Thesis Final

Design of mechanically operated multi nozzle pesticide spray
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY
HAWASSA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Title : Design of mechanical operated multi nozzle pesticide spray pump
Name ID No
1.Hana Minilik MeMeER/0009/11
2.Surafel Seyfu MeMeER/0019/11
3.Zelalem Hailu MeMeER/0030/1
Advisor:Ins Yonas
Date
Hawassa/Ethiopia
Hawassa University Institute Of Technology 1

Acknowledgment
We want to express our sincere thankfulness to God for providing us the endurance, bravery, and
fortitude to complete our BSc studies. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to our adviser,
Ins. Yonas, for his ongoing support, inspiration, priceless comments, and superb supervision that
assisted us while working on the thesis. We would also like to thank to everyone that played his/her
role from tiny to large assistance to have this thesis accomplished successfully. Finally, we would
like to thank our parents for their support, patience, and encouragement throughout our academic
careers.
Hawassa University Institute Of Technology ii

Abstract
A sprayer is a piece of equipment that used in agriculture to apply fertilizers, insecticides, and
herbicides to crops. Agricultural sprayers are available in a range of design styles, equipment
configurations, and performance standards. They differ in size from little spot-spraying devices
to enormous sprayers that cover a lot of ground and plants. The failure of crops due to pests and
insects is one of the biggest issues Ethiopian farmers confront. The majority of Ethiopian farmers
this time use backpack sprayers. A knapsack spray has significant disadvantages. The entire
spraying process is exhausting and causes pain after continuous use for any size operation with
substantial backload. It requires a lot of time to cover an expanding area, more human effort, and
ongoing one-handed pumping. In order to solve these problem, we have designed a mechanically
operated multi nozzle pesticide sprayer . This multi-nozzle pesticide sprayer is mechanically
powered by a slider crank, pump, sprocket, chain, wheel, frame and bearing,. The slider crank
and sprocket chain used in this system's power transmission effectively transmit power.
The slider crank and sprocket chain used in this system's power transmission effectively transmit
power.The smaller sprocket has 25 teeth, while the larger sprocket has 75 teeth, resulting in a ge
ar ratio of 1:3.the center distance between the two sprockets is 473 mm, and the average chain le
ngth was 1500 mm.This system will solve the above-stated limitation of backpack sprayers
since there is no need to carry the pesticide tank on the back. It also
removes the problem of back pain. This
device saves time and work for the farmer by spraying pesticides over numerous rows of plants a
t once. Continuous pumping also isn't required since it only requires pushing forward,
then the wheel rotatesand in turn, the pinion is reciprocated with the help of a link connecting the
sprocket shaft and the pinion to generate the power required to pressurize the pumps.
Hawassa University Institute Of Technology iii

Contents
Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iii
List of figure ............................................................................................................................................. vi
List of table.................................................................................................................................................. vii
List of symbols and abbreviations.............................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Problem Statement ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. General objective .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.2. Specific objective .................................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Scope of project ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.5. significant of research ................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1. Literature survey ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Common type’s pesticide sprayer................................................................................................. 7
2.3. Working principle ........................................................................................................................ 12
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 14
3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1. Problem identification ................................................................................................................ 15
3.2. Data Collection ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.2.1. Primary Data ....................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.2. Secondary Data ................................................................................................................... 15
3.3. Material selection ....................................................................................................................... 15
3.4. Construction components........................................................................................................... 16
3.5. Design analysis ............................................................................................................................ 18
3.5.1. Diameter of Wheel .............................................................................................................. 18
3.5.2. Design of the chain drives ................................................................................................... 22
3.5.3. Design of pump ................................................................................................................... 28
Swath width ............................................................................................................................................ 31
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3.5.4. Design of axle shaft ............................................................................................................. 31

3.5.5. Design of key ....................................................................................................................... 33
Sunk Keys ............................................................................................................................................ 33
3.5.6. Selection of bearing ............................................................................................................ 36
3.5.7. Design of slide crank mechanism ........................................................................................ 40
3.5.8. Design of connecting rod .................................................................................................... 41
3.5.9. Design of Frame .................................................................................................................. 50
3.6. Cost estimation ........................................................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 54
4. Results and discussion ........................................................................................................................ 54
4.2. Discussion.................................................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 56
5. Conclusion and recommendation ....................................................................................................... 56
5.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 56
5.2. Recommendation........................................................................................................................ 56
Hawassa University Institute Of Technology v

List of figure
Figure 2-1 knapsack ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-2 knapsack (hand operated) sprayer ............................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-3 Knapsack motorized sprayer ....................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2-4 Truck-mounted Sprayer............................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2-5 Motorcycles Driven Multi-Purpose Sprayer ............................................................................. 10
Figure 2-6 Aerial Sprayers .......................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2-7 automatic pesticide spraying machine....................................................................................... 11
Figure 2-8 mechanical operated multi nozzle pesticide spray .................................................................... 13
Figure 3-1 sprocket ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3-2 chain .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3-3 nozzle ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3-4 wheel ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3-5 bicycle wheel size guide ............................................................................................................ 19
Figure 3-6 tank ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Figure 3-7 profile of sprocket [1] ................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 3-8 shows a chain attached on sprocket [1] .................................................................................... 24
Figure 3-9 chain and sprocket ..................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3-10 axle shaft ................................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 3-11 force analysis for key[1] .......................................................................................................... 34
Figure 3-12 bearing for the crankshaft[1] ................................................................................................... 38
Figure 3-13 design of bearing ..................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 3-14 design of pin ............................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 3-15 connecting rod ......................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 3-16 design of connecting rod ......................................................................................................... 50
Figure 3-17 design of frame ........................................................................................................................ 51
Figure -0-1 frame ........................................................................................................................................ 69
Figure 0-2 wheel ......................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 0-3 tank ............................................................................................................................................ 70
Figure 0-4 Nozzle ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 0-5 Nozzle bar ................................................................................................................................. 71
Figure 0-6 Connecting Rod ......................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 0-7 Pin ............................................................................................................................................. 72
Figure 0-8 Shaft .......................................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 0-9 Bearing ...................................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 0-10 Larger sprocket........................................................................................................................ 73
Figure 0-11 Small sprocket with Shaft ....................................................................................................... 73
Hawassa University Institute Of Technology vi

List of table
Table 1 component ........................................................................................................................ 16
Table 3.2 design summery for sprocket ........................................................................................ 27
Table 3.3 design summery for chain ............................................................................................. 28
Table 3.4 dimension for key[1] ..................................................................................................... 34
Table 3.5 properties of aluminum ................................................................................................. 39
Table 6 Cost analysis of designed part ......................................................................................... 52
Table 7 Cost analysis of selected components of the machine ..................................................... 53
Table 8 Results .............................................................................................................................. 54
Table 10 Basic static and dynamic capacities of various types of radial ball bearings. ............... 61
Table 11 Values of X0 and Y0 for radial bearings ....................................................................... 62
Table 12 Values of X and Y for dynamically loaded bearings. .................................................... 63
Hawassa University Institute Of Technology vii

List of symbols and abbreviations

M-mass
W-weight /load
D-diameter
R-radius
C-coefficient of rolling resistance
Cr-coefficient of gradient resistance
V-velocity
Ft-total tractive force
T-torque of the rotating element
P-power
N-angular speed in rpm
VR-speed ratio
N1-speed of pinion sprocket
N2-speed of larger sprocket
Tg-number of teeth of larger sprocket
Tp-number of teeth of pinion sprocket
K1=load factor
K2=lubrication factor
K3-rating factor
D1-pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket
D2-pitch circle diameter of larger sprocket
X-center distance between sprockets
K –number of links of chain
L –length of chain
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Hawassa University Institute Of Technology
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p -pitch
Q –discharge
A –area
HfO-head loss at out
HfE –head loss at entry
Het-head loss at t-section
ρ-density
τ-shear stress
σ-normal stress
l = Length of key
w = Width of key
t = Thickness of key
τ and σc = Shear and crushing stresses
F.s=factor of safety
Hawassa University Institute Of Technology ix

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for around 40% of the country's GDP
overall and makes up the majority of the industrial and service sectors. The state's Ethiopian
population relies on agriculture to a degree of about 80%. Population growth and rising agricultural
product demand are issues for developing nations like our own. The loss of crops due to pests and
insects is one of the biggest issues Ethiopian farmers confront. In order to combat this, farmers
employ pesticides and insecticides.
A sprayer is a piece of equipment that used in agriculture to apply fertilizers, insecticides, and
herbicides to crops. Agricultural sprayers are available in a range of design styles, equipment
configurations, and performance standards. They differ in size from little spot-spraying devices to
enormous sprayers that cover a lot of ground and plants. These sprayers are made to be adaptable
and suitable for a range of uses, including spot applications, gardens, crops, row crops, crop trees,
fruit, groves, and vineyards. They are also made to be suitable for perimeter maintenance, the
needs of livestock, weed control, pastures, and rangeland. an illustration of a universal sprayer
A backpack sprayer, sometimes known as a knapsack sprayer, is a type of spraying device that is
carried on the back and has movable shoulder straps. Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers are
applied to plants or crops using this method. The sprayer normally includes a nozzle at the end of
a wand for precise spraying and is made of sturdy materials like polyethylene or stainless steel.
The container is pressurized by a pump, which pushes the liquid out via the nozzle.
Knapsack motorized sprayer: This kind of sprayer, which is worn on the back like a backpack,
enables the operator to efficiently carry and apply liquid pesticides or herbicides. It has a small
motorized pump that takes liquid from a tank and sprays it out through a nozzle to cover the crop
or surface being treated uniformly. Gasoline or batteries can be used to power the sprayer.

Truck-mounted Sprayers: is designed to spray chemicals or liquid solutions involves a spray tank
mounted on a truck with specialized nozzles, valves, and hoses that allow users to precisely apply
treatments across a large area.
Motorcycle Driven Multi-Purpose Sprayer: It is a type of farming or agricultural equipment that

is powered by a motorcycle engine to spray pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers on crops. It often
has a tank for holding the chemical, a pump for spraying it onto the crops, and a spraying boom
that can distribute the chemicals evenly over a large area.
Aerial Sprayers: It is a type sprayer mounted on an aircraft, such as a plane or helicopter, and
works by spraying the solution over the targeted area. Aerial spraying has advantages over ground-
based spraying, including the ability to cover large areas quickly and access hard-to-reach areas.
Now a day Ethiopian farmers use knapsack (backpack) sprayer pumps to control insects, weeds,
and other types of crops because they cannot afford the above-mentioned sprayers due to a variety
of factors, including a lack of infrastructure, a high energy consumption rate, technological
limitations, and their expense. The entire spraying process is quite exhausting, takes a lot of time
to cover a larger area, and necessitates greater human effort. These are the main negatives of
knapsack (backpack) spray. It is crucial to modernize and mechanize agricultural practices in order
to solve these issues. Our pesticide spray concept uses a mechanically driven, multiple-nozzle
pesticide spray pump. The main purpose of a mechanically powered multi-nozzle pesticide
sprayer is to water, herbicide, and spray pesticide in vegetable gardens. We employed a crank-
mechanism backpack sprayer, which is driven by the wheel. It is a portable device that is simple
to carry and sprays pesticide by moving the wheel. It requires no fuel to run, uses less time, and
achieves consistent nozzle spray.
1.2. Problem Statement
Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers can all be applied to crops using agricultural sprayers, which
are tools created expressly for this purpose. This increases crop productivity and quality. The
majority of Ethiopian farmers now employ backpack sprayers. A knapsack (backpack) spray has
several significant drawbacks: first, the entire spraying process is exhausting and causes hand,
back, and neck pains with prolonged use for any scale of operation with heavy backload; second,
it takes a long time to cover an area which raises the cost of spraying; third, the spraying is done
by labor carrying backpack-type sprayers which requires more human effort; one hand continues
pumping. We created a mechanically controlled, user-friendly sprayer that runs out of fuel to solve
these issues. Due to the several nozzles, it takes less time. The removal of the need to carry the
tank on their backs, which could strain and damage their backs, makes it easier for the gardeners
to work. This device merely needs to be pushed forward, similar to how a trolley works, and it
will then generate a mechanical pump utilizing a set of power transmission parts that use a shaft,
bearings, and a set of sprockets.
1.3. Objective
1.3.1. General objective
 The main objective of this project is Design of mechanically operated multi nozzle
pesticide sprayer pump for agricultural purpose.
1.3.2. Specific objective

 To design component (part) of mechanically operated multi nozzle sprayer
 To draw 3D component and assembling of the of mechanically operated multi nozzle
sprayer
 To calculate total cost of mechanically operated multi nozzle sprayer
1.4. Scope of project

This project aimed to create a multi-nozzle spray pump that could be mechanically driven. This
project will include cost estimation, acceptable material selection, machine modeling with Solid
Work software, and component analysis. Chemicals and their reactions, as well as the final phases
of manufacturing, cannot be included due to time, financial, and equipment limitations.
1.5. significant of research
Ethiopian farmers frequently employed the manual sprayer, which is a manual Knapsack sprayer.
To change a manual knapsack sprayer into a mechanical sprayer through this project, which will:
cover a larger area of land during spraying, which increases operator efficiency and decreases
human effort and spray time. Last but not least, this study also enables other researchers to carry
out additional research that focuses more on assisting gardeners in Ethiopia and other countries to
accomplish their best in spraying activities in gardens.

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Literature survey
Before beginning with the real model, we read the research articles listed below. In the literature
review, a portion of our study is mentioned. The authors conducted the research that is included in
it.
LaukikP.Raut, Smith B.Jaiswal, Nitin.Y.Mohite The author has worked on the design,
development, and fabrication of agricultural fertilizer sprayers with weeders. According to the
author's survey, the industrial and service sectors have made a lot of improvements compared to
the agriculture sector. The farmers spray their farms by getting knapsack-type sprayers, which
require more human effort. The weeding is generally done with the help of bulls, which becomes
costly for farmers with small-scale farming land. So to overcome the above problems, the author
has designed a machine that will be valuable for farmers for both spraying and weeding operations.
Prof. Swati D. Kale, Swati V. Khandagale, Shweta S. Gaikwad, According to their research, the
application of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural areas is of vital importance for crop yields.
The use of aircraft is more common in carrying out this task, mainly because of its speed and
efficiency. But there are some factors that affect the yield and can also damage it. e.g., all the crop
areas are not covered during the spraying process, and at some point there is overlap of spraying
on crop areas. The climate conditions, such as the intensity and direction of the wind, create
complexity in spraying. In their research, they describe unmanned aerial vehicles that can be
employed to control loops for agriculture applications.
S.R. Kulkarni, Harish Nayak, Mohan Futane, The author developed a portable, foot-operated
agriculture fertilizer and pesticide spraying pump. According to them, there are four types of
cultivators in India: small, marginal, medium, and rich. Small-scale farmers use the traditional way
of spraying by getting knapsacks and, with the help of hand pumps, spraying their farms. It is user-
friendly equipment, easy to operate, and a cost-effective machine. But it has some bad effects, like
leading to human pain; however, this equipment can also lead to misapplication of chemicals and

ineffective control of target pests. This process is costly as well as hazardous to the environment.
The author suggested a prototype of a foot pump that is economical and sprays the maximum area
within the minimum time at the maximum rate.
Sandip H. Poratkar and Dhanraj R. Raut worked on a manually operated knapsack-type multi-
nozzle spraying machine according to the small-scale farmers who are interested in a manually
operated lever-type machine. It is low-cost, and its design is simple compared to the others on the
market. But this type of sprayer has some limitations, like the fact that it cannot maintain pressure
throughout the spraying. But this sprayer has certain limitations, like the fact that it cannot maintain
the required pressure or prevent pest loss due to dribbling or drift during operation. This
phenomenon not only increases the cost of production but also affects the environment. They
suggest the multi-nozzle machine, which performs the maximum amount of work in the shortest
time. A constant flow valve can be applied to nozzles to ensure equal supply through the nozzles.
Varikuti Vasantha Rao Sharanakumar Mathapati Dr. Basavaraj Amarapur, Multiple Power-
Supplied Fertilizer Sprayer as a low-volume sprayer suitable for spraying concentrated spray
liquid. A blast of air flows through the spraying jet of the delivery hose and nozzle tube and ejects
spray liquid in this blast. Air blast atomizes spray liquid into fine droplets. Air acts as a carrier.
The faster the air is compressed, the greater the atomization. These prayers are also used as
blowers. Mist blowers cause considerable loss of herbicide blowers by winds. The main
advantages of a knapsack are: Portable working and fast spraying. Suited to the post-emergence
translocate type. Herbicides in low volume Spraying is not so uniform with Knapsack blowers.
Joshua R. (2010): Developed a power sprayer with a two-stroke petrol engine. The cost of
operating the system is quite high, so a solar-operated sprayer is suggested as an alternative.
Rao et. al. (2013): Developed a multiple power supplied fertilizer sprayer that can spray up to
580 liters of pesticide in about 5-6 acre of land when the battery is fully charged.
Chavan et. al. (2015): developed a prototype solar-powered agricultural pesticide sprayer using a
20W PV module and a brushless DC motor (12 V, 2.2 A).

Shivarajkumar A. and Parameswaramurthy D.: developed a wheel driven sprayer. The wheel
operated pesticide spray equipment consists of a reciprocating pump to pressurize the liquid and
power the reciprocating action of the pump. It is a portable device and does not require fuel for its
operation; the main drawback of this equipment is that it cannot move in the land where the crops
are already grown to a certain height and it is also difficult to carry on clay land.
Dr. R. N. Panchal Sir, Mr. Nikhil Deshmukh, Miss. PoonamShahapure, Miss.MrunaliniPatil,

Miss.AshwiniKengale. Design a Monowheel Operated Pesticide Spraying Machine. They develop
effective spraying and introduce new machines and techniques for the improvement and
advancement of living standards of human beings.
S.Charvani, K.Sowmya, M.Malathi, P.Rajani, K.Saibaba. Design and Fabrication of a Solar

Sprayer to studied and understand the mechanism for the spraying process. Mathematical models
were developed after adopting suitable assumptions for calculation of the power of the motor
required for spraying a known quantity of fluid. The parts required for the system were selected
by solving for known input.
LaukikP.Raut, Smith B.Jaiswal, Nitin.Y.Mohite The author has worked on Design, development
and fabrication of agricultural fertilizers sprayer with weed. According to the authors survey the
industrial and service sector has done lot of improvement as compare to agriculture sector .The
farmers sprays their farms by getting knapsack type sprayers which required more human efforts.
The weeding is generally done with the help of Bulls which becomes costly for farmers having
small scale farming land. So to overcome the above problems the author has design the machine
which will valuable for farmers for both spraying and weeding operations
Patil, Ikile, Jangate, Patil, Nalawade [2] it focused on spraying pesticides at maximum rate in
minimum time by using Pedal operated mechanism. Fabricated in minimum cost and easy
tohandle.

Jhod, Jumle, Apte, Borkar [3] Uses Whitworth mechanism to convert rotary motion in
reciprocating motion for pest management to minimize the risk for the user Kolhe, Gajhbhiye [4]
Implementing soil coulter along with spray pump to get double advantage.
Shailesh Malonde [6] they developed a multipurpose pesticide spraying machine based on solar
panels.It gives maximum work output with minimum effort. The arrangement of nozzles is
adjustable according to the crops and this alone pump can used for multiple crops.
Pavan B. Wayzode, Sagar R. Umale, Rajat R.Nikam, Amol D.Khadke, Hemant carried out
theirwork in “Design Fabrication of Agricultural sprayers, weed with cutter Chemicals are widely
used for controlling disease, insects and weeds in the crops. They are able to save a crop from pest
attack only when applied in time. The chemicals are costly. Therefore, equipment for uniform and
effective application is essential.
2.2. Common type’s pesticide sprayer

1)Backpack (Knapsack) Sprayer:
one type of backpack sprayer is a compressed air sprayer with a harness that allows it to be carried
on the operator's back. Another type of backpack sprayer has a hand-operated hydraulic pump that
forces liquid pesticide through a hose and one or more nozzles. The pump is usually activated by
moving a lever. A mechanical agitator plate may be attached to the pump plunger. Hydraulic
sprayers consist of a tank, a pump, a lance or boom, and a nozzle. Sprayers convert a pesticide
formulation, often containing a mixture of water (or another liquid chemical carrier, such as
fertilizer) and chemical, into droplets, which can be large rain-type drops or tiny almost invisible
particles. This conversion is accomplished by forcing the spray mixture through a spray nozzle
under pressure. The size of droplets can be altered through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by
altering the pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of both. Large droplets have the
advantage of being less susceptible to spray drift, but require more water per unit of land covered.
Due to static electricity, small droplets are able to maximize contact with a target organism, but
very still wind conditions are required. But, in this type of spraying, the labor has to carry all the
weight of the pesticides filled tank which causes fatigue to labor and hence reduces the human
capacity.
Figure 2-1 knapsack
Figure 2-2 knapsack (hand operated) sprayer
2)Knapsack motorized sprayer
It is simplest engine driven sprayer used in agriculture. It is carried on the back of operator. It is
used for spraying to all type crops most popularly to paddy, groundnut, cotton and vegetable. When
engine is started, the blower generates a high velocity air to which the chemical. The chemical will
through the hose and nozzle. This knapsack can fit 20L to 25L and very hard to carry. To run an
engine, it requires petrol to operate it.

Figure 2-3 Knapsack motorized sprayer
3)Truck-mounted Sprayers
This design consists of a skid-mounted sprayer, powered by an auxiliary engine, placed in a pickup
or flatbed truck. Flotation tires are included on larger units to aid the sprayer's operation in wet
conditions. These large models, including tanks that hold up to (9,463 L) and booms up to 60 feet
(18.3 m) long, are most useful on expansive areas, or special applications.
Figure 2-4 Truck-mounted Sprayer

4)Motorcycle Driven Multi-Purpose Sprayer:
It developed an attachment for a motorbike to get a multi-purpose toolbar. This motor cycle driven
can be used to carry out various farming operations like furrow opening, sowing, inter-culturing
and spraying operations. The intermediate-technology contraption proved efficient and cost-
effective for small sized farm.

Figure 2-5 Motorcycles Driven Multi-Purpose Sprayer
5)Aerial Sprayers
Aerial sprayer is another type of spraying. It is beneficial for the farmers having large Farms. This
technique by farmers is not affordable to farmers having small and medium farms. In aerial
spraying the spraying is done with the help of small helicopter controlled by remote. On that
sprayer is attached having Multiple nozzles and sprayed it on the farm from some altitude
Figure 2-6 Aerial Sprayers

6)Automatic Pesticides Spraying Machine
Dhiraj N. Kumbhare et.al, Study involves Fabrication of Automatic Pesticides Spraying Machine
which uses a small 4 wheel kart or vehicle which is electronically operated by a wireless remote
which runs on power source using DC battery.
Figure 2-7 automatic pesticide spraying machine

In general, each of the aforementioned suggestions has its own flaws, such as the fact that it
disregards labor input from farmers, their economic situation, the fact that they used fuel, and the
fact that spraying takes time. In order to solve the aforementioned issues, we have designed and
developed adaptable equipment that will help medium- and small-scale farmers perform spraying
operations. While some projects have employed solar panels to produce the electricity needed to
power the sprayer, this has some problems as well. Because the solar strength varies during the
day, the quantity of electricity produced can vary, which has an impact on how effectively
pesticides are sprayed. In this project, the pump is operated by a slider crank mechanism that
transforms rotary action into reciprocating motion, dispersing the insecticide through the nozzle.
This project provides a constant flow of pesticide at the necessary pressure and altitude.
The following shortcomings of different spraying techniques demonstrate the necessity of our
project.
1. The backpack sprayer or solar-powered sprayer requires the labor to carry the entire weight of
the tank packed with pesticides, which wears out the labor and lowers human capacity.

2, The engine-powered spraying equipment requires gasoline to run and function properly, which
raises its cost of operation and also causes back pain owing to vibration issues.
3, There is fertilizer waste in aerial spraying, and some crops are not completely covered, making
it inappropriate for small farms.
4. During spraying, after some time, hand muscles start to hurt, and thus proper pressure is not
maintained. So it affects the droplet pressure.
5. When using fuel-operated vehicles, the exhaust gases liberated from the silencer or muffler produce a
harmful effect on the crops.
2.3. Working principle
The construction of our project is depicted in the following figure. The wheel rotates as the
operator pulls the bike forward by grabbing the handle. The gear sprocket attached on the wheel
revolves at the same speed as the wheel when it turns. The motion of the gear sprocket is
transferred to the pinion sprocket by the chain drive. The pinion sprocket and crank are positioned
on opposite side of the same shaft, and the connecting rod and crank mechanism turn the shaft's
rotating motion into a reciprocating action. Lever and connecting rod are joined, and the lever
oscillates at its fulcrum. The requisite pressure is generated by the reciprocating motion of the
piston linked at the fulcrum in the cylinder.
A number of nozzles are linked to spray the pesticide once the pesticide from the tank is driven
into the pipe by a piston and cylinder. Fork can provide free rotation of the crank or neutral
position by offering some adjustment at the connecting rod and lever joint. When you don't need
to spray insecticide, you can use these adjustments to stop the pumping and let the wheel spin on
its own. The nozzle's height, location, and angle can all be changed.

Figure 2-8 mechanical operated multi nozzle pesticide spray

CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes how to finish designing a mechanical spraying pump. The process of
extracting limitations from the real world is known as problem identification in this thesis. This is
followed by data collection through literature searches on sprayers, their properties, and various
spraying machines to identify their components and general workings. The next stage after data
collecting is to identify system components and conduct a design analysis. The geometric analysis
method was used to conduct the design analysis. Then, cost analysis and part and assembly
drawing utilizing mechanical engineering software (solid work).

3.1. Problem identification

The drawback of the back pack sprayer approach is that it is time-consuming, laborious, and the
entire spraying process can cause hand, back, and neck pain if used for an extended period of
time.
3.2. Data Collection

In this study, we gather information using two different approaches: primary data collecting and
secondary data gathering.
3.2.1. Primary Data

By using questionnaires and interviews, we gather data using this method directly from the
problem area, which can include farmers or agricultural specialists.
3.2.2. Secondary Data
This includes reading various text books, essays, book reviews, the Internet, etc.
3.3. Material selection

In design processes, material selection is a crucial step. The process of choosing materials is
design-led in that it takes the design criteria into consideration in order to find materials that have
the appropriate qualities for the part's intended functionality. The stuff that serves the most
crucial stage is the greatest. A material that achieves the intended result while costing the least is
considered to be the best. When choosing a piece of writing, keep the following things in mind:
The material's accessibility the cost of the material, its cost to process the material using
available technology, and its suitability for use in service.
The material selecting process mainly we follow depends on the criteria of available and strength
for the working condition of our design. We try to select materials for our Pesticide sprayer and
we use mild steel hollow section for body frame. This kind of steel has good reliability. Low carbon
steel with low carbon content has medium hardness and poor workability. It is because the body
will should bear the load on the tank when it is added to the chemical. For the wings, we choose
aluminum because it’s lightweight and not easily corrosive. These wings are used to hold hoses
and nozzles to make sure the sprayer can spray more efficiently. Based on the above we selected
different material for different components as shown in the following

Table 1 component
Part Part name Material Number Description

No
1 Frame Mild steel Design
2 Crank aluminum 1 Design
3 Connecting rod Mild steel 1 Design
4 pipe Plastic 1 Design
5 Tank Plastic 1 Selection
6 Wheel Steel and rubber 1 Selection
7 Chain AISI 1020 steel 1 Design
8 Sprocket AISI 1020 steel 2 Design
9 Nozzle bar Aluminum 2 Design
10 Nozzles Plastic 6 selection
3.4. Construction components

The main components of mechanical operated multi nozzle spray pump are as follows:
Sprockets
The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain
passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly,
and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth. We use freewheel
and chain wheel for chain and sprocket arrangement.

Figure 3-1 sprocket
Chain
The chain is made of steel which is used to transmit power from gear sprocket to pinion sprocket,
and it has a no sleep.
Figure 3-2 chain
Crank
The function of crank is to transfer motion from prime mover to the connecting rod for further
operation and rotary motion of crank is converted into reciprocating/linear motion of connecting
rod.
Connecting rod
The main function of connecting rod is to convert rotary motion into reciprocating/linear motion.
Here connecting rod converts rotary motion of crank to reciprocating motion of pump and
extension rod or lever.
Nozzle
It is a device which converts the pressure energy of fluid into kinetic energy; spray nozzle is a
precision device that facilitates dispersion of liquid into a spray. Nozzle is used for purpose to
distribute a liquid over an area.

Figure 3-3 nozzle
Wheel
Wheel is used to carry the whole assembly and move machine from one place to another by rotary
motion of it. A bicycle wheel is a wheel, most commonly a wire wheel, designed for a bicycle.
Bicycle wheel is designed to fit into the frame and fork via drop outs, and hold bicycle tyre. A
typical modern wheel has a metal hub, wire tension spokes and a metal or carbon fiber rim which
holds a pneumatic rubber tire. We use a tubeless tire wheel.
Figure 3-4 wheel
Frame
The main function of frame is to carry whole assembly on it so it has to be strong enough to hold
it. The frame is made of square pipe and it is formed out of mild steel.
3.5. Design analysis

3.5.1. Diameter of Wheel
Let 30 cm is the distance between each plant in a row.

Four lines are covered by one wheel turn.
30 * 4 = 120 cm
120 = 2πr
r = 120/2π
r =19.0985cm
D = 38.2cm
Standard diameter =40.6cm
Figure 3-5 bicycle wheel size guide

The diameter of wheel =40.6 cm
Force required driving a System
Load of tank
We chose the 20-liter tank that was most frequently used by farmers. Water is the solute in the working
medium, as is well known. After that, we should compute the overall load dissipation.

The volume of the tank is
= 20litre =0.020m³
The density of water is =1000kg/m³
Mass of water =density of water * volume
m=1000kg/m³ * 0.020m³
m=20kg
Then total mass =mass of water + mass of tank
=20kg + 2kg
=22kg
The load applied due to the tank can be calculated as: - load (W) =mg……………………eqn_(3.1)
W=22Kg * 9.81m/s²
w=215.82kgm/s²
W=215.82N
W=0.21582KN
Figure 3-6 tank
Gross weight of system =22kg tank filled with pesticide + 28kg other components
=50kg =490.5N
Man walking speed=1km/hr. =0.0.278m/s
Coefficient of rolling resistance Cr =0.03
Coefficient of gradient resistance C = 150
1. Gradient Resistance
F = W x Sinβ = 490.5N x Sin15 = 127N ………………………………… eqn_(3.2)
2. Rolling Resistance
= W x Cr = 490.5N x 0.03 = 14.72N……………………………….. eqn_(3.3)
Total Tractive Force = Rolling Resistance + Gradient Resistance
FT = 14.72 + 127+= 141.72N
FT = 141.72 N
Force Required to Drive a System =141.72N which the minimum force which required to drive
the sprayer.
To calculate the minimum torque required on the wheels
T = Ft ∗ R………………………………… eqn_(3.4)
T = 141.72N × 0.203m
T = 42.71Nm
So, the minimum torque required on the wheels must be 42.71Nm.
And also the working speed is 0.278m/s
2πrN
V= …………………… eqn_(3.5)
60
So, driving the formula for N from the above;
60v 60×0.278m⁄S
N = 2πr = 2×π×0.203m
= 14rpm

After calculating speed, power will be calculated using the following formula;
Power
P = force ∗ velocity ………………….. eqn_(3.6)
P = 141.72N x 0.28 = 40W
P = 40Watt
3.5.2. Design of the chain drives

Using chain drives for the transmission of the power and for the torque multiplication because of
the following advantages that the chain drives gives;
 It gives high transmission efficiency (up to 98 percent).
 It gives fewer loads on the shafts.
 It can be operated under adverse temperature and atmospheric conditions.
 It can transmit power from one shaft in to another shaft without changing its direction
Material selection
By considering the working environment and for the seek of smooth operation and resistance of
shock and noise reduction as well as economic aspects we have selected AISI 1020 steel which
have the following mechanical properties,
 Brunel hardness number=111
 Ultimate tensile strength=394.72Mpa
 Yield strength=294.74Mpa
 Elastic modules E=200Gpa
 Density=7.87x1103Kg/m3
Terms used during design of the sprockets
Pitch of the sprocket: It is the distance from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on
the next tooth. It is usually denoted by p.

Pitch circle diameter of chain sprocket: It is the diameter of the circle on which the hinge centers
of the chain lie, when the chain is wrapped round a sprocket as shown in the figure given above.
The points A, B, C, and D; are the hinge centers of the chain and the circle drawn through these
centers is called pitch circle and its diameter (D) is known as pitch circle diameter.
Face width. It is the width of the tooth of the sprocket measured parallel to its axis.
Figure 3-7 profile of sprocket [1]
Analytical calculation
Assuming
Gear Ratio = 1:3
On rotation of gear sprocket gives three rotation of pinion sprocket, we required three strokes to
generate adequate amount of pressure. Torque on the shaft of the larger sprocket from the wheel
is 42.71Nm and the required velocity ratio is calculated as follows
1
V. R =
3
N1 T2
VR = N2 = T1………………………………………………….eqn_(3.7)[1]
T2 = VR × T1 = 3 ∗ 42.71Nm
T2 = 128.13N

Figure 3-8 shows a chain attached on sprocket [1]
For the sake of smooth operation, we have taken the number of teeth on the smaller (Tp) sprocket
as 25 so let’s calculate the number of teeth of the larger (Tg) sprocket.
Tg = Number of teeth of larger sprocket
Tp = number of teeth on the smaller(pinion)sprocket
Tg
V. R = T …………………………………….. eqn_(3.8)
p
Tg
3=
25
Tg = 75 teeth
The design power of the sprocket is given by
𝑃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟(𝐾𝑆) ……………. eqn_(3.9)
The rated power is the input power which is the human power which is 40 watt and the service
factor (KS) is the product of various factors, such as load factor (K1), lubrication factor (K2) and
rating factor (K3). The values of these factors are taken as follows:
1. Load factor (K1) = 1, for constant load

= 1.25, for variable load with mild shock
= 1.5, for heavy shock loads
2. Lubrication factor (K2) = 0.8, for continuous lubrication
= 1, for drop lubrication
= 1.5, for periodic lubrication
3. Rating factor (K3) = 1, for 8 hours per day

= 1.25, for 16 hours per day

= 1.5, for continuous service
For the chain conveyor we have considered the following conditions,
 The type of load on the sprocket is constant, K1=1
 The sprocket and the chains are lubricated periodically; K2=1.5
 The machine works for 8 hours per day; K3=1
Then the service factor of the chain drive is given by;
KS=1.5x1x1
𝐾𝑆=1.5
So the design power is given by;

𝑃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟(𝐾𝑆)
P = 40watt x 1.5
P = 60watt
According to Indian Standards (IS: 2403 —1991), the various characteristics such as pitch, roller
diameter, width between inner plates, transverse pitch and breaking load for the roller chains ISO
chain number 06B are
 Pitch(p)=9.525 mm
 Roller diameter(d1) =6.35mm
 Width between inner plates(b1) =5.72 mm
 Width of the sprockets=7mm
 Transverse pitch=10.24mm
 The braking load=8.9KN
The pitch circle diameter of the smaller sprocket is given by,
180
d1 = pcosec( T )……………………. eqn_(3.10)
p
180
d1 = 9.525 mm cosec( 25 )
d1 = 76mm
Pinion Sprocket with a pitch circle diameter of 76mm and the pitch circle diameter of the larger
sprocket is given by
180
d2 = pcosec( T ) …………… eqn_(3.11)
g

180
d2 = 9.525mmcosec( 75 )
d2 = 228mm
Pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket is calculated as;
πd1 N1
V1 = N1=14rpm ……………………. eqn_(3.12)
60
πx0.076mx14 rpm
V1 =
60
V1 = 0.057m/s
Then let’s calculate the load on the chain
Rated power
W = pich line velocity ………………………. eqn_(3.13)
0.06Kwatt
W= 0.057m/s
W = 1.053kN
Then let’s calculate the factor of safety of the chain
WB
F. s = …………………………… eqn_(3.14)
W
8.9KN
F. s = 1.053KN
F. s = 5.4 > 3 Safe

The minimum center distance between the smaller and larger sprockets should be 30 to 50 times
the pitch. Let us take it as 50 times the pitch then the center distance between the smaller and larger
sprockets is given by
Center distance = 50xP
Center distance = 50x9.525mm
Center distance = 476.25m
In order to accommodate initial sag in the chain, the value of center distance is reduced by 2 to 5
mm.
X=476.25mm-4mm
X=472.25mm
We know that the number of the chain links is given by;
T1 +T2 2x T2 −T1 2 p
K= + +[ ] ……………………….. eqn_(3.15)
2 p 2π x

25+75 2x472.25 75−25 2 9.525mm

K= + +[ ]
2 9.525 2π 472.25
K =149.6links
but number of links is a natural number so, K =150links
Then let’s calculate the length of the chain (L)
L = KxP
L=150x9.525 mm
L=1428mm=1.4m
Table 3.2 design summery for sprocket
Parameter Pinion sprocket Larger sprocket

Material type AISI 1020 steel AISI 1020 steel
Number of teeth 25 75
Speed 25.2rpm 75.6rpm
Torque 64.8Nm 194.4Nm
Pitch 9.525mm 9.525mm
Pitch circle diameter 76mm 228mm
Width 7mm 7mm
Central distance between sprockets X=472.25mm

Table 3.3 design summery for chain

Parameter Chain
Material AISI 1020 steel
Type Roller simplex chain
Width between the inner plates 5.72mm
Roller diameter 10.16mm
Pitch 9.525mm
Length of the chain 1.4m
Number of the links 150
Figure 3-9 chain and sprocket
3.5.3. Design of pump

The required pressure for a sprayer pump with 6 nozzles can be calculated using the following
formula:
𝑄𝐾
P = 𝐴𝐶 ………………. eqn_(3.16)[5]

where: P is the required pressure in bar (1 bar = 14.5 psi)
An average flow rate for single nozzle backpack sprayer is 0.444L/min
Q is the total flow rate of all nozzles in liters per minute (0.444* 6 = 2.664L/min)
K is the coefficient of variation (0.9) A is the cross-sectional area of one nozzle (assuming
circular nozzle, A= πd²/4 where d is the diameter of the nozzle) 6
C is the spacing constant, which is calculated as follows: C = 𝐷 − 𝑑 ⁄𝑑 where
D is the distance between the nozzles (30 cm) and d is the diameter of the nozzle Assuming the
nozzle diameter to be 1 mm (0.1 cm), we can calculate the values of A and C as follows:
A = (π 0.1²)/4 = 0.0079 cm² C = (30 - 0.1) / 0.1 = 299 Substituting the values in the formula, we
get: P = (2.664* 0.9) / (0.0079 *299) = 1.015 bar Therefore, the required pressure for the sprayer
pump is 1.015 bar.
Roller pumps are popular for small sprayers because of their low initial cost, compact size, ease
of repair, and efficient operation at PTO speeds of 540 and 1000 revolutions per minute (rpm).
Roller sprayer pumps have flow rate capacity ranges from 9.1 GPM to 62 GPM and can generate
nozzle delivery pressures up to 300 PSI. They are self-priming and are available in: for
compatibility with certain herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers Consideration
should also be given to the adjuvants used in the spray solution.
Spray Pipe Material = Plastic

Pump discharge = 2.664 liter/min = 4.44 ∗ 10−5 m3/sec.
Q = A ∗ V………………………………………………………. eqn_(3.17)
Q 4.44 ∗ 10−5
V= = π
A 2
4∗D
5.653∗10−5
v= m/s
d2
Major losses
Take friction factor, f=0.09
Total Length of plastic tube(L)= Swath width + center distance between sprocket + surplus length
= 1.8m+0.473m+0.127m=2.4m

4FLv2
hfm = …………………………………………. eqn_(3.18)
2gd
5.653 ∗ 10−5 2
4 ∗ 0.09 ∗ 2.4m ∗ ( )
hfm = d2
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ d
1.40725 ∗ 10−10
=
d5
Losses at entry
0.5v2
hfE = ……………………………………… eqn_(3.19)
2g
5.653 ∗ 10−5 2
0.5( )
hfE = d2
2 ∗ 9.81
8.143 ∗ 10−11
hfE =
d4
Loss at out
5.653∗10−5 2
v2 ( )
d2
hfO = 2g = …………………………………….. eqn_(3.20)[4]
2∗9.81
16.287 ∗ 10−11
hfO =
d4
Loss at T section
Take bend coefficient, k=0.54 for 900
5.653∗10−5 2
kv2 ( )
d2
hft = = ………………………………. eqn_(3.21)
2g 2∗9.81
8.795 ∗ 10−11
hft =
d4
Total losses
hft = hfm + hfE + hfO + hfT
14.0725 ∗ 10−11 8.143 ∗ 10−11 16.287 ∗ 10−11 8.795 ∗ 10−11
+ + +
d5 d4 d4 d4
Required pressure at nozzle is 9.49bar= 9.49*105 N/m2
p = ρgh
p 9.49 ∗ 105 N/m2
h= = = 20.38m of water
ρg 1000 ∗ 9.81

Therefore
14.0725 ∗ 10−11 8.143 ∗ 10−11 16.287 ∗ 10−11 8.795 ∗ 10−11
20.38 = + + +
d5 d4 d4 d4
d = 5.611 ∗ 10−3 m
d = 5.61 mm = 0.6 cm
Swath width
Swath width for sprayer pump typically refers to the coverage area or the width of the area that the
sprayer can effectively treat with a single pass. The swath width can vary depending on the
specifications of the sprayer pump, the size and type of nozzles used, the pressure and flow rate of
the pump, and the speed at which the sprayer is operated.
The swath width for a sprayer pump with 6 nozzles and a distance of 30cm between them can be
calculated using the formula:
Swath Width = Number of Nozzles x Distance Between Nozzles Substituting the given values:
Swath Width = 6 nozzles x 30cm Swath Width = 180cm or 1.8 meters Therefore, the swath width
for this sprayer pump would be 1.8 meters.
3.5.4. Design of axle shaft

To find the diameter of shaft this is under twisting and bending moment.
Consideration and given data
Speed of wheel = 42rpm
Wight applied to the shaft FT = 141.72 N
Torque=128.13Nm
Material mild steel
Tensile strength=320mpa and
Yield strength=160mpa
Factor of safety=4
σyt 320
σt = = = 80mpa ……………………….. eqn_(3.22)[3]
f.s 4
σys 160
σs = = = 40mpa…………………………. eqn_(3.23)[3]
f.s 4

𝜋𝑑
A= 4
𝜋10000
A== 4
A=7853.98mm2
F=P*A
F=0.1015*7853.98=785.398N
F=785.398N
140mm 40mm
R P
3.force analysis for axle
Bending moment
M = F ∗ L = 785.34N ∗ 100mm = 78.534Nm
Equivalent T-moment
Te = √M 2 +T 2 ………………………………….. eqn_(3.24)
Te = √78.5342 +128.132
= 150.286Nm
Equivalent bending moment
Me = 0.5(M + Te)
Me = 0.5(78.534Nm + 150.289Nm)
= 114.408Nm
By torsional equation
π
Te = 16 ∗ τ ∗ d3 …………………………………….. eqn_(3.25)

π
150.286Nm = ∗ 40Mpa ∗ d3 ,
16
D = 26.747mm
By bending equation
π
Me = 32 ∗ 40 ∗ d3 …………………………. eqn_(2.26)
π
114.40Nm = ∗ 40 ∗ d3
32
D = 30mm
So select the larger diameter of the shaft, d= 30mm
Figure 3-10 axle shaft
3.5.5. Design of key

Sunk Keys
The sunk keys are provided half in the keyway of the shaft and half in the keyway of the hub or
boss of the pulley. The sunk keys are of the so many different types. Among these types we selected
square sunk key for our design.
The material we used for the key design is mild steel. The permissible shear and crushing stresses
for the mild steel key are 56 MPa and 112 MPa respectively.

Figure 3-11 force analysis for key[1]
From the crank shaft designed above we have the diameter of shaft which is under pulley
mechanism is 30mm so from the table of keys proportion specifications are given below for shaft
diameter of 22mm which approaches to our design.
Table 3.4 dimension for key[1]
Key cross section

Shaft diameter in mm
Width in mm Thickness in mm
30 8 7
A little consideration will show that due to the power transmitted by the shaft, the key may fail
due to shearing or crushing. Considering shearing of the key, the tangential shearing force acting
at the circumference of the shaft,
F = Area resisting shearing × Shear stress = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × 𝜏 …………………… eqn_(3.27)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑇=𝐹∗ =𝑙∗𝑤∗𝜏∗
2 2
T = Torque transmitted by the shaft,
F = Tangential force acting at the circumference of the shaft,
d = Diameter of shaft,
l = Length of key,
w = Width of key.

t = Thickness of key, and
τ and σc = Shear and crushing stresses for the material of key.
Considering crushing of the key, the tangential crushing force acting at the circumference of the
shaft,
F = Area resisting crushing × Crushing stress
𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑙 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜎𝑐……………………………… eqn_(3.28)
Therefore, Torque transmitted by the shaft,
𝑡 𝑑
𝑇 = 𝑙 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜎𝑐 ∗ 2 ……………………………………… eqn_(3.29)
The key is equally strong in shearing and crushing, is;
𝑑 𝑡 𝑑
𝑙∗𝑤∗𝜏∗ = 𝑙 ∗ ∗ 𝜎𝑐 ∗
2 2 2
𝑤 𝜎𝑐
= ……………………………………… eqn_(3.30)
𝑡 2𝜏
From Table, we find that for a shaft of 30mm diameter, Width of key, w = 8 mm. and thickness of
key, t = 7 mm. The length of key is obtained by considering the key in shearing and crushing. Let
l = Length of key.
Considering shearing of the key, we know that shearing strength (or torque transmitted) of the key
𝑑
𝑇 = 𝑙 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝜏 ∗ 2……………………………………………. eqn_(3.31)
30
= 𝑙 ∗ 10 ∗ 56 ∗
2
= 8400L 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
and torsional shearing strength (or torque transmitted) of the shaft,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑇= ∗ 𝜏 ∗ 𝑑3 = ∗ 56 ∗ (30)3
16 16

8400𝐿 = 296880.505𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
therefore, by equating both equations
296880.5
𝑙= 𝑚𝑚 = 15.3429𝑚𝑚
8400
Now considering crushing of the key, we know that shearing strength (or torque transmitted) of
the key,
t d 7 30
T=l∗ ∗ σc ∗ = l ∗ ∗ 120 ∗
2 2 2 2
7200LN − mm
296880.5
L= = 21.23mm
7200
Taking larger of the two values, we have length of key, L = 21.23mm say 22mm
3.5.6. Selection of bearing

A bearing is a mechanical element that permits relative motion between two points. The
functions of bearing are as follows:
1. The bearing ensures free rotation of the shaft or the axle with minimum friction.
2. The bearing supports the shaft to hold in the correct position.
3. The bearing takes up the forces that act on the shaft and transmits them to the frame or
the foundation.
Bearings are manufactured to take pure radial loads, pure thrust loads, or a combination of the
two kinds of loads. But in our case it is subjected to only radial loads.
Material selection of bearing Since the rolling elements and the races are subjected to high local
stresses of varying magnitude with each revolution of the bearing, therefore the material of the
rolling element (i.e. steel) should be:
 High quality.
 Good wear and corrosion resistance
 High strength

The balls are generally made of high carbon chromium steel alloy manufactured by hot forging
on hammers from steel rods. The material of both the balls and races are heat treated ground and
polished to give extra hardness and toughness. Therefore, for all bearing we choose material high
carbon chromium steel alloy.
Given parameters and assumptions
Shaft speed (N) =42rpm
Torque of shaft=128.13Nm
Since the bearing is subjected to radial loads. Therefore, maximum radial load acts on the
bearing is:
𝑇 128.13𝑁𝑚
F= =
𝑟 0.03𝑚
Fr=4.271KN
The machine is to be used or operate approximately 8 hrs. Per day
The average service life of bearing is 5 years
Assuming 245 working days per year
Therefore, life of the bearing in hours,
𝐿𝐻 = 7 ∗ 260 ∗ 8 = 14560hrs
And life of the bearing in revolutions,
𝐿 = 60 ∗ N ∗ 𝐿𝐻 = 60 ∗ 42𝑟𝑝𝑚 ∗ 14560hr = 36.6912∗ 106𝑟𝑒𝑣
Most manufacturers specify dynamic load rating C which is load that results in cycle (one
Million cycles).
Equivalent radial load
W = Fr=4.271KN
Therefore
1
𝐿
𝐶 = 𝑊(106 )𝐾 …………………………………………….eqn(3.32)[1]
Where; K-is constant 3 for ball bearings and 10/3 for roller bearings.
36.6912 ∗ 106 rev 1

= 4.271𝐾𝑁( )3
106
𝐶 = 15.199𝐾𝑁
From the table for various types of radial ball bearings basic static and dynamic capacity are
listed according to the manufacturer’s catalogue. Therefore, for Single row deep groove ball
bearing we have select bearing number 206 having the dynamic and static loads
Based on the above calculation of basic dynamic load values. And also with its principal
dimensions [ 1]
 Bore diameter (d) =30mm

 Outside diameter (D) =62mm
 Width (w) =16mm
Figure 3-12 bearing for the crankshaft[1]
Figure 3-13 design of bearing

Pin is one of the main devices of the sprayer. It transmits the motion from the connecting rod to
plunger of the wheel sprayer. The pin that we are going to use is a pin that helps us to have a good
transformation of motion between the links and plunger.
 The load to be transformed is uniformly distributed all over the length of the pin.
 The pins have a uniform cross-section.
 Neglect the effect of bearing stress to the pin, created in the pin holes.
Material selection
Due the nature of the load acting on the pin select aluminum having the following properties
Table 3.5 properties of aluminum
Aluminum Yield strength Tensile strength elongation Briner hardness

asso.no (mpa) (mpa) no
2017 70 179 22% 45
Analysis
It is clear that the pins mainly fail due to shear. Therefore, the pins are under single shear. So
design the pins considering single shear. To do these first find out the shearing force acting on
the pin is the pin that connects the rod and the plunger. This pin is selected due to the maximum
shear force acting on it other than the others.
Force that transmitted to the plunger, F=4.271KN
Now find the diameter of the pin
F
τall = Ap……………………………………………………………………eqn(3.33)[1]
Where Ap =area of pin

πdp2
Ap =
4
σy 70
Taking factor of safety 5 δall = F.S = 4
σall
τall =
2
4F. s
dp2 =
πτall
4 ∗ 4271
= , 𝑑𝑝 = 24.9𝑚𝑚 = 25𝑚𝑚
π ∗ 8.75
Figure 3-14 design of pin
3.5.7. Design of slide crank mechanism

The slider-crank mechanism consists of three main components: a crank, a connecting rod, and a
slider. It is typically connected to the connecting rod at one end and rotates around a fixed axis.
The connecting rod is a linear link that connects the crank to the slider. The slider is a sliding
element that moves back and forth along a straight line. It is connected to the connecting rod at
one end and can perform various tasks, such as pressing, pushing, pulling, or lifting. As the crank
rotates, it drives the connecting rod and slider through a series of pivot points, causing the slide
to move back and forth.
The crank is a rotating shaft driven by a motor or other power source. Material selected for
crank is Aluminum. Aluminum is preferred because of its lightweight, availability and also
because it is cheap and readily available in the local market. The parts stated here would
experience relative motion one against another; this brings another characteristic of aluminum to

fore, that is its resistance to wear and tear thereby reducing the need for lubrication. Let Length
of crank
stroke of piston 200

r = = = 100mm
2 2
3.5.8. Design of connecting rod

The connecting rod is the intermediate member between the piston and the crankshaft. Its
primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin to the crankpin and thus
convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the crank. The material
we used for connecting rod design is mild steels. Because of we selected this material is high
ductility it contains.
In designing a connecting rod, the following dimensions are required to be determined:
1. Dimensions of cross-section of the connecting rod,
2. Dimensions of the crankpin at the big end and the piston pin at the small end,
3. Size of bolts for securing the big end cap, and
4. Thickness of the big end cap.
Figure 3-15 connecting rod
stroke of piston 200

r = = = 100mm
2 2
Length of connecting rod, l=300mm

Equivalent length for both side hinged is, L=l=300mm

Now according to Rankine’s Figure 3.13 connecting rod
Forces Acting on the Connecting Rod
The various forces acting on the connecting rod are as follows:

1. Force on the piston due to gas pressure and inertia of the reciprocating parts,
2. Force due to inertia of the connecting rod or inertia bending forces,
3. Force due to friction of the piston rings and of the piston, and
4. Force due to friction of the piston pin bearing and the crankpin bearing.
We shall now derive the expressions for the forces acting on a vertical engine, as discussed
below.
1. Force on the piston due to gas pressure and inertia of reciprocating parts Consider a
connecting rod PC as shown in Fig.
Figure3.15 force analysis for connecting rod

Figure 3.16 I –section of connecting rod
Let us consider an I-section of the connecting rod, with the following proportions:
Flange and web thickness of the section = t
Width of the section, B = 4t
And depth or height of the section, H = 5t
First of all, let us find whether the section chosen is satisfactory or not. We have already discussed
that the connecting rod is considered like both ends hinged for buckling about X-axis and both
ends fixed for buckling about Y-axis. The connecting rod should be equally strong in buckling
about both the axes. We know that in order to have a connecting rod equally strong about both the
axes, Ixx = 4 Iyy where Ixx = Moment of inertia of the section about X-axis, and Iyy = Moment
of inertia of the section about Y-axis. In actual practice, Ixx is kept slightly less than 4 Iyy. It is
usually taken between 3 and 3.5 and the connecting rod is designed for buckling about X-axis.
Now area of the section, A = 2 (4 t × t ) + 3t × t = 11 t²………………………eqn(3.35)[1]
A = 2(4t ∗ t) + 3t ∗ t = 11t²
1 419
Ixx = 12 [4t(5t)3 − 3t ∗ (3t)3 ] = t⁴………………..eqn(3.36)
12
1 1 131
Iyy = 2 ∗ 12 ∗ t(4t)3 + 12 ∗ 3t ∗ t³ = t⁴…………………….eqn(3.37)
12
Ixx 419 12
= ∗ = 3.2
Iyy 12 131
The connecting rods are usually manufactured by drop forging process and it should have adequate
strength, stiffness and minimum weight. The material mostly used for connecting rods is mild
steels. The mild steel having 0.15 percent carbon has an ultimate tensile strength of about 440 MPa
when properly heat treated and mild steel with 0.15 percent carbon has an ultimate tensile strength
(yield) of 370 MPa.
Now let us find the dimensions of this I-section. Since the connecting rod is designed by taking
the force on the connecting rod (FC) equal to the maximum force on the piston (FL) due to gas
pressure, therefore,
πD² π(100)2
Fc = Fl = ∗P= ∗ 0.1 = 785.397N…………………….eqn(3.38)
4 4

We know that the connecting rod is designed for buckling about X-axis (i.e. in the plane of motion
of the connecting rod) assuming both ends hinged. Since a factor of safety is given as 6, therefore
the buckling load,
WB = FC ∗ F. S. = 785.397 ∗ 5 = 3926.985N … … … … … … … … eqn(3.39)
We know that radius of gyration of the section about X-axis
419t4 1
Kxx = √Ixx/A=√( ) ∗ (11t2 ) = 1.78t
12
419t 4 1
√( ) ∗ ( 2 ) = 1.78t
12 11t
Length of crank,
formula we know that buckling load(WB)
σc ∗ A 80 ∗ 11t²
WB = =
L 1 300
1 + a(Kxx)² 1 + 1600 (1.78t)²
4021.5 11t²
=
80 1 90000
1+ 1600 ∗ 3.17t²
11t⁴
50.3 =
t2 + 17.7
50.3(t 2 + 17.7 ) = 11t⁴,
−11t 4 + 50.3t 2 + 889 = 0
11t⁴ − 50.3t² − 889 = 0,
t⁴ − 4.6t² − 81 = 0
4.6 ± √(−4.6)2 − 4(1)(−81)

t=
2
4.6 ± √345.2
t=
2
4.6 ± √345.2
t=
2

t = 11.58 say 12mm ……. Ans
Thus, the dimensions of I-section of the connecting rod are:
Thickness of flange and web of the section = t = 12mm Ans.
Width of the section,
B = 4 t = 4 × 12= 48 mm ………….... eqn(3.42)
And depth or height of the section,
H = 5 t = 5 × 12 = 60 mm……………. Ans
These dimensions are at the middle of the connecting rod. The width (B) is kept constant
throughout the length of the rod, but the depth (H) varies. The depth near the big end or crank end
is kept as 1.1H to 1.25H and the depth near the small end or piston end is kept as 0.75H to 0.9H.
Let us take Depth near the big end, H1 = 1.2H = 1.2 × 60 = 72 mm
and depth near the small end, H2 = 0.85H = 0.85 × 60 = 51 mm
∴ Dimensions of the section near the big end

= 72 mm × 48 mm And
Dimensions of the section near the small end
= 51 mm × 48 mm.
Since the connecting rod is manufactured by forging, therefore the sharp corners of I-section are
rounded off, for easy removal of the section from the dies.
2. Dimensions of the crankpin or the big end bearing and piston pin or small end bearing.
dp = Diameter of the piston pin or small end bearing,
lp = Length of the piston pin or small end bearing = 2dp
pbp = Bearing pressure = 1.5 N/mm2
We know that the load on the piston pin or small end bearing = Project area × Bearing pressure

= dp . lp . pbp … … … … … … … … … … … eqn(3.43)
= dp × 2 dp × 1.5 = 3 (dp)²
Since the piston pin or the small end bearing is designed for the maximum gas force (FL),
therefore, equating the load on the piston pin or the small end bearing to the maximum gas force,
3 (𝑑𝑝)² = 785.397𝑁
∴ (𝑑𝑝)² = 785.397/ 3 = 261.78𝑁
𝑑𝑝 = 16.18 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑙𝑝 = 2𝑑𝑝 = 2 × 16.18𝑚𝑚 = 32.36 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
The small end bearing is usually a phosphor bronze bush of about 3 mm thickness.
3. Size of bolts for securing the big end cap
Let dcb = Core diameter of the bolts,
σt = Allowable tensile stress for the material of the bolts = 60 N/mm2
and nb = Number of bolts. Generally, two bolts are used. We know that force on the bolts
π
Fb = (Dcb)2 ∗ σt ∗ nb … … … … … … … … … … … … . eqn(3.44)
4
π
(Dcb)2 ∗ 60 ∗ 2 = 94.26(Dcb) ²
4
The bolts and the big end cap are subjected to tensile force which corresponds to the inertia force
of the reciprocating parts at the top dead center on the exhaust stroke. We know that inertia force
of the reciprocating parts,
r
F = 2 ∗ ( 1 + l )……………………………………….eqn(3.45)
We also know that at top dead Centre on the expansion stroke, θ = 0.

cos2ø
F = Mr ∗ ω². r( cos ø + )…………………………………….eqn(3.46)
l/r
We know that the speed of drive wheel which equal to sprocket is 14rpm, and the speed ratio of
1:3. This means the speed of gear pinion is 42rpm.
2πN r
F = Mr ∗ ( )². r( 1 + l )…………………………………….eqn(3.47)
60
0.1
F = 2 ∗ 4865 ∗ 0.1( 1 + )
0.3
F = 1298N
Equating the inertia force to the force on the bolts, we have
1298 = 94.26 (dcb)² or
(dcb)² = 1298 / 94.26 = 15.78mm
∴ dcb = 4mm and nominal diameter of the bolt,
dcb 4mm
db = == = 5mm
0.84 0.84
4. Thickness of the big end cap
Let
tc = Thickness of the big end cap,
bc = Width of the big end cap.
It is taken equal to the length of the crankpin or big end bearing (lc) = 24mm (calculated above)
σb = Allowable bending stress for the material of the cap = 80 N/mm2.
The big end cap is designed as a beam freely supported at the cap bolt centers and loaded by the
inertia force at the top dead center on the exhaust stroke (i.e. FI when θ = 0). Since the load is
assumed to act in between the uniformly distributed load and the centrally concentrated load,
therefore, maximum bending moment is taken as

FI ∗ x
Mc =
6
Where x = Distance between the bolt centers
x= Dia. of crank pin or big end bearing + 2 × Thickness of bearing liner + Nominal dia. of bolt +
Clearance
= (dc + 2 × 3 + db + 3) mm = 18 +2* 3 + 5 + 3 = 27mm
1298 ∗ 27
Mc = = 5841N mm
6
Section modulus for the cap
bc(tc)²
Zc = ……………………………. eqn(3.49)[1]
6
bc = Width of the cap in mm. It is equal to the length of the crankpin or big end bearing (lc),
24(tc)²
Zc = = 4(tc 2 )
6
We know that bending stress (σb ),
Mc 5841
σb = =( )
Zc 4(tc)2
5841 1460.25
80 = ( ) = ( )
4(tc)2 tc 2
1460.25
tc² = ( )
80
tc = 4.27mm
Let us now check the design for the induced bending stress due to inertia bending forces on the
connecting rod (i.e. whipping stress). We know that mass of the connecting rod per meter length,

m1 = Volume × density = Area × length × density………………..……….eqn(3.50)
=A×l×ρ
= 11t² × l × ρ …. (A = 11t2)
= 11(0.005)² ∗ (0.3) 8000
m1 = 0.66 kg
∴ Maximum bending moment,
l
Mmax = m. ω². r ∗
9√3
l²
= m1. ω². r ∗ 9√3 ... (m = m1· l)
2π ∗ 42 0.3²
Mmax = 0.66 ∗ ( )². 0.1 ∗
60 9√3
263.89 2 0.09
= 0.66 ∗ ( ) ∗ 0.1 ∗
60 15.6
= 0.66 ∗ 19.34 ∗ 0.1 ∗ 0.0058
= 0.07405N − m
= 74.05N − mm
Ixx 419t⁴ 2
And section modulus, Zxx = 5t/2 = ∗ 5t
12
Zxx = 13.97t³
Zxx = 13.97 × 5³ = 1746 mm³

∴ Maximum bending stress (induced) due to inertia bending forces or whipping stress,
Mmax
σb(max) =
Zxx
σb(max) = 74.05/1746 = 0.04241N/mm²
Since the maximum bending stress induced is less than the allowable bending stress of 80 N/mm2,
therefore the design is safe.
Figure 3-16 design of connecting rod
3.5.9. Design of Frame

Length of frame = center distance between the sprockets +width of tank + excess
= (473 + 200+ 400) mm
L = 1073 mm
Height of Frame = 775 mm
Width of Frame = 280mm
Total length of frame =(1073*2) + (600*2) +(2*280)+ (775*2) +1800=7356mm
Cross section area of circular pipe =

do2 − di2
A = 𝜋
4
A =167.132mm2

Volume of frame = A*H= 167.132*7356mm =1229423 mm3
Density of mild steel material = 7.85*10-6 kg/mm3
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Mass = density * volume
=7.85*10-6 kg/mm3 *1229423 mm3
= 9.6kg
Total weight on the frame= =30kg =294.3N
Yield stress of material = 247 N/mm2
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
294.3
= 1.76𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
167.132
Therefore, 1.76N/mm2 < 247 N/mm2, hence the design is safe.
Figure 3-17 design of frame

3.6. Cost estimation

This cost estimation is considered the cost pf all expenditure including material cost and
manufacturing cost plus the cost of the purchased components.
Table 6 Cost analysis of designed part
Item number components Material quantity Unit price Total

in birr price in
birr
1 crank Aluminum 1 500 500
2 Chain Steel 1 650 650
3 Sprocket Steel 2 400 800
4 Frame Mild steel 2 1500 1500
5 Connecting Mild steel 1 300 300
rod
6 Lever Mild steel 1 150 150
7 Nozzle bar aluminum 1 450 450
8 Axle shaft Mild steel 1 250 250
9 Ball Bearing 3 100 300
10 key 1
11 pin 2
Total

Table 7 Cost analysis of selected components of the machine
Item number components Material quantity Unit price Total

in birr price in
birr
1 tank plastic 1 100 100
2 Pipe plastic 1 150 150
3 nozzle plastic 6 70 420
4 Wheel Steel and 1 600 600
rubber
total
Total cost= cost of designed component + cost of selected component=

CHAPTER FOUR
4. Results and discussion

4.1. Results
Table 8 Results
Spray tank Volume of spray tank 20*10-3m3

The diameter of wheel 40.6cm
wheel The radius of wheel 20.3cm
Number of teeth 75
Larger sprocket Pitch 9.525mm
Speed 32rpm
Pitch circle diameter 228mm
Number of teeth 25
Pitch 9.525mm
Smaller sprocket Speed 14rpm
Pitch line velocity 0.057m/s
Pitch circle diameter 76mm
Diameter of pipe 5.61mm
Length of pipe 1.8m
Pump, nozzle and pipe Diameter of nozzle tip 1mm
Discharge for each nozzle 0.444L/min
Pump discharge 2.664L/min
Number of nozzle 6
Swath width 1.8m
Axle shaft diameter 30mm
length 140mm
Bearing Outside diameter 62mm
Bore dia. 30mm

Width 16mm
Pin Pin dia. 10mm
Pin length 50mm
Frame length 1073mm
Height 775mm
Width 280mm
Cross section of pipe 167.132mm2
crankshaft speed 42rpm
power 0.307kw
Connecting rod Thickness 12mm
length 300mm
Key Diameter 30mm
length 22mm
4.2. Discussion
The above results are the basic design parameters of a mechanically operated multi-nozzle spray
pump. We have designed the components properly and calculated all dimensions as seen in the
above table. This sprayer has a volume of 20 liters, a pump discharge of 2.664 liters per minute,
and a pressure generated by the crank mechanism connected to the plunger. The chain that
transmits the power from the wheel has a center distance of 472.8 mm, and the gear ratio of the
two sprockets is 1:3, with the number of teeth of the smaller and larger sprockets being 25 and 75,
respectively.

CHAPTER FIVE
5. Conclusion and recommendation

5.1. Conclusion
The general objective of this thesis was to design mechanically operated multi nozzle pesticides
sprayer to solve the problem of farmer faced while using backpack sprayer. The main problem
being faced by the farmer was to carry the entire load of the pests on the back but now this problem
is solved since there is no need to carry the pesticide tank on the back it also has removed the
problem of back pain, this device saves time and work for the farmer by spraying pesticides over
numerous rows of plants at once, continuous pumping also doesn't required since it only required
to push forward then the wheel rotates and in turn they rotates the pinion is reciprocated with the
help of a link connecting the sprocket shaft and the pinion to generate the power required to
pressurized the pumps .In addition to that, no special skills or training is required for the farmer
(operator) to operate it. Thus it is concluded that the ‘Mechanically Operated Pesticide Sprayer’
using the ‘Crank-Slider Mechanism’ is much better as compared to backpack sprayer.
5.2. Recommendation
The development of a mechanically operated multi nozzle spray machine provides a significant
contribution to the field of agriculture. To further improve the performance of the machine, several
recommendations can be made. Integration of drone technology: The use of drone technology can
enhance the efficiency of the machine. By incorporating drones, the system can survey and map
the targeted area before initiating the spraying process. On identifying the areas that need to be
sprayed, each drone can be guided to specific positions to spray chemicals, thus providing accurate
coverage with minimal wastage. EOT crane system for spraying: One possible future work to
improve the system is through the integration of the EOT crane system. By incorporating this
feature, the machine can employ cranes to position itself at specified distances from the ground,
allowing it to spray even in challenging terrains. Precision farming: Precision farming is a
technology that can take the spraying system a step forward. The approach uses sensors to monitor
the crops' condition, soil texture, moisture content, and size to inform the spraying process's
timeliness and requirements. In that regard, integrating precision farming techniques into the

system can increase accuracy in the usage of chemicals while optimizing resource consumption In
addition, a sprinkler system operated by a motor can also be implemented to augment the machine's
capabilities. The sprinkler system can provide additional coverage for crops, particularly those that
are taller or have thicker foliage. By coupling the sprinkler system with the machine's existing
multi-nozzle setup, farmers can achieve more uniform coverage across their entire crop area. In
the future, research can be done to investigate other possible enhancements that can be made to
the mechanically operated multi nozzle spray machine. These improvements can help to deepen
our understanding of how best to optimize its performance for various crops and situations.
Overall, the continued refinement and development of this technology can significantly benefit
farmers in improving their crop yields and maximizing profits

Reference
[1] R.S.KHURMI J.K.GUPTA, a text book of machine design, 14th edition, New Delhi, 2005.
[2] Sandeep H. Poratkar, Dhanraj R. Raut “Development of agricultural Pesticides Sprayer Pump”
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.2,
March-April. 2013
[3] Varikuti Vasantha Rao, Sharanakumar Mathapati , Dr. Basavaraj Amarapur, “ Multiple Power
supplied Fertilizer sprayer” , International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume
3, Issue 8, August 2013
[4] Shivaraja kumar, Parameswaramurthy. D “Design and Development Of Wheel and pedal
Operated Sprayer” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJME) Volume 2, Issue 6,
June 2014
[5] Sumit D. Raut, Kamlesh R. Banarse,Roshan R. More, “Fabrication of Pedal Operated

Reciprocating Pesticide Sprayer for Agricultural and Drainage Line Use” International journal of
pure and applied research in engineering and technology, 2014.
[5] Abhilash Gurjar, Riyaz Mansuri, Sanjay Baghel, Kaustubh Kawale, “ Solar Powered Sprayer”
international journal for engineering applications and technology, 2015
[6] Bibhu Santosh Behera, Rudra Ashish Behera and Anama Charan Behera “Solar Energy
Applications for Agriculture in India” International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and
Environmental Engineering Vol.1 (3), January 2015.
[7] Shailesh Malonde , Shubham Kathwate ,Pratik Kolhe Roadney Jacob ,Nishat Ingole ,Rupesh
D. Khorgade “Design and Development of Multipurpose Pesticides Spraying Machine” Journal of
Advanced Engineering and Global Technology, May 2016.
[8] Akhilesh K.Bhatkar, P. B. Khope, P. S. Chaudhari, “Development Of Pesticide Spraying

Machine” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology may 2016
[9] Pavan B. Wayzode, Sagar R. Umale, Rajat R.Nikam, Amol D.Khadke, Hemant carried out
their work in “Design Fabrication of Agricultural sprayers, weed with cutter
[10] Shivaraja Kumar ‘the design and development of the wheel and pedal sprinkler’ 2014

[11] Robert c.Juvinal / Kurt M.marshek, fundamentals of machine design, 1st edition component
design, 3rd edition, New York, 1967
[12] Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett, Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Ninth
Edition, New York, NY 10020: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
[13] Ethiopian Agricultural Institute Of Research (EIAR), Amara Regional Agricultural Research
Institute (ARARI) 2013

Appendix
Table 9 Proportions of standard key
Shaft diameter in (mm) up Key cross-section

to and including
Width (mm) Thickness (mm)
6 2
8 3 3
10 4 4
12 5 5
17 6 6
22 8 7
30 10 8

Table 9 Basic static and dynamic capacities of various types of radial ball bearings.

Table 10 Values of X0 and Y0 for radial bearings

Table 11 Values of X and Y for dynamically loaded bearings.






Figure -0-1 frame
Figure 0-2 wheel

Figure 0-3 tank
Figure 0-4 Nozzle

Figure 0-5 Nozzle bar
Figure 0-6 Connecting Rod

Figure 0-7 Pin
Figure 0-8 Shaft
Figure 0-9 Bearing

Figure 0-10 Larger sprocket
Figure 0-11 Small sprocket with Shaft

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Design of mechanically operated multi nozzle pesticide spray

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3.5.4. Design of axle shaft ............................................................................................................. 31

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List of symbols and abbreviations

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Motorcycle Driven Multi-Purpose Sprayer: It is a type of farming or agricultural equipment that

1.2. Problem Statement

1.3.2. Specific objective

1.4. Scope of project

1.5. significant of research

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Hawassa University Institute Of Technology 4

Hawassa University Institute Of Technology 5

Dr. R. N. Panchal Sir, Mr. Nikhil Deshmukh, Miss. PoonamShahapure, Miss.MrunaliniPatil,

S.Charvani, K.Sowmya, M.Malathi, P.Rajani, K.Saibaba. Design and Fabrication of a Solar

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2.2. Common type’s pesticide sprayer

Figure 2-1 knapsack

Figure 2-2 knapsack (hand operated) sprayer

2)Knapsack motorized sprayer

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Figure 2-3 Knapsack motorized sprayer

Figure 2-4 Truck-mounted Sprayer

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Figure 2-5 Motorcycles Driven Multi-Purpose Sprayer

Figure 2-6 Aerial Sprayers

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6)Automatic Pesticides Spraying Machine

Figure 2-7 automatic pesticide spraying machine

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2.3. Working principle

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Figure 2-8 mechanical operated multi nozzle pesticide spray

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3.1. Problem identification

3.2. Data Collection

3.2.1. Primary Data

3.2.2. Secondary Data

3.3. Material selection

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Part Part name Material Number Description

1 Frame Mild steel Design

2 Crank aluminum 1 Design

3 Connecting rod Mild steel 1 Design

4 pipe Plastic 1 Design

5 Tank Plastic 1 Selection

6 Wheel Steel and rubber 1 Selection

7 Chain AISI 1020 steel 1 Design

8 Sprocket AISI 1020 steel 2 Design

9 Nozzle bar Aluminum 2 Design

10 Nozzles Plastic 6 selection

3.4. Construction components

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Figure 3-1 sprocket

Figure 3-2 chain