Physics

FeP – Programm

Christian Baeken
 Revision of Mathematics
Algebra
• Polynomials 
• Degree 1 Polynomial f(x) = mx + b
• y  = mx + b 
• y  =  x + b
•
• y  =  x + 1      Slope:  = tanα
linear function
• Degree 2 Polynomial f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

• Degree 3 Polynomial f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

• Degree 4 Polynomial f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e

• Degree n Polynomial:    

quadratic functions 
 The sigma sign Σ
• The sigma sign Σ describes an addition
• Example: 

• ∑ 𝑘

• frequently used in physics

• Example:  ∑ 𝐹𝑖 = miai
Geometry und Trigonometry
• Frequently used in physics for e.g. projectile motion, forces,….
 Vectors

Quantities such as velocity, acceleration and force which have a magnitude and
a direction are called vectors. Quantities with a magnitude but no direction,
such as the magnitude of the speed, the mass, the volume and the time,
on the other hand, are called scalars

A vector is graphically represented by an arrow
 Vectors
Arithmetic operations for vectors:

Given are the following vectors:

Addition und subtraction:
Addition of vectors

The vector addition is associative. So it applies : 
Substraction of vectors
Example: Moving a hiker
A hiker walks 3 km east and then 4 km north. 
Determine its resulting displacement by 
graphically adding the two displacement vectors.
 Vectors – Scalar product

Scalar product:

• The result of the scalar product is always a number
 Example
Scalar product of vectors

we are looking for the angle ϕ that the two vectors

enclose with one another

therefore:
 For which value of c are the two vectors

The following applies to the scalar product

For c = 2 the vectors a and b are perpendicular to each other

• Orthogonal: Standing vertically on top of each other
The following calculation rules can be derived from the definition:

(a⃗ and b⃗ are perpendicular to each other)

The vector product has the following properties:

if or to

is perpendicular to the vectors
are in the direction of movement of a right‐hand thread screw

The vector a x b is perpendicular to a und b.

Its amount (length) is equal to the area 
of  t  he parallelogram spanned by a and b.
If a is turned in the shortest way to b, a x b 
points in the direction of a screw with a 
right‐hand thread.
Differencial calculus (Derivative)

function graph
 Differential rules
Differentiation of polynomials

Example:
 Differential rules – additional functions

Original First
functions derivatives
 Calculation rules for derivatives
Constant factor rule:

Summation rule:

Product rule:

Quotient rule:

Chain rule:
 Two easy examples
f(x)  = sin(2x)
1. chain rule
f´(x) = 2cos(2x)

f(x)  =  cos(2x2)
2.
f´(x) = ‐sin(2x2)4x
 … and the heavy
f(x) = ln =   ln( )0,5     =  ln( =  ln 1 𝑥2 ln(1‐ x2)]

f´(x) =  [  2x ‐ (‐2x)]    =  [  +  ]

f´(x) =  [ ]     =      [ ]

f´(x) =  [ ]     =  [ ] =   

 Integration
• 1. Inversion of the derivative
• 2. Determination of the area under a curve
 Integration rules

Integration of polynomials

Function Antiderivative (primitive)

Example:
 Integration rules
Factor and Summation rule

Example:
 Integration rules

Partial integration

Substitution rule