~ ~ ~ THE BRAIN ~ ~ ~ Ann Nguyen -- NYUCD 2008

Dr. Singh D1 Anatomy Notes -- Spring '05

EMBRYOLOGY OF THE BRAIN

Neural tube (has a lumen) develops into 3 primary vesicles…

• forebrain = “Prosencephalon”
• midbrain = “Mesencephalon” divided from e/o by constrictions;
• hindbrain = “Rhombencephalon” continuous w/ the spinal cord

Further specialization results in 5 vesicles and the lumen becomes ventricles

○ Proencephalon  • Telencephalon
- R&L cerebral hemispheres
- 2 Lateral Ventricles
• Diencephalon
- thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
- neural part of the eye (retina)
- Third Ventricle

○ Mesencephalon  - remains the same

- Cerebral Aqueduct

○ Rhombencephalon  • Metencephalon  cerebellum, pons

• Myelencephalon  medulla oblongata

Brain flexes forward during development,

so dorsal (posterior) becomes superior
and ventral (anterior) becomes inferior
• dorsal = top of brain
• ventral = bottom of brain
Lateral Ventricles  Intraventricular Foramen  Third Ventricle
Third Ventricle  Cerebral Aqueduct  Fourth Ventricle  Central Canal of the brain  Central Canal of the spinal cord

MENINGES

• Dura Mater = “Pachymenix”

- periosteal layer
- meningeal layer

• Arachnoid (avasular)
“Leptomeninges”
• Pia Mater
- inseparable from the brain
- follows into the brain’s sulci (grooves) & gyri (ridges)

• Epidural Space = only a potential space b/t Dura Mater & calvaria
• Subdural Space = only a potential space b/t Dura Mater & Arachnoid
• Subarachnoid Space = CSF-filled space b/t Arachnoid & Pia Mater Compiled for you by:
LOBES AND POLES Ann Nguyen -- NYUCD 2008
D1 Anatomy Notes -- Spring '05
Poles: Lobes:
- frontal - frontal - parietal
- temporal - temporal - central = “Insula” / “Isle of Reil”
- occipital - occipital - limbic = more functional than antatomical

• Central Sulcus (of Rollando)

- divides frontal and parietal lobes
• Pre-central Gyrus = sends out somatic efferent motor info
• Post-central Gyrus = receives somatic afferent sensory info

• Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)

- divides frontal and temporal lobes
- pull this away and you can see the Central Lobe / ‘Insula’

• Parietoocciptal Sulcus = divides parietal and occipital lobes

• Cingulate Sulcus = divides frontal & limbic lobes (medial view)
• Preoccipital Notch = b/t the occipital lobe and cerebellum
• Calcarine Sulcus = contains the primary visual center in the occipital pole
• Corpus Collosum = contains fiber bundles that connect R&L hemispheres
- Genu
- Splenium
• Collosal Sulcus
• Isthmus
• Parahippocampal Gyrus & Uncus

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VENTRICLES Ann Nguyen
HUMUNCULUS = tells you what proportion of the body is dedicated -- NYUCD
to cerebral 2008
cortex
D1head
notice that the largest representation is for the Anatomy
& Notes
hands-- Spring '05
(4 structures with in the Telencephalon)

(A) • 2 lateral ventricles

• Third Ventricle
• Fourth Ventricle
rd
- Intraventricular Foramen = communicates b/t Lateral and 3
rd th
- Cerebral Aqueduct = communicates b/t 3 and 4
(B) Hippocampus-Fornix System
(C) Caudate Nucleus
(D) Limbic Lobe

BASAL GANGLIA

(a misnomer)
- ganglion = cell bodies outside the CNS
- nuclei = cell bodies inside the CNS

• Caudate Head & Tail

• Globus Pallidus
• Putamen
• Claustrum
• Amygdala

- in clinical parlance, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus are often included.
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- BASAL GANGLIA DISORDERS RESULT IN ABNORMALITIES OF MOVEMENT  Parkinson’s, tremors, etc
SOMATIC AFFERENT SENSORY PATHWAYS Ann Nguyen -- NYUCD 2008
involves 3 neurons: D1 Anatomy Notes -- Spring '05

st
1 ORDER NEURON cell bodies are generally found OUTSIDE THE CNS (exceptions include the trigeminal)

sensory info comes into the dorsal horn and then can take 3 alternative pathways…
1. simple reflex arc = pre synapses directly w/ post
2. complex reflex arc = involves an interneuron between pre & post
ND
3. pre synapses w/ a 2 ORDER NEURON that crosses to the other side and continues to either…
• CEREBELLUM
RD
• THALAMUS  in the thalamus, there is a 3 ORDER NEURON that continues up to the CORTEX

SOMATIC EFFERENT MOTOR PATHWAYS

involves 2 neurons:

upper motor neuron originates in cortex,

crosses over at the jxn of medulla & spinal cord
(pyramidal decussation),
synapses w/ lower motor neuron in the ventral horn,
lower motor neuron goes out to the muscle

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CRANIAL NERVES Ann Nguyen -- NYUCD 2008
D1 Anatomy Notes -- Spring '05

 All cranial nerves attach to the brainstem except CN #1 and #2

I: telencephaon: olfactory trigone  olfactory tract  anterior fossa  olfactory bulbs  perforations in Cribiform Plate  nasal cavity
II: diencephalon: lateral geniculate body  fibers cross at optic chiasma  R&L optic nerves  Optic Foramen  orbit
III: midbrain: interpeduncular fossa  lateral cavernous sinus  Superior Orbital Fissure  orbit
IV: midbrain (dorsal): encircles the brainstem  runs anteriorly  cavernous sinus  Superior Orbital Fissure  orbit
V: mid-pons: Trigeminal Ganglion
V1 Ophthalmic: cave  lateral cavernous sinus  Superior Orbital Fissure
V2 Maxillary: cave  lateral cavernous sinus  Foramen Rotundum  pterygopalatine fossa
V3 Mandibular: cave  Foramen Ovale  infratemporal fossa
VI: pons-medulla clivus  petrous temporal ridge  cavernous sinus  Superior Orbital Fissure
VII: pons-medulla internal auditory meatus  petrous temporal bone  facial canal  Stylomastoid Foramen
VIII: pons-medulla Internal Auditory Meatus  petrous temporal bone  cochlea & semicircular canals
IX: medulla behind Olive  Jugular Foramen
X: medulla behind Olive  Jugular Foramen
XI: medulla Cranial portion: behind Olive, below Vagus fibers  joins cranial portion  split off to join Vagus  Jugular Foramen
Spinal portion: spinal cord segments C1-C5  ascends to join the cranial portion  Jugular Foramen
XII: medulla between Olive & Pyramid  Hypoglossal Canal

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CIRCLE OF WILLIS Ann Nguyen -- NYUCD 2008
D1 Anatomy Notes -- Spring '05

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