CHAPTER 4

INTEGRALS

Isacc Newton (1643-1727) G. W. Leibniz (1646-1716)

 WHY STUDY THIS CHAPTER?

• A new concept
• A method, a tool for calculating quantities.
• Integrals are used to solve problems
concerning volumes, lengths of curves,
population predictions, forces on a dam,
work, consumer surplus (economics), and
baseball (sports), among many others.
 OUR GOAL
• From Riemann sums to definition of definite
integrals.
• The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change
Theorem
• The average value of a function on an
interval [a, b]
• The substitution rule
 Introduction
• Speed = 30km/h
• Distance after 5 minutes: 30.5/60 = 2.5km
speed

30.(5/60) = 2.5 km
 Total distance
 1 + 1.67 + 1.167 = 3.84 km

50x(2/60) 70x(1/60)
 1.67km  1.167km
30x(2/60)
= 1km
• How to calculate the total distance?
speed

34 x (1/60) f(x) = -(x-4)2 + 50

 0.57 km

f(0) = 34

x1* = 0 // sample point = left endpoint

xi* : sample points = left endpoints
 How to give more accurate
result?
• More subintervals, more accurate

n = 10 n = 30
 Sample points = Right endpoints

41x(1/60) f(x) = -(x-4)2 + 50

 .68 km

f(1) = 41

x1* = 1 // sample point = right endpoint

 Midpoint Method

f(x) = -(x-4)2 + 50

f(1/2) = 37.75

x1* = ½ // sample point = midpoint

 Riemann sums

Bernhard Riemann (1826 – 1866)

 Riemann sums
• y = f(x) on [a, b] Tell us to end with i = n

• n: number of subintervals Tell us to add

• x = (b-a)/n
• xi*: sample points in [xi-1, xi]
Tell us to start with i = 1

= f(x1*)x + f(x2*)x + … + f(xn*)x

 Find the Riemann sum
• Evaluate the Riemann sum for f(x) = x2, taking
the sample points to be right endpoints and a =
0, b = 1, and n = 4.
• x = (b-a)/n = (1-0)/4 = 0.25
• Subintervals: [0, 0.25], [0.25, 0.5], [0.5, 0.75],
[0.75, 1]
• Right endpoints: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1
• Riemann sum:
• f(x1*)x + f(x2*)x + f(x3*)x + f(x4*)x
= 0.252 x 0.25 + 0.52 x 0.25 + 0.752 x 0.25 + 12 x 0.25
= 0.46875
n=4 n = 20
 Definite Integral
• Definition.

Read: the integral from a to b of f of x dee x

Or “the integral from a to b of f of x with respect to x”
 Examples
• Express the integral as a limit of sum.

x = (6-2)/n
x*i : sample point in [xi-1, xi]
𝑛
𝑥𝑖∗
lim ෍ ∗ 5
x Do yourself.
𝑛→∞ 1 + (𝑥𝑖 ) 1
𝑖=1

න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
 Definite integral. Example
a. Using Midpoint rule n = 5 to estimate the
1
integral.
b. Find the value of the integral. න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Do yourself

Area = 3
Integral = -3
 Integral can be approximated
by sums
Estimate the integral using left endpoints and the
table below
 Find the Riemann sum
• If f(x) = x2 -2x, 0  x  3, evaluate the
Riemann sum with n = 6, taking the sample
points to be right endpoints.
 Review
• Many real life problems need a new idea
(method): finding areas, distances, work,
volumes, etc.
• Integration idea: divide and compute an
infinite sum
• A Definite integral is defined by a limit of a
Riemann sum.
 Next: Calculating integrals
• First, difficult to calculate by sums
• Then, using some rules (properties), theorems
for calculating a lot of definite integrals
• Approximate the integrals that we have no
way to compute exactly (next chapter)
FTC
Derivatives of integrals - FTC 1
• Use the Fundamental Theorem to find dy/dx
if
 𝑑
c)
𝑑𝑥
FTC 1
Do yourself
Suppose
𝑥 𝑡2
𝐹 𝑥 = ‫׬‬1 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑓 𝑡 = ‫׬‬1 1 + 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Find F’’(2).
Do yourself:
𝑦 𝑡
𝐹 𝑦 = ‫׬‬1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑓 𝑡 = ‫׬‬1 𝑣 2 + 3 𝑑𝑣

find F’’(4).
FTC 2
Applications
amount of change

Rate of change of F(x)

Applications
amount of change

Rate of change of F(x)

 Applications
• Change of position, or displacement

• Example. The velocity function (in meters per second) is v(t)

=3t – 5, 0  t  3, for a particle moving along a line.
Find
(a) the displacement and
(b) the distance traveled by the particle during the given time
interval.
 The average value of a
continuous function
• If f is continuous on [a, b], then the average
value of f on [a, b] is

• Find the average value of the functions:

a. f(x) = x2 + x on [0, 3]
b. f(x) = x + 3 on [1, 5]
 The substitution rule
u = u(x)
du = u’(x)dx

 f(u)du =  f(u(x))u’(x)dx
For example,
DO YOURSELF
 sin(x3 + 5)(3x2)dx
u(x) u’(x)dx

=  sin(u)du
= -cosu(u) + C
Do yourself
INTEGRALS OF ODD AND EVEN
FUNCTIONS ON [-a, a]
Do yourself

Find the integral

 Review

Average value of a function on [a, b]

Substitution rule:  f(u)du =  f(u(x))u’(x)dx

 Summary
• Riemann sums and definition of a definite
integral
• FTC 1 and FTC 2
• Average values of functions
• Substitution rule