Electrodynamics I

(Phys3081)

Department of Physics
Yohannes Getachew (Ph.D.)
 Outline

• Mathematical Preliminary
• Electrostatics
• Electrostatic Field in Matter
• Techniques for Calculating Potentials
• Magnetostatics
• Magnetostatic Field in Matter
• Electrodynamics
 Mathematical Preliminary:
Differential Calculus:
• “Ordinary” Derivatives
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• Gradient
We know that someplace is higher (more concentrated) and we try to find
the scalar function (height or concentration) as a function of x and y
coordinates. After we get the scalar function, we can calculate how they are
formed by the gradient. The gradient means flowing from concentrated
places to dilute places. The gradient means some forces that build the final
geometry. Scalar function: f = f (x, y, z ) ,

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 The gradient of f is a vector quantity.

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ . 𝑑𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∇𝑓 = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ , & 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘෠ ⇒ 𝑑𝑓 = ∇𝑓. 𝑑𝑙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Mathematical Preliminary:
Differential Calculus:
• Gradient (cont. ... )
• The gradient of f is a vector quantity.
• The gradient points in the direction of the
maximum increase of the scalar function.
• The magnitude | ∇𝑓 | gives the slope (rate
of increase) along this maximal direction.

Exercise:
Find the gradient of
r = r(x, y, z ) =x 2 + y 2 + z 2
 Mathematical Preliminary:
Differential Calculus: The Operator 
• Give you the concept of the operator that may be used in quantum mechanics.
• ∇𝑇 = ∇ 𝑇 , where  is a vector and T is a scalar function of (x, y, z, …).
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
• The  operator is like an ordinary vector and has the following properties:
1. on a scalar function f : f (the gradient)
2. on a vector function – A  B = c , via the dot product:   v (the divergence)
→
3. on a vector function – A B = C , via the cross product:   v (the curl)
→
The operator is not really an ordinary vector, for example,   (cv )  c  v if c
is a scalar function.
Mathematical Preliminary:
Differential Calculus: The Divergence
Mathematical Preliminary:
Differential Calculus: The Curl
Mathematical Preliminary: Differential Calculus: Product Rules
Mathematical Preliminary: Differential Calculus:
Second Derivatives
Integral Calculus: Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Integral Calculus: Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Curvilinear Coordinate : Spherical Polar Coordinates
 Curvilinear Coordinate: Spherical Polar Coordinates
(con …)
 Curvilinear Coordinate: Spherical Polar Coordinates
(con …)
Curvilinear Coordinate: Cylindrical Coordinates
Curvilinear Coordinate: Cylindrical Coordinates (cont …)
 𝒓ො
THE DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION: The Divergence of
𝒓𝟐
THE DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION: The 1D Dirac Delta Function
The one-dimensional Dirac delta function, δ(x), can be pictured as an infinitely high, infinitesimally
narrow “spike,” with area of 1

Of course, we can shift the spike from x = 0 to some other point, x = a

THE DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION: The 3D Dirac Delta Function