60 triangle measure 36,
7𝑥 = 7 12 = 84 60, and 54.
Definition 11
A proportion is the equality of two
ratios.
In symbols,
𝒂 𝒄
= (b  0, d  0) or a : b = c : d
𝒃 𝒅
It is read as a is to b as c is to d.
Each number in a proportion is called a term.

st 2 nd rd th
1 3 4
𝒂 ∶ 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∶ 𝒅
Means – the and 2nd
terms 3rd
Extremes – the 1st and the 4th terms

st 2 nd rd th
1 3 4
𝒂 ∶ 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∶ 𝒅
𝒂 𝒄
=
means 𝒃 𝒅 extremes
In a proportion, the product of the means

equals the product of the extremes.
𝒂 𝒄
Hence, if = , then 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐.
𝒃 𝒅
Example 5:
a. Nathan’s photos come in two sizes: 13 cm x 9 cm and 15
by 10 cm. Are these dimensions proportional?
Ans.: No, since 13: 9 ≠ 15: 10
b. Determine whether the following pair of ratios are in

proportion.
4 8 3 4 2 10
a. , b. , c. ,
6 12 8 9 5 25
Proportional Not Proportional Proportional
Example 6:
Solve for x in the proportion:
4𝑥 − 1 6𝑥 + 1
=
3 5
Solution: 5(4𝑥 − 1) = 3 6𝑥 + 1 Remember the fundamental
Rule of Proportion, “the
20𝑥 − 5 = 18𝑥 + 3 product of the means is
equal to the product of the
extremes”. In other words,
2𝑥 = 8 their cross products are
equal.
𝑥=4
Example 7:
Find the values of x and y so that
6 15 21
= =
𝑥 𝑦 35
Solution:
When 3 or more ratios are equal, the
statement is now called an extended 6 21 15 21
proportion. In the given, it can be = =
6 15
deduced that both 𝑥 and 𝑦 are 𝑥 35 𝑦 35
21
equal to 35. So, in order to find x and
21
21𝑥 = 6(35) 21𝑦 = 15(35)
y, they will both be equated to
and then solved.
35
𝑥 = 10 𝑦 = 25
More examples:
Example 8
If a : b = 4 : 3, find (3𝑎 − 2𝑏): (3𝑎 + 2𝑏).
Solution: 4𝑏
3 − 2𝑏
𝑎 4
Since it is given that 𝑏 = 3 , by
solving for one variable, say a, 3𝑎 − 2𝑏 3 2𝑏 𝟏
4𝑏
will result to 𝑎 = 3 . Then by = = =
substituting
4𝑏
3
to the given ratio 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 3 4𝑏 + 2𝑏 6𝑏 𝟑
3𝑎−2𝑏
3𝑎+2𝑏
and simplifying the
1
3
result gives a final ratio of .
3
If a : b = 4 : 3, find (3𝑎 − 2𝑏): (3𝑎 + 2𝑏)
Alternative Solution:
3𝑎−2𝑏 3 4𝑥 −2(3𝑥)
𝑎 4
Since it is given that 𝑏 = 3 , =
then 𝒂 = 𝟒𝒙 and 𝒃 = 𝟑𝒙. 3𝑎+2𝑏 3 4𝑥 +2(3𝑥)
Substituting 4x and 3x to a 12𝑥−6𝑥 6𝑥
3𝑎−2𝑏
and b, respectively, to 3𝑎+2𝑏 = =
and simplifying the result
1
12𝑥+6𝑥 18𝑥
gives a ratio of 3 . 𝟏
=
𝟑
More examples:
Example 9
If x and y represent two nonzero numbers, find the
ratio x to y if 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 = 0.
Solution: 2 2
The expression in the given quadratic
2𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 0
equation in two variables is first expressed as
a factor. The factors of 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 are
2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0
(2x - y) and (x + 3y), and so the equation can
now be written as 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0.
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 or 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0
Then, equate each factor to zero (applying the
𝑥
2𝑥 = 𝑦 or 𝑥 = −3𝑦
Zero Product Property) and solve for 𝑦 in
𝑥 1 𝑥
each resulting equation. = or = −3
𝑦 2 𝑦
PROPERTIES OF
PROPORTION
The properties of proportion show how to
rewrite a given proportion into an equivalent
form.
𝑎 𝑐
1. If = , then ad = bc. Cross product property
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 Interchanging
2. If = , then = . the means
𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐
3. If = , then = . Interchanging the
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑎 extremes
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 Reciprocals are
4. If = , then = . equal!
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
5. If = , then = .
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
6. If = , then = .
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑔 𝑎+𝑐+𝑒+𝑔…
7. If = = = =…., then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 ℎ 𝑏+𝑑+𝑓+ℎ…
𝑎 𝑐
= . P. S. All these properties imply that the terms in a
𝑏 𝑑 proportion can be rearranged, added or subtracted
with something, and still they form a proportion.
Example 10:
𝐸𝐶 𝐷𝐵
Complete each statement, given that = .
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷
Justify. (refer to the figure)
𝐸𝐶 ? B
a) = Ans.:
𝑨𝑬
, the means can be interchanged
𝐷𝐵 ? 𝑨𝑫
D
b) 𝐴𝐸 ∙ 𝐷𝐵 = ? Ans.: 𝑬𝑪 ∙ 𝑨𝑫, cross-product property
𝐴𝐶 ? Ans.:
c) = AB, the denominator can be A
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷 C
added to each numerator E
Example 11
Complete each statement:
Answers:
8 9
a) If = , then 8𝑥 = ______. a) 45, apply the cross product
𝑥
5 𝑥 b) , exchange the means
10
25
12 3 12 c) , reciprocals are also equal
b) If = , then = ______ . d) 24
32 8
𝑥 10 3 20
or , note that 𝑥7 is the result
5
7−𝑥
11 24 𝑥 when the numerator of is added
c) If = , then = ______ . 𝑥
with its denominator x. So, the same
𝑥 25 11 12
thing will be done to 20.
7−𝑥 12 7
d) If = , then = ______.
𝑥 20 𝑥
Definition 12
x is the geometric mean or (mean
proportional) between positive numbers p and q
if and only if 𝒑 𝒙
=
𝒙 𝒒 If the means in a proportion are
4 6
equal, as in 6 = 9 where the means
where x > 0. are both equal to 6, then 6 is the
geometric mean of the other terms 4
and 9.
𝒑 𝒙
Cross multiplying = would result to
𝒙 𝒒
𝑥 2= 𝑝𝑞,
or 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑞
In other words, the geometric mean between

two positive numbers is the principal square
root of their product.
Example 12:
Find the geometric mean of the following:
a. 2 and 8 In each given example, the geometric mean of the
two given numbers is the principal square root of
b. 5 and 20 their product. So the geometric mean can be
obtained by multiplying the two numbers and then
c. 4 and 12 getting the positive square root of the resulting
product.
Answers: a. Geometric mean = 2 ∙ 8 = 16 = 4
d. 6 and 18 a. 4 b. Geometric Mean = 5 ∙ 20 = 100 = 10
b. 10 c. Geometric Mean = 4 ∙ 12 = 48 = 4 3
e. 14 and 21 c. 4 3
d. Geometric Mean = 6 ∙ 18 = 108 = 6 3
e. Geometric Mean = 14 ∙ 21 = 294 = 7 6
d. 6 3
e. 7 6
Your turn…
𝑟 𝑡
A. If = , where r, s, t, and u are not equal to 0, state
𝑠 𝑢
whether each statement is true or false.
1. 𝑟 ∙ 𝑢 = 𝑠 ∙ 𝑡 4. 𝑟 ∙ 𝑠 = 𝑡 ∙ 𝑢
𝑟 𝑠 𝑟 𝑠
2. = 5. =
𝑢 𝑡 𝑡 𝑢
𝑠 𝑢 6. 𝑟 ∙ 𝑡 = 𝑠 ∙ 𝑢
3. =
𝑟 𝑡
Your turn…
For 7 – 12, if 𝑐 ∙ 𝑑 = 𝑒 ∙ 𝑓, state whether each statement is
true or false.
7.
𝑐
=
𝑒 10. c ∙ 𝑒 = 𝑑 ∙ 𝑓
𝑑 𝑓
𝑐 𝑑
𝑒 𝑐 11. =
8. = 𝑒 𝑓
𝑑 𝑓
𝑑 𝑒
𝑑 𝑓 12. =
9. = 𝑓 𝑐
𝑒 𝑐
𝑥 3 𝑥+𝑦
13. If = , what is ?
𝑦 4 𝑦
𝑥 8 𝑥 −𝑦
14. If = , what is ?
𝑦 5 𝑦
𝑟 2 13
15. If = , what is in terms of r and s?
𝑠 11 11
𝑚 19 6
16. If = , what is in terms of m and n?
𝑛 13 13
𝐷𝐴 𝐿𝑌
B. Complete each statement, given that = .
𝐴𝑅 𝑌𝑅
𝐴𝑅 ?
1. = D
𝐷𝐴 ?
𝐷𝐴 ? A
2. =
𝐿𝑌 ?
3. ? = 𝐴𝑅 ∙ 𝐿𝑌
? 𝐿𝑅
4. = R
Y L
? 𝑌𝑅
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐴 + 𝐿𝑌 D
5. =
𝐴𝑅 ?
A
𝐷𝐴 +𝐴𝑅 ?
6. =
𝐴𝑅 ?
7. 𝐷𝐴 = 6, 𝐴𝑅 = 10, and
R
𝐿𝑌 = 10, find YR. Y L
8. 𝐷𝐴 = 18, 𝐿𝑌 = 12, and

R𝑌 = 10, find DR.
Disclaimer:
This power point presentation is made solely for the benefit of the
Grade 9 students of CCNSHS under Mrs. Cumayas. All example
problems are lifted from various textbooks that the teacher have in her
collections. Although this material is crafted by the teacher, she does
not own any of the ideas and contents, rather she only put this material
together in one coherent composition. All credits go to the original
author/s of the books the teacher got the examples and equations from.
To all who will use this, please refrain from sharing this to others
outside the school. Do not also publish nor upload this in public sites in
the internet. You are directed to use this for personal use only and as
additional study guide materials to further understand the topic. Thank
you.

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RATE, RATIO AND

A ratio can be written as

•Rate is used to compare two quantities of

3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 = 180 Measure of each angle:

Each number in a proportion is called a term.

Extremes – the 1st and the 4th terms

In a proportion, the product of the means

b. Determine whether the following pair of ratios are in

If a : b = 4 : 3, find (3𝑎 − 2𝑏): (3𝑎 + 2𝑏)

In other words, the geometric mean between

8. 𝐷𝐴 = 18, 𝐿𝑌 = 12, and

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