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 Mr. Mohamed Abdallah
Math (SAT/ACT/EST) Trainer
+966 54 360 2167

https://t.me/MrMohamedAbdallahMathSATACTEST

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGkMCstL90JG1-gjA_35TFQ
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Linear Function and Linear Equation

Linear Function
A linear function is a function that represents a straight line on the coordinate plane. For example, y = 3x -
2 represents a straight line on a coordinate plane and hence it represents a linear function. Since y can be
replaced with f(x), this function can be written as f(x) = 3x - 2.

In this article, we are going to learn the definition of a linear function along with its graph, domain, and
range. We will also learn how to identify a linear function and how to find its inverse.
What is a Linear Function?

A linear function is of the form f(x) = mx + b where 'm' and 'b' are Real Numbers. Isn't it looking
like the Slope -intercept form of a line which is expressed as y = mx + b? Yes, this is because a
linear function represents a line, i.e., its graph is a line. Here,

• 'm' is the slope of the line

• 'b' is the y-intercept of the line
• 'x' is the independent variable
• 'y' (or f(x)) is the dependent variable

A linear function is an algebraic function. This is because it involves only algebraic operations.
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• Linear Function Equation

The parent linear function is f(x) = x, which is a line passing through the origin. In general, a linear
Function equation is f(x) = mx + b and here are some examples.
• f(x) = 3x - 2
• f(x) = -5x - 0.5
• f(x) = 3
• Real Life Example of Linear Function: Here are some real-life applications of the
linear function.

• A movie streaming service charges a monthly fee of $4.50 and an additional fee of
$0.35 for every movie downloaded. Now, the total monthly fee is represented by the
linear function f(x) = 0.35x + 4.50, where x is the number of movies downloaded in a
month.
• A t-shirt company charges a one-time fee of $50 and $7 per T-shirt to print logos on T-
shirts. So, the total fee is expressed by the linear function f(x) = 7x + 50, where x is the
number of t-shirts.
• The linear function is used to represent an objective function in linear programming
problems, to help minimize the close, or maximize the profits.
• How to Find a Linear Function?

We use the slope-intercept form or the point-slope form to find a linear function. The process of
finding a linear function is the same as the process of finding the equation of a line and is
explained with an example.

Example: Find the linear function that has two points (-1, 15) and (2, 27) on it.

Solution: The given points are (x1, y1) = (-1, 15) and (x₂, y₂) = (2, 27).

Step 1: Find the slope of the function using the slope formula:
m = (y₂ - y1) / (x₂ - x1) = (27 - 15) / (2 - (-1)) = 12/3 = 4.

Step 2: Find the equation of linear function using the point slope form.

y - y1 = m (x - x1)

y - 15 = 4 (x - (-1))

y - 15 = 4 (x + 1)

y - 15 = 4x + 4 y = 4x + 19
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Therefore, the equation of the linear function is, f(x) = 4x + 19.

Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Answer: C Answer: C

Answer: D Answer: D
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 Answer: D Answer: A

Answer: A Answer: A
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 Forms of Linear Equation

Slope – intercept form 𝐲=𝐦𝐱+𝐛

linear functions formulas Standard form 𝑨𝒙+𝑩𝒚 =𝑪

Point – slope form 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏

𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒚 = 𝒎 𝒙 + 𝒃

• Key words of y-intercept ( b ):

𝒙=𝟎 𝒃 = 𝒚𝒙=𝟎 ,Coordinate ( 0 , y )

• Start at 0
• Initial
• At the beginning
• Ordered pair start at
projection(x) by 0, ex: (0, -3)
means b = -3.
• Fixed ( cost , service, fee)
Y-intercept = b = constant
• Flat ( cost , service , fee )
• Service fee
• Setup fee Y-coordinate is called also
• Base Ordinate
• Point lies on y-axis (x=0)
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 • Line passes origin:

𝒀
𝒃=𝟎 , 𝒎=
𝑿 • For ( X , Y ) any point lies on the line

Profit equation:

𝒑 (𝒙) = ( 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 − 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 )𝒙 − 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕

𝒑(𝒙) = ( 𝑺 − 𝑪 )𝒙 − 𝒇

• Cases of y-intercept ( b ):

Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

• Key words of X-intercept:

𝒚=𝟎 Coordinate ( x , 0 )

• Zeros
• Roots
• Solutions
• Factors
X-intercept = constant
• Point lies on x-axis

X-coordinate is called also

Abscissa.

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪

AX+BY=C
− 𝑪𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 −𝑨 𝑪
Slope = 𝑪𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = b=𝑩
𝑩

𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 ( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

Slope = m Point = (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )

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• Key words of Slope (m):

• Y=mx+b
• Rate of change Slope = m y-intercept = b
• Raise /run = y/x (graph)
Raise Up (+) down (-) • AX + BY=C
Run right (+) left (-)
−𝑨 𝑪
• Every , each , per Slope = b=
𝑩 𝑩
• Constant rate ( increase ,
decrease ) • ( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
• Average
Slope = m Point = (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
• Additional

∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝒎= = =
∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒓𝒖𝒏

• Cases of Slope (m):

X
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Distance between two points:

• If A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ),then the distance between A , B is:

AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Ex: A (3 , 1) and B (6 , 5).
Solution:
AB = √(6 − 3 )2 + (5 − 1)2

= √(3 )2 + (4)2 = 5 Length unit

Midpoints:

• If A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ),then the midpoint lies between A & B is:

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
M(x, y) = ( , )
2 2
̅̅̅̅ .
Ex1: A (3 , 1) and B (5 , 5), find midpoint of 𝐴𝐵

̅̅̅̅ then find coordinates of A if

Ex2: if m(2,3) is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵
B(2 , 1 ) rule: [ A = 2 m – B ] 11

Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Parallel and perpendicular lines:

• Parallel lines are two or more lines have the same slope(m) and different y-intercept (b) [
because they never intersect]

Key word
• Never intersect
• Has no solution
• Parallel
• There is no point satisfies the
system
• Has different y-intercept
•
• Parallel means that the two lines have the same slope
M1 = M 2

And
b1 ≠ b2

• Perpendicular lines are two or more lines have different slope (m) and different y-intercept
(b).
• They are intersecting lines makes angle 90° btween each other

Key word
• Perpendicular
• Angle 90 between two
lines(graph)
• Given figure has a property
that two lines are
perpendicular
• Vertical line intersects with
horizontal line.

• Perpendicular means: M1 x M2= -1 & b1 ≠ b2.

• To find slope of a line from its perpendicular we change place
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Change sign
2 −3
Ex: if the given slope 3 so the other will be .
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 Summery
Parallel & perpendicular lines

Parallel lines: Perpendicular lines:

Line L perpendicular (⊥) line P

Line L parallel (//) line P • m L x m P = -1
• mL = mP • one solution
• b L≠ b P (b L ≠ b P & m L ≠ m P )
• Never intersect • (mL) = -reciprocal of (mP)
Change place
• Has no solution Change sign
• Parallel • Perpendicular
• There is no point satisfies the • Angle 90 between two
system lines(graph)
• Has different y-intercept • Given figure has a
property that two lines
are perpendicular
• Vertical line intersects
with horizontal line.

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Answer: D
Answer: A

Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Answer: C Answer: B

Answer: B
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Answer: A

Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

How many solutions (2 lines): Case 1 (slope –intercept form):
Y1 = m1 X + b1
Y 2 = m2 X + b 2
One solution:

(Algebraically) ≠ ≠
m1 ≠ m2

b1 ≠ b2

• 2 lines intersect at one point

No solution:
(x,y) (graph)

(Algebraically) = ≠
m1 = m2

b1 ≠ b2
• (graph)
Infinitely many solutions:
Parallel lines ( never intersect)

= =
(Algebraically) equivalent
equation

m1 = m2

b1 = b2

• (graph)

• Coincident lines.
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 Case 2 (Standard form):
A1X + B1Y= C1
A2 X + B2Y= C2
One solution:

(Algebraically) ≠ ≠
A1 B1 C1
≠ ≠
A2 B2 C2

No solution:

• 2 lines intersect at one

point
(x,y) (graph) (Algebraically) = ≠
A1 B1 C1
= ≠
A2 B2 C2

• (graph)

Infinitely many solutions: Parallel lines (Never intersect)

= =
(Algebraically) equivalent equation

A1 B1 C1
= =
A2 B2 C2
• (graph)
Coincident lines.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Case 3 (Slope-intercept form):
m1 X + b1 = m2 X + b2
One solution:

(Algebraically) ≠ ≠
m1 ≠ m2

b1 ≠ b2
• (graph)
2 lines intersect at one No solution:
point (x,y) (graph)

(Algebraically) = ≠
m1 = m2

b1 ≠ b2

• (graph)
Parallel lines (Never intersect)
Infinitely many solutions:

= =
(Algebraically) equivalent equation

m1 = m2

b1 = b2

• (graph)
Coincident lines.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Answer: C Answer: A

Answer: C Answer: C

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Answer: B Answer: D

Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Solving system of linear equation:

System of linear equations:

• When two or more linear equations are grouped together, they form a system of linear
equations.

• In this section, we will focus our work on systems of two linear equations in two unknowns.

An example of a system of two linear equations is shown below.

2x + y = 7

X – 2y = 6

• A linear equation in two variables, such as 2x +y =7, has an infinite number of solutions alone.

• To solve a system of two linear equations, we are looking for the ordered pairs ( x ,y )that make
both equations true. These are called the solutions of a system of equations

Methods of solving system of linear equation:

1) Elimination ( omitting) method:

1. Step 1: Multiply each equation by a suitable number so that the two equations
have the same leading coefficient.
2. Step 2: Subtract the second equation from the first.

3. Step 3: Solve this new equation for y.

4. Step 4: Substitute y = 2 into either Equation 1 or Equation 2 above and solve for
x.
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2) Substitution method:
1. Solve one equation for one of the variables.
2. Substitute (plug-in) this expression into the other equation and solve.
3. Resubstitute the value into the original equation to find the corresponding
variable.

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 Answer: A Answer: B

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Answer: 80 Answer: B

Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer

 Answer: C Answer: D

Answer: D
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Answer: 4

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 What is “Line of Best fit” in linear regression?

Simple linear regression is a statistical method that allows us to summarize and study
relationships between two variables: One variable is the predictor, explanatory, or
independent variable and the other one is the dependent variable.

Linear Regression is the process of finding a line that best fits the data points available on
the plot, so that we can use it to predict output values for given inputs.

So, what is “Best fitting line”?

A Line of best fit is a straight line that represents the best approximation of a scatter plot of data
points. It is used to study the nature of the relationship between those points.
The equation to find the best fitting line is:
Y` = b X + A
where, Y` denotes the predicted value
b denotes the slope of the line
X denotes the independent variable
A is the Y intercept

To summarize:
• The Line of Best Fit is used to express a relationship in a scatter plot of
different data points.
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• It is an output of regression analysis and can be used as a prediction tool

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 Answer: A Answer: 4

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Answer: 4
Answer: D

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 Ans.: C

Ans.: C

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Ans.: 75 Ans.: 90

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 Direct Variation

• Direct variation describes a simple relationship between two variables . We say y varies
directly with x (or as x , in some textbooks) if:

Y=kx
• For some constant k , called the constant of variation or constant of proportionality .

• (Some textbooks describe direct variation by saying " y varies directly as x ", " y varies
proportionally as x ", or " y is directly proportional to x .")

• This means that as x increases, y increases and as x decreases, y decreases—and that

the ratio between them always stays the same.

• The graph of the direct variation equation is a straight line through the origin.

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 Answer: D

Answer: 64
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 Linear VS Exponential growth

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 Answer: D Answer: A

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Answer: A Answer: A

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