PRIME FACTORISATOION

180 = 22 × 32 × 5
126 = 2 × 32 × 7
• HCF: Take lowest and common factor
• LCM: Take highest power and all available factor
• Perfect square: Power are even
• Perfect cube: Powers are multiple of 3
• Word problem:
i. Meet/come together again (LCM)
ii. Highest/ Largest/Greatest (HCF)

Example 1:
a) Find the HCF and LCM of 180 and 126.
b) Find smallest integer N such that 126N is a perfect square.
c) Find smallest integer M such that 180M is a perfect cube.

Solution 1:
a) HCF: 2 × 32 LCM:22 × 32 × 5 × 7
b) 𝑁 = 2 × 7
c) 𝑀 = 2 × 3 × 52
Example 2:
If 126𝐾 is a multiple of 180. Find 𝐾.

Solution 2:
𝐿𝐶𝑀 22 × 32 × 5 × 7
𝐾= = = 10
126 2 × 32 × 7

Example 3:
Three buses A, B and C leave the bus deport at intervals of 8 minutes, 12 minutes and 20 minutes
respectively. If all the three buses leave at 7.00am in the morning, find the time when they leave the
depot together again.

Solution 3:
8 = 23 12 = 22 × 3 20 = 22 × 5
3
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 120 min
They leave the deport again at 9.00am
Example 4:
Mr. Tan groups 126 boys and 180 girls equally into as many groups as possible.
a) Find the largest number of groups formed.
b) Find the number of girls and boys in each group.]
Solution 4:
180 = 22 × 32 × 5
126 = 2 × 32 × 7
a) 𝐻𝐶𝐹 = 18 Groups
180
b) 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠 = 18 = 10
126
c) 𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 = =7
18
REAL NUMBERS

Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, … ..

Perfect square: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, … ..
Perfect cube: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, … ..
Real numbers

Irrational (cannot convert into fraction) rational

√2, 𝜋

Integer fraction
1 22 3
, ,
2 7 2
Negative zero Positive (natural numbers)
−2, −5 0 1, 2, 3

Whole number

PATTERN

For 1 difference → 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1)

𝑎 = first number 𝑑 = difference
𝑑2
For 2 differences→ 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎 + 𝑑1 𝑛 − 1 + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)
( )
2
𝑑1 = first difference 𝑑2 = second difference
Example 1:
Consider the sequences 18, 14.5, 11, 7.5, 4, …
a) Write down the next two terms of the sequence.
b) Write down the nth term of the sequence.
c) Write down the 15th term of the sequences
d) Which term of the sequence is - 45?
Solution 1:
a) Difference = −3.5
Next two terms are 0.5 and −3.
b) Use formula, 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 18 − 3.5(𝑛 − 1), expand and simplify
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 21.5 − 3.5𝑛
c) Let 𝑛 = 15, → 15𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = −31
d) Let 21.5 − 3.5𝑛 = 45, solve for n
𝑛 = 19𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Example 2:
Consider the sequences 11, 18, 27, 38, 51
7 9 11
2 2
Solution2:

2
Use formula. 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 11 + 7(𝑛 − 1) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) = 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 6
2
SPEED/DISTANCE/TIME

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = , 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = , 𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

SPEED/DISTANCE TIME GRAPH

1. Speed-time graph
• Total diatance = Area under graph
• Acceleration = Gradient
1
a. Total Dist = (10 + 25) × 16 = 280m
2
16
b. Acceleration = 10 = 1.6m/s
16
c. Deceleration in last 5s = 5
= 3.2m/s

d. Find the speed at 𝑡 = 4 → use gradient

let speed at 𝑡 = 4 be 𝑣
𝑣
= 1.6 →∴ 𝑣 = 6.4m/s
4

2. Speed-time VS Distance-time
• Speed = Gradient
1
a. 2
× 10 × 16 = 80m

b. 10 × 16 = 160m
1
c. × 5 × 16 = 40m
2

Total: 280m

3. Water level time graph ↓ 𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ↑ 𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Container A Container B Container C Container D
CONVERSION

÷ 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000
mm cm m km
× 10 × 100 × 1000

2
mm2 ÷ 102 cm2 ÷ 1002 m2 ÷ 10002
2
km2
× 10 × 1002 × 1000

• Covert m/s → km/h

24m (24 ÷ 1000)km 2
24m/s = = = 86 km/h
1s (1s ÷ 3600)h 3
• Covert km/h → m/s
144km (144 × 1000)m
144km/h = = = 40m/s
1h (1 × 3600)s
1cm3 = 1ml
1 hectare = 10000m2

MAP AND SCALES

MAP ACTUAL Map scale *always in cm, do not write down

units
2cm 5km
1 : 250000
1cm 2.5km
1cm 250000cm
Representative Fraction
1
𝑅𝐹 =
250000

AREA RATIO Actual remain SAME

2 2
(map) : (actual) MAP 1 MAP 2

Matrices

Order of matrix: Row × Column

1 2 3 4
(2 1 1 1) order = 3 × 4
3 1 1 1

Matrix Multiplication
𝑒 𝑓 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔 𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏ℎ
(𝑎 𝑏 ) ( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐𝑒 + 𝑑𝑔 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑ℎ
DIRECT AND INVERSE PROPORTION
Direct Proportion Inverse Proportion

Relation Formula Relation Formula

𝑦∝𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 1 𝑘
𝑦∝ 𝑦=
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 ∝ 𝑥2 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 1 𝑘
𝑦∝ 2 𝑦= 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 ∝ √𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘 √𝑥 1 𝑘
𝑦∝ 3 𝑦= 3
𝑥 𝑥

Example 1
𝑝 is inversely proportion to 𝑞. When 𝑝 has a certain value, 𝑞 = 13. Find the value of 𝑞 when 𝑝 is
halved.

𝑘
Using Formula: 𝑝 = 𝑞
𝑘
𝑝= → 𝑘 = 13𝑝
13
13𝑝
0.5𝑝 =
𝑞
𝑞 = 26

Example 2
Two quantities 𝑥 3 and 𝑦 are in direct proportion. Find the percentage increase in 𝑦 when 𝑥 is
doubled.

Using formula: 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 3
𝑦
𝑘= 3
𝑥
𝑦
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑦 = 3 (2𝑥)3 = 8𝑦
𝑥
8𝑦 − 1𝑦
∴ increase = × 100% = 700%
1𝑦
ANGLES PROPERTIES
Types of Angles
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ∡ 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90° 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ∡ 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 90° 𝑂𝑏𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 90° < ∡ < 180°

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ∡ 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 180° 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 180° < ∡ < 360° 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ∡ 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 360°

Reasons
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦∡ 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 ∡ ∡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
∡𝑎 + ∡𝑏 = 90° ∡𝑎 + ∡𝑏 = 180° ∡𝑎 + ∡𝑏 + ∡𝑐 = 360°

𝑖𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2 ∡𝑠 = ∡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑠 ∡s 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∡𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∡𝑠

∡𝑎 = ∡𝑏, ∡𝑐 = ∡𝑑 ∡𝑎 = ∡𝑏 ∡𝑎 = ∡𝑏

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 ∡𝑠
∡𝑏 + ∡𝑐 = 180°

PROPERTIES OF CIRCLES
∡𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 2∡ 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∡ 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
∡𝑎 = 2∡𝑏 ∡𝑎 = ∡𝑏 ∡𝑎 = 90°

𝑂𝑝𝑝. ∡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ⊥ 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

∡𝑎 + ∡𝑏 = 180° ∡𝑎 = 90° ∡𝑎 = ∡𝑏, ∡𝑐 = ∡𝑑
∡𝑐 + ∡𝑑 = 180°

⊥ 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑂𝐵 ⊥ 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 𝑇𝑃 = 𝑇𝑄 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷 ↔ 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄
POLYGON

3 = triangle 4 = quadrilateral 5 = pentagon 6 = hexagon 7 = heptagon

8 = octagon 9 = nonagon 10 = decagon 11 = 11-gon 12 = 12-gon

• Sum of interior angles: (𝑛 − 2) × 180

(𝑛−2)×180
• Each interior angle:
𝑛

• Sum of exterior angles: 360°

• Each exterior angle: 360

𝑛

• Interior ∡ + exterior ∡ = 180°

360
• Always use exterior angle to find the numbers of side n for regular polygon. 𝑛 =
𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 ∡

Example 1:

An irregular polygon has two of its interior angle each 130°, four of its interior angles each 155° and
the remaining angles each 140° Calculate the number of sides of the polygon and name the polygon.

Solution 1:
Find their exterior ∡
180° − 130° = 50°, 180° − 155° = 25°, 180° − 140° = 40°

360 − 2(50) − 4(25)

𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛 = =4
40

Total 𝑛 = 2 + 4 + 4 = 10 (decagon)

Example 2:

In a regular polygon, each interior angle is 100° more than each exterior angle. How many sides does
this polygon have?

Solution2:
Let exterior ∡ be 𝑥, interior ∡ be 𝑥 + 100

𝑥 + 100 + 𝑥 = 180 → 𝑥 = 40
360
𝑛=
40
= 9 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
ARITHMETIC
(A) Percentage
𝑥
To express 𝑥 as a percentage of 𝑦: × 100%
𝑦
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒/𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒
% increase/ decrease= × 100%
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

(B) Discount, Profit and Loss

In sale: Discount= Marked price – Sale price

(marked price is the original selling price of the item)

In business: Profit = Selling price−Cost price (selling price higher than cost price)
Loss = Cost price – Selling price (selling price lower than cost price)

(C) Money Exchange

If 𝑆$1 = 𝑈𝑆$𝑚
1
Then 𝑈𝑆$1 = 𝑆$
𝑚
Table below shows a commercial bank’s money changing rate against Singapore Dollars, SGD.

Currency Code Unit Selling Buying

Malaysian Ringgit MYR 1 0.4287 0.4083
Indonesian IDR 1000 0.1560 0.1420
Rupiah

Selling→ the bank sells you MYR 1 for SGD 0.4287

Buying→the bank buys from you MYR 1 for SGD 0.4083
(same logic for other currencies)

INTEREST

𝑃𝑅𝑇
1. Simple Interest → 𝐼 = 100

𝑟
2. Compound Interest → 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 100)𝑛 , 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 + 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡

Example:
Deposited $2000 for 2 years which paid 5% annually compounded
𝑟
(a) Half yearly→ 2 , 𝑛 × 2 𝑝 = 2000
𝑟
(b) Quarterly → 4 , 𝑛 × 4 𝑟=5
𝑟
(c) Monthly → 12 , 𝑛 × 12 𝑛=2
SET AND VENN DIAGRAM
Set Notation
∈∶ Element of ∉: Not a element of
⊂∶ A proper subset ⊄: not a proper subset
⊆: A subset ⊈: not a subset
∅ or { } : Empty set
𝜀: Universal set
𝑛(𝑎 ): The number of elements in a Set

Set Operation

𝐴∪𝐵 ={ }

Common Shaded Venn Diagram

CONGRUENT AND SIMILARITY
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES COMMON DIAGRAMS
(same shape and same size) (SIMILAR TRIANGLES)

A E
1) “RIBBON”
D
B C F A B ∡𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∡𝐷𝐸𝐶 (alts ∡)
∡𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∡𝐸DC (alts ∡)
C
GIVEN ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≡ ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 ∡𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∡𝐷𝐶𝐸 (vert opp ∡)
E D Since all 3 corresponding angles
For ANGLES: For LENGTHS: are the same, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐶
∡𝐴 = ∡𝐷 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐸
∡𝐵 = ∡𝐸 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐸𝐹
∡𝐶 = ∡𝐹 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐷𝐹
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
* To Find Length→ = 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶
𝐷𝐸

To Prove CONGRUENT 2) TRIANGLE IN TRIANGLE

A
a) SIDE-SIDE-SIDE (SSS)
b) SIDE-ANGLE-SIDE (SAS) ∡𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∡𝐴𝐷𝐸 (corr ∡)
B C
c) ANGLE-SIDE-ANGLE (ASA) ∡𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∡𝐴𝐸D (corr ∡)
d) ANGLE-ANGLE-SIDE (AAS) ∡𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∡𝐷𝐴𝐸 (common)
e) RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE (RHS) D E ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐴𝐷𝐸

3) SLANTED TRIANGLE IN TRIANGLE

A

∡𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∡𝐷𝐴𝐸 (common)

B
∡𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∡𝐴DE (given)
C
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐴𝐷𝐸
D E
*To Prove SIMILAR TRIANGLE:
Use AA properties
SIMILAR RATIO
Length ratio 𝑙1 : 𝑙2

𝐴1 (𝑙1 )2
=
Area ratio 𝐴2 (𝑙2 )2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑎
Common Height → =𝑏 𝑉1 (𝑙1 )3
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐵 Volume ratio =
𝑉2 (𝑙2 )3
PERIMETER AND AREA

Shape Perimeter Area

Triangle

𝑃 =𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 1
𝐴= ×𝑏×ℎ
a h c 2

b
Trapezium
a
c h d 𝑃 = 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
b
Parallelogram

a h 𝑃 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝐴=𝑏×ℎ

b
Rhombus

x d 𝑃 = 4𝑥 1
𝐴= × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
2
x
Circle
r
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

Sector
𝜃° 𝜃°
𝐿= × 2𝜋𝑟 𝐴= × 𝜋𝑟 2
360° 360°

𝐿 = 𝑟𝜃 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛) 1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛)
𝜋
2
segment Conversion: × 180
1 2 1
Degree Radian 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃 − 2 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃
180 2
× 𝜋
Example:
In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram, find the
length of BE.

Solution:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 6 × 4.5 = 27
5 × 𝐵𝐸 = 27
∴ 𝐵𝐸 = 5.4𝑐𝑚
AREA AND VOLUME

Shape Area Volume

Cuboid
2𝑙𝑏 + 2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑏ℎ 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
h
b
l
Cube
6𝑥 2 𝑥3
x
x

Prism

Varies with different prism Cross sectional area × ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑙

Triangular prism in diagram = 1
Triangular prism = 𝑏ℎ𝑙
2
𝑏ℎ + 𝑏𝑙 + 2𝑠𝑙

Cylinder
Total SA = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Curved SA = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

Pyramid
Square based pyramid 1
× 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 2𝑏𝑙 + 𝑏2 3
Square based pyramid =
1 2
May involved Pythagoras 𝑏 ℎ
3
𝑏 2
= ( ) + ℎ2 = 𝑙2
2

Cone

Total SA = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 1 2
𝜋𝑟 ℎ
Curved SA = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 3

May involved Pythagoras

= 𝑟 2 + ℎ2 = 𝑙2

Sphere
Total SA = 4𝜋𝑟 2 4 3
𝜋𝑟
Curved SA = 2𝜋𝑟 2 3
2
Hemisphere total SA = 3𝜋𝑟 2 Hemisphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
STRAIGHT LINE GRAPH

vertical line ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑘
horizontal line ⇒ 𝑦 = ℎ
On y − axis → 𝑥 = 0
On x − axis → 𝑦 = 0
Length of straight line= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Finding equation of straight line
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
𝑚 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐 = 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡

(a) Given 2 coordinates (a) Given diagram, read off value in y-axis
(𝑦 −𝑦 ) (b) Sub a coordinates that passes thru
Use: 𝑚 = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )
2 1
(b) parallel → same gradient
Make 𝑦 the subject the gradient = coeff 𝑥

STANDARD FORM
𝑨 × 𝟏𝟎𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝟏 ≤ 𝑨 < 𝟏𝟎

Thousand Million Billion trillion

-12 -9 -6 -3 3 6 9 12
Pico Nano Micro Milli Kilo Mega Giga Tera

Example: 4350 = 4.35 × 103

0.435 = 4.53 × 10−1
Example: Change 43500 nano sec → seconds
= 4.35 × 104 × 10−9 sec
= 4.35 × 10−5 sec

INDICES

a. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 f. 𝑎0 = 1

𝑎𝑚 1
b. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 g. 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑛

c. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 𝑎 −𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
h. (𝑏 ) = (𝑎 )

d. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏𝑚 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 𝑛
1
i. √𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛

𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚 𝑛
𝑚
e.
𝑏𝑚
= (𝑏 ) j. √𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛
TRIGONOMETRY

Right-Angled Triangle

𝑜
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑎
o h 𝑎
a c cos 𝜃 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 ℎ
𝑜
sin 𝜃 =
ℎ
b 𝜃
a
1. Pythagoras’ Theorem 2. TOA CAH SOH

Step 1: Identify the longest side Step 1: Identify the important angle(√)
Step 2: Form the Pythagoras’ Theorem Step 2: Label the sides
Step 3: Put a tick at the unknown.
3. 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 Step 4: Put another known side (√)
Step 5: Form the trigonometric ratio
𝑜
tan 𝛽 = −
𝑎
𝑎 Angle of elevation = Angle of depression
o h cos 𝛽 = − ℎ
𝑜 Draw right-angled triangle to conclude
β sin 𝛽 =
ℎ
a

Non- Right Angle Triangle

C

b a

A c B
Sine Rule Cosine Rule
• Given any 2∡ and 1 side • Given all 3 sides
• Given 2 sides and 1 ∡ that is not included • Given 2 sides and 1 included ∡

𝑎
For length → sin 𝐴 = sin 𝐵
𝑏 For length → 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶

sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝑎 2+𝑏 2 −𝑐 2

For angle → = For angle → cos 𝐶 =
𝑎 𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
Bearing Area
Example: Find the bearing of B from A 1 1
Formula: 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 or × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2 2

1. Draw ‘North’ arrow at A When asked for shortest distance→ look for
2. Draw a line to link A and B perpendicular distance.
3. Find the angle measured clockwise from Method 1: Use right angled ∆ (Toa Cah Soh)
North of A to the line drawn 1 1
Method 2: Use area→ 2 × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑡 = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
4. Give answer in 3 digits.
ALGEBRA

(A) Algebraic Expansion

Expand: multiply the term in the brackets so that final answers do not contain brackets.
Simplify: reduce expression to its simplest form (by adding/subtracting same terms).

Rules: 1. 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐

2. (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

3. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

4. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) Memorizing these rules will help you

= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 solve algebraic question easily

5. (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2

(B) Algebraic Factorisation

Factorise: reverse of expansion, where function is expressed as a product of its factors.
Steps: 1. Take out common factors

2. Count the number of Terms

(a) 2 Terms : a2 – b2
Example: 18𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 = 2(9𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 )
= 2(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)(3𝑥 + 2𝑦)

(b) 3 Terms: Calculator Backward Method

: remember to add ‘y’ for Hybrid Questions*
Example: 4𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 30 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
= 2(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5) = 2(3𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 𝑦)

(c) 4 Terms: Grouping

***Note: Beware of your negative signs

Example: 3𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 12𝑦 2 + 4𝑎𝑦 2

= 𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑎) − 4𝑦 2 (3 − 𝑎)
= (3 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 2𝑦)(𝑥 + 2𝑦)

3. Check that the final answer is factorised completely.

 (C) Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
Manipulate the following formulae to find values for algebraic expressions:

Rules: 1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 → (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − − − (𝐴)

2. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 → (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − − − (𝐵)

3. (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 → 102 × 98 = (100 + 2)(100 − 2)

= 1002 − 22 = 9996

Eg. 1 If (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 52 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑏 = −9, calculate the value of 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏2

(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 52
𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 52
2

𝑎 + 𝑏2 = 52 − 2(−9) = 70
2

2𝑎2 + 2𝑏2 = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ) = 2(70) = 140

(D) Changing the subject of a formula

A variable which is expressed in terms of other variables in a formula.
1
Eg. 𝐴 = ℎ(𝑎 + 𝑏), then A is the subject of the formula.
2

Steps: 1. Get rid of all obstacles

(a) (Brackets ( ) → Expand
⊡ ⊡
(b) Fraction ⊡
= ⊡ →, Cross Multiply
(c) Square Root √ → ( )2 , square both sides

2. Shift all term with subject to one side and the rest to another.
3. Factorise out the subject.
4. Shift the rest over. (divide)

Eg. 1 1 𝑔
Make 𝑙 the subject of the formula 𝑓 = 2𝜋 √ 𝑙
Multiply by 2𝜋, leave only √ term on RHS.
𝑔
2𝑓𝜋 = √ Eliminate √ by squaring both sides.
𝑙
𝑔 Bracket → Expand
(2𝑓𝜋)2 =
𝑙 Fraction → Cross multiply
2 2
4𝜋 𝑓 𝑙 = 𝑔 Factor out “𝑙”
𝑔
𝑙= 2 2 Divide by (4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 )
4𝜋 𝑓
(E) Algebraic Fraction – Multiplication and Division

Steps: 1. Expand all indices power

2. Factorise function if possible
3. If got ÷, flip to ×
4. Start cancelling
a) numbers (by using calculator)
b) algebra (in alphabetic order)
c) function
Eg.1 Simplify Expand all indices power by applying the
power ‘2’ to all terms inside the brackets.
(2𝑥𝑦)2 3𝑥𝑦 3
÷ flip to ×
9𝑦 3 2𝑥𝑦
Start cancelling:
4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 2𝑥𝑦 4 2
× a) Highlight numbers: ×
9𝑦 3 3𝑥𝑦 3 9 3
b) Cancel algebra x ; follow by y
8𝑥 2
27𝑦 3
Eg.2 𝑎2 −6𝑎𝑏 + 9𝑏 2 5𝑎2 − 45𝑏 2 Factorise function
÷
6𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑑 2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 + 6𝑏𝑐 − 3𝑏𝑑 Flip to ×
(𝑎 − 3𝑏)2 (2𝑐 − 𝑑)(𝑎 + 3𝑏) Start cancelling
×
3𝑎(2𝑐 − 𝑑) 5(𝑎 − 3𝑏)(𝑎 + 3𝑏)
(𝑎 − 3𝑏)
15𝑎

(F) Algebraic Fraction – Addition and Subtraction

Steps: 1. Factorise DENOMINATOR if possible
2. Find common denominator
3. Combine into 1 fraction (take note of ‘negative’ sign)
4. Expand NUMERATOR (do NOT expand BOTTOM) and simplify
5. Factorise numerator (if any)
Eg.1 3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥
+ = +
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 1 − 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 1 − 𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 1 − 𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥
= −
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
2 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
(G) Solving Algebraic Equation

Steps: 1. Get rid of all obstacles

(d) Brackets ( ) → Expand
⊡ ⊡
(e) Fraction = →, Cross Multiply
⊡ ⊡
(f) Square Root √ → ( )2 , square both sides

Linear equation: single 𝒙 Quadratic equation: 𝒙𝟐

2. Shift all term with 𝑥 to LHS; Shift everything to LHS = 0
the rest to another. (Make sure 𝑎𝑥 2 is positive)
3. Divide OVER to get 𝑥 answer Factorise
(use calculator for 3 terms)

4.

‘nice’ answer ‘irrational” answer

Separate and solve use quadratic formula
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

(H) Solving inequality

𝐴 ≤ 𝐵 ≤ 𝐶 1. Separate into part 1 and part 2 and solve separately

PART 1 2. Shift all the term with 𝑥 to one side and the rest to another
PART 2
3. Remember to Flip sign if divided or multiply by “negative”
4. Combine part 1 and part 2 answer together

3𝑥−1
Example: 𝑥 + 5 < ≤ 𝑥 + 11
2

3𝑥−1 3𝑥−1
Part 1: 𝑥+5< 2 Part 2: ≤ 𝑥 + 11
2
2𝑥 + 10 < 3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2𝑥 + 22
−𝑥 < −11 𝑥 ≤ 23
𝑥 > 11

𝑎𝑛𝑠: 11 < 𝑥 ≤ 23
(I) Solving Simultaneous Equation
They are a set of two independent algebraic equations with two unknowns.
Elimination method Substitution method
Step 1 Make the coefficients of 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 the Step 1 Make 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 the subject of the
same equation to get equation 3
Step 2 ADD the equation if coefficients are Step 2 Replace 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 in the second
of DIFFERENT ‘sign’ equation with the equation 3
SUBTRACT the equation if
coefficients are of SAME ‘sign’
Step 3 Obtain an equation with only 1 Step 3 Obtain an equation with only 1
variable and solve. variable and solve.
Step 4 Substitute this variable in any of the Step 4 Substitute the value of the variable
equation with value obtained. Solve found into equation 3
for the other variable.
Example: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 − − − −(1) Example: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 − − − −(1)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 − − − −(2) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 − − − −(2)
(1) × 2, 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6 − − − (3) step 1 From (1), We have, 2𝑦 = 3 − 3𝑥 step 1
(2) × 3, 6𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 21 − − − (4) 3 − 3𝑥
𝑦= − − − (3)
2
(3) − (4), Sub (3) into (2),
(6𝑥 + 4𝑦) − (6𝑥 + 9𝑦) = 6 − 21 step 2 2𝑥 + 3 (
3−3𝑥
)=7 step
2

2
−5𝑦 = −15 4𝑥 + 3(3 − 3𝑥) = 14
𝑦=3 step 3 𝑥 = −1 step 3
Sub 𝑦 = 3 in (1), Sub 𝑥 = −1 into (3),
3𝑥 + 2(3) = 3 step 3−3(−1)
𝑦= step 4
2
4
𝑦=3
𝑥 = −1

Note: Use calculator to check if your solution are correct.

GRAPHS
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
1. Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
y y

x x

2. Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2
y y

3. Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3
y y

x x

𝑎
4. Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥
y y

x x

𝑎
5. Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
y y

x x

6. Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
y y

1 1
x x
COMPLETING SQUARE

1. Ensure coefficient of 𝑥 2 = 1
→ take out common factor
𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16
= −2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3)

𝑏 2 𝑏 2
2. Consider the new equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = (𝑥 + 2) − ( 2) + 𝑐

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 22 − 3
3. Putting together
𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16
= −2[(𝑥 + 2)2 − 7]
= −2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 14

SKETCHING QUADRATIC GRAPH

SKETCH: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Type 1: Factorise→ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) Type 2: Completing Square→ (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4

• Determine ∪ (𝑎 > 0) or ∩ (𝑎 < 0) • Determine ∪ (𝑎 > 0) or ∩ (𝑎 < 0)
• When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = ? → (0, −3) • When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = ? → (0, −3)
• When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = ? • When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = ?
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 0 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4 = 0
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3 (𝑥 + 1)2 = 4
→ (1,0), (−3,0) 𝑥+1=2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 1 = −2
• From above, 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3
Turning 𝑥 =
1+(−3)
= −1 → (1,0), (−3,0)
2
• Turning point → (−1, −4)
Turning 𝑦 = (−1 − 1)(−1 + 3) = −4
• Sketch
→ (−1, −4)
• Sketch
STATISTIC
Mean = Average
Mode = Highest Frequency
𝑛+1
Median = Middle → if you have n numbers in a group, the median will be in 𝑡ℎ position
2
Grouped Data
Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 5 2 2 3 3 3
Total Frequency = 15
• Mode = 1
15+1
• 2
= 8𝑡ℎ position→ Median = 3
(1×5)+(2×2)+(3×2)+(4×3)+(5×3)+(6×3)
• Mean = 15

Stem-leaf diagram
Raw data: 22 23 29 31 34 43 40 51 28 34

STEM LEAVES
2 2 3 8 9 Must arrange
3 1 4 4 In order
4 0 3
5 1

• Mode = 34
1𝑜+1 31+34
• = 5𝑡ℎ & 6𝑡ℎ position→ Median = = 32.5
2 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑚
• Mean =
10
Cumulative Frequency Curve

1
𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 → × 80 = 20
4
∴ 𝑄1 = 8.5

3
𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 → × 80 = 60
4
∴ 𝑄3 = 15.5

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1

1
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 → × 80 = 40
2
∴ 𝑄2 = 12.5

Box and whisker plot Comparing Data

i. Mean/median:
? perform better

ii. SD/ interquartile:

smaller value reflects a more
consistent data
PROBABILITY
𝑃 (𝐴) = 0 →impossible event
𝑃 (𝐴) = 1 →sure event
Mutually Exclusive (OR) → 𝐴𝐷𝐷
1 1 2
𝑃 (𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 𝑜𝑟 6) = + =
6 6 6

NOT Exclusive→sample space intersects

𝑃(𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒) = 𝑃(𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛) + 𝑃(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒 ) − 𝑃 (𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒)
4 13 1 4
= + − =
52 52 52 13

Independent → replacement occurs

Dependent → without replacement

Eg. A bag contains 8 black and 3 white balls

8 8 64
𝑃 (𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = × =
11 11 121

8 7 56
𝑃 (𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑤/𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = × =
11 10 110

• Can draw tree/possibility diagram

7 BLACK BB
10
8
BLACK
11
3 WHITE BW
10
BAG
8 BLACK WB
3 10
11 WHITE
2
10
WHITE WW

8 3 3 8
𝑃 (𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑤/𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 11 × 10 + 11 × 10 → add for different cases

Multiply along line