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on how cultural beliefs and attitudes impact how
Socio-Cultural Theory of
Development
A person’s cognitive development is largely
influenced by their surrounding culture.
Lev Vygotsky. was a seminal Russian
psychologist who is best known for his
sociocultural theory. He believed that social
interaction plays a crucial role in children’s
learning. Through such social interactions,
children go through a continuous process of
learning.
Zone of Proximal Development
According to Vygotsky, the zone of proximal
development “is the distance between the actual
development level as determined by independent
problem solving and the level of potential
development as determined through problem-
solving under adult guidance or in collaboration
with more capable peers.”
Socio-cultural theory
Sociocultural theory focuses not only how adults
and peers influence individual learning, but also
instruction and learning take place.
Tools of Intellectual adaptation
Attention
Sensation
Perception
Memory
More Knowledgeable Other
It refers to someone who has a better
understanding or a higher ability level than the
learner, with respect to a particular task, process,
or concept.
CHILDHOOD
refers to the time or state of being a child, the
early stage in the existence de development of
something
It controls a time of innocence, where one is free
from responsibility but vulnerable to forces in his
environment
CHILDHOOD
The time for children to be in school and at play,
to grow strong and confident with the love and
encouragement of their family and an extended
community of curing adults. It is a precious time
in which children should live free from fest, safe
from violence and protected from abuse and
exploitation.
EARLY CHILDHOOD
The developmental period extending from the end
of infancy to about 5 or 6 years
Often called the "preschool years"
Children learn to become more self-sufficient
Children now develop school readiness skills
Children spend many hours playing with peers
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
The developmental period extending from about 6
to 11 years of age.
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Approximately corresponds to the elementary Early adolescence
school years.
Middle adolescence
Fundamental skills of reading, writing, and
Late adolescence
arithmetic are mastered.
STAGES OF ADOLESCENCE
Child is formally exposed to larger world and its
culture. Early adolescence (9-13years)-characterized by a
spurt of growth and the development of secondary
EARLY CHILDHOOD
sexual characteristics.
Early Childhood names
STAGES OF ADOLESCENCE
By Parents: problem age troublesome age (less
Middle adolescence (14-15 years)- this stage is
appealing age as compared to babyhood), toy age.
distinguished by the development of a separate
By Educators; preschool age. identity from parents, of new relationships with
peer groups and the opposite sex, and of
By Psychologists: pre-gang age, exploratory age,
experimentation.
imitative/creative age.
STAGES OF ADOLESCENCE
LATE CHILDHOOD
Late adolescence (16-19 years) - At this stage,
Late Childhood Names:
adolescents have fully developed physical
By Parents: most problematic age, sloppy age, characteristics (similar to adults), and have formed
quarrelsome age. a distinct identity and have well-formed opinions
and ideas. (NCERT 1999).
By Educators: elementary school age, critical
period in the achievement drive DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
By Psychologists gang age (age of conformity), AND GROWTH
creative age, play ng
Development:
ADOLESCENCE
a progressive series of orderly, coherent changes
From the Latin word "adolescere" which means (Hurlock, 1972)
"to grow up”
Is the pattern of change that begins at conception
In common usage "adolescent" and "teenager” are und continues throughout the human life span
synonymous. (Santrock 2008)
It is the period of psychological and social Growth: is essentially define as quantitative
transition between childhood and adulthood. changes in an individual as he progresses in
The age of adolescence varies by culture. The chronological age, and it may refer to increase in
World Health Organization (WHO) defines size, height or weight
adolescence as the period of life between 10 and THERE ARE TWO FACTORS
19 years of age. CONSIDERED ESSENTIAL IN THE
In US, adolescence begins between ages 12 and DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL
14 and ends at 19 or 20. Maturation. The development or unfolding traits
Philippines consider those aged 15- 24 years us potentially present in the individual considering
young adults and those aged 15-19 years as his hereditary endowment.
adolescents. Learning. It is the result of activities and
STAGES OF ADOLESCENCE experiences on the person himself. (Gines, et al.,
1998)
The 3 main stages of adolescence
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PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT HAPPEN This principle states that the interaction of the
OVER THE LIFE CYCLE THAT maturity and learning process of an individual
influence's human development.
Development follows an orderly sequence which
is predictable.
The developmental process, guided by the
interaction of maturation and learning follows a
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT HAPPEN
predictable pattern. It is a continuous process that
OVER THE LIFE CYCLE THAT
proceeds according to a definite direction and
uniform pattern throughout the life cycle. There are social expectations for every
developmental period which are often referred to
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT HAPPEN
as developmental tasks.
OVER THE LIFE CYCLE. THAT
Every cultural group expects its members to
The rate of development is unique to every
master certain essential skills and acquire
individual.
approved patterns of behavior at various stages
Change is determined by the interaction of during the life span. Havighurst called it
heredity and environmental factors. development tasks.
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT THAT PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT HAPPEN
HAPPEN OVER THE LIFE CYCLE OVER THE LIFE CYCLE THAT
Development involves change Each phase of development has hazards
This principle implies that the human being is Evidences show that each period in a life span has
always evolving. In every stage of development, associated with its certain developmental hazards,
individual undergoes physical, emotional, social whether physical, psychological or environmental
and mental changes. in origin and these inevitably involve adjustment
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT THAT problems. (Gines, et al., 1998).
HAPPEN OVER THE LIFE CYCLE
Early development is more critical than later
development.
Attitudes, habits, and patterns of behaviors
established during the early years determine to a
large extent how successfully individuals will
adjust to life as they grow older.
According to White (1996), he contends that the
foundation laid during the first two years of life is
the most critical. To him, the origins of human
competence are to be found in a critical period of
time between eight and eighteen months (Gines, et
al., 1998).
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT THAT
HAPPEN OVER THE LIFE CYCLE
Development is the product of maturation and
learning.