Vekto r L u asan : n

L u asan kecil p ad a p erm u kaan d p t d ig am b arkan d en g an dS

seb u ah vekto r.
dS = dS n dS
F lu ks m ed an L istrik : S
F lu ks m ed an listrik d id efin isiikan seb ag ai ju m lah to tal g aris g aya m ed an listrik
yan g m elalu i secara teg aklu ru s p ad a p erm u kaan .
F lu ks d Φ yan g m elalu i lu asan kecil d S dS dS
d ari m ed an listrik E p ad a su d u t θ terh ad ap 90°
θ
d S ad alah
dS
d Φ = E . d S = E d S co s θ
dS
To tal flu ks Φ yan g m elalu i selu ru h θ E
p erm u kaan S akib at ad an ya m ed an listrik S
E ad alah
Φ = E . d S = E S co s θ = E . S
S
F lu ks m ed an listrik ad alah b esaran skalar. θ
dS
S atu an S I flu ks m ed an listrik ad alh N m 2 C -1
a ta u J m C -1 .
H al K h u su s:

1. U n tu k 0° < θ < 90°, Φ p o sitif.

2. U n tu k θ = 90°, Φ = 0.
3. U n tu k 90° < θ < 180°, Φ n eg atif.
Te o re m a G a u s s :
In teg ral p erm u kaan d ari m ed an listrik yan g m elalu i p erm u kaan tertu tu p
(h yp o th etical su rface / G au ssian su rface) d id alam ru an g b eb as = 1 / ε 0 x
m u atan yan g ad a d id alam p erm u kaan tertu tu p tsb .
1 n
ΦE = E . dS = ∑ qi
ε0 i= 1
S
B u k ti te o re m a G a u s s u n tu k p e rm u k a a n s im e tri b o la :
1 q
dΦ = E . dS = r . dS n E
4π ε 0 r2
1 q dS
dΦ = r . n r dS
4π ε 0 r2
O •
D isin i, r . n = 1 x 1 co s 0° = 1 +q r

1 q dS
dΦ =
4π ε 0 r2
1 q 1 q q
ΦE = dΦ = dS = 4π r 2 =
4π ε 0 r2 4π ε 0 r2 ε0
S S
D e d u k s i h k . C o u lo m b d a ri te o re m a G a u s s :
H k. G au ss ,
q
ΦE = E . dS = ε0 E
S

E d an d S b erarah sam a, r dS
q O •
ΦE = E dS = +q r
ε0
S
q
atau ΦE = E dS =
ε0
S
q q
E x 4π r 2 = atau E=
ε0 4π ε 0 r 2

Jika m u atan q 0 d item p atkan d i titik

d im an a E akan d ih itu n g , m aka
qq0
F= Y g m eru p akan h k.
4π ε 0 r 2 C o u lo m b
A p lik a s i te o re m a G a u s s :
1. M ed an listrik yg d iseb ab kan o leh m u atan lu ru s p an jan g tak h in g g a
(In fin itely L o n g S traig h t C h arg ed W ire) :
E
dS

C
r

-∞ B A +∞
dS dS

P erm u kaan G au ssian

H k. G au ss,
l ad alah p erm u kaan
q E E
tertu tu p , m en g elilin g i
ΦE = E . dS = ε0 m u atan , sed em ikian
S h in g g a m ed an listrik
m em p u n yai h arg a
E . dS = E . dS + E . dS + E . dS tu n g g al d isetiap titik
d i p erm u kaan .
S A B C

E . dS = E d S co s 90° + E d S co s 90° + E d S co s 0° = E d S = E x 2 π r l
S A B C C
 q λl
= ε ( λ : rap at m u atan lin ier)
ε0 0

λl
Ex2π r l= ε0
1 λ
or E=
2 π ε0 r

or 1 2λ
E=
4 π ε0 r

1 2λ
D alam b en tu k vekto r, E (r) = r
4 π ε0 r

A rah m ed an listrik kelu ar d ari m u atan g aris p o sitif. U n tu k m u atan n eg atif,

arah n ya m asu k ke d alam .
2. M ed an listrik akib at m u atan kep in g tip is p an jan g tak h in g g a
(E lectric F ield In ten sity d u e to an In fin itely L o n g , T h in P lan e S h eet
o f C h arg e) : σ

dS

l
E
E dS r C E
A
B dS

H k. G au ss ,
q
ΦE = E . dS = ε0
S

E . dS = E . dS + E . dS + E . dS
S A B C

E . dS = E d S co s 0° + E d S co s 0° + E d S co s 90° = 2E d S = 2E x π r 2
S A B C
 q σ π r2
= (σ : rap at m u atan p erm u kaan )
ε0 ε0

σ π r2
2Exπ r2 =
ε0

σ σ
atau E= B en tu k vekto r,
2 ε0 E (l) = l
2 ε0

Jika satu sisin ya d iiso lasi, m aka m ed an listrik m en jad i

σ
E=
ε0
3. M ed an listrik o leh 2 lem b ar m u atan b id an g tip is tak h in g g a :

C ase 1: σ 1 > σ 2
σ1 σ2

E1 E1 E1

R eg io n I R eg io n II R eg io n III

E E E
( σ1 > σ2 )

E2 E2 E2

E = E1 + E2 E = E1 - E2 E = E1 + E2
σ1 + σ2 σ1 - σ2 σ1 + σ2
E= E= E=
2 ε0 2 ε0 2 ε0
C ase 2: + σ 1 & - σ 2

σ1 σ2

E1 E1 E1

R eg io n I R eg io n II R eg io n III

E E E
( σ1 > σ2 )
( σ1 > σ2 )

E2 E2 E2

E = E1 - E2 E = E1 + E2 E = E1 - E2
σ1 - σ2 σ1 + σ2 σ1 - σ2
E= E= E=
2 ε0 2 ε0 2 ε0
C ase 3: + σ & - σ

σ1 σ2

E1 E1 E1

R eg io n I R eg io n II R eg io n III

E=0 E ≠0 E=0

E2 E2 E2

E = E1 - E2 E = E1 + E2 E = E1 - E2
σ1 - σ2 σ1 + σ2 σ σ1 - σ2
E= =0 E= = E= =0
2 ε0 2 ε0 ε0 2 ε0
4. M ed an listrik o leh m u atan terd istrib u si b u la tip is b erjari-jari R :
E
i) D i titik P d i lu ar b o la: dS
r
D ari H k. G au ss, •P
q
ΦE = E . dS = ε0
S q O • R
K aren a E d an d S searah , m aka
HOLLOW
q
ΦE = E dS = ε0
S
q
or Φ E = E … … … p erm u kaan G au ssian
dS = ε0
S
q q M ed an listrik sep erti
E x 4π r 2 = or E= d iseb ab kan o leh m u atan yan g
ε0 4π ε 0 r 2
selu ru h m u atan terko n sen trasi
d i satu titik d i p u sat b o la
σ R2
q = σ x 4π R2  E=
ε0 r2
ii) D i titik A d i ku lit b o la :
H k. G au ss, E
q dS
ΦE = E . dS = ε0
S A
•
K aren a E d an d S searah , m aka
q O • R
q
ΦE = E dS = ε0 HOLLOW
S
q
atau ΦE = E dS =
ε0
S
q q
E x 4π R2 = atau E=
ε0 4π ε 0 R 2

σ
q = σ x 4π R 2  E= M ed an listrik ad alah m axim u m .
ε0
iii) Titik B d i d alam b o la:
H u ku m G au ss, E
dS
q
ΦE = E . dS = B
ε0
S •
q O • R
K aren a E d an d S searah , m aka
r’
q
ΦE = HOLLOW
E dS = ε0
S
q
atau ΦE = E dS = ε0 E
S
q 0 E m ax
E x 4π r ’2 = atau E=
ε0 4π ε 0 r ’ 2
(karen a q = 0 d i d alam b o la, m aka
E=0
O
R r
Isolator bentuk Bola
Muatan (+Q ) terdistribusi homogen di seluruh volume bola
berjari-jari a. tentukan E di r<a dan r>a.

16
 
Symmetri bola :

E  E rˆ

17
U n tu k : r > a
Gambar bidang Gauss bola di (r > a )

Catatan : r adalah jari-

jari dimana medan listrik
E akan dihitung !

18
Muatan total didalam
bidang Gauss : q in = +Q
 
 E   E  dA  E  dA  EA
S S


 E 4 r 2 
qin Q
 E  4 r E  2

0 0

Q  Q
E E rˆ
4 0 r 2
4 0 r 2
19
U n tu k : r < a
Muatan total didalam bidang Gauss :
4 3
 r   r 3

qin   3 Q   3 Q atau
 4 a 3   a 
 
3  qin  V

Hukum Gauss’s :

qin  r Q
3


 E  E 4 r  2
  3 
0  a  0
Q r  Q r
E E rˆ
4 0 a 3
4 0 a 3
20
L in e In te g ra l o f E le c tric F ie ld (W o rk D o n e b y E le c tric F ie ld ):
N eg ative L in e In teg ral o f E lectric F ield rep resen ts th e w o rk d o n e b y th e electric
field o n a u n it p o sitive ch arg e in m o vin g it fro m o n e p o in t to an o th er in th e
electric field . B
Y
W AB = dW = - E . dl
A F
L et q 0 b e th e test ch arg e in p lace o f th e u n it A
p o sitive ch arg e. rA +q0
r B
T h e fo rce F = + q 0 E acts o n th e test ch arg e rB
d u e to th e so u rce ch arg e + q . +q
O X
It is rad ially o u tw ard an d ten d s to accelerate
th e test ch arg e. To p reven t th is acceleratio n ,
eq u al an d o p p o site fo rce –q 0 E h as to b e Z
ap p lied o n th e test ch arg e.

To tal w o rk d o n e b y th e electric field o n th e test ch arg e in m o vin g it fro m A to B

in th e electric field is
B
1 1
W AB = dW = - E . dl =
qq0
4π ε 0
[r B
-
rA
]
A
 B
1 1
W AB = dW = - E . dl =
qq0
4π ε 0
[r B
-
rA
]
A
1. T h e eq u atio n sh o w s th at th e w o rk d o n e in m o vin g a test ch arg e q 0 fro m
p o in t A to an o th er p o in t B alo n g an y p ath A B in an electric field d u e to + q
ch arg e d ep en d s o n ly o n th e p o sitio n s o f th ese p o in ts an d is in d ep en d en t o f
th e actu al p ath fo llo w ed b etw een A an d B .
2. T h at is, th e lin e in teg ral o f electric field is p ath in d ep en d en t.
3. T h erefo re, electric field is ‘co n servative field ’.
4. L in e in teg ral o f electric field o ver a clo sed p ath is zero . T h is is an o th er
co n d itio n satisfied b y co n servative field .
B

E . dl = 0
A
N o te:
L in e in teg ral o f o n ly static electric field is in d ep en d en t o f th e p ath fo llo w ed .
H o w ever, lin e in teg ral o f th e field d u e to a m o vin g ch arg e is n o t in d ep en d en t o f
th e p ath b ecau se th e field varies w ith tim e.
E le c tric P o te n tia l:
E lectric p o ten tial is a p h ysical q u an tity w h ich d eterm in es th e flo w o f ch arg es
fro m o n e b o d y to an o th er.
It is a p h ysical q u an tity th at d eterm in es th e d eg ree o f electrificatio n o f a b o d y.
E lectric P o ten tial at a p o in t in th e electric field is d efin ed as th e w o rk d o n e in
m o vin g (w ith o u t an y acceleratio n ) a u n it p o sitive ch arg e fro m in fin ity to th at
p o in t ag ain st th e electro static fo rce irresp ective o f th e p ath fo llo w ed .
B
1 1 1 1
W AB = - E . dl =
qq0
4π ε 0
[r B
-
rA
] or
W AB
q0 =
q
4π ε 0
[r B
-
rA
]
A
A cco rd in g to d efin itio n , r A = ∞ an d r B = r
(w h ere r is th e d istan ce fro m th e so u rce ch arg e
an d th e p o in t o f co n sid eratio n )
W ∞B q W ∞B
=V V=
q0 = 4π ε 0 r q0

S I u n it o f electric p o ten tial is vo lt (V ) o r J C -1 o r N m C -1 .

E lectric p o ten tial at a p o in t is o n e vo lt if o n e jo u le o f w o rk is d o n e in m o vin g
o n e co u lo m b ch arg e fro m in fin ity to th at p o in t in th e electric field .
E le c tric P o te n tia l D iffe re n c e :
E lectric P o ten tial D ifferen ce b etw een an y tw o p o in ts in th e electric field is
d efin ed as th e w o rk d o n e in m o vin g (w ith o u t an y acceleratio n ) a u n it p o sitive
ch arg e fro m o n e p o in t to th e o th er ag ain st th e electro static fo rce irresp ective
o f th e p ath fo llo w ed .
B
1 1 1 1
W AB = - E . dl =
qq0
4π ε 0
[r B
-
rA
] or
W AB
q0 =
q
4π ε 0
[r B
-
rA
]
A

W AB q 1 q 1
- = VB - VA
q0 = 4π ε 0 rB 4π ε 0 rA

W AB
VB - VA = ∆V =
q0

1. E lectric p o ten tial an d p o ten tial d ifferen ce are scalar q u an tities.

2. E lectric p o ten tial at in fin ity is zero .
3. E lectric p o ten tial n ear an iso lated p o sitive ch arg e (q > 0) is p o sitive an d th at
n ear an iso lated n eg ative ch arg e (q < 0) is n eg ative.
4. cg s u n it o f electric p o ten tial is stat vo lt. 1 stat vo lt = 1 erg / stat co u lo m b
E le c tric P o te n tia l d u e to a S in g le P o in t C h a rg e :
L et + q 0 b e th e test ch arg e
p laced at P at a d istan ce x E dx +q0 q 0E
fro m th e so u rce ch arg e + q . B ∞
+q Q P
T h e fo rce F = + q 0 E is r
rad ially o u tw ard an d ten d s x
to accelerate th e test ch arg e.

To p reven t th is acceleratio n , eq u al an d o p p o site fo rce –q 0 E h as to b e ap p lied

o n th e test ch arg e.
W o rk d o n e to m o ve q 0 fro m P to Q th ro u g h ‘d x’ ag ain st q 0 E is

d W = F . d x = q 0E . d x or d W = q 0 E d x co s 180° = - q 0 E d x
q q0 q
dW = - dx E=
4π ε 0 x 2 4π ε 0 x 2
W ∞B q
To tal w o rk d o n e to m o ve q 0 fro m A to B (fro m ∞ to r ) is =
q0 4π ε 0 r
B
r r
q q0 q q0 1 q
W ∞B = dW = - dx =- dx
∞ 4π ε 0 x 2 4π ε 0 x 2 x2 V =
∞ ∞ 4π ε 0 r
E le c tric P o te n tia l d u e to a G ro u p o f P o in t C h a rg e s :
T h e n et electro static p o ten tial at a p o in t in th e
q1
electric field d u e to a g ro u p o f ch arg es is th e
alg eb raic su m o f th eir in d ivid u al p o ten tials at th at r1
p o in t. qn q2
+1 C r2
VP = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + … … … … + Vn rn
P
r4 r3
1 n qi
V= ∑
4π ε 0 i= 1 ri
q4 q3
1 n qi ( in term s o f
V= ∑ p o sitio n vecto r )
4π ε 0 i= 1 │r - r i │

1. E lectric p o ten tial at a p o in t d u e to a ch arg e is n o t affected b y th e p resen ce

o f o th er ch arg es.
2. P o ten tial, V α 1 / r w h ereas C o u lo m b ’s fo rce F α 1 / r 2 .
3. P o ten tial is a scalar w h ereas F o rce is a vecto r.
4. A lth o u g h V is called th e p o ten tial at a p o in t, it is actu ally eq u al to th e
p o ten tial d ifferen ce b etw een th e p o in ts r an d ∞.
E le c tric P o te n tia l d u e to a n E le c tric D ip o le :
i) A t a p o in t o n th e axial lin e:

1 q
VP =
4π ε 0 (x – l)
q+

A B +1 C
1 -q
VP = -q O +q P
4π ε 0 (x + l)
q-
p

l l
VP = VP + VP x
q+ q-

VP =
q
4π ε 0 [ 1
(x – l)
-
1
(x + l)
]
1 q . 2l
VP =
4π ε 0 (x 2 – l2 )

1 p
VP =
4π ε 0 (x 2 – l2 )
ii) A t a p o in t o n th e eq u ato rial lin e:

1 q
VQ =
q+
4π ε 0 BQ Q

1 -q
VQ =
q-
4π ε 0 AQ y
A θ θ B
VQ = VP + VP -q O +q
q+ q-
p

l l
VQ =
q
4π ε 0 [ 1
BQ
-
1
AQ
]
VQ = 0 BQ = AQ

T h e n et electro static p o ten tial at a p o in t in th e electric field d u e to an electric

d ip o le at an y p o in t o n th e eq u ato rial lin e is zero .
E q u ip o te n tia l S u rfa c e s :
A su rface at every p o in t o f w h ich th e p o ten tial d u e to ch arg e d istrib u tio n is
th e sam e is called eq u ip o ten tial su rface.
i) F o r a u n ifo rm electric field :

V1 V2 V3
E

P lan e E q u ip o ten tial S u rfaces +

S p h erical E q u ip o ten tial S u rfaces

ii) F o r an iso lated ch arg e:

S ifa t2 d a ri p e rm u k a a n E k u ip o te n s ia l:
1. Tid ak ad a kerja yan g d ilaku kan o leh m u atan p ad a p erm u kaan ekip o ten sial

W AB
V B - V A = ∆V =
q0

Jika A d an B d u a titik p ad a p erm u kaan ekip o ten sial, m aka V B = V A .

W AB
=0 or W AB = 0
q0

2. M ed an listrik selalu teg ak lu ru s p ad a elem en d l p ad a p erm u kaan

ekip o ten sial
K aren a tid ak ad a kerja yg d ilaku kan p ad a
p erm u kaan ekip o ten sial, B

W AB = - E . dl = 0 yaitu E d l co s θ = 0
A

A s E ≠ 0 an d d l ≠ 0, co s θ = 0 or θ = 90°
3. E q u ip o ten tial su rfaces in d icate reg io n s o f stro n g o r w eak electric field s.

E lectric field is d efin ed as th e n eg ative p o ten tial g rad ien t.

dV dV
E=- or dr = -
dr E
S in ce d V is co n stan t o n eq u ip o ten tial su rface, so
1
dr α
E

If E is stro n g (larg e), d r w ill b e sm all, i.e. th e sep aratio n o f eq u ip o ten tial
su rfaces w ill b e sm aller (i.e. eq u ip o ten tial su rfaces are cro w d ed ) an d vice
versa.

4. Tw o eq u ip o ten tial su rfaces can n o t in tersect.

If tw o eq u ip o ten tial su rfaces in tersect, th en at th e p o in ts o f in tersectio n ,
th ere w ill b e tw o valu es o f th e electric p o ten tial w h ich is n o t p o ssib le.
E le c tro s ta tic P o te n tia l E n e rg y :
T h e w o rk d o n e in m o vin g a ch arg e q fro m in fin ity to a p o in t in th e field
ag ain st th e electric fo rce is called electro static p o ten tial en erg y.

W =qV

i) E lectro static P o ten tial E n erg y

Y
o f a Tw o C h arg es S ystem :
A (q 1 )
1 q 1q 2 r2 - r1
U = r1
4π ε 0 │ r2 - r1 │ B (q 2 )
r2
or
O X
1 q 1q 2
U =
4π ε 0 r 12 Z
ii) E lectro static P o ten tial E n erg y
Y C (q 3 )
o f a T h ree C h arg es S ystem :
r3 - r1
A (q 1 )
1 q 1q 2 1 q 1q 3 r3 - r2
U = + r1 r2 - r1
4π ε 0 │ r2 - r1 │ 4π ε 0 │ r3 - r1 │ r3 B (q 2 )
r2
1 q 2q 3
+ O X
4π ε 0 │ r3 - r2 │
Z

q 1q 2 q 1q 3 q 2q 3
or U =
1
4π ε 0 [ r 12
+
r 31
+
r 32 ]
iii) E lectro static P o ten tial E n erg y o f an n - C h arg es S ystem :

U =
1
2
[ 1
4π ε 0
n
∑ ∑
i= 1
n

j= 1
qi qj

│ rj - ri │
]
i≠j
 Potential for Uniformly Charged
Non-Conducting Solid Sphere
From Gauss’s Law
 Q ˆ
 r, r  R
  4 0 r 2

E
 Qr rˆ , r  R
 4 0 R 3
B
 
Use VB  VA    E  d s
A
Point Charge!
R e g io n 1 : r > a
r Q 1 Q
VB  V       dr 
  4 0 r 2
4 0 r 34
0
 Potential for Uniformly Charged
Non-Conducting Solid Sphere
R e g io n 2 : r < a
R r
VD  V       drE  r  R   R drE  r  R 

0
R Q r Qr
   dr   dr
 4 0 r 2 R 4 0 R 3

1 Q 1 Q 1 2
 
4 0 R 4 0 R 3 2
r  
R 2

1 Q r2 
  3 2 
8 0 R  R 
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Potential for Uniformly Charged
Non-Conducting Solid Sphere

36