1b)

Series Connection of PV Panels

Advantages

1. When PV panels are connected in series, their individual voltages add up. This increases the
total system voltage, which can be advantageous when the inverter requires a higher input
voltage to operate efficiently.

2. In a series connection, the current through each panel is the same, which can help reduce
resistive losses in the wiring and improve the overall efficiency of the system.

Challenges

1. Series-connected panels are highly susceptible to performance mismatches. If one panel in

the series is shaded or malfunctions, it can significantly reduce the output of the entire
string.

2. The total voltage of the series-connected panels must fall within the inverter's input voltage
range. This can limit the flexibility in choosing inverters for the system.

Parallel Connection of PV Panels

Advantages

1. In a parallel connection, the mismatch in performance between individual panels has a

smaller impact on the overall system. A poorly performing panel does not drag down the
performance of the entire array.

2. Parallel connections provide greater flexibility in choosing inverters because the system
voltage can be adjusted to match the inverter's requirements.

Challenges

1. Panels connected in parallel have varying current outputs, and this can lead to imbalances
and power losses due to differences in the lengths and resistances of the connecting cables.

2. Parallel connections often require the use of combiner boxes to merge the multiple parallel
strings of panels, adding complexity and cost to the system.
Series
PV1

PV 2
Parallel