Lecture 11

Ship Types
 SHIP TYPES
LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships

 SHIP TYPES
BY CARGO TYPES

Bulk General
Trades Cargo Trades

Bulk
Tanker Breakbulk Container RoRo
Carrier

Oil Major Tween Wheeled

Deep-sea
Tanker Bulk Decker Cargo

Chemical Minor Multi- Car

Short-sea
Tanker Bulks Purpose Carrier

Food
Reefer
Tankers

LNG Palletised
 SHIP TYPES
WORLD FLEET

World Fleet 2000 and 2008

(million dwt)

>6,600
ships

2000 2008

Source: UNCTAD, 2002, 2004, 2009

 SHIP TYPES
BULK CARGO
Cargo
Large homogeneous consignments
Same cargo
Consignment fills a complete ship or hold
Simple stowage requirements
Shipment details
Small number of shippers
Cargo loaded near location of origin
Cargo discharged near destination
Port-to-port contracts
 SHIP TYPES
GENERAL CARGO - CHARACTERISTICS
Insufficient to fill a ship or hold
Large numbers of shippers
Small diverse consignments
Difficult stowage requirements
Often onward hinterland move(s)
Multi-port itineraries
Primarily container, breakbulk and roro
 SHIP TYPES
BREAKBULK
Low handling rates
Highly labour intensive
High cost operations
Very low productivity
High freight rates
Long delivery times
Poor cargo quality control
Constraint on trade
 SHIP TYPES
BREAKBULK – STANDARD UNITS
Pallets

Paper

Tonne Bags Coils Pallets

 SHIP TYPES
SHIP DESIGN & VOYAGE TYPE
Different types of voyage (journey)
Deep-sea v Short-sea
Mainline v Feeder
Coastal v Short sea
Coastal v River
It is not the ship type but the journey
Voyage and ship size
Deep-sea tend to be large
Mainline tend to be large
Short-sea tend to be small
Feeder tend to be small
River tend to be small
Voyage and water conditions
Oceans
Straits
Coastal
Rivers
Voyage length
Different crew needs
Different fuel quantity
 SHIP TYPES
LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships

 TANKERS
LIQUID CARGO
Shipped in bulk
Ship load consignment = 1 cargo per ship
Hold load (parcel) consignment = multiple cargoes per ship
Loading and unloading by pumping
May need to heat liquid if it is viscous (sticky)

? ? ? ? ?
 TANKERS
OIL TANKERS
 TANKERS
SINGLE HULL & DOUBLE HULL
Single Hull Double Hull
 TANKERS
RISK OF EXPLOSIONS – INERT GAS
Sun on liquid oil = vapour (gas)
Ignition + vapour + oxygen = explosions
Inert gas = replace oxygen with a safe gas (engine exhaust)
 TANKERS
LOADING & UNLOADING
 TANKERS
TANKER SHIP SIZES
Handysize (10,000 to 30,000 dwt) Hellespont Alhambra
Handymax (30,000 to 50,000 dwt) 441,893 dwt
Panamax (50,000 to 80,000 dwt) Draft 24.5m
Aframax (80,000 to 120,000 dwt) LOA 380m
Suezmax (120,000 to 200,000 dwt) Beam 68m
VLCC (200,000 to 320,000 dwt) Design speed 16.5 Knots
ULCC (320,000 to 550,000 dwt)
 TANKERS
TANKER SHIP SIZES - ULCC
 TANKERS
SPECIALISED CHEMICAL CARRIERS
Parcel chemical tanker
Typically up to 40,000 tonnes deadweight
Many small cargo tanks (up to 54 separate tanks)
Tanks have dedicated pipeline
Tanks often made of stainless steel
Product / chemical tanker
Similar size to parcel tankers
Fewer cargo tanks Acid Tanker
Mostly coated in steel rather than stainless steel
Fruit Juice Tanker
Less sophisticated pump and line arrangements
Carry less difficult chemicals
Specialised chemical carriers
Small to medium sized ships
Often dedicated to one trade
Wine Tanker
Usually carrying a single cargo
Acid
Molten sulphur
Methanol
Fruit juice
Palm oil Vegetable Oil Tanker
Wine
 TANKERS
LNG CARRIERS
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) natural gas that is converted temporarily to a liquid form for
ease of storage or transportation
 TANKERS
LNG MEMBRANE – LNG MOSS TANKS

Membrane Tanks Moss Tanks

 TANKERS
FRUIT JUICE TANKER
Carlos Fisher
Year Built 2004
Length 205m
Breadth 32.2m
Draught 9.5m
Capacity 37,000 tonnes orange juice
Special design
Refrigerated storage tanks
Pipework for flow of juice
 SHIP TYPES
LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships

 DRY BULK SHIPS
(DRY) BULK CARGO
Shipped in bulk
Ship load consignment = 1 cargo per ship (major and minor bulks)
Hold load (parcel) consignment = multiple cargoes per ship
Loading and unloading
Grab (digging material with crane)
Pneumatic (suction)
Crane hook (mechanical attachment)

Grain Rice Cement Coal Salt

 DRY BULK SHIPS
DRY BULK - HANDYSIZE
Characteristics
DWT 10,000 to 35,000 dwt
Draft between 7m and 10m
LOA between 110m and 170m
Beam 19m to 27m
Typically up to 5 cargo holds
Generally geared
Design speed 14 Knots
Market
Very flexible as size allows them to enter
small ports
Do not require ports to have cranes
Carry variety cargo including: steel products,
woodchips. grain, ores, phosphate, cement,
logs, grain, etc.
 DRY BULK SHIPS
DRY BULK - HANDYMAX
Characteristics
DWT 35,000 to 59,000
Draft 10m to 12m
LOA 160m to 190m
Beam 24m to 32.26m
Typically 5 cargo holds
Generally geared
Design speed 15 Knots
Market
Do not require ports to have cranes
All five of the major bulks and also some of the
larger minor bulks such as cement, logs, sugar,
salt, steel, fertilizer and logs
 DRY BULK SHIPS
DRY BULK - PANAMAX
Characteristics
DWT 60,000 to 80,000
Draft 11m to 13.4m
LOA 225m to 229m
Beam 24m to 32.26m
Not geared
Design speed 14.5 Knots
Market
Limited to ports with suitable cranes
All five of the major bulks and some minor bulks (sulphur, cement, clinker, pellets
and fertilizers)
 DRY BULK SHIPS
DRY BULK - CAPESIZE
Characteristics
DWT 80,000 to 200,000
Draft 12m to 17m
LOA 225m to 289m
Beam 37m to 45m
Not geared
Design speed 14.5 Knots
Market
Limited to specific ports
Transport primarily iron ore and coal
Few older vessels dedicated to the carriage
of grain.
Carry approximately 75% of the maritime iron
ore trade and 45% of the coal trade
Voyage via Cape Horn or Cape of Good Hope
 DRY BULK SHIPS
DRY BULK – VLBC (VLOC)
Characteristics
DWT 200,000 to 380,000
Draft 18m to 23m
LOA 300m to 332m
Beam 45m to 58m
Not geared
Design speed 15 Knots
Market
Limited to a few ports
Transport iron ore and coal
 DRY BULK SHIPS
DRY BULK – CHINAMAX (VALEMAX)
Characteristics
DWT 380,000 to 400,000
Draft 23m
LOA 65m
Not geared
Design speed 15.4 Knots
Market
Limited to a few ports
Transport iron ore and coal

Chinamax (Valemax)

Panamax
 DRY BULK SHIPS
OIL-BULK-ORE CARRIER (OBO)
 DRY BULK SHIPS
CONBULK

Star Geiranger
11 cargo holds
Total of 2,286 TEU
Under deck 4 high, 11 across
Above deck 4 high 11 across
22 reefer plugs
Grain capacity of 65,338m³
Bale capacity of 65,298m³
 SHIP TYPES
LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships

 BREAKBULK SHIPS
BREAKBULK CARGO
Loose cargo of different shapes & sizes
Low handling rates
Highly labour intensive
High cost operations
Very low vessel productivity
High freight rates
Long delivery times
Poor cargo quality control
Constraint on trade
 BREAKBULK SHIPS
MULTI PURPOSE SHIP
 SHIP TYPES
LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships

 RORO SHIPS
CARGO - VEHICLES
Vehicles
New vehicles
Used vehicles
 RORO SHIPS
CARGO - TRUCKS & TRAILERS
Vehicles
Trucks and trailers
Accompanied (trailer only)
Unaccompanied (truck and trailer)
 RORO SHIPS
CARGO - OVERSIZED
Vehicles
Trucks and trailers
Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo)
Wheeled
Caterpillar
 RORO SHIPS
CARGO - ROLL TRAILERS
Vehicles
Trucks and trailers
Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo)
Roll trailer
Minor bulks
General and project cargo
 RORO SHIPS
CARGO - NON WHEELED
Vehicles
Trucks and trailers
Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo)
Roll trailer
Non-wheeled cargo
Containers
Boxes etc
Industrial equipment
 RORO SHIPS
CARGO – NON WHEELED CASSETTES
Vehicles
Trucks and trailers
Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo)
Roll trailer
Non-wheeled cargo
Containers
Boxes etc
Industrial equipment
Cassettes
 RORO SHIPS
CARGO - ANYTHING….
Vehicles
Trucks and trailers
Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo)
Roll trailer
Non-wheeled cargo
Other (anything that fits)
 RORO SHIPS
PASSENGERS
Vehicles
Trucks and trailers
Oversized specialist equipment
Roll trailer
Non-wheeled cargo
Other (anything that fits)
Passengers
Cars
Coaches
Motorbikes
On foot
 RORO SHIPS
WHEELED CARGO
Primarily movement of vehicles or wheeled equipment
May include one or a combination of
Commercial vehicles – trucks, vans
Passenger – passengers, motor bikes, cars, busses
May combine wheeled and non-wheeled cargo
Roll trailers (MAFIs)
Cassettes
Fork lift trucks to load cargo
Containers
Large numbers of shippers
Ship sailing
Between 2 ports
Multiport port calls
 RORO SHIPS
WHEELED – RORO ACCOMPANIED
 RORO SHIPS
WHEELED – RORO UNACCOMPANIED
 RORO SHIPS
ANATOMY – STERN RAMPS
 RORO SHIPS
ANATOMY – SIDE RAMPS
 RORO SHIPS
ANATOMY – BOW DOOR
 RORO SHIPS
ANATOMY – MOVEABLE FLOORS
 RORO SHIPS
ANATOMY – INTERNAL RAMPS
 RORO SHIPS
RORO FREIGHT VESSELS
RoRo = roll-on roll-off
Pure freight carrying RoRo vessels
Very limited accommodation for truck drivers
Would transport
Truck & trailer & driver (accompanied)
Trailer (unaccompanied)
 RORO SHIPS
ROPAX VESSELS
ROPAX = Roll on Roll off freight and passengers
Designed to carry
Wheeled freight cargo
Includes passenger accommodation (typically 250 passengers)
 RORO SHIPS
LORO VESSELS
LORO – Lo-Lo and Ro-Ro = load-on load-off and roll-on roll-off
RoRo access to main deck
LoLo access to weather deck
Targets wheeled cargo and general cargo
 RORO SHIPS
CONRO VESSELS
CONRO – Container and Roll-on Roll-off
RoRo access to main deck
Container storage on weather deck
Targets wheeled cargo and container
 RORO SHIPS
STORO VESSELS
STORO – Stow and Ro-Ro
RoRo access to main deck
Side door access to upper and lower decks for
stowage of palletised cargo
 RORO SHIPS
RORO – RAIL VESSELS
 RORO SHIPS
PURE CAR CARRIERS - PCCs
PCC = Pure Car Carrier
Target new car trades

Ship size measured as

Lanes In Meter (LIM)
CEU (Car Equivalent Unit)
 RORO SHIPS
PCC TRICOLOR
50,000 tonne vessel
Value $40m
Cargo of 2,871 new cars
BMW, Volvo and SAAB
14 December 2002
Collided in fog with a container ship in the
English Channel
No cars salvaged
Removed from the wreck and destroyed
Value $48m (retail value of $96m)
 RORO SHIPS
PAX VESSELS
PAX = Passenger RoRo
Target passenger traffic
Cars
Coaches
Motor bikes
Foot passenger
Usually in excess of 250 passengers
May carry small vans and some trucks
Facilities often include
Cabins
Restaurants
Entertainment
 SHIP TYPES
LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships

 CONTAINER SHIPS
CONTAINER CHARACTERISTICS
Highly capital intensive
1 ship = +$100m
High handling rates
+2000 tonnes ship working hour
High vessel productivity
Low per TEU freight cost
Fast delivery times
Good cargo quality control
Catalyst for world trade
 CONTAINER SHIPS
CONTAINER – FULLY CELLULAR
Design of containership dictates where
Container length can be stowed
Container types can be stowed
Cell guides
Ease handling operations
Support stacked containers.
May be reconfigured
 CONTAINER SHIPS
CONTAINER – FULLY CELLULAR

V-shaped to guide
container into cell.

Cell guides Tank top to mirror

curvature of hull
 CONTAINER SHIPS
CELL GUIDES ABOVE DECK
CONTAINER SHIPS
EMMA MAERSK
 CONTAINER SHIPS
SEMI-HATCHLESS SHIP

Barmbex
Total 1,620 TEU
308 Reefer points
27.2 beam
10 wide
9.0m draught
LOA 169m
Ice Class
Built 2005
 CONTAINER SHIPS
CONTAINER – BARGES
 CONTAINER SHIPS
SHIPS THAT CARRY CONTAINERS

RoRo RoLo LoLo RoRo Passenger Container CoRo

Conbulker Open Bulk Container

OPERATIONS Multipurpose Semi container

Geared cellular 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation

Hatchless Container Barge Lash Heavy Lift

 SHIP TYPES
LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships

 SPECIALISED SHIPS
LASH VESSELS

Baco-Liner I
Total 652 TEU
12 barges (800 tonnes)
28.5 beam
6.65m draught
LOA 205m
Built 1980
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
REEFER
Container and breakbulk
Temperature controlled shipments
Specialised trade
Highly seasonal
Vertical integration
Declining sector
Average age of vessels increasing
Being replaced by containers
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
CEMENT CARRIER
Cembay
Year Built 1998
Length 89m
Breadth 14 m
Gross Tonnage 3,017 t
Dead Weight 4,216 t
Speed 13.1 max / 10.3 avg knots
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
PROJECT & HEAVY LIFT
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
HEAVY LIFT SHIPS
Jumbo Jubilee
Year Built 2009
Length 145m
Breadth 26m
Draught 6.4m
DWT 13,017 tons
Capacity
Deck 3,100 m2
Cranes 2 x 900 tons
Speed 17 knots
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
WOOD CHIP CARRIER
Keoyang Majesty
Year Built 1997
Length 221m
Breadth 32m
DWT 43,181 tons
Speed 13.5 knots
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
LOG FITTED BULK CARRIER
Pacific Logger
Year Built 2000
Length 176m
Breadth 30m
DWT 41,877tons
Speed 10.0 knots
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
LIVESTOCK CARRIER
Ocean Shearer
Year Built 1980
Length 213.30m
Breadth 32.2m
DWT 23,263 tons
Speed 24 knots
 SPECIALISED SHIPS
SELF DISCHARGING VESSELS