२. शिक्षा एेन

9/23/2023
Namaste to all
kbd/fh cfrfo{
pk;lrj
9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 1
PsfO @ lzIff;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf

@=! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg M df}lns xs, /fHosf gLltx¿ -
lzIff;DaGwL_, Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf,
;+jw} flgs lgsfox¿, /fHosf] ;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8
@=@ lzIff P]g, @)@*
@=# lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
@=$ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%&
@=% k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$%
-lg=df=k|yd, df=lj=l4tLo / k|ydsf nflu dfq_
@=^ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ -lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt dfq_
@=& clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff P]g, @)&%
@=* clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIff lgodfjnL, @)&&
1
9/23/2023
@=@ lzIff P]g @)@*
gd"gf ljifout k|Zgx?

 lzIff P]g, @)@* hf/L ug'{sf k|d'v p2]Zox¿ pNn]v ub}{ lzIff P]g,
@)@* tyf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( -;+zf]wg;lxt_ n] ;d]6]sf k|d'v
ljifo If]qx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] ;ftf+} ;+zf]wgsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿
pNn]v ub}{ ltgLx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf s] s:tf ;d:of
cfOk/]sf 5g\ < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
 lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] cf7f+} ;+zf]wgsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
 lzIff P]g, @)@* tyf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( -;+zf]wg;lxt_ df
ePsf s'g–s'g kIfx¿ sfof{Gjog txdf cfpg jf k|efjsf/L x'g
;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ < rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
2
9/23/2023
k|Zgx?
 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g k|lqmof pNn]v ub}{ lhNnf
lzIff ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
 ;fd'bflos ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g k|lqmof
pNn]v ub}{ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf
sltsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
 ;fd'bflos ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf d'Vo sfo{x¿
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgx?
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sgfsf k|d'v
sf/0fx¿sf] rrf{ ub}{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] pkfox¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 lzIff P]g, @)@* -;+zf]wg;lxt_ s:tf] cj:yfdf lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf]; . lzIff P]gdf
pNn]lvt ;hfo;DaGwL k|fjwfg sltsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
 ufpF lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g k|lqmof pNn]v ub}{ ufpF lzIff ;ldltn] z}lIfs
u'0f:t/ clej[l4df v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsfsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
3
9/23/2023
j:t'ut k|Zgx?
!_ lzIff P]g @)@* slxn] hf/L eof] < M @)@* efb| @$
@_ lzIff P]g @)@* slxn]b]lv nfu" eof] < M@)@* sflt{s !%
#_ lzIff P]g, @)@* klxnf] jif{ s'g s'g lhNnfdf nfu" eof] < lrtjg /
sf:sL
$_ lzIff P]g @)@* sf] ;fFtf} ;+zf]wg slxn] eof] < @)%*.!).@%
%_ lzIff P]g @)@* xfn;Dd slt k6s ;+zf]wg eof] < ( k6s
^_ lzIff P]g @)@* sf] clGtd ;+zf]wg -gjf} ;+zf]wg_ slxn] ePsf] xf] <
@)&$÷&÷^
&_ lzIff P]g @)@* sf] s'g bkmfn] lbPsf clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] lzIff lgodfjnL @)%( agfPsf] xf] < !(
9/23/2023 7
lzIff P]g @)@*

nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt
 ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g @)@*÷%÷@$
!= lzIff -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)## @)##÷&÷$
@= lzIff -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)#^ @)#^÷*÷%
#= lzIff -t]>f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)#& @)#&÷%÷@^
$= lzIff -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$% @)$%÷&÷!)
%= lzIff -kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$( @)$(÷&÷!#
^= lzIff -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%% @)%%÷!)÷!
&= lzIff -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%* @)%*÷!)÷@%
*=lzIff -cfF7f} ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&# @)&#÷#÷!%
(= lzIff -gjf}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&$ @)&$÷&÷^
4
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@* nfu' ePsf] ldlt / lhNnf M
ldlt nfu' ePsf lhNnf
@)@*.&.!% lrtjg, sf:sL, -@ lhNnf_
@)@(.^.!% bfª, afFs], afUn'ª, ¿kGb]xL, wg'iff, sfe|], ;Kt/L, wgs'6f, df]/ª, emfkf,
h'Dnf, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ -!# lhNnf_
@)#).&.! Onfd, kfFry/, tfKn]h'ª, t]x|y'd, ;+v'jf;ef, ;'g;/L, l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
sf7df8f}+, eQmk'/, nlntk'/, uf]vf{, dgfª, ndh'ª, tgxF', :ofªhf, ;'v{]t -
!^ lhNnf_
@)#!.^.@! ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'+uf, vf]6fª, ef]hk'/, pbok'/, l;/fxf, bf]nvf, /fd]5fk,
l;Gw'nL, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L, g'jfsf]6, d':tfª, DofUbL, kj{t, u'NdL,
c3f{vf“rL, kfNkf, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t' -@) lhNnf_
@)#@.^.@) bfr{'nf, a}t8L, 88]nw'/f, aemfª, afh'/f, c5fd, af/f, k;f{, /f}tx6,
dsjfgk'/, /;'jf, wflbª, 8f]Nkf, Ko"7fg, ;Nofg, ¿s'd, /f]Nkf, ltla|sf]6,
d'u', x'Dnf, alb{of, b}n]v, hfh/sf]9/23/2023
6, 8f]6L -@$ lhNnf_ 9
lzIff P]g @)@*
 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf cg'¿k ljBfnox¿df lbOg]

lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g
 xfn;Dd gf}k6s ;+zf]wg ul/Psf]
 ;ftf} ;+zf]wg @)%*÷!)÷@%
 cfF7f} ;+zf]wg @)&#÷#÷!%
 lzIff -gjf}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&$÷&÷^
 @! bkmf /x]sf
9/23/2023 10
5
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g, @)@* sf k|d'v p2]Zox¿
/fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfcg'¿k lzIffsf] cfjZos Joj:yf
ug{ hf/L ul/Psf] lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]lvt
ePcg';f/ o; P]gsf p2]Zox¿ lgDg 5g\ M
 /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] hgzlQm tof/ ug]{
 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfcg's"n ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfsf] ;bfrf/, lzi6frf/ / g}ltstf sfod /fVg]
 d'n'sdf :yfkgf ePsf / x'g] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ ug]{
 u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
lzIff P]g, @)@* tyf lgodfjnLn] ;d]6]sf d'Vo kIfx?

!=;+/rgfut
 lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb| / s]Gb|Lo:t/sf k|fljlws k|s[ltsf
sfof{nox¿
 lgb]{zgfno / lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo OsfO
@=af]8{÷cfof]usf] Joj:yf
 lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
 /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{
#=kl/ifb\÷;ldltx¿sf] Joj:yf
 s]Gb|Lo txsf k|fljlws lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;ldlt h:t}– /fli6«o
kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifb\, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; kl/ifb,
b"/lzIff ;ldlt, /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\ cflb
 /fli6«o lzIff kl/ifb\, lzIff ljsf; sf]ifsf] Joj:yf
 lhNnf lzIff kl/ifb\, lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt, ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldlt,
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cflb
6
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g, @)@* tyf lgodfjnLn] ;d]6]sf d'Vo kIfx?

$=;|f]t M ljleGg sf]ifx¿sf] Joj:yf h:t}– ljBfno sf]if, lzIff ljsf;
sf]if, lhNnf lzIff sf]if cflb
%=sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M plNnlvt ;+:yfsf k|d'v / ljljw
;ldltx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ af/]df pNn]v
^=ljBfno M k|sf/, cg'dlt, :jLs[lt, vf/]hL, ;DklQ cflb ljljw kIf
&= lzIfs M egf{ lgo'lQmb]lv lgj[lQe/0f;Ddsf ljljw Joj:yf
*= ljBfyL{ M egf{, k/LIff, cfrf/;+lxtf
(= kf7\oqmd M ljsf;b]lv sfof{Gjog
!)= d"Nof+sg M ljleGg r/0fsf k/LIff
!!= cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk .
lzIff P]g @)@*

5}7f}} ;+zf]wgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx? @)%%÷!)÷!
 k"j{ k|fylds ljBfno vf]Ng] cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt gu/kflnsf jf
uflj;n] lbg] Joj:yf
 kfFr ;b:o ePsf] /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] k|fjwfg
k|Zg !M /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] k|fjwfg lzIff P]g @)@* sf] s'g
;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] xf] <
s_ kfFrf} v_ 5}7f} u_ ;ftf} 3_ cfF7f}
k|Zg @ M lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] ?kdf gfds/0f ug]{ sfo{ lzIff P]g
@)@* sf] s'g ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] xf] <
s_ kfFrf} v_ 5}7f} u_ ;ftf} 3_ cfF7f}
7
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx? -@)%*÷!)÷@%_
 ufpF lzIff ;ldlt Joj:yf
 3'DtL ljBfno ;~rfng M ljs6 lxdfnL If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
 cWofkg cg'dlt kq M cWofkg cg'dlt kq glnO{ lzIfs x'g
gkfpg] Joj:yf
 u|fdL0f lzIff ljsf; sf]if
 ljBfno juL{s/0f M b'O{ k|sf/sf ljBfno M;fd'bflos /
;+:yfut M ;+:yfut klg b'O{ k|sf/sf sDkgL / u'7L M u'7L klg
b'O{ k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs / lghL
 lzIfs o'lgog
 /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] ?kdf
gfds/0f
lzIff P]g @)@*

;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx? -@)%*÷!)÷@%_
 ljBfnosf] k|sf/ M b'O{
 -s_ ;fd'bflos / v_ ;+:yfut
 ;+:yfut ljBfno klg b'O{ k|sf/sf
 s_ sDkgL v_ u'7L
 u'7L b'O{ k|sf/
 s_ ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u'7L v_lghL z}lIfs u'7L
 ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u'7Lsf] 6|:6L jf af]8{df sDtLdf % hgf ;b:o
 lghL z}lIfs u'7Ldf sDtLdf # hgf ;b:o
8
9/23/2023
;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf ljz]iftf / sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of
pQ/
 ;Gbe{ lbg]
 ljz]iftf lbg]
 ljz]iftf cg';f/ ;d:of
 lgisif{

ljz]iftfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:of
lzIfs x'g cWofkg • b'u{d Pjd\ kxf8L If]qdf lzIfssf] cefj
cg'dltkq clgjfo{ • lj1fg, ul0ft, c+u|]hL, n]vf, sDKo'6/ h:tf
ljifox¿df cWofkg cg'dlt k|fKt lzIfs kfpg
sl7g eO{ k7gkf7gdf ;d:of
• :yfoL lzIfsnfO{ ;fdfGo sIff cjnf]sgsf
cfwf/df cg'dltkq ljt/0f ul/gfn] u'0f:t/
dd{cg'¿k cl3 a9\g g;s]sf]
• ;a}nfO{ Ps} vfnsf] cWofkg cg'dltkq /
o;nfO{ gjLs/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf gul/Fbf
k|efjsfl/tf gb]lvPsf]
9
9/23/2023

ufpF lzIff ;ldltsf] • w]/} ufpFkflnsfdf ufpF lzIff ;ldlt u7g g}
Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf], u7g ePsf ;ldlt klg lgliqmo
/x]sf], gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] Joj:yf x'g
g;s]sf]
u|fdL0f lzIff ljsf; • u|fdL0f lzIff ljsf; sf]if :yfkgf / kl/rfng
sf]ifsf] Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf]
cleefjsnfO{ kl/eflift • ljBfno ljsf;df pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug]{ JolQm
u/L cleefjsdWo]af6 lj=Jo=;= cWoIf x'gaf6 al~rt
cWoIf;lxt $ ;b:o • /fhgLtLs/0f Pjd\ ljBfnodf åGåsf] cj:yf
lj=Jo=;=df /xg] l;h{gf
Joj:yf 9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 19

ljs6 lxdfnL If]qdf 3'DtL • cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ sl7g
ljBfno
ljBfno juL{s/0f -;fd'bflos • ;+:yfut ljBfnonfO{ sDkgLsf] ¿kdf
/ ;+:yfut_, ;+:yfut ;~rfng ug{ lbFbf z}lIfs
ljBfnonfO{ sDkgLsf] ¿kdf Jofkf/Ls/0fsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g'
btf{ ug{ ;lsg] • u'7L ljBfno klg ;]jfd"ns x'g g;s]sf
10
9/23/2023

lzIfs o'lgogsf] Joj:yf • lzIfssf] ;femf k];fut ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf
lzIfs o'lgogsf] Joj:yf ul/P tfklg
/fhgLlts bncg';f/sf e|ft[[ ;+u7gsf]
¿kdf lzIfs ;+3, ;+u7g vf]lnFbf
sfo{;Dkfbgdf emg\ gsf/fTds c;/
k'u]sf]
tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df ljBfno • sfof{Gjog kIf cToGt} lkmtnf] /x]sf]
juL{s/0f
lzIff P]g @)@*

cfF7f}+} ;+zf]wgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx? -@)&#÷#÷!%_
 ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/]/ cfwf/e"t / dfWolds u/L b'O{ txdf
ljefhg
 k|f/lDes afnlzIffnfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf klxnf]k6s ;dfj]z
 k|f/lDes afnlzIffb]lv sIff * ;Dd cfwf/e"t lzIff -( jif]{,
 sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd dfWolds lzIff -$ jif]{_ . -(±$_
 dfWolds lzIff k/LIffsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{sf]
:yfkgf .
 dfWolds lzIffsf] k|sf/ # k|sf/sf M ;fwf/0f, ;+:s[t / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos
dfWolds lzIff
 lzIffsf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg /fli6«o lzIff kl/ifbsf]
Joj:yf M
 lhNnf :t/df z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos gLlt th'{df ug{ Ps lhNnf lzIff
kl/ifb /xg] .
9/23/2023 22
11
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

cfF7f}+} ;+zf]wgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx?
 c:yfoL lzIfssf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf .
 gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] ;d]t Joj:yf .
 lzIfs sfplG;n M cWofkg cg'dlt kq;DaGwL ljifodf cfof]unfO{ ;'emfj
lbg] sfd .
 ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft If]qsf] ?kdf sfod ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
 cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf dfWolds tx;Dd
lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ug{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;|f]tsf]
Joj:yf ug]{
 lzIfs o'lgogsf] ;6\6f g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3sf] Joj:yf
 lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt lnPdf jf ;f]sf nflu cfj]bg
lbPdf ;]jfaf6 x6fOg] Joj:yf yk .
9/23/2023 23
lzIff P]g @)@*

cfF7f}+} ;+zf]wgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx?
 bkmf !( s yk u/L P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug{
;Sg] Joj:yf . -dGqfnon]_
 pRr dfWolds txdf sfo{/t lzIfsnfO{ ^ dlxgfleq c:yfoL cWofkg
cg'dlt kq lbOg] . % jif{leq cfof]uaf6 :yfoL cWofkg cg'dlt kq
lng'kg]{ .
9/23/2023 24
12
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

æk|f/lDes afn lzIff ljBfnoÆ
 rf/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps jif{sf] k|f/lDes
afn lzIff lbg] ljBfno
k|Zg M rf/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lbOg] lzIff s'g
xf] <
s_ k"j{ k|fylds lzIff
v_ lzz' ljsf; lzIff
u_ k|f/lDes afn lzIff
3_ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|
lzIff P]g @)@*

æljz]if lzIffÆ
 ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'§} ;d"xdf /fvL] ljz]if k|sf/ /
lglZrt dfWodaf6 lbOg] lzIff
æ;dfj]zL lzIffÆ
-!_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt z}lIfs k4ltsf]
cwLgdf /xL lbOg] lzIff,
-@_ ;fdflhs, cfly{s jf ef}uf]lns sf/0fn] k5fl8 kfl/Psf
JolQmnfO{ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf lbOg] lzIff .
13
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

 æljBfnoÆ eGgfn] ;fd'bflos ljBfno jf ;+:yfut ljBfno
;Demg'k5{ .
 æ;fd'bflos ljBfnoÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf
cg'bfg kfpg] u/L cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt k|fKt ljBfno
 æ;+:yfut ljBfnoÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgoldt ¿kdf
cg'bfg gkfpg] u/L cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt k|fKt ljBfno ;Demg'
k5{ .
 æcg'dltÆ eGgfn] c:yfoL :jLs[ltnfO{ hgfpF5 .
 æ:jLs[ltÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] :yfoL :jLs[lt nfO{
lzIff P]g @)@*

 æz}lIfs u'7LÆ eGgfn] ljBfno ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu s'g}
JolQmn] gfkmf glng] p2]Zon] :yfkgf u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs jf lghL
u'7L ;Demg' k5{ . -@ k|sf/sf_
 æcleefjsÆ eGgfn] ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] cleefjs
egL ljBfnosf] clen]vdf hlgPsf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]
zAbn] bkmf !@ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljBfyL{sf] afa', cfdf, afh]
jf aHo} / To:tf cleefjs gePsf ljBfyL{sf] xsdf To:tf]
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+/IfsTj k|bfg ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .Æ
14
9/23/2023
ljBfno vf]Ng cg'dlt lng'kg]{ M

s_ lzIff P]g @)@*
cg'dltsf nflu l;kmfl/; M
 cfwf/e"t ljBfnosf] cg'dltsf nflu ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ug]{
 dfWolds ljBfnosf] nflu lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ug]{
cg'dlt jf :jLs[lt lbg] sfd
 k|f/lDes afn ljBfno M ufpF jf gu/kflnsf
 cfwf/e't ljBfno M OsfO k|d'vn]
 dfWolds ljBfno M lgb]{zsn]
 ljb]zL lzIf0f ;+:yf;Fu ;DaGwg u/L ljBfno vf]Ng s'6g}lts lgof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z
ePdf M lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon]
v_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ -jt{dfg Joj:yf_
 cfwf/e"t ljBfno vf]Ng l;kmfl/; ug]{ M j8f ;ldlt
 ljBfno gS;f+sg, cg'dlt, :jLs[lt, ;dfof]hgsf sfd M :yfgLo tx -ufpF jf
gu/kflnsfn] ug]{_
 ;fd'bflos, ;+:yfut, u'7L / ;xsf/L ljBfno :yfkgf, cg'dlt, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg,/
lgodg M :yfgLo tx -ufpF jf gu/kflnsfn] ug] {_ PADAMRAJ ACHARYA
9/23/2023 29
ljBfno vf]Ng cg'dlt lng'kg]{ M

!_ cfwf/e"t ljBfno vf]Ng l;kmfl/; ug]{ sfd s;sf] xf] <
s_ ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt
v_ j8f lzIff ;ldlt
u_ j8f ;ldlt
3_ ufpF jf gu/kflnsf
@_ lzIff P]g @)@* cg';f/ cfwf/e"t ljBfno vf]Ng l;kmfl/; ug]{
sfd s;n] ub{5 <
s_ ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt
v_ j8f lzIff ;ldlt
u_ j8f ;ldlt
3_ ufpF jf gu/kflnsf
lz
15
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

z}lIfs u'7L;DaGwL Joj:yf
 z}lIfs u'7L ;~rfng ug]{ u'7L ;~rfns -6«i6L_ ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf x'g'
kg]{,
 z}lIfs u'7L ;~rfns af]8{ -6«i6L_ M
-s_ ;fj{hlgs u'7L eP slDtdf kfFrhgf /
-v_ lghL u'7L eP slDtdf tLg hgf ;b:o .
 z}lIfs u'7Lsf] n]vfk/LIf0f M z}lIfs u'7Lsf] cfo Joosf] n]vf dfGotf k|fKt
n]vfk/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{,
 z}lIfs u'7Lsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf u'7Lsf ;~rfns -6«i6L_ n] cfkm\gf]
hLjgsfnd} jf z]ifkl5 u'7Lof/sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ cfkm\gf] pQ/flwsf/L tf]Sg
;Sg] .
t/ ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u'7Lsf] xsdf To:tf] pQ/flwsf/L tf]Sbf dGqfnosf]
:jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .
lzIff P]g @)@*

z}lIfs u'7L;DaGwL Joj:yf
 s'g} ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L jf sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfn] d'gfkmf glng] p2]Zo
/fvL ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[lt lnO{
;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u'7L cGtu{t ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
k|Zg M ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u'7Lsf] pQ/flwsf/L tf]Sbf s:sf] :jLs[lt
lng'k5{ <
-s_ lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
-v_ :yfgLo tx
-u_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt
-3_ lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
16
9/23/2023
æ$s= /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{sf] u7g M

 dfWolds lzIff k/LIffsf] ;~rfng, ;dGjo / Joj:yfkg ug{
 /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{ !# ;b:oLo /xg] . dgf]lgt ;b:o % hgf .
 cWoIf M g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm ug]{
 cWoIfsf] of]Uotf M :gftsf]Q/, lzIff tyf k/LIff;DaGwL If]qdf
sDtLdf !@ jif{sf] cg'ej
 pkfWoIf M lzIff ;lrj
 ;b:o ;lrj M g]kfn lzIff ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf]
clws[t jf af]8{sf] jl/i7 sd{rf/LdWo] dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/L
/xg] .
 af]8{sf cWoIf tyf dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
 af]8{ cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf Ps :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf
x'g]5 .
lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; ;ldlt

वििरण राष्ट्रिय परीक्षा बोर्डको शैक्षक्षक गुणस्तर शशक्षक सेिा
अध्यक्ष परीक्षण केन्द्रको आयोगका अध्यक्ष र
प्रमुख परीक्षक सदस्य
सदस्य ३ ३ ३
(अध्यक्षसहित)
अध्यक्ष लोक सेवा अध्यक्ष लोक सेवा अध्यक्ष लोक सेवा अध्यक्ष
सदस्य (२ जना) ख्याततप्राप्त शिक्षाववद् शिक्षा सचिव र शिक्षा सचिव र
२ जना (मन्त्रालयले राष्ट्रिय योजना त्ररभुवन
मनोतनत आयोगको सदस्य ववश्वववद्यालयको
शिक्षा हेर्ने उपकूलपतत
तनयष्ट्ु तत नेपाल सरकारले
17
9/23/2023
 प्र प्रश्न
१) राष्ट्रिय परीक्षा बोर्डको अध्यक्षको तनयष्ट्ु तत शसफाररस सशमततको
अध्यक्ष को िुन्त्छ ?
क) सचिव शिक्षा ववज्ञान तथा प्रववचि मन्त्रालय
ख) अध्यक्ष लोक सेवा आयोग
ग) महानर्नदे िक शिक्षा तथा मार्नव स्रोत ववकास केन्द्र
घ) उपकूलपनत निभुवर्न ववश्वववद्यालय
२) शिक्षक सेवा आयोगको सदस्यको तनयष्ट्ु तत शसफाररस सशमततमा को
रिदै न?
क) सचिव शिक्षा ववज्ञान तथा प्रववचि मन्त्रालय
ख) अध्यक्ष लोक सेवा आयोग
ग) महानर्नदे िक शिक्षा तथा मार्नव स्रोत ववकास केन्द्र
घ) उपकूलपनत निभुवर्न ववश्वववद्यालय

 af]8{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vfk/LIfs sfof{noaf6 x'g]5 .

k/LIffsf] ;~rfng / Joj:Yffkg ;DaGwL Joj:Yff M
-!_ dfWolds lzIffsf] sIff bz / dfWolds txsf] cGTodf
x'g] k/LIff af]8{af6 ;~rfng x'g]5
af]8{n] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{ /fVbf dGqfno dfkm{t /fVg'
kg]{5 .
18
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

^= dfWolds lzIffsf] k|sf/ M dfWolds lzIff b]xfPsf k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ M
-s_ ;fwf/0f dfWolds lzIff .
-v_ ;+:s[t dfWolds lzIff .
-u_ k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos dfWolds lzIff
शशक्षा ऐर्न अर्नुसार माध्यनमक शिक्षाको प्रकारमा कुर्न

पदे र्न ?
-s_ ;fwf/0f dfWolds lzIff .
-v_ ;+:s[t dfWolds lzIff .
-u_ k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos dfWolds lzIff
(घ) व्यावसातयक माध्यशमक शिक्षा
lzIff P]g @)@*

&=lzIffsf] dfWod M
 ljBfnodf lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL efiff, c+u|]hL efiff jf b'j}
efiff x'g]5 .
 k|fylds lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg]5 .
19
9/23/2023
/fli6«o lzIff kl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M

 lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj
lbg] sfd
 lzIff dGqL jf /fHodGqL cWoIf
 @# ;b:oLo
 ;b:o ;lrj M dGqfnosf] of]hgf dxfzfvfsf] ;x;lrj .
प्रश्न
lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx
tyf ;'emfj lbg] sfd कसले गदडछ ?
क) शिक्षक काउष्ट्न्त्सल
ख) राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा सशमतत
ग) राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पररषद
घ) शिक्षक मिासंघ
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| M

 ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd
 s]Gb|sf] k|d'v M k|d'v lzIff k/LIfs -! hgf_
 lgo'lQm M g]kfn ;/sf/n] .
 of]Uotf M lzIff ;]jfsf] sDtLdf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sfd u/]sf
JolQm
 lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; ;ldlt -# ;b:oLo_M g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{
s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf M cWoIf
v_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf lzIff x]g]{ ;b:o /
u+ dGqfnosf] ;lrj
k|Zg M ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd s;n] ub{5 <
-s_ /fli6|o k/LIff af]8{ -v_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
-u_ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| -3_ lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
20
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

*= ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts M
ljBfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oqmd /
kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug'{k5{ .
प्रश्न
ववद्यालयमा लागू गररने पाठ्यक्रम तथा
पाठ्यपुस्तकको स्वीकृतत कसले गदड छ ?
क) पाठ्यक्रम ववकास केन्त्र
ख) राष्ट्रिय पाठ्यक्रम ववकास तथा म.ू पररषद
ग) शिक्षा ववज्ञान तथा प्रववचि मन्त्रालय
घ) नेपाल सरकार
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!= lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g M
 lhNnfleqsf ljBfnosf] /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{] d'Vo sfd
 ( ;b:oLo, kb]g $ / dgf]lgt % hgf
kb]g M $ hgf
 cWoIf M lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;efklt
 ;b:o M k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
 ;b:o M g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3sf] lhNnf cWoIf
 ;b:o ;lrj M OsfO{ k|d'v -;fljssf] OsfO k|d'v_
dgf]lgt % hgf -$ hgf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn]±! hgf OsfO k|d'vn]_
 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt $ hgf M ;fd'bflos ljJo; cWoIfdWo]af6 ! hgf,
tyf cleefjs jf lzIffljb\dWo]af6 sDtLdf Ps hgf blnt / Ps dlxnf ;lxt #
hgf_ .
 OsfO k|d'vaf6 dgf]lgt x'g] ! hgf M ;+:yfut ljBfnosf cWoIfx?dWo]af6
 dgf]lgt ;b:osf] kbfjlw @ jif{
21
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

k|Zg
!_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf slt hgf ;b:o x'G5g\ <
s_ & hgf v_ ( hgf
u_ !! hgf 3_ !# hgf
@_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]lgt ug]{ ;b:o sf] x'g\ <
s_ ;+:yfut ljBfnosf cWoIf v_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf cWoIf
u_ k|wfgfWofks 3_ ckf+utf ePsf] JolQmdWo]af6
#_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] slt hgf dgf]lgt ub{5 <
s_ & hgf v_ % hgf
u_ $ hgf 3_ # hgf
$_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf OsfO k|d'vn]] dgf]lgt ug]{ ;b:o sf] x'g\ <
s_ ;+:yfut ljBfnosf cWoIf v_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf cWoIf
u_ k|wfgfWofks 3_ ckf+utf ePsf] JolQmdWo]af6
lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt u7g

lhNnfleqsf ljBfnosf] /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd ;d]tsf]
nflu k|To]s lhNnfdf b]xfocg';f/sf] Ps lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf]
u7g x'g] Joj:yf lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !! df ul/Psf]] 5 .
-s_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] k|d'v – cWoIf
-v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L –;b:o
-u_ lhNnfleqsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]gLt
u/]sf] Pshgf – ;b:o
22
9/23/2023
lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt u7g

-3_ lhNnfleqsf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 OsfO
k|dv
' n] dgf]gLt u/]sf] Pshgf – ;b:o
-ª_ cleefjs jf lzIffljb\x¿dWo]af6 lhNnf lzIff
;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] sDtLdf Pshgf blnt /
Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt tLg hgf –;b:o
-r_ lhNnf lzIfs dxf;+3sf] cWoIf – ;b:o
-5_ OsfO k|dv ' –;b:o–;lrj
lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf sfdx?

 lzIff ;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 ;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ufpFkflnsftyf
gu/kflnsfnfO{ clek|]l/t ug]{,
 dof{lbt / :jR5 jftfj/0fdf k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
 z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ljsf;sf] nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg Joj:yf ug]{,
 lzIfs b/jGbL ljt/0f tyf ldnfg ug]{
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] .
 ljBfnosf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog u/fpg],
 lhNnfdf :j:y z}lIfs jftfj/0f sfod /fVg]
23
9/23/2023
lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf sfdx?

 ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg]
 lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ sNof0fsf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd agfpg],
 ljBfnosf] ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug{ tyf ljBfnosf] ;d[l4sf nflu
cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{,
 lzIff;DaGwL ljifodf ;]ldgf/, ;Dd]ng jf k|bz{gLsf] cfof]hgf ug]{,
 ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s¿kdf cfTdlge{/ u/fpg k|oTg ug{],
 ljBfno aGb ug]{ ;DaGwdf :jLs[lt lbg],
 z}lIfs Sofn]G8/ agfO{ ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ufpF lzIff ;ldlt /
Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg],
 lhNnf:t/Lo v]ns'b, :sfp6 tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng
ug]{\
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!s=lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt lj36g ug{ ;lsg]M
 s'g} lhNnfsf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;s]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf]
lhNnf lzIff ;ldltnfO{ lj36g ug{ ;Sg] / Ps
c:yfoL ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5
k|Zg M lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] lj36g s;n] ub{5 <
-s_ lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/
-u_ lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
-3_ lzIff ljsf; lgb]{zs
24
9/23/2023
!!v=cfof]usf] u7gM lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
 ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf :jLs[t b/jGbLdf l/Qm lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L kbsf]

:yfoL lgo'lQm / a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ d'Vo sfd
k|Zg !M lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd s'g xf]Og <
s_ lzIfssf] :yfoL lgo'lStsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{
v_ lzIfssf] :yfoL lgo'lQmsf] k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f ug]{
u_ lzIfssf] :yfoL lgo'lQm ug]{
3_ lzIfssf] ;]jf ;t{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwdf dGqfnonfO{ ;'emfj lbg]
k|Zg @M lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd s'g xf]Og <
s_ lzIfssf] :yfoL lgo'lStsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{
v_ lzIfssf] :yfoL lgo'lQmsf] k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f ug]{
u_ cWofkg cg'dlt kq k|bfg ug]{
3_ lzIfssf] ;]jf ;t{ / ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug]{
!!v=cfof]usf] u7gM lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u
 cfof]udf cWoIf / Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt cGo b'O{hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg]

cyf{t s"n # ;b:oLo cfof]u
 cfof]usf ;b:o lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; ;ldlt M # ;b:oLo
cfof]usf ;b:o lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; ;ldlt g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g ug]{
s_ cWoIf M nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf
v_ ;b:o M lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] pks'nklt
u_ ;b:o M lzIff dGqfnosf] ;lrj
;ldltn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;b:odf lgo'lQm
ug]{5 .
 ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx¿ k'gM lgo'lQm x'g
;Sg]5g\ .
 cfof]usf] jl/i7 sd{rf/Ln] cfof]usf] ;lrj eO{ sfd ug]{5 .
25
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!u= cfof]usf] ;b:osf] nflu rflxg] of]UotfM
-s_ g]kfnL gful/s,

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkfwL
k|fKt u/]sf],
-u_ lgo'lQm x'geGbf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ cuf8Lb]lv s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf]
;b:o g/x]sf],
-3_ rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-ª_ cWoIfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] /
;b:osf] nflu sfg'g, lzIff jf k|zf;gsf] If]qdf slDtdf kGw« jif{
sfd u/]sf] .
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!3= ;b:otf sfod g/xg]M ^% jif{ k"/f ePdf
!!ª= ;lrjfno / sd{rf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yfM ;lrjfnosf]
k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sDtLdf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t
sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]Sg]5 .
26
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!r= l;kmfl/; ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ k|s[of M
k|Zg !M lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] :yfoL k"lt{ ug'{ kbf{ k"lt{ ul/g' kg]{ lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofsf] ljj/0f sf] ;Fu lnG5 M
-s_ lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
-v_ lzIff ljsf; lgb]{zgfno
-u_ lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo OsfO
-3_ :yfgLo tx
k|Zg @M lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] lzIfssf] kbk"lt{ ug{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf nflu s'g
k|lqmof cjnDag u/L pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ub{5 <
-s_ lnlvt k/LIff, cGt/jftff{ / k|of]ufTds k/LIff
-v_ lnlvt / cGt/jftf{
-u_ lnlvt, cGt/jftf{ / ;fd'lxs 5nkmn
-3_ dflysf s'g} klg xf]Og .
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!r= l;kmfl/; ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ k|s[of M
-!_ :yfoL k"lt{ ug'{ kbf{ ljBfnosf] tx cg';f/ k"lt{ ul/g' kg]{ lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofsf] ljj/0f lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|af6 lng],
-@_ lhNnfsf ljBfnox?df kbk"lt{ ug{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu kb ;+Vof vf]nL
lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ / kb cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf ePsf pDd]bjf/x?af6
b/vf:t lng],
b]xfosf] tl/sf ckgfO{ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ M
-!_ lnlvt k/LIff, -@_ cGt/jftf{, -#_ k|of]ufTds k/LIff .
t/ cfof]un] plrt / cfjZos 7x¥ofPsf] cj:yfdf dfq k|of]ufTds k/LIff
lnOg]5 .
l/Qm kbdf k|To]s jif{ lj1fkg ug]{ / lj1fkg ePsf] ^ dlxgf leq lgo'lQm jf
a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
27
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!5= ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] M
 cfjZostfg';f/ s]Gb|Lo / If]qLo :t/df ;ldltx¿ u7g ug{
;Sg]5 .
 ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ cufl8b]lv s'g} klg /fhgLlts
bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf lzIffljb\ tyf lzIff If]qdf lqmofzLn
JolQmx¿dWo]af6 ul/g] .
!!`= aflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ M cfof]un] cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf]
tLg dlxgf leq aflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
!!6= ufFp lzIff ;ldlt jf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt

 ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]qleq ;~rfng x'g] ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg, /]vb]v / ;dGjo ug]{ sfd
 hDdf !! hgf ;b:o ÖcWoIf ±;b:o ;lrj±$ hgf
kflnsfaf6 ±$ hgf lzIff ;ldltaf6 ± ! hgf lhNnf lzIff
;ldltaf6
 cWoIf M ufpFkflnsfsf] cWoIf jf gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'v
 ;b:o ;lrj M ufpF lzIff ;ldltdf ;|f]tJolQm / gu/ lzIff
;ldltdf ljBfno lg/LIfs
 ufpF÷gu/kflnsfaf6 $ hgf -kflnsf ;b:o @ / k|wfgfWofks
@_
s_ ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf ;b:odWo] sDtLdf !
dlxnf;lxt @ hgf
v_ k|=c=dWo] ! dlxnf;lxt dgf]lgt @ hgf
28
9/23/2023

 ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt $ hgf -;dfh;]jL jf
lzIffk|]dL # / ckf+utf !_
s_ ;dfh;]jL jf lzIffk|]dLdWo]af6 ! blnt, @ hgf
dlxnf;lxt # hgf
v_ ckf+utf ePsf JolStdWo]af6 ;ldltåf/f dgf]lgt !
hgf /xg] .
 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]lgt ug]{ ! hgf M ljJo;
cWoIfdWo] !,
 k|wfgfWofksx? / g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwnfO{
;ldltsf] a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf] ?kdf cfdGq0f ul/g] .
 dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlw b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 .

k|Zgx?
 \ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltdf slt hgf ;b:o x'G5g\ < M !! hgf
 ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] cWoIf sf] x'G5 < M kflnsf cWoIf
 gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj sf] x'G5 < M ljBfno lg/LIfs
 ufpF lzIff ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj sf] x'G5 < M ;|f]tJolQm
 k|wfgfWofksdWo]af6 ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltdf s;n] dgf]lgt
ub{5 < M ufpF jf gu/kflnsf
 ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltdf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] s;nfO{ dgf]lgt
ub{5 < M ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cWoIfdWo]
 ufpF lzIff ;ldltdf ufpF lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]lgt ug]{ ;b:o slt
hgf x'G5g\ < M $ hgf
29
9/23/2023

k|Zgx?
 ckf+utf ePsf JolQmdWo]af6 ufpF jf gu/ lzIff
;ldltdf s;n] dgf]lgt ub{5 < M ufpF jf gu/ lzIff
;ldltn]
 k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltdf s'g
x}l;otdf cfdGq0f ul/G5 < M ko{j]Ifs
 ufpF jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] kbfjlw slt x'G5 < M @ jif{
 ;dfh;]jL jf lzIffk|]dLdWo]af6 ufpF jf gu/ lzIff
;ldltdf s:n] dgf]lgt ug]{ Joj:yf 5 < M ufpF jf gu/
lzIff ;ldlt
ufp jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g -!! 6_

-s_ ufpF jf gu/kflnsfsf] cWoIf –
cWoIf
-v_ ufpF jf gu/kflnsfn] tf]s]sf] ufpFkflnsf jf
gu/kflnsfsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 sDtLdf Pshgf –
dlxnf;lxt b'O{hgf ;b:o
-u_ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]qleq /x]sf
ljBfnosf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfx¿ –
dWo]af6 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] Pshgf ;b:o
-3_ :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL jf lzIffk|]dLx¿ dWo]af6 ufpF lzIff
;ldlt jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf blnt –
/ b'O{hgf dlxnf;lxt tLghgf ;b:o
30
9/23/2023
gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g

-ª_ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]qleq /x]sf
;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksx¿
dWo]af6 ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] dgf]gLt –
u/]sf] sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf;lxt b'O{hgf ;b:o
-r_ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfl:yt ljz]if lzIff,
;dfj]zL lzIff jf ;|f]t sIff ;~rfng ug]{ ljBfno jf
ckf+utf;DaGwL lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
ufpF lzIff ;ldlt jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf]
ckf+utf ePsf JolQm Pshgf –;b:o
-5_ ufpF lzIff ;ldltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ;|f]tJolQm / gu/ –
lzIff ;ldltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ljBfno lg/LIfs ;b:o–
9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA
;lrj . 61
ufp jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] e"ldsf

-s_ zf;sLo e"ldsf
 ljBfno lzIff;DaGwL gLlt, sfg'g, of]hgf Pjd\ dfkb08 tof/
ug{ ufpF÷gu/kflnsfnfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{ Pjd\
:jLs[t gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg]
 ljBfnodf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{
 v]ns'b tyf cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{,
 lzIff If]qsf nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg] Pjd\ k|fKt ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF6 ug]{,
 lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL ldnfg ug]{,
 lzIfssf] sfo{bIftfsf cfwf/df k'/:sf/ lbg],
31
9/23/2023

v_ l;kmfl/; tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL e"ldsf
 ljBfnosf] gS;f+sg;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ljBfno :yfkgf ug{
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
 Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug]{,
 ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg kIfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,

v_ l;kmfl/; tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL e"ldsf
 ljBfnosf] gS;f+sg;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ljBfno :yfkgf ug{
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
 Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug]{,
 ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg kIfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
32
9/23/2023

u_ Ifdtf ljsf; Pjd\ ;xhLs/0f e"ldsf
 ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug]{,
 ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfngdf ;xof]u,
 ljBfnodf :jR5 z}lIfs jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{
 tflnd, sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ Pjd\ Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf ;xof]u ug]{,
 cfwf/e"t txsf] k/LIffsf ;fy} l;sfO pknlAw k/LIff
;~rfngdf cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{,

3_ clen]v Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL e"ldsf
 egf{ ePsf jf gePsf afnaflnsfnufot cGo JolQmsf] ljj/0f
cBfjlws ug]{
 lg/If/x¿sf] tYof+s ;+sng tyf cBfjlws ug]{,
 tYof+s tyf ljj/0f cBfjlws u/fO /fVg],
 lzlIft hgzlQmsf] clen]v tof/ ug]{
33
9/23/2023

ª_ sNof0fsf/L e"ldsf
 dfWolds lzIff;Ddsf] cWoog u/fpg k|f]T;fxg
ug]{,
 ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf Pjd\ lk5l8Psf kl/jf/sf]
nut /fvL lzIffdf ;xeflutf u/fpg cfjZos
Joj:yf ug]{
 ul/a tyf ljkGg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ lbg]
Joj:yf ug]{,
ufp jf gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] e"ldsfnfO{

k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfo
34
9/23/2023

!_ gLltut ;'wf/
 :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] dd{adf]lhd ufpF÷gu/
lzIff ;ldlt u7gdf ufpF÷gu/kflnsfnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg],
u7g ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug]{,
 :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ df pNn]lvt lzIff;DaGwL
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/df ;xhLs/0f x'g] u/L ufpF÷gu/ lzIff
;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ls6fg ug]{,
 ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ lj1 ;Nnfxsf/
;d"x /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{,

@_ Jofjxfl/s ;'wf/
 ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ uf]i7L,
sfo{zfnf, tflnd, k|lzIf0f Pjd\ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
 ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf] sfdsf] lgoldt cg'udg, d"Nof+sg u/L
k|ltj]bg lng] Joj:yf ug]{,
 ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf nflu sfo{qmd lgdf{0f Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug{
kof{Kt ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
 z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ e/kbf]{ agfO{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df
lg0f{o ug]{ k4lt c+lusf/ ug]{,
35
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!7= 3'lDt ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]M
-!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljs6 lxdfnL If]qdf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] 3'lDt ljBfno
;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb| ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] M g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;d'bfodf
;fIf/tf, ;Lk ljsf; / lg/Gt/ l;sfO ;d]tsf] sfd ug{ tf]lsP adf]lhd
;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb| ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!!8= cWofkg c'gdltkq lng'kg]{M -lzIff P]gsf] ;ftf} ;+zf]wg @)%* n]_
cfof]uaf6 cWofkg cg'dltkq glnO{ s;}n] klg lzIfs kbsf] nflu
pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg]
cWofkg cg'dltkq ;DaGwL ljifodf cfof]unfO{ ;'emfj lbg] k|of]hgsf]
nflu g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3af6 l;kmfl/; ePsf ljz]if1 ;d]t /xg] u/L
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] Ps lzIfs sfplG;n /xg] .
lzIff P]g @)@*

!!y= ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lbg ;lsg]M
 :yfgLo tx jf Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg
lhDdf lbg ;lsg]
!!b= ;fem]bf/Ldf ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] M
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fd'bflos ljBfno / ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u'7L
cGtu{t ;~rflnt ljBfno tyf PseGbf a9L ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs
u'7L cGtu{t ;~rflnt ljBfnox? aLr ;fem]bf/Ldf ljBfno
;~rfng u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
36
9/23/2023
!@ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt M

;fd'bflos ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
 ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{ –d'Vo sfd
 ( ;b:oLoÖ$ cleefjs ±@ dgf]lgt ljJo;±j8f±lzIfs±k|=c=
 ljJo; af6 dgf]lgt M @ hgf ;+:yfks÷a'l4lhjL÷lzIffk|d
] L÷bz nfv
eGbf a9L ;xof]u ug]{dWo]af6 ljJo;af6 dgf]lgt Ps dlxnf;lxt @
hgf
 cleefjsn] 5fgL k7fPsf] b'O{ hgf dlxnf;lxt $ hgf ;b:o,
 j8f cWoIf jf j8f ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf] ;b:o ! hgf
 lzIfs k|ltlglw ! hgf
 ljJo;sf ;b:ox?n] cfkm"x?dWo]af6 5fg]sf] JolQm cWoIf x'g] .
 cWoIf 5gf}6 geP;Dd jf cWoIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf h]i7 ;b:on] j}7ssf]
cWoIftf ug]{ .
!@ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt M ;fd'bflos ljBfno

Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
 k|fljlws / Jofj;flos ljifo cWoog u/fpg] dfWolds ljBfnodf
yk @ hgf pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf k|ltlglw /xg]
 ;DalGwt ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|f]tJolQmnfO{ a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf]
¿kdf efu lng cfdGq0f
 ljz]if lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf sDtLdf
krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox? ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] cleefjs /
;dfj]zL lzIff jf ;|f]t sIff ;~rfng ug]{ ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg
;ldltdf sDtLdf Pshgf ckfËtf ePsf JolQm ;b:o /xg] .
 dgf]lgt ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw # jif{sf] .
37
9/23/2023
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g

;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu k|To]s
ljBfnodf b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] Ps ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /xg]
Joj:yf lzIff P]g @)@* sf] bkmf !@ df ul/Psf] 5 M–
-s_ cleefjsn] cfkm"x¿dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf b'O{hgf dlxnf ;lxt
rf/hgf –;b:o
-v_ ljBfno /x]sf] ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;DalGwt j8fsf] j8f
cWoIf jf j8f ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 ;f] j8f ;ldltn] dgf]gog
u/]sf]– ;b:o
-u_ ljBfnosf ;+:yfks, :yfgLo a'l4lhjL, lzIffk|]dL, ljBfnonfO{
lg/Gt/ bz jif{bl] v ;xof]u ug]{ jf ljBfnonfO{ bz nfv jf ;f] eGbf
a9L gub jf lhG;L ;xof]u u/]sf JolQmx¿dWo]af6 ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] dgf]gLt u/]sf] Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt b'O{hgf –;b:o
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g

-3_ ljBfnosf lzIfsn] cfkm"x¿dWo]af6 5fgL
k7fPsf] Pshgf –;b:o
-ª_ ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks –;b:o–;lrj
k|fljlws / Joj;flos ljifodf cWoog jf tfnLd
u/fOg] dfWolds ljBfnosf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltdf lhNnf:t/sf pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo
dxf;+3sf b'O{hgf k|ltlglw ;b:o /xg]5g\ .
;b:ox?n] cfkm"x?dWo]af6 cWoIf 5fGg] Joj:yf .
38
9/23/2023
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd

 ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug]{
 ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lg/LIf0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{,
 ljBfnosf nflu rflxg] cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg],
 ljBfno ;~rfngsf] nflu k|fKt ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{,
 ljBfnosf] rn crn ;DklQsf] nut /fVg], /fVg nufpg] /
;'/Iff ug]{,
 ljBfnosf] z}lIfs, ef}lts tyf cfly{s tYof+s / ljj/0f
cWofjlws u/fO{ /fVg],

 ljBfnosf] jflif{s ah]6 :jLs[t ug]{ / sfof{Gjog u/fpg]
 ljBfnodf :jR5 z}lIfs jftfj/0f sfod /fVg]
 ljBfnosf] jflif{s n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg],
 cfjZostfg';f/ ljBfnosf] ;|f]tdf lzIfs lgo'lQm ug]{
 lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf lzIfs cleefjs
;+3 u7g ug]{ .
 lzIfsnfO{ tflndsf nflu 5gf}6 ug]{,
39
9/23/2023

 lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff / ;Dj4{g ug]{,
 ljBfnosf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xflh/L hfFr u/L uon x'g] lzIfs
jf sd{rf/Lpk/ cfjZos sf/afxL ug]{
 ljBfnosf] z}lIfs :t/ j[l4 ug{ cfjZos ;fdfg tyf z}lIfs
;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿df ljBfnonfO{ ;l/s
u/fpg],
 ljBfyL{x¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ug]{,
 k|To]s jif{ ljBfnosf rGbfbftf / cleefjsx¿sf] e]nf u/fO{] z}lIfs
pknlAw / sfo{qmdsf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fpg],
 ljBfyL{, lzIfs tyf cleefjsnfO{ ljBfnosf] ljsf; tyf k7gkf7g
;DaGwdf pTk]|l/t ug{]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sgsf

sf/0fx?
40
9/23/2023

sf/0fx?
 u7g k|lqmof M ljBfyL{ ;+Vof / txcg';f/ u7g k|lqmofdf

ljljwtf gx'g',- ;+3Lo ;+/rgf======_
 cfkm\gf sfd st{Joaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf
kbflwsf/Lx? cglj1 x'g'
 ;Ifdtfsf] sdL
 dflyNnf lgsfox?sf] d'v tfSg] k|j[lQ xfjL x'g'
 clwsf/df bf]xf]/f]kg tyf c:ki6tf
 ljBfnodf cfjZos ;|ft ] sf] sdL x'g'
 cg'udg d"Nof+sg tyf k|fljlws ;xof]usf] sdL

sf/0fx?
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfdf u}/ cleefjs

klg x'g;Sg] cj:yf /xg'\
 k'/:sf/ / b08sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf x'g g;Sg'
 clwsf/sf] kfngf eGbf klg b'?kof]u ug]{ k|j[lQ xfjL
/xg'
 /fhgLlts lvrftfgL a9L x'g'
 sfd u/]klg 7Ls} gu/]klg 7Ls}sf] dfGotf xfjL /xg'
41
9/23/2023
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox?

 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ Pjd\ To;sf]
k|of]u ;DaGwdf lj=Jo=;=sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
 lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg, k|zf;lgs cg'udg, k'/:sf/ / b08sf
nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ e"ldsf lj=Jo=;=nfO{ lbg] .
 k|wfgfWofks lgo'lQm / x6fpg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
o;sf] kfngfsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsfn] k|=c=sf] sfdsf] cg'udg ug]{
/ ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{;Ddsf]
clwsf/ lbO{ k|wfgfWofks kl/jt{g ug{ vf]Hg] cEof; lg¿T;flxt ug'{k5{
.
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfdf u}/cleefjsx¿sf]
pkl:ylt;d]t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sfn] o;nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug'{
cfjZos 5 .
42
9/23/2023

 ljQLo ;|f]t ;+sng ug]{, Joj:yfkg ug]{ / vr{ ug]{ clwsf/
lbOg'k5{ .
 cfkm\gf] tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df ;r]t u/fpg] cyjf lj36g
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ .
 lzIfs / Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿sf] ;DaGwsf] aLrdf /x]sf] vf8n
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu b'j} kIf;Fu 5nkmn u/L cfjZos gLlt th'{df
ug'{k5{ .
 /fd|f] sfd ug]{ Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / g/fd|f]
ug]{nfO{ ;'wf/sf nflu cj;/ lbg] tyf bl08t ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf;
ug'{k5{ .
 Joj:yfksLo sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf x'g'k5{ .
lzIff P]g @)@*

;+:yfut ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
 ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
 & ;b:oLo, dgf]lgt $ hgf M
-cWoIf OsfO k|d'v±cleefjs @±kflnsfn] !±lj=lg=±lzIfs±k|=c=_
!_ ;+:yfks jf nufgLstf{dWo]af6 ljBfnosf] l;kmfl/;df OsfO{ k|d'vaf6
dgf]lgt cWoIf ! hgf,
@_ cleefjsdWo]af6 Ps dlxnf;lxt @ hgf ;b:o,
#_ :yfgLo lzIff k|d] L jf ;dfh;]jLdWo]af6 ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] dgf]lgt
! hgf ;b:o,
$_ ljBfno lg/LIfs
%_ lzIfs k|ltlglw
^_ k|wfgfWofks ;b:o ;lrj
 dgf]lgt ;b:osf] kbfjlw # jif{
43
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!@s= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lj36g ug{ ;lsg]M
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lj36g s;n] ug]{ < M lhNnf
lzIff ;ldltn]
!@v= lzIff ljsf; sf]if M

-!_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tyf
To:tf ljBfnodf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{sf] nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/df
Ps lzIff ljsf; sf]if /xg] . h;df b]xfosf /sdx? x'g]5g\ M
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg /sd,
-v_ ;+:yfut ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt To:tf] ljBfnosf] jflif{s s'n cfDbfgLsf]
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] /sd,
-u_ rGbfaf6 k|fKt /sd,
-3_ cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd .
!@u= sf]if ;~rfns ;ldltM
 ( ;b:oLo, lzIff ;lrj cWoIf /xg],
 dgf]lgt ;b:o @ hgf -;+:yfut ljBfnosf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;+3;+:yfsf
cWoIfdWo]af6_
 kb]g & hgf
44
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!#= lhNnf lzIff sf]if M
-!_ k|To]s lhNnfdf Pp6f lhNnf lzIff sf]if :yfkgf x'g]5, h;df b]xfosf
/sdx¿ /xg]5g\ M –
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
-s!_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
-u_ lzIff s/af6 p7]sf] /sd,
-3_ rGbfaf6 k|fKt /sd, /
-ª_ cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd
 sf]ifsf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 x'g]5 .
lzIff P]g @)@*

!#s=ljBfno sf]if M
-!_ k|To]s ljBfnodf Pp6f ljBfno sf]if x'g]5, h;df b]xfosf /sdx¿ /xg]5g\ M
-s_g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
s!_ lhNnf lzIff sf]ifaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
-s@_ ufpF kflnsf jf gu/kflnsfaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
-v_ z'Nsaf6 cfpg] /sd,
-u_ rGbf jf bfg bftJoaf6 k|fKt /sd, /
-3_ cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt /sd .
k|Zg M ljBfno sf]ifdf b]xfosfdWo] s'g /sd /xb}g <

-s_g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
-v_ z'Nsaf6 cfpg] /sd,
-u_ rGbf jf bfg bftJoaf6 k|fKt /sd
-3_ lzIff s/af6 p7]sf] /sd
45
9/23/2023
!^= ljBfnosf] ;DklQM

 ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ;DklQ M ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ
 ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ;DklQ M ljBfnosf] gfddf
 ;fj{hlgs u'7Lsf] ;DklQ M ;fj{hlgs
 ;+:yfut ljBfnon] s'g} JolQm jf ;+3;+:yf;Fu bfg bftJosf]
lng'kbf{ lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
 t/ ljb]zL JolQm jf ;+3;+:yfaf6 lng'k/]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
 o;/L k|fKt ;DklQ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt a]u/ a]rljvg
ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
lzIff P]g @)@*

!^s= ljBfnonfO{ 5'6 / ;'ljwf M
 ;fd'bflos ljBfno / z}lIfs u'7Lsf] ¿kdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf] gfddf h'g;'s} lnvt kfl/t ubf{ /lhi6«]zg b:t'/
nfUg]5}g .
46
9/23/2023
sf/jfxL
 lzIff P]g ljk/Lt ljBfyL{;Fu z'Ns lnPdf z'Ns c;'n
u/L kRrL;xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf
 ;DklQ lxgfldgf u/]df ljuf] c;'n u/L ljuf] adf]lhd
hl/jfgf
 P]g lgod pNn+3g u/]df ! xhf/b]lv @% xhf/;Dd
hl/jfgf
 k/LIff;Fu ;DalGwt cdof{lbt sfd u/]df, cg'dlt
glnO{ z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]df, ljBfyL{ egf{ ubf{
bfg pkxf/ lnPdf ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ! nfv;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo
!^ª= g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3, lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] kbLo cfr/0f tyf cGo
Joj:yfM
-s_;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] k]zfut xs lxtsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{ ug{
Ps g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3 /xg]5 . s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf :t/df u7g ug{
;lsg] .
-v_ lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg] cj:yf –
 kbLo bfloTj k"/f gu/]df,
 lagf ;"rgf nuftf/ kGw| lbgeGbf a9L ;do ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt /x]df,
 ljBfnodf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L cfPsf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePdf,
 g}lts ktg b]lvg] s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPdf .
 sfof{no ;dodf cGoq cWofkg jf sfd u/]df jf cGo s'g} Jofj;flos
lqmofsnfk u/]df,
 /fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] ;b:o /x]sf] kfOPdf
!^ª!= :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt lng gx'g] M lnPdf jf cfjb]g u/]df ;]jfsf
nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/g]5 . -:jo+3f]if0ff #) lbgleq_
!^r!= lzIfs ljBfyL{sf] cg'kft ldnfpg' kg]{ M lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] ljBfyL{
;+Vof / ljifosf cfwf/df 9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 95
47
9/23/2023
!^h= lzIfssf] ;?jf M

-!_ ;?jf x'g rfxg] lzIfsn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] kmf/fd e/L ;DalGwt lzIff
ljsf; tyf ;dGjo OsfO -;fljs lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf_ lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf OsfO k|d'v -;fljssf OsfO
k|d'v_ n] b/aGbL l/Qm / ljifo ldNg] b]lvPdf To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ ;?jf ug{
;Sg]5 .
t/ To;/L ;?jf ubf{ lgj]bs sfo{/t :yfgsf] OsfO k|d'vsf] ;xdlt lng' kg]{5
.
-#_ Pp6} ljBfnodf kfFr jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] :yfoL lzIfsnfO{
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df OsfO k|d'vn] cfˆgf] lhNnf leqsf],
lgb{]zsn] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf] / lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|n] g]kfnsf]
s'g} klg ljBfnodf ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;?jf ubf{ OsfO k|d'vn] lgb]{zssf], lgb]{zsn]
lzIff ljefusf] / lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|n] lzIff dGqfnosf]
k"j{:jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
lzIff P]g @)@*

!^`= ;+:yfut ljBfnon] 5fqa[lQ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ M
-!_ ;+:yfut ljBfnon] ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf s"n ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf]
slDtdf bz k|ltztdf g36\g]u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd ljkGg, ckf+u, dlxnf,
blnt jf hghflt ljBfyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns 5fqa[lQ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 .
5fqj[lQ
 lzIff P]g lgod cg';f/ M !) k|ltzt
 clgjfo{ tyf lgz'Ns lzIff;DaGwL P]g @)&% M %)) hgf;Dd ljBfyL{
eP !) k|ltzt, *)) ;Dd ljBfyL{ eP !@ k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L eP
!% k|ltzt
-@_ 5fqj[lQ 5gf]6 ;ldlt M # ;b:oLo
k|wfgfWofks,
OsfOsf] k|ltlglw /
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf /x]sf] cleefjssf] k|ltlglw
48
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!&= b08 ;hfo M
s;}n] b]xfosf sfo{ u/]df, ug{ nufPdf jf ;f] sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofPdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf x]/L Ps nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
-s_ k|Zgkqsf] uf]kgLotf eÍ u/]df,
-v_ pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ubf{ nfk/afxL jf u}/ lhDd]jf/k"0f{ sfo{
u/]df,
-u_ k/LIff s]Gb|df ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt a]u/ k|j]z ug{
k|oTg u/]df jf k|j]z u/]df jf k/LIff s]Gb| lgoGq0fdf lnO{
cdof{lbt sfo{ u/]df,
-3_ k/LIffkmn k|sfzgdf clgoldttf u/]df,
lzIff P]g @)@*

!&= b08 ;hfo M
-ª_ c?sf] tkm{af6 k/LIff lbPdf,
-r_ k/LIffsf] dof{bf eÍ x'g] cGo s'g} sfo{ u/]df .
-5_ ljBfyL{ egf{ ubf{ bfg, pkxf/ jf s'g} /sd lnPdf,
-h_ cg'dlt glnO{ s'g} z}lIfs sfo{qmd, z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;]jf, la|h
sf];{, efiff lzIf0f sIff tyf k"j{ tof/L sIff ;~rfng u/]df .
d'2f bfo/ ePdf To:tf lzIfs jf sd{rf/L To;/L d'2f bfo/ ePsf]
ldltb]lv d'2fsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd lgnDag x'g]5 .
49
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

!&v= d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L M bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/
;DaGwL d'2fdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{] 5 .
!&u=g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] M
!*= k'g/fj]bg M -!_ bkmf !& v= cGtu{t k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf]
;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k}+tL; lbgleq lhNnf cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]5 .
lzIff P]g @)@*

!(=lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{lGjt ug{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg ;Sg]5 .
!(s= lgb]{lzsf agfpg ;Sg] M o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
dGqfnon] cfjZos lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@)= afwf c8\sfp x6fpg] clwsf/ M o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{lGjt
ug{ s'g} afwf c8\sfp k/]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf] afwf c8\sfp
x6fpg g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cfb]z lgsfNg ;Sg]5
/ To:tf] cfb]z o;} P]gdf k/] ;/x dflgg]5 .
@!= arfp / nfu" gx'g] M
50
9/23/2023
lzIff P]g @)@*

#(= pRr dfWolds txdf cWofkg/t lzIfs
;DaGwL Joj:yf M -lzIff P]gsf] cfF7f} ;+zf]wg
@)&# n] u/]sf] Joj:yf_
 pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx?nfO{
cfof]un] of] bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] 5
dlxgfleq c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg]5 .
 pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd c:yfoL cWofkg cg'dltkq
kfPsf lzIfsn] kfFrjif{leq cfof]uaf6 :yfoL
cWofkg cg'dltkq lng' kg{]5 .
cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

!= z}lIfs u'7L ;~rfng ubf{ ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs u7Lsf]
;~rfns af]8{ -6«i6L_ df sDtLdf slt hgf ;b:o
x'g'kb{5 <
s_ # hgf v_ % hgf
u_ & hgf 3_ ;b:o ;+Vof tf]lsPsf] 5}g
@= slt lbg;Dd lnlvt ;"rgf ljgf cg'kl:yt x'g]
lzIfsnfO{ gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg ;lsG5 <
s_ !% lbg v_ #) lbg
u_ $% lbg 3_ () lbg
51
9/23/2023
cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

#=lzIff P]g @)@* n] ljz]if lzIffnfO{ s;/L kl/eflift u/]sf]
5<
s_ ljz]if 9+un] afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] lzIff
v_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf]
lzIff
u_ cGwf, alx/f, ;':tdgl:ylt ePsfx?nfO{ ljz]if ?kdf
lbOg] lzIff
3_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'§} ;d"xdf /fvL] ljz]if
k|sf/ / lglZrt dfWodaf6 lbOg] lzIff
cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

$= lzIff P]g @)@* cg';f/ slxn]bl] v lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 cWofkg cg'dltkq
glnO{ s;}n] klg lzIfs kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf ePsf]
5<
-s_ @)%*.!).@% -v_ @)%*.(.@% -u_ @)%*.&.!% -3_ @)%*.!!.@%
%= lhNnf lzIff sf]ifsf] n]vfk/LIf0f s'g lgsfoaf6 x'G5 <
-s_ dfGotf k|fKt n]vfk/LIfs
-v_ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no
-u_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] n]vfk/LIfs
-3_ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no
^= ufpF lzIff ;ldltdf cWoIf sf] x'G5 <
s_ ;|ft] JolQm v_ ufpFkflnsfsf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t
u_ ljBfno lg/LIfs -3_ ufpkflnsf cWoIf
52
9/23/2023
cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

&= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIfsf nflu of]Uotf b]xfosf dWo] s'g xf]Og <
-s_ :gftsf]Q/ pkfwL k|fKt u/]sf],
-v_ sDtLdf b'O{jif{ cuf8Lb]lv s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],
-u_ rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-3_ sfg'g, lzIff jf k|zf;gsf] If]qdf slDtdf kGw| jif{ sfd u/]sf] .
*= lzIff ljsf; sf]if ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf b]xfosfdWo] sf] x'g] Joj:yf
5<
-s_ ;lrj :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
-v_ ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
-u_ ;lrj lzIff dGqfno
-3_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt ;efklt
cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

(= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:o lgo'lQmsf nflu
l;kmfl/; ug]{ ;ldltdf b]xfosf dWo] sf] /xFb}g <
-s_ dxflgb]{zs lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|
-v_ ;lrj lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
-u_ cWoIf nf]s;]jf cfof]u
-3_ pks'nklt lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
!)=lzIff P]g @)@* sf] s'g bkmfn] ;/sf/nfO{ P]g sfof{Gjog ug{
lgodfjnL agfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 <
-s_ !* -v_ !( -u_ @) -3_ @!
53
9/23/2023
pQ/ s'l~hsf
k|Zg g++ pQ/
! v
@ s
# 3
$ s
% 3
^ 3
& 3
* u
( s
!) v
ष्ट्िज्ञासा
????
54
9/23/2023
Thank you
wGojfb
55

२. शिक्षा एेन

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२. शिक्षा एेन

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9/23/2023

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 1

PsfO @ lzIff;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf

@=@ lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 3

gd"gf ljifout k|Zgx?

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 5

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 6

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 8

lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@*

 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf cg'¿k ljBfnox¿df lbOg]

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 11

lzIff P]g, @)@* tyf lgodfjnLn] ;d]6]sf d'Vo kIfx?

lzIff P]g, @)@* tyf lgodfjnLn] ;d]6]sf d'Vo kIfx?

lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 16

;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf ljz]iftf / sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 17

;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf ljz]iftf / sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of

;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf ljz]iftf / sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of

;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf ljz]iftf / sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 20

;ftf} ;+zf]wgsf ljz]iftf / sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 21

lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@*

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 26

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 27

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 28

ljBfno vf]Ng cg'dlt lng'kg]{ M

ljBfno vf]Ng cg'dlt lng'kg]{ M

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 30

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 31

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 32

æ$s= /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{sf] u7g M

lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; ;ldlt

तनयष्ट्ु तत नेपाल सरकारले

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 34

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 35

 af]8{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vfk/LIfs sfof{noaf6 x'g]5 .

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 36

lzIff P]g @)@*

शशक्षा ऐर्न अर्नुसार माध्यनमक शिक्षाको प्रकारमा कुर्न

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 38

/fli6«o lzIff kl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M

z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| M

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 41

lzIff P]g @)@*

9/23/2023 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 42